item: #1 of 1009 id: il-1039 author: Turner, Dale; Campolo, Chris title: Introduction: Deep Disagreement Re-examined date: 2009-04-22 words: 558 flesch: 59 summary: deep disagreements cannot be resolved through the use of argument, for they undercut the conditions essential to arguing. Even more importantly, arguably, what could be done about deep disagreements themselves? keywords: fogelin cache: il-1039.pdf plain text: il-1039.txt item: #2 of 1009 id: il-1040 author: Fogelin, Robert title: The Logic of Deep Disagreements date: 2005-01-01 words: 4616 flesch: 64 summary: But if arguments presuppose this rich background of agreement, how does disagreement even arise, and what job is left for argument to do? If students become convinced that they can always find something wrong with any (non-trivial) argument presented to them, then the distinction between good arguments and bad arguments is subverted, and the whole enterprise of arguing seems to lose its point. keywords: argument; argumentative; claim; disagreements; logic; propositions; way cache: il-1040.pdf plain text: il-1040.txt item: #3 of 1009 id: il-1041 author: Feldman, Richard title: Deep Disagreement, Rational Resolutions, and Critical Thinking date: 2005-01-01 words: 5379 flesch: 60 summary: Keywords: : Fogelin, deep disagreements, rational resolution, suspension of judgment Robert Fogelin (1985) defends a pessimistic thesis about the possibility of the rational resolution of disagreements of a particular kind. The premises of that argument include the claims that deep disagreements depend upon differences over forms oflife, and that such differences are not amenable to rational resolution. keywords: disagreement; evidence; judgment; propositions; resolution cache: il-1041.pdf plain text: il-1041.txt item: #4 of 1009 id: il-1042 author: Turner, Dale; Wright, Larry title: Revisiting Deep Disagreement date: 2005-01-01 words: 5208 flesch: 54 summary: This is not the weak claim that in such contexts arguments cannot be settled. And this is especially damaging to the enterprise of informal logic when it encourages us to distort the role and exaggerate the prospects of argument form in the contexts of social controversy or ph ilosophical abstraction that tempt our attention. keywords: argument; cases; contexts; disagreement; fogelin; logic; resolution; understanding cache: il-1042.pdf plain text: il-1042.txt item: #5 of 1009 id: il-1043 author: Campolo, Christian title: Treacherous Ascents: On Seeking Common Ground for Conflict Resolution date: 2005-01-01 words: 7490 flesch: 61 summary: Generality and Distortions In mundane situations, mature reasoners with healthy reasoning skills are usually competent to make a judgment about whether the best results will come from reasoning together, appealing to an expert, or following some other strategy. Such reasoning can in turn seriously damage our reasoning skills themselves. keywords: case; competence; problem; reasoning; sense; skills; sort; surgeons; try; way cache: il-1043.pdf plain text: il-1043.txt item: #6 of 1009 id: il-1044 author: Friemann, Richard title: Emotional Backing and the Feeling of Deep Disagreement date: 2005-01-01 words: 6499 flesch: 66 summary: Secondary emotions are more difficult to explain, for although social processes shape these emotions more than primary ones, Damasio still claims that a significant aspect of secondary emotions is that they are biologically preset, in part or mostly (Damasio 1999, p. 342). The significance of the distinction lies in the fact that primary emotions are hardwired: once we are aware of a certain type of stimulus our bodies automatically react in a pre-organized fashion. keywords: alex; argument; cynthia; disagreement; emotion; feeling; fogelin; liisa; pig; turn cache: il-1044.pdf plain text: il-1044.txt item: #7 of 1009 id: il-1045 author: Adams, David M. title: Knowing when Disagreements are Deep date: 2005-01-01 words: 6465 flesch: 47 summary: One last feature to note about Fogelin's account of deep disagreement is this: Fogelin claims that deep disagreements are ones in which sharp differences persist even when normal sources of discord have been addressed and resolved (p. 5). My claim will be that Fogelin's analysis of deep disagreement doesn't clearly address this question, but that the nature of many persistent disputes, especially the moral disagreements that arise in such disciplines as modern medicine, are such that the parties to them have strong reasons to commit to the idea that they can be rationally resolved in spite of the possibility that such disagreements might ultimately turn out to be deep in Fogelin's sense. keywords: beliefs; brain; case; consensus; disagreement; discourse; fogelin; parties; patient; schiavo cache: il-1045.pdf plain text: il-1045.txt item: #8 of 1009 id: il-1046 author: Goodwin, Jean title: What Does Arguing Look Like? date: 2005-01-01 words: 6563 flesch: 58 summary: These were followed up by a set of pictures meant to provide a more dramatic challenge to student views: pairs of maroon-robed Tibetan Buddhist monks engaged in vigorous, formalized debate in a monastic courtyard (see Dreyfus, 2003). The main themes in the responses are summarized in Table 3, clustering student views as Positive, Negative and Mixed (to be explained b keywords: arguers; arguing; argument; argumentation; conceptions; drawings; exercise; images; people; students; supplement; teaching; views cache: il-1046.pdf plain text: il-1046.txt item: #9 of 1009 id: il-1047 author: none title: Call for Papers, AILACT Essay Prize 2006 date: 2005-01-01 words: 353 flesch: 61 summary: An essay may be unpublished, forthcoming or previously published, but published papers must have appeared on or after I January 2006. Address email entries to: philos@Uwindsor.ca and put in the Subject line: AILACT ESSAY PRIZE ENTRY. keywords: ailact cache: il-1047.pdf plain text: il-1047.txt item: #10 of 1009 id: il-1048 author: none title: Call for Papers, Special Issue on Douglas Walton date: 2005-01-01 words: 248 flesch: 13 summary: Besides numerous articles, he has published books on relevance, informal fallacies, dialogue games, fallacy theory, informal logic, argument structure, presumptive argument schemes, practical reasoning, legal argumentation, ethical argumentation, plausible argument, abductive argument, and argument and artificial intelligence, as well as books on particular fallacies or species of argument, including ad hominem, begging the question, slippery slope, emotion, argument from ignorance, ambiguity, appeal to authority, to pity, and to popular opinion, and threats. CALL FOR PAPERS Special Issue of Informal Logic on the work of DOUGLAS WALTON GUEST EDITOR: keywords: argument cache: il-1048.pdf plain text: il-1048.txt item: #11 of 1009 id: il-1049 author: none title: Perry Weddle In Memoriam date: 2005-01-01 words: 508 flesch: 54 summary: A native of San Francisco, Perry studied philosophy at California State University, San Jose for his B.A. and did his graduate work (M.A. and Ph.D.) in philosophy at the University of Nebraska, where he was strongly influenced by the work of O.K. Bouwsma and Wittgenstein. He wrote one of the early textbooks in the field of critical thinking, the useful and charmingly written, Argument: A Guide to Critical Thinking (McGraw Hill, 1978). keywords: perry; thinking cache: il-1049.pdf plain text: il-1049.txt item: #12 of 1009 id: il-1050 author: none title: Information for Authors date: 2005-01-01 words: 446 flesch: 45 summary: INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles that advance the dia- lectic in reasoning and argumentation theory and practice, including, but not restricted to: theory of argument; argument fields; fallacy analysis and fallacy theory; criteria of good argument; rationality and argument; psychology of argumentation; theory of critical thinking; the teaching of argumentation, informal logic, and critical thinking; and related topics in cognate fields. Authors without e-mail access may send an electronic file on a 3.5 diskette to the mailing address below. keywords: argument; theory cache: il-1050.pdf plain text: il-1050.txt item: #13 of 1009 id: il-1114 author: Rehg, William title: Assessing the Cogency of Arguments: lbree Kinds of Merits date: 2005-01-01 words: 9873 flesch: 42 summary: If transactional models aim at an account of the cogency of arguments, then dialogical approaches such as the pragma-dialectical model will offer little guidance in assessing the cogency of public arguments as they feed into political legitimation through decentered macrosocial processes of public deliberation. A similar observation holds for those who assess public arguments. keywords: argumentation; arguments; cogency; habermas; idealizations; merits; model; press; process; public; rules; standards; theory; transactional; university cache: il-1114.pdf plain text: il-1114.txt item: #14 of 1009 id: il-1115 author: Asen, Robert title: Pluralism, Disagreement, and the Status of Argument in the Public Sphere date: 2005-01-01 words: 10186 flesch: 49 summary: Functions of Argument In this section, I consider additional argument functions of agenda expansion, responsibility attribution, and identity formation. In these ways, alternative argument functions are especially important to less powerful advocates in their interactions with more powerful figures. keywords: agenda; argument; asen; debate; disagreement; discourse; functions; habermas; identity; justification; participants; people; pluralism; press; public; robert; situations; sphere; status cache: il-1115.pdf plain text: il-1115.txt item: #15 of 1009 id: il-1116 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Norms and Functions in Public Sphere Argumentation date: 2005-01-01 words: 5992 flesch: 48 summary: F ollowingAsen 's account of their views, and using this tri-fold distinction, Beardsley is talking about (1) and (2), Toulmin conflates (1) and (3), Baird conflates (2) and (3), and Asen wants to contrast (3) with other uses of argument in the public sphere, for he thinks that the model of public sphere argument as exclusively the situation in which one interlocutor tries to persuade another is seriously defective. It compares the subject matter of the two papers, offers an interpretation of and commentary on each paper separately, then discusses their overlapping problematic: the importance of public sphere argumentation. keywords: argument; argumentation; asen; functions; model; norms; public; rehg; sphere; use cache: il-1116.pdf plain text: il-1116.txt item: #16 of 1009 id: il-1117 author: Goodwin, Jean title: The Public Sphere and the Norms of Transactional Argument date: 2005-01-01 words: 7237 flesch: 49 summary: Keywords: William Rehg, Robert Asen, levels of argument, transactional argumentation I. Two challenges for contemporary argument theorists Interaction among argument theories can happen from the bottom up, as theorists with different views try to talk with each other about specific problems or issues. Distinguishing among these different levels helps us sort out some of the currents within contemporary argument theory. keywords: arguers; argument; argumentation; asen; level; norms; public; rehg; sphere; theories; theory; transactional cache: il-1117.pdf plain text: il-1117.txt item: #17 of 1009 id: il-1118 author: Sherry, David title: Bayes's Theorem and Reliability: A Reply to Levin date: 2005-01-01 words: 5216 flesch: 58 summary: As in the cab experiment, he can be 80% reliable at identifying cab color and equally reliable at identifying green cabs and blue cabs. When the witness is not equally reliable at identifying blue cabs and green cabs, it is not so easy to determine his reliability at identifying cab color. keywords: blue; cab; cabs; probability; reliability; witness cache: il-1118.pdf plain text: il-1118.txt item: #18 of 1009 id: il-1119 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: Rescher's Epistemic Logic, Cognitive Harmony & Realism and Pragmatic Epistemology date: 2005-01-01 words: 3247 flesch: 51 summary: And since understanding is oftentimes an emergent (non-propositional) product of coherent knowledge, coherentists should be in an especially good position to appreciate this bit of knowledge about understanding. Rescher does identify most of the forks in the pathway to the development of a complete logic of epistemic concepts and tries to provide a word or two explaining his choices as well as the paths not taken, all in the interests of fairness. keywords: argumentation; epistemology; knowledge; realism; rescher; world cache: il-1119.pdf plain text: il-1119.txt item: #19 of 1009 id: il-1120 author: Hansen, Hans V. title: Gensler's Historical Dictionary of Logic date: 2005-01-01 words: 2056 flesch: 52 summary: Finally, the entry for informal logic must be understood against the background of Gensler's distinction between logic in the narrow and the wide sense. But he excludes informal logic from considerations of validity, which he takes to be the concern of formal logic, or logic in the narrow sense. keywords: dictionary; entries; gensler; logic cache: il-1120.pdf plain text: il-1120.txt item: #20 of 1009 id: il-1121 author: none title: OSSA Conference Notice date: 2005-01-01 words: 185 flesch: 34 summary: Abstracts prepared for blind refereeing (with the heading 'Dissensus') should be sent to: Organizing Committee: Hans V. Hansen Christopher W. Tindale J. Anthony Blair Ralph H. Johnson *Canadian graduate students who need financial assistance in order to attend should advise the Organizing Committee when they submit their proposals. GILBERT Philosophy, York University DALE HAMPLE Communication, Western J/linois University CHRISTIAN KOCK Rhetoric, University of Copenhagen The Organizing Committee invites proposals for papers in informal logic, rhetoric or argumentation theory on topics related to the above theme. keywords: university cache: il-1121.pdf plain text: il-1121.txt item: #21 of 1009 id: il-1122 author: none title: Special Issue on Walton date: 2005-01-01 words: 247 flesch: 13 summary: Besides numerous articles, he has published books on relevance, informal fallacies, dialogue games, fallacy theory, informal logic, argument structure, presumptive argument schemes, practical reasoning, legal argumentation, ethical argumentation, plausible argument, abductive argument, and argument and artificial intelligence, as well as books on particular fallacies or species of argument, including ad hominem, begging the question, slippery slope, emotion, argument from ignorance, ambiguity, appeal to authority, to pity, and to popular opinion, and threats. CALL FOR PAPERS Special Issue of Informal Logic on the work of DOUGLAS WALTON GUEST EDITOR: keywords: argument cache: il-1122.pdf plain text: il-1122.txt item: #22 of 1009 id: il-1123 author: none title: List of Referees date: 2005-01-01 words: 156 flesch: 11 summary: Derek Allen, University of Toronto Peter Asquith, Michigan State University Kent Bach, San Francisco State University Richard Feldman, University of Rochester Maurice Finocchiaro, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Robert Fogelin, Dartmouth College James Freeman, City University of New York, Hunter College Geoff Goddu, University of Richmond Tom Goodnight, University of Southern California Peter Houtlosser, University of Amsterdam Dale Jacquette, Pennsylvania State University Sally Jackson, University of Arizona Erik Krabbe, Groningen Rijksuniversiteit Don S. Levi, University of Oregon Peter McBurney, University of Liverpool Deidre McCloskey, University of Illinois, Chicago Robert C. Pinto, University of Windsor William Rehg, St. Louis University Merrilee Salmon, University of Pittsburgh John Woods, University of British Columbia Igor Zagar, University of Primorska David Zarefsky, Northwestern University The Editors wish to express their gratitude to the individuals who have served as referees over the last two volumes of publication. keywords: peter; university cache: il-1123.pdf plain text: il-1123.txt item: #23 of 1009 id: il-1134 author: Lumer, Christoph title: Introduction: The Epistemological Approach to Argumentation--A Map date: 2005-01-01 words: 11561 flesch: 45 summary: Epistemological argumentation theories are based on epistemological criteria for truth or acceptability of propositions and thus are bound to truth. Types of Criteria for Good Argumentation Used in Epistemological Argumentation The01~V Here several directions within epistemological argumentation theory (in the strict sense) shall be distinguished according to the type of criteria of good argumentation they propose. keywords: addressee; approach; argumentation; arguments; belief; biro; criteria; good; lumer; question; reasons; siegel; theory; thesis; truth cache: il-1134.pdf plain text: il-1134.txt item: #24 of 1009 id: il-1135 author: Lumer, Christoph title: The Epistemological Theory of Argument--How and Why? date: 2005-01-01 words: 15435 flesch: 45 summary: Different types of arguments have to be distinguished according to the epistemological principle they rely on: deductive arguments, genesis of justified belief arguments, (various kinds of) probabilistic arguments, practical arguments, etc. (see below, sect. 7). Genesis of justified belief arguments are only a first type of probabilistic argument. keywords: acceptability; addressee; argument; argumentation; belief; conditions; function; lumer; premises; principle; reasons; theory; thesis; truth; validity cache: il-1135.pdf plain text: il-1135.txt item: #25 of 1009 id: il-1136 author: Hoffmann, Michael title: Limits of Truth: Exploring Epistemological Approaches to Argumentation date: 2005-01-01 words: 7491 flesch: 50 summary: Some proponents of epis- temological approaches to argumentation (Biro, Siegel, Lumer, Goldman) assume that it should be possible to develop non-relative criteria of argument evaluation. Keywords: argument evaluation and quality, standards of argumentation, epistemological approaches, relativism, objectivism, conflict, disagreement, cognitive situation, backgrouind knowledge, belief-value-system 1. keywords: argument; argumentation; criteria; evaluation; knowledge; lumer; premises; principles; siegel; situation; truth cache: il-1136.pdf plain text: il-1136.txt item: #26 of 1009 id: il-1137 author: Huss, Brian title: Useful Argumentation: A Critique of the Epistemological Approach date: 2005-01-01 words: 8027 flesch: 53 summary: Keywords: epistemological approach, consensus theory, dispute resolution theory, question-begging, rationality, normativity, pragmatism, deep disagreements, universal audience Introduction Very generally, the epistemological approach to argumentation holds that proper argumentation produces knowledge or epistemically justified belief for those who partake in the argument. Some have argued that it is superior to consensus theory, according to which proper argumentation results in consensus between participants. keywords: advice; approach; argumentation; consensus; consensus theory; discussion; standards; theory cache: il-1137.pdf plain text: il-1137.txt item: #27 of 1009 id: il-1138 author: Feldman, Richard title: Useful Advice and Good Arguments date: 2005-01-01 words: 5527 flesch: 56 summary: Keywords: Huss, consensus, consensus theory of argumentation, epistemological theory of argumentation, advice, good arguments. However, in order to give Huss's view a fair hearing, I will assume for now that epistemological theory does endorse something along the lines ofE-ADVICE. keywords: advice; arguments; consensus; discussion; premises; theory cache: il-1138.pdf plain text: il-1138.txt item: #28 of 1009 id: il-1139 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Woods and Gabbay's The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial date: 2005-01-01 words: 3444 flesch: 48 summary: In Chapters 12 and 13, Gabbay and Woods turn to formal abduction. In Chapter 9, Interpretation Abduction, Gabbay and Woods focus on interpretation problems, especially linguistic interpretation problems, and the degree to which these problems are also abduction problems. keywords: abduction; chapter; gabbay; woods cache: il-1139.pdf plain text: il-1139.txt item: #29 of 1009 id: il-1140 author: Barth, E. M. title: Missimer's Good Arguments: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, 4th Edition date: 2005-01-01 words: 1107 flesch: 66 summary: Summing up: this is an understandable and probably quite effective collection of experiences and wisdom concerning good arguments. At the other extreme we have Johnson (2000) who sees written arguments as presented in an editorial or an essay as the distillate of argumentation (168). keywords: arguments; book; good cache: il-1140.pdf plain text: il-1140.txt item: #30 of 1009 id: il-1141 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Hample's Arguing: Exchanging Reasons Face to Face date: 2005-01-01 words: 2843 flesch: 56 summary: Each frame, each MDL, will create different arguments for different people, meaning that there is no one argument, no individual core that is a good argument or a bad argument. At the other extreme we have Johnson (2000) who sees written arguments as presented in an editorial or an essay as the distillate of argumentation (168). keywords: argument; book; hample; people; theory cache: il-1141.pdf plain text: il-1141.txt item: #31 of 1009 id: il-1142 author: none title: OSSA Conference Notice date: 2005-01-01 words: 117 flesch: 24 summary: Dissensus & The Search for Common Ground A conference presented by Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation, and Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric June 6 - 9, 2007 University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario Canada Keynote addresses to be given by MICHAEL A. GILBERT Philosophy, York University DALE HAMPLE Communication, Western Illinois University CHRISTIAN KOCK Rhetoric, University of Copenhagen 75-100 papers Each paper followed by a commentary and time for discussion. Registration and room rates available in early 2007 on the conference website: www.uwindsor.ca/ossa Organizing Committee: Hans V. Hansen Christopher W. Tindale J. Anthony Blair Ralph H. Johnson keywords: university cache: il-1142.pdf plain text: il-1142.txt item: #32 of 1009 id: il-1188 author: Gross, Alan G title: Systematically Distorted Communication: An Impediment to Social and Political Change date: 2010-12-15 words: 10522 flesch: 55 summary: Introduction The pervasive employment of Nazi language in the Europe of World War II, the routine use of sexist language in the West, the Alan G. Gross 336 biased prescription practices of American physicians influenced by drug company promotions—these varied phenomena are all exam- ples of communication in which at least one party is self-deceived, a phenomenon Habermas calls systematically distorted communi- cation. At the level of politics and so- cial practice, Nazi language, sexist language, biased prescription practices are analogous to neuroses. keywords: action; cambridge; case; communication; critique; drug; habermas; ibid; jürgen; language; nazi; power; practices; press; public; self; system; theory cache: il-1188.pdf plain text: il-1188.txt item: #33 of 1009 id: il-1192 author: Berman, Michael P; Lightbody, Brian A title: The Metaphoric Fallacy to a Deductive Inference date: 2010-07-20 words: 3232 flesch: 61 summary: The MFDI is thereby committed when the following two con- ditions are fulfilled: (i) a faulty comparison is made between two things (false analogy); and (ii) this faulty comparison is then used as a premise in a sub-argument that is supposed to prove some con- clusion which is believed to follow deductively. 4 Hausman, Kahane and Tidman claim: “The fallacy of questionable analogy, or faulty comparison, consists in comparing apples with oranges, that is, in reasoning by analogy when there is not a sufficient or relevant similarity between the items being compared” (p. 366). keywords: analogy; argument; fallacy; inference; mfdi cache: il-1192.pdf plain text: il-1192.txt item: #34 of 1009 id: il-1225 author: Guarini, Marcello; Butchart, Amy; Smith, Paul Simard; Moldovan, Andrei title: Resources for Research on Analogy: A Multi-disciplinary Guide date: 2009-06-25 words: 39125 flesch: 62 summary: Atkinson, Katie, Bench-Capon, Trevor J. M. 2005. Bench-Capon, Trevor J. M. 2002. keywords: 1988; 1989; 1992; 1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 2001; 2002; 2003; analogies; analogy; artificial; cambridge; case; cognition; conference; david; dedre; development; dordrecht; general; gentner; guarini; holyoak; intelligence; international; john; journal; keith; knowledge; kokinov; language; law; learning; logic; london; mapping; marcello; mass; mathematics; memory; metaphor; mind; mit; models; new; oxford; philosophical; philosophy; press; problem; proceedings; psychology; reasoning; research; resources; review; science; section; similarity; society; studies; theory; university; university press; work; york cache: il-1225.pdf plain text: il-1225.txt item: #35 of 1009 id: il-1226 author: Benham, Bryan title: Analogies and Other Minds date: 2009-06-25 words: 6425 flesch: 48 summary: Given the dependence of the argument by analogy on other inferences to warrant belief in other minds, according to this objection, it is disposable in favor of other arguments, such as the inference to the best explanation. In this regard, the argument by analogy for other minds fares no worse than other inductive arguments aimed at solving the problem of other minds. keywords: analogy; argument; belief; explanation; generalization; inference; minds; sample cache: il-1226.pdf plain text: il-1226.txt item: #36 of 1009 id: il-1227 author: Walton, Douglas; Gordon, Thomas F. title: Jumping to a Conclusion: Fallacies and Standards of Proof date: 2009-06-25 words: 13425 flesch: 56 summary: One answer (Walton, 1996) is that in the fallacious instance of the lack of evidence argument, the arguer leaps ahead too quickly to the conclusion, failing to satisfy the requirements of a depth- of-search of premise, or perhaps even ignoring it entirely. Studying fallacies in a more realistic way demands examining the strengths and weaknesses of defeasible arguments, and we have shown the job of studying them is a worthy undertaking. keywords: argument; burden; case; conclusion; dog; error; evidence; fallacies; fallacy; kind; proof; walton cache: il-1227.pdf plain text: il-1227.txt item: #37 of 1009 id: il-1228 author: Schiappa, Edward title: Dissociation in Argumentative Discussions: A Pragma-dialectical Perspective date: 2009-06-25 words: 1007 flesch: 43 summary: Readers previously unfamiliar with dissociation will be struck by the variety of examples adduced by van Rees from philosophy, legal arguments, politics, science, and everyday conversation. When van Rees contrasts her approach to analyzing dissociation to others’ approaches (including my own), some argumentation critics (at least in the U.S.) will bristle at her claim that argument scholars cannot make judgments about “the truth of assertions” or “assume the role of moral arbiter” (96). keywords: book; dissociation; van cache: il-1228.pdf plain text: il-1228.txt item: #38 of 1009 id: il-1229 author: Kock, Christian title: Der Begriff Des Arguments: Über Die Beziehungen Zwischen Wissen, Forschen, Glauben, Subjektivitat Und Vernunft date: 2009-06-25 words: 2537 flesch: 47 summary: Wohlrapp’s own orientation in contemporary argumentation theory as well as in several branches of philosophy is apparent throughout—not something you could say for all philosophers who specialize in argumentation theory. We need thinkers like Wohlrapp to theorize such argument. keywords: argument; argumentation; reasons; theory; wohlrapp cache: il-1229.pdf plain text: il-1229.txt item: #39 of 1009 id: il-1230 author: Editorial Board, Editors & title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2009-06-25 words: 234 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Daniel Cohen Colby College Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-1230.pdf plain text: il-1230.txt item: #40 of 1009 id: il-1237 author: Ward, Andrew C title: The Value of Genetic Fallacies date: 2010-03-19 words: 14503 flesch: 60 summary: Nonetheless, the advocate of genealogical argument may also go on to insist that all of this misses the point of genealogical critiques. On the one hand, we can understand genealogical arguments as deduc- tively demonstrating that a particular claim is false because of facts about its origins. keywords: argument; belief; claim; conclusion; context; critiques; discovery; fallacies; inductive; justification; logic; person; premises; truth cache: il-1237.pdf plain text: il-1237.txt item: #41 of 1009 id: il-2130 author: Yoshimi, Jeff title: Mapping the Structure of Debate date: 2004-01-01 words: 9815 flesch: 56 summary: Argument a 2 logically supports argument a l if the conclusion of a 2 strengthens the conclusion of a l • Arguments which logically support one r Mapping the Structure of Debate 15 another can be thought of as parts of a complex argument. Argument a 2 contextually supports argument a l ifit is an earlier argument or contextually relevant argument which the person who makes a l draws on. keywords: argument; claim; computers; debate; dispute; example; map; maps; positions; root; set; structure; support; thread cache: il-2130.pdf plain text: il-2130.txt item: #42 of 1009 id: il-2131 author: Ennis, Robert H. title: Applying Soundness Standards to Qualified Reasoning date: 2004-01-01 words: 8059 flesch: 55 summary: argument, argument standards, conduction, situation, background knowledge, critical thinking, informal logic. I avoided urging a specific taxonomy of argument standards on the assumption that the successive- application-of-standards approach would work well for any reasonably compre- hensive taxonomy of argument standards. keywords: approach; argument; ceteris; conclusion; evidence; paribus; qualifiers; raccoon; reasoning; soundness; standards cache: il-2131.pdf plain text: il-2131.txt item: #43 of 1009 id: il-2132 author: Korb, Kevin title: Bayesian Informal Logic and Fallacy date: 2004-01-01 words: 13268 flesch: 53 summary: The logic of Bayesian probability. Such Bayesian inference can be automated, and quite effectively for discovering the true model underlying the data (see, e.g., Korb and Nicholson, 2004). keywords: analysis; argument; bayesian; belief; cancer; cases; causal; evidence; example; fallacies; fallacy; gigerenzer; inference; korb; likelihood; logic; new; probabilities; probability; reasoning; theory cache: il-2132.pdf plain text: il-2132.txt item: #44 of 1009 id: il-2133 author: Walton, Douglas title: Classification of Fallacies of Relevance date: 2004-01-01 words: 14621 flesch: 58 summary: Thus its classification as an instance of wrong conclusion is conditional on what one takes to be the unexpressed premises and conclusions in the argument. DOUGLAS WALTON University of Winnipeg Abstract: Fallacies of relevance, a major category of informal fallacies, include two that could be called pure fallacies of relevance-the wrong conclusion (ignoratio elenchi, wrong conclusion, missing the point) fallacy and the red herring (digression, diversion) fallacy. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; coffee; coffee example; conclusion; conclusion fallacy; example; fallacies; herring fallacy; red; red herring cache: il-2133.pdf plain text: il-2133.txt item: #45 of 1009 id: il-2134 author: Gratton, Claude title: Lipman's Thinking in Education date: 2004-01-01 words: 2790 flesch: 40 summary: From thinking skills we next move to the dimensions of thinking: critical thinking, which emphasizes standards or reasoning; creative thinking, which focuses on inventiveness; and caring thinking, which stresses ethical values and emotions. The tenth chapter is on the education of creative thinking and touches another neglected topic in the teaching of critical thinking. keywords: education; inquiry; students; teaching; thinking cache: il-2134.pdf plain text: il-2134.txt item: #46 of 1009 id: il-2135 author: Metcalfe, Mike title: Eleven Ways to Critique an Article (Part II) date: 2004-01-01 words: 3659 flesch: 63 summary: I presented 6 ways to look at articles, six sets of criteria against which to think about the authors approach and underlying assumptions. Identifying these types of dialectic can form a further method of critiquing articles. keywords: argument; article; dialectic; metaphor; new; perspective; power; questions; root cache: il-2135.pdf plain text: il-2135.txt item: #47 of 1009 id: il-2136 author: none title: Call For Papers date: 2004-01-01 words: 294 flesch: 30 summary: Philosophers, (informal) logicians, linguists, discourse analysts, communication scholars, students of law, psychologists, and scholars in other related fields interested in the study of argumentation are all encouraged to participate. The members of the planning committee, 1. Anthony Blair (University of Windsor, Canada), Frans H. van Eemeren (University of Amsterdam), and Charles A. Willard (University of Louisville, USA), welcome you to attend. keywords: university cache: il-2136.pdf plain text: il-2136.txt item: #48 of 1009 id: il-2137 author: none title: Awards date: 2004-01-01 words: 114 flesch: 28 summary: A Defense of Non-Deductive Reconstructions of Analogical Arguments & Ms. Lilian Bermejo-Luque University of Murcia, Spain winner of the J. Anthony Blair Award and the CDN$250 prize for the best essay by a graduate student at the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA) Conference held at McMaster University, May 2005 for her paper, Toulmin 's Model of Argument and the Question of Relativism Both these essays will appear in the next issue of Informal Logic, vol. INFORMAL LOGIC congratulates Dr. Marcello Gurarini University of Windsor, Canada winner of the Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking (AILACT) 1 sf Essay Competition and the US$500 prize for his paper, keywords: logic cache: il-2137.pdf plain text: il-2137.txt item: #49 of 1009 id: il-2138 author: Toulmin, Stephen title: Reasoning in Theory and Practice (OSSA 2005 Keynote Address) date: 2004-06-01 words: 2180 flesch: 65 summary: critical standards. Reasoning in Theory and Practice 113 Ifit had not been the case that Albert Einstein had essentially visual imagination, twentieth century physical theory would not have developed as it did. keywords: argument; book; ideas; standards; topics; uses cache: il-2138.pdf plain text: il-2138.txt item: #50 of 1009 id: il-2139 author: Fahnestock, Jeanne title: Figures of Argument (OSSA 2005 Keynote Address) date: 2004-01-01 words: 10440 flesch: 54 summary: Rhetorical Figures in Science. Bien que la gamme entiere de figures inclut toutes les approches rhetoriques, I' ensemble des expressions etablies sur les tournures paralleles illustre comment certaine figures de rhetorique expriment des raisonnements iconiques. keywords: antithesis; argument; clauses; des; dialectic; example; fahnestock; figures; harvey; kekule; language; lavoisier; les; melanchthon; mendel; new; opposite; parallelism; press; rhetoric; speech; terms; university cache: il-2139.pdf plain text: il-2139.txt item: #51 of 1009 id: il-2140 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Argument and Its Uses (OSSA 2005 Keynote Address) date: 2004-01-01 words: 7212 flesch: 57 summary: Argument is to be distinguished from argumentation if argumentation is understood to be an interchange involving two or more parties resulting in the assertion of one or more arguments coupled with anticipated or actual critical responses, and any consequent chain of responses, including the assertion of other arguments. By it all I mean all the definitions of argument and argumentation, all the theories, all the perspectives, and all the norms that have been accumulating as the field of argumentation has developed since, let us say, 1958, the year The Uses of Argument (Toulmin 1958), and also another influential work in this field, La Nouvelle Rhetorique (Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca 1958), were first published. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; good; logic; persuasion; proposition; support; toulmin; use; uses cache: il-2140.pdf plain text: il-2140.txt item: #52 of 1009 id: il-2141 author: Guarini, Marcello title: A Defense of Non-deductive Reconstructions of Analogical Arguments (AILACT Essay Competition Winner) date: 2004-01-01 words: 8164 flesch: 60 summary: There is no denial here of the usefulness of ascribing unstated premises in argument reconstruction, but such ascriptions are useful precisely when they aid in understanding and evaluating arguments, not when they lead to the problematic result of ascribing, without adequate motivation, disavowed claims to agents. As a general rule, we do not include the background conditions for discourse as premises in argument reconstruction (but that does not preclude the possibility that someone has violated one of those conditions in attempting to present an argument). keywords: analogies; analogy; argument; cases; claim; govier; principle; reconstruction; way cache: il-2141.pdf plain text: il-2141.txt item: #53 of 1009 id: il-2142 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: Toulmin's Model of Argument and the Question of Relativism (J. A. Blair Prize, 2005) date: 2004-01-01 words: 6168 flesch: 54 summary: Keywords: Toulmin 's model of argument, relativism, argument fields, warrants, inference licenses, deductivism. For example, Schroeder (1997) argues that there exists a general tendency towards relativism within the Toulmin approach, and he characterises fields as follows: Toulmin's Model of Argument and the Question of Relativism 171 (T)he concept of argument fields ( ... ) refers to the modes used by a person to assess arguments, the standards of reference to which a person assesses them, and the manner in which a person qualifies her or his conclusions about them. keywords: argument; argumentation; claim; fields; inference; reason; standards; toulmin cache: il-2142.pdf plain text: il-2142.txt item: #54 of 1009 id: il-2143 author: none title: Errata date: 2004-01-01 words: 92 flesch: 82 summary: In Vol. 24, No.1, 2004, page 41, the copyright at the bottom of the page of Kevin Korb's essay, Bayesian Informal Logic and Fallacy, should read Vol. 24, No.1 (2004): pp 41 - 70. ERRATA We regret that we made a mistake on page 297 of Vol. 23, No.3, 2003. keywords: vol cache: il-2143.pdf plain text: il-2143.txt item: #55 of 1009 id: il-2144 author: none title: Teaching Supplement date: 2004-01-01 words: 11013 flesch: 64 summary: The key for managing the paper load, Bean writes, is to decide how much time you are willing to spend on student writing and then plan your courses to include only what you can handle-always remembering that you do not have to read everything that a student writes (p. 11). Dr. Jones knows that many of the problems with student writing can be traced to ambiguous assignments, so she pays particular attention to com- municating her goals, learning objectives, and the criteria that she will use to evalu- ate the writing for the assignment. keywords: activities; arguments; assignment; class; classroom; help; jones; paper; process; research; semester; students; thinking; time; work; writing cache: il-2144.pdf plain text: il-2144.txt item: #56 of 1009 id: il-2145 author: Hitchcock, David title: The Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction in Critical Thinking date: 2004-01-01 words: 18547 flesch: 53 summary: In this respect, critical thinking courses differ from courses with a specialized subject-matter not previously known to the students, e.g. organic chemistry or ancient Greek philosophy or eastern European politics. Results for the 278 McMaster students, for the control group, and for groups taking critical thinking courses elsewhere are recorded in Table 1. keywords: course; deviation; facione; form; gain; group; instruction; mean; post; pre; score; skills test; standard; students; study; test; thinking; thinking course; thinking skills cache: il-2145.pdf plain text: il-2145.txt item: #57 of 1009 id: il-2146 author: Godden, David title: Denying the Antecedent as a Legitimate Argumentative Strategy: A Dialectical Model date: 2004-01-01 words: 12731 flesch: 51 summary: However, it will be shown that this is not the only problem with the standard account ofthe formal fallacies of conditional arguments. We begin by reviewing the standard, deductivist interpretation of conditional claims that underlies the standard classification of conditional arguments as formally valid or as formal1y fallacious. keywords: antecedent; argument; argumentative; burke; claim; conclusion; conditional; form; model; premise; resp cache: il-2146.pdf plain text: il-2146.txt item: #58 of 1009 id: il-2147 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Emotion, Argumentation and Informal Logic date: 2004-01-01 words: 9610 flesch: 56 summary: We can view emotional arguments as intrinsically different and distinct from logical arguments and, consequently, expect them to be treated very differently. the comprehension of the emotional content of emotional arguments is more or less on a rar with comprehending logical arguments, then what normative frame ought be developed in order to govern emotional argumentation? keywords: argumentation; arguments; communication; emotional; emotions; example; gilbert; harold; information; logic; non; premisses; relevance cache: il-2147.pdf plain text: il-2147.txt item: #59 of 1009 id: il-2148 author: Weinstein, Mark title: Freeman's Acceptable Premises: An Epistemic Approach to an Informal Logic Problem date: 2004-01-01 words: 2761 flesch: 44 summary: Freeman includes a discussion of testimony as a basis for acceptable premises (chapter 10). In what contexts and for what purposes would following those rules furnish us with acceptable premises? keywords: arguments; belief; book; freeman; premises; theory cache: il-2148.pdf plain text: il-2148.txt item: #60 of 1009 id: il-2149 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Makau and Marty's Cooperative Argumentation: A Model for Deliberative Community date: 2004-01-01 words: 1589 flesch: 52 summary: 270 Book Reviews In order to undertake cooperative argument one needs certain skills. Finally, let us say that again we know that all the beans in the bag are white, and then we notice a handful of white beans on a table nearby: under these circumstances, it seems reasonable to presume that those beans were drawn from that particular bag-and this is abduction. keywords: argumentation; beans; book; reasoning cache: il-2149.pdf plain text: il-2149.txt item: #61 of 1009 id: il-2150 author: Paglieri, Fabio title: Walton's Abductive Reasoning date: 2004-01-01 words: 4012 flesch: 46 summary: On the whole, Walton's analysis of abductive reasoning is both detailed and self-contained, with clear explanations of all key concepts and several examples. Walton conceives abduction as inference to the best explanation, and in this book he endeavours to provide a detailed account of what exactly is meant by 'best explanation'. keywords: abduction; explanation; reasoning; understanding; walton cache: il-2150.pdf plain text: il-2150.txt item: #62 of 1009 id: il-2151 author: Bailin, Sharon title: Is Argument for Conservatives? or Where Do Sparkling New Ideas Come From? date: 2004-01-01 words: 7095 flesch: 54 summary: And coming up with new arguments is a creative activity, consisting in the recognition of problems or alternatives and the construc- tion of a coherent chain of reasoning. New ideas that contribute to progress arise from critical reflection on prob- lems posed by the tradition, and constrained by the criteria governing evaluation. keywords: argument; argumentation; bailin; criticism; discovery; evaluation; generation; ideas; new; process; rorty; view cache: il-2151.pdf plain text: il-2151.txt item: #63 of 1009 id: il-2152 author: Finocchiaro, Maurice A. title: Dialectics, Evaluation, and Argument date: 2004-01-01 words: 16073 flesch: 51 summary: Arguments for the Dialectical Definition What we are faced with now is an exercise in informal logic and critical thinking, for what we want to do is to identify, interpret, reconstruct, analyze, evaluate, and criticize the arguments for the dialectical conception of argument. For as Hansen (2002, 272-73) has argued and as Johnson himself (2002a, 313-14) later admitted, Johnson's thesis is really a theoretical definition; that is, a claim that is part of a theory of argument aiming to provide concepts and principles for the identification, understanding, interpretation, analy- sis, evaluation, and criticism of arguments. keywords: 2000a; argument; argumentation; conception; conclusion; criticism; definition; dialectical; illative; johnson; objections; reasons; support; tier cache: il-2152.pdf plain text: il-2152.txt item: #64 of 1009 id: il-2153 author: Goldman, Alvin I. title: An Epistemological Approach to Argumentation date: 2004-01-01 words: 6382 flesch: 54 summary: I endorse the idea that good- ness of argument or argumentation is profitably viewed-perhaps best viewed- from an epistemological perspective, but I also identify some tricky issues that arise in trying to formulate precise relationships between good argument and epistemic norms. An Epistemological Approach to Argumentation ALVIN I. GOLDMAN Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Abstract: The evaluation of arguments and argumentation is best understood epistemologically. keywords: approach; argument; argumentation; belief; circularity; conclusion; goldman; premises; speaker cache: il-2153.pdf plain text: il-2153.txt item: #65 of 1009 id: il-2154 author: Ohler, Amy J. title: A Dialectical Tier Within Reason date: 2004-01-01 words: 5676 flesch: 46 summary: The assumption underlying this paper is that when dis- cussing the nature of rational argumentation, we should have at our disposal a conception of rationality in argumentation that is rich enough to account for all those elements of an argument that we want to say make it rational. Ifwe take his understanding of rationality to be the disposition to, and the action of, using, giving, and/or acting on the basis of reasons (ibid., 161) literally, then it seems we must accept the dialectical tier as a necessary component of rational argumentation because of its inclusion of more reasons at play. keywords: argumentation; johnson; perelman; rationality; reasonable; tier cache: il-2154.pdf plain text: il-2154.txt item: #66 of 1009 id: il-2155 author: Boger, George title: Aristotle on False Reasoning: Language and the World in the Sophistical Refutations date: 2004-01-01 words: 6146 flesch: 41 summary: Such close examination of Aristotle's discussion of fallacious reasoning, which Schreiber calls false reasoning, reveals some impor- tant lapses in his thinking. Aristotle's principal error Throughout his discourse Schreiber aims to preserve Aristotle's assessment of fallacious reasoning; he believes his adjustments are entirely commensurate with Aristotle's thinking. keywords: argumentation; aristotle; fallacies; fallacy; language; reasoning; schreiber; understanding cache: il-2155.pdf plain text: il-2155.txt item: #67 of 1009 id: il-2156 author: Hitchcock, David title: Advances in Pragma-Dialectics date: 2004-01-01 words: 8748 flesch: 42 summary: This review considers the papers accord- ing to a different plan of organization, which is likely to be more perspicuous to readers of this journal: current research topics in the Amsterdam group, applica- tion of pragma-dialectics to specific types of discussions or arguments, non-ideal higher-order conditions for critical discussion, profiles of dialogue, justification and persuasiveness. Such manoeuvres mayor may not violate a rule of critical discussion. keywords: argumentation; arguments; chapter; conclusion; conditions; dialectics; discussion; doubt; eemeren; group; pragma; speaker; support; van cache: il-2156.pdf plain text: il-2156.txt item: #68 of 1009 id: il-2157 author: Warenski, Lisa title: Mutti's Making Up Your Mind by Robert Mutti date: 2004-01-01 words: 888 flesch: 54 summary: Reviewed by Lisa Warenski An instructor of critical reasoning is often challenged to show students why studying abstract topics such as validity and fallacious forms of inference have practical value. Because all of the answers to the numbered exercises are in the back of the book, the text is probably most useful as a secondary workbook for students; however, the type of argument- construction exercises covered in Chapter Seven are worth including in any course on critical reasoning. keywords: book; making; student cache: il-2157.pdf plain text: il-2157.txt item: #69 of 1009 id: il-2158 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: Fogelin's Walking the Tightrope of Reason: The Precarious Life of a Rational Animal by Robert Fogelin date: 2004-01-01 words: 2478 flesch: 57 summary: From the torrent of philosophical arguments, they distill interesting patterns to philosophical arguments. It is a splendid exam- ple of philosophical argumentation and deserves the attention of workers in those fields. keywords: argumentation; fogelin; lnc; logic; problems; truth cache: il-2158.pdf plain text: il-2158.txt item: #70 of 1009 id: il-2159 author: Letteri, Mark title: ModelAnswer: An Evaluation of Language in a Complex Argument date: 2004-01-01 words: 5 flesch: -1 summary: 23(1)pp1-16TeachingSupplement8.pdf saklak Text Box keywords: box cache: il-2159.pdf plain text: il-2159.txt item: #71 of 1009 id: il-2160 author: Letteri, Mark title: Model Answer: An Evaluation of a Complex Argument date: 2004-01-01 words: 5 flesch: -1 summary: 23(1)pp1-16TeachingSupplement8.pdf saklak Text Box keywords: box cache: il-2160.pdf plain text: il-2160.txt item: #72 of 1009 id: il-2161 author: Missimer, Connie title: Comparing Theories of CT in a Critical Thinking Course date: 2004-01-01 words: 2 flesch: -133 summary: None keywords: 16teachingsupplement8.pdf cache: il-2161.pdf plain text: il-2161.txt item: #73 of 1009 id: il-2162 author: none title: Erratum to M. Finocchiaro's "Dialectics, Evaluation, and Argument" date: 2004-01-01 words: 1991 flesch: 53 summary: They may also be seen as having stressed the importance of complex argumentation and suggested that the usual emphasis on simple arguments is an undesirable oversim~ plification.3 3 I believe this double-edged nature of Freeman's and Snoeck Henkemans's work has been recognized by an exponent of the dialectical approach: Erik Krabbe has recently stated that the dialectical obligation to handle objections can, in solo argument, be dealt with within the structure of basic argument (Krabbe 2000, 3), a basic argument being his (Walton and Krabbe 1995) label for what here I am calling complex argument. For example, in Choice and Chance, Brian Skyrms stipulates that an argument is a list of sentences, one of which is designated as the conclusion, and the rest of which are designated as premises (Skyrms 1966, 1-2).7 7 See also Kalish and Montague (1964, 13), quoted in Johnson (2000a, 123): an argument, as we shall understand it, consists of two parts-first, a sequence of sentences called its premises and secondly, an additional sentence called its conclusion; see also Angeles (1981, 18), quoted in Walton (1990, 408): it defines argument as a series of statements called premises logically related to a further statement called the conclusion. keywords: argument; johnson; line; page cache: il-2162.pdf plain text: il-2162.txt item: #74 of 1009 id: il-2163 author: Goodnight, G. Thomas title: Predicaments of Communication, Argument, and Power: Towards a Critical Theory of Controversy date: 2004-01-01 words: 8889 flesch: 44 summary: Just as the English-language publication of his influential Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1989/1962) sparked a debate throughout the 1990s on the history and practices of public argument (Calhoun, 1992; Goodnight and Hingstman, 1997, 351-370), so Between Facts and Norms (1996) heralded a productive interdiscipli- nary discussion on deliberative democracy. On the other hand, scholars have made significant progress in critical engage- ment of public argument. keywords: argument; argumentation; cambridge; communication; controversy; discourse; habermas; power; press; public; reasons; social; theory; validity; world cache: il-2163.pdf plain text: il-2163.txt item: #75 of 1009 id: il-2164 author: Feteris, Eveline T. title: The Rationality of Legal Discourse in Habermas's Discourse Theory date: 2003-01-01 words: 9771 flesch: 40 summary: Moreover, to the extent that legal discourse must address the moral acceptability of legal norms and deci- sions-and so must open up the space for moral argumentation-we can speak of legal discourses as a specific institutionalization of moral discourse (see Habermas 1988, 247). 152 Eveline T. Feteris 4.1 The normative ideal of rational legal discourse: the philosophical and theoretical components In my opinion, Habermas's discourse theory and complementarity thesis can be considered elements of the philosophical component of a research program on legal argumentation. keywords: argumentation; discourse; discussion; feteris; habermas; ideal; law; procedures; rationality; relation; research; rules; theory cache: il-2164.pdf plain text: il-2164.txt item: #76 of 1009 id: il-2165 author: Rehg, William title: Habermas, Argumentation Theory, and Science Studies: Toward Interdisciplinary Cooperation date: 2003-01-01 words: 10562 flesch: 46 summary: Hence the proposal: that we begin the move toward critical science studies by employing argumentation-theo- retic concepts and questions as aframeworkfor interdisciplinary engagement. The orientation toward an expansive vision of social-political life characterizes the tradition of critical social theory from the start: from Marx on, critical theorists have recog- nized that plausible theorizing depends on some kind of anticipation or projection, however vague or utopian, of a just or emancipated society. keywords: analysis; approach; argumentation; argumentation theory; discourse; discourse theory; habermas; interdisciplinary; knowledge; law; press; rehg; science; science studies; step; studies; theorists; theory; university cache: il-2165.pdf plain text: il-2165.txt item: #77 of 1009 id: il-2166 author: Cramer, P.A. title: The Public Metonym date: 2004-01-01 words: 7976 flesch: 45 summary: Keywords: public metonym, particularist publics, Habermas, Perelman, universal audience, public sphere, empiricism, normativity, models of rationality 1. Among Habermas's crit- ics, one of the commonest strategies for resolving the paradox of public-that is, the tension between public as a counterfactual totality and as a material and social fact-has been the invention of particularist publics. keywords: audience; difference; discourse; habermas; material; metonym; norms; particularist; press; public; theory; universal cache: il-2166.pdf plain text: il-2166.txt item: #78 of 1009 id: il-2167 author: Tindale, Christopher W. title: Mendelson's Many Sides: A Protagorean Approach to the Theory, Practice, and Pedagogy of Argument date: 2003-01-01 words: 2442 flesch: 47 summary: While the dominant models of argument emerging from these monoliths of ancient philosophy sought an objective truth to resolve disagreements and understand the way things were, Sophistic argument pursued completely different ends. On this Mendelson is strangely silent, but it adds an interesting nuance to the promotion of opposing arguments, both of which can be plausible. keywords: antilogic; argument; argumentation; book; mendelson; protagoras cache: il-2167.pdf plain text: il-2167.txt item: #79 of 1009 id: il-2168 author: Groarke, Leo title: Cohen's Arguments and Metaphors in Philosophy date: 2003-01-01 words: 1874 flesch: 51 summary: Cohen very clearly enunciates the strengths and weaknesses of this metaphor, though there are times when he seems to make too much of it (as when argument-2 is treated as equivalent to argument-as-war; when arguments are described as carrying lots of punch, a lot of firepower, a barrage of body-blows; and so on). It is hard to think of philosophical developments that more poignantly raise the question whether argument can be taken too far, and whether arguments provide or undermine justified beliefs. keywords: argument; cohen; metaphors; philosophy cache: il-2168.pdf plain text: il-2168.txt item: #80 of 1009 id: il-2169 author: Crosswhite, James title: Dearin and Gross's Chaim Perelman date: 2003-01-01 words: 1874 flesch: 51 summary: Cohen very clearly enunciates the strengths and weaknesses of this metaphor, though there are times when he seems to make too much of it (as when argument-2 is treated as equivalent to argument-as-war; when arguments are described as carrying lots of punch, a lot of firepower, a barrage of body-blows; and so on). It is hard to think of philosophical developments that more poignantly raise the question whether argument can be taken too far, and whether arguments provide or undermine justified beliefs. keywords: argument; cohen; metaphors; philosophy cache: il-2169.pdf plain text: il-2169.txt item: #81 of 1009 id: il-2172 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Against the "Ordinary Summing" Test for Convergence date: 2004-01-01 words: 11298 flesch: 63 summary: In this case, we have the following test for distinguishing linked and convergent structures, at least for two- premise arguments: Against the Ordinary Summing Test for Convergence 219 Hence, despite Walton's recommendation or Tyaglo's generalization, the Ordinary Summing Test should not be used for distinguishing linked argument structures from convergent argument structures. keywords: argument; conclusion; convergent; premises; probability; summing; test; yanal cache: il-2172.pdf plain text: il-2172.txt item: #82 of 1009 id: il-2173 author: Malone, Michael E. title: Three Recalcitrant Problems of Argument Identification date: 2003-01-01 words: 11133 flesch: 63 summary: Drawing on criticism of real arguments, sections 2 and 3 propose a strategy for adding implicit premises and linking premises, respectively. Three Recalcitrant Problems of Argument Identification 245 These two examples typify, I believe, the issues that arise in the identification of implicit premises in real arguments. keywords: argument; conclusion; counterexample; discourse; identification; inference; logic; premises; problems; reasoning; statement; support; use cache: il-2173.pdf plain text: il-2173.txt item: #83 of 1009 id: il-2174 author: Yuan, Tangming; Moore, David; Grierson, Alec title: Computational Agents as a Test-Bed to Study the Philosophical Dialogue Model "DE": A Development of Mackenzie's DC date: 2003-01-01 words: 8721 flesch: 61 summary: The commitment manager will update both agents' commitment stores according to DC commitment rules. The commitment manager updates both agents' commitment stores according to DE commitment rules. keywords: acceptable; challenge; commitment; dialogue; question; rule; statement; type cache: il-2174.pdf plain text: il-2174.txt item: #84 of 1009 id: il-2175 author: Zuckero, Matthew title: Three Potential Problems for Powers' One-Fallacy Theory date: 2003-01-01 words: 4313 flesch: 64 summary: Three Potential Problems for Powers' One-Fallacy Theory MATTHEW ZUCKERO Wayne State University Abstract: Lawrence Powers advocates a one-fallacy theory in which the only real fallacies are fallacies of ambiguity. Introduction Lawrence Powers advocates a one-fallacy theory in which the only real fallacies are fallacies of ambiguity. keywords: ambiguity; argument; explanation; fallacy; powers; theory cache: il-2175.pdf plain text: il-2175.txt item: #85 of 1009 id: il-2176 author: Kasser, Jeff title: Adler's Beliej's Own Ethics date: 2003-01-01 words: 2480 flesch: 52 summary: Adler sticks himselfwith the strong and interesting claim that full belief and knowl- edge are common achievements, but achievements that meet demanding stand- ards. In contrast, Adler emphasizes the transparency of full belief from the agent's point of view. keywords: adler; belief; book; evidence cache: il-2176.pdf plain text: il-2176.txt item: #86 of 1009 id: il-2177 author: Facione, Peter A. title: Jenicek and Hitchcock's Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine date: 2003-01-01 words: 2443 flesch: 49 summary: Chapter four devotes its first twenty pages to providing the same services-classification, categorization, definition of terms, historical contextualization-to critical thinking. Attention is devoted here to the skills dimension and the dispositional dimension of critical thinking; the practi- cal and purposive nature of critical thinking, and its meta-cognitive and reflective aspects. keywords: authors; book; chapter; logic; thinking cache: il-2177.pdf plain text: il-2177.txt item: #87 of 1009 id: il-2178 author: Guarini, James title: Magnani's Abduction, Reason, and Science: Processes of Discovery and Explanation date: 2003-01-01 words: 2499 flesch: 50 summary: New information is requested and compared to the deduced consequences, leading to the corroboration or elimination of hypotheses, and to the re-ranking of existing hypotheses and the selection of new ones (if needed). They are seen as historical examples of individuals who have treated hypothesis generation as paradoxical, ... illusory or obscure, implicit, keywords: abduction; chapter; magnani; reasoning; science cache: il-2178.pdf plain text: il-2178.txt item: #88 of 1009 id: il-2179 author: Hoaglund, John title: Boone's Critical Thinking: An Applied Approach, 2nd ed. date: 2003-01-01 words: 2030 flesch: 59 summary: But if formal features are useless for analyzing real arguments, and the latter is our goal, why teach them in the first place? The formal logic comprises eight val id and four invalid argument forms of propositional logic, with conditional arguments predomi- nant. keywords: argument; boone; chapter; premises cache: il-2179.pdf plain text: il-2179.txt item: #89 of 1009 id: il-2230 author: none title: From the Editors date: 2001-01-01 words: 542 flesch: 45 summary: In his paper, Finocchiaro gives Johnstone's thesis about the role of ad hominem arguments in philosophical argumentation a thorough and careful review. We have asked some of these scholars who benefitted from Johnstone's philosophical friendship to write essays on an aspect of his contributions to the field. keywords: johnstone; rhetoric cache: il-2230.pdf plain text: il-2230.txt item: #90 of 1009 id: il-2231 author: Angell, Richard B. title: The 'Most Important and Fundamental' Distinction in Logic date: 2001-01-01 words: 4499 flesch: 59 summary: Reflections on Henry Webb Johnstone, Jr. RICHARD B. ANGELL Wayne State University Abstract: Personal reflections on the philo- sophical career of Henry Johnstone, B.S. Haverford College, 1942, and Ph.D. Harvard, 1950, professor at Williams Col- lege 1948-1952 and Pennsylvania State University, 1952 - 2000. Keywords: Henry Johnstone, Jr., Harvard University, validity, rhetoric, logical positiv- ism, philosophical argument, argumentum ad hominem, persuasion. keywords: argument; harvard; henry; johnstone; logic; philosophy; rhetoric; university; validity cache: il-2231.pdf plain text: il-2231.txt item: #91 of 1009 id: il-2232 author: Finocchiaro, Maurice A. title: Valid Ad Hominem Arguments in Philosophy: Johnstone's Metaphilosophical Informal Logic date: 2001-01-01 words: 6854 flesch: 48 summary: Now, recall that an ad hominem argument is one claiming that some statement or other argument defeats its own purpose; then it is easy to see that this intermediate justification amounts to an attempt to show the equivalence between types of Johnstone's MetaphilosophicallnJormal Logic 19 critical arguments and subtypes of ad hominem arguments. That is, let us apply these ideas to Johnstone's own thesis that valid philosophical arguments are ad hominem. keywords: ad hominem; argument; criticism; hominem; johnstone; language; philosophy; thesis cache: il-2232.pdf plain text: il-2232.txt item: #92 of 1009 id: il-2233 author: Crosswhite, James title: Con Amore: Henry Johnstone, Jr.'s Philosophy of Argumentation date: 2001-01-01 words: 8014 flesch: 54 summary: In The Philosophical Basis of Rhetoric (1978), Johnstone first develops his Con Amore: Henry Johnstone, Jr. 's Philosophy of Argumentation 31 famous concept of rhetoric as a wedge, which informs the thesis that Rhetoric is the evocation and maintenance of the consciousness required for communica- tion (p. (29). There is a way out of this, and I believe that it is a way more consistent with Johnstone's own philosophical development than his later Kantian formulations of Con Amore: Henry Johnstone, Jr. 's Philosophy of Argumentation 39 an ethics of rhetoric are. keywords: argumentation; ethics; henry; johnstone; perelman; philosophy; rhetoric; self; validity; way cache: il-2233.pdf plain text: il-2233.txt item: #93 of 1009 id: il-2234 author: Goodwin, Jean title: Henry Johnstone, Jr.'s Still-Unacknowledged Contributions to Contemporary Argumentation Theory date: 2001-01-01 words: 4599 flesch: 58 summary: With this sort of primary attention to argument as a product, it is not surprising that argumentation theorists adopted as ancestors from the 1950s those authors with a similar product orienta- tion-Stephen Toulmin and Chaim Perelman, most notably; not Henry Johnstone. Johnstone's famous assertion that all valid arguments are ad hominem, grounded not in the neutral facts but in the personal commitments of the opponent, similarly shifts attention from the product to the process of argument. keywords: arguer; arguing; argument; argumentation; johnstone; philosophy; press; rhetoric; theory; university cache: il-2234.pdf plain text: il-2234.txt item: #94 of 1009 id: il-2235 author: Walton, Douglas title: Johnstone's View of Rhetorical and Dialectical Argument date: 2001-01-01 words: 4580 flesch: 53 summary: Keywords: metaphilosophy, commitment, fallacies, philosophical argument, analytical philosophy, valid argument, persuasion, dialogue. Fallacies like straw man and ad hominem now come to be centrally important in judging philosophical arguments. keywords: argument; argumentation; dialectic; johnstone; rhetoric; view cache: il-2235.pdf plain text: il-2235.txt item: #95 of 1009 id: il-2236 author: Mifsud, Mari Lee title: Revision and Immortality in Philosophical Argumentation: Continuing Thoughts on the Rhetorical Wedge date: 2001-01-01 words: 4451 flesch: 53 summary: When rhetoric acts like a wedge, it functions to evoke consciousness by sepa- rating a person addressed from some of her stimuli: Wedges separate. Commands and threats are uses of the wedge to produce non-rhetorical results; they reveal the failure of wedge and rhetoric to occupy the same relative position. keywords: argument; inconsistency; johnstone; position; rhetoric; wedge cache: il-2236.pdf plain text: il-2236.txt item: #96 of 1009 id: il-2237 author: none title: From the Editors date: 2001-01-01 words: 568 flesch: 45 summary: He shows how it can be interpreted as a visual argument within both rhetorical and demonstrative modes, and further how new arguments can be developed in the original visual frame. FROM THE EDITORS This issue of Informal Logic features four articles, all of which address issues in the theory of argument, as well as a reply, and (in the Teaching Supplement) two analyses of the famous 1995 advertorial by Shell: Clear Thinking in Troubled Times. keywords: argument; reasoning cache: il-2237.pdf plain text: il-2237.txt item: #97 of 1009 id: il-2238 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: Evaluating arguments and making meta-arguments date: 2001-01-01 words: 5993 flesch: 52 summary: The tradi- tional identification of the study of inferences with the study of arguments can be justified, however, only by a very narrow conception of argument. Ordinarily, we need not-and, arguably, should not-as- cend to that meta-level to accept other arguments. keywords: argumentation; arguments; audience; conclusion; johnson; logic; meta; objections; rationality; reasoning cache: il-2238.pdf plain text: il-2238.txt item: #98 of 1009 id: il-2239 author: Shelley, Cameron title: Aspects of visual argument: A study of the March of Progress date: 2001-01-01 words: 4743 flesch: 57 summary: The March argument adapted Variations ofthe March image can not only support the analysis given earlier but can also illustrate another property of visual arguments, namely the tendency for the conclusion to change upon a change or augmentation of the premises. Aspects of visual argument: A study of the March of Progress CAMERON SHELLEY University of Michigan Abstract: The so-called March of Progress depicts human evolution as a linear progres- sion from mohkey to man. keywords: argument; figure; image; march; new; original; progress; shelley; women cache: il-2239.pdf plain text: il-2239.txt item: #99 of 1009 id: il-2241 author: Walton, Douglas title: Abductive, presumptive and plausible arguments date: 2001-01-01 words: 15192 flesch: 61 summary: But each single abductive argument needs to be evaluated in a dialogue containing other abductive arguments as well. It can be seen that there are plausible arguments on both sides. keywords: abduction; abductive; argument; argumentation; case; conclusion; dialogue; evidence; explanation; inference; kind; plausibility; presumptive; reasoning cache: il-2241.pdf plain text: il-2241.txt item: #100 of 1009 id: il-2242 author: Gaskins, Richard H. title: Shaping the Adversary Culture date: 2001-01-01 words: 5223 flesch: 51 summary: Keywords: adversary culture, Lionel Trilling. Should we try to stamp out this expression of adversary culture? keywords: adversary; arguments; culture; discourse; evidence; facts; new; order; organizations; public; risk; standards; trilling cache: il-2242.pdf plain text: il-2242.txt item: #101 of 1009 id: il-2243 author: Hatcher, Donald L. title: Why Percy can't think: A response to Bailin date: 2001-01-01 words: 5353 flesch: 51 summary: More plausible explanations are: (I) instructors across the disciplines do not give assignments requiring critical thinking (CT) skills, (2) single courses in CT have little effect, (3) pragmatic arguments showing the effective- ness of CT are more effective than episte- mological arguments with the average stu- dent. In her thought-provoking paper, The Problem with Percy: Epistemology, Understanding and Critical Thinkingl Sharon Bailin provides a description of a fictitious student named Percy--one with intellectual characteristics all too familiar to teachers who emphasize the importance of critical thinking in their courses. keywords: arguments; bailin; percy; reasons; skills; students; teachers; thinking cache: il-2243.pdf plain text: il-2243.txt item: #102 of 1009 id: il-2244 author: Tindale, Christopher W. title: Levi's In Defense of Informal Logic date: 2001-01-01 words: 1412 flesch: 55 summary: There is much to commend in Levi's rich and varied discussions, not least the importance of rhetorical considerations in argument analysis. Because of his engaged, context-dependent approach, Levi eschews theory itself. keywords: argument; context; levi cache: il-2244.pdf plain text: il-2244.txt item: #103 of 1009 id: il-2245 author: Library, Leddy title: From the Editors date: 2001-01-01 words: 447 flesch: 48 summary: In Dialogue games as dialogue models for interacting with, and via, computers, Nicolas Maudet and David Moore, after making an extensive survey of the existing literature, consider the adequacy of debate dialogue games as models for interactions between persons and computers. They go on to explore the issue for dialogue games which are not debate-oriented, and the possibilities of using dialogue games in multi-media environ- ments. keywords: dialogue; issue cache: il-2245.pdf plain text: il-2245.txt item: #104 of 1009 id: il-2246 author: Waller, Bruce N. title: Classifying and Analyzing Analogies date: 2001-01-01 words: 10155 flesch: 50 summary: Deductive analogies also figure promi- nently in philosophical disputes: Think of Judith Jarvis Thomson's marvelous vio- linist analogy in the abortion debate,5 Tom Regan's analogical argument for stop- ping the use of animals in research,6 or John Searle's Chinese Room argument in opposition to computer intelIigence. J7 John McKayl8 offers a valuable analysis of deductive analogies, and he deplores the tendency of critical thinking textbooks to squeeze all analogies into the inductive mold; but he ignores the distinctive nature of figurative analogies. keywords: analogies; analogy; arguments; cases; deductive; govier; inductive; obligation; principle; priori; reasoning; right; thomson; violinist cache: il-2246.pdf plain text: il-2246.txt item: #105 of 1009 id: il-2247 author: Maudet, Nicolas; Moore, David title: Dialogue games as dialogue models for interacting with, and via, computers date: 2001-01-01 words: 11807 flesch: 57 summary: Keywords: dialogue games; human-computer debate; multimedia; computer supported collaborative argumentation; computational dialectics 1. First, we rehearse the argument for the use of dialogue games to facilitate debate between a computer and an individual user, and outline our recent work in this area. keywords: argumentation; computer; debate; dialogue; dialogue game; example; game; learning; model; moore; multimedia; systems; team; use; walton cache: il-2247.pdf plain text: il-2247.txt item: #106 of 1009 id: il-2248 author: van Laar, Jan Albert title: Ambiguity in a Dialectical Perspective date: 2001-01-01 words: 9533 flesch: 54 summary: A standard formulation of ambiguity criticism could be the following: You have made an assertion using sentence S while in this context Scan express n different propositions.' First, an unidentified ambiguity can lead to a misunderstanding, where the speaker thinks she made it clear by uttering sentence S that she expressed one proposition, and the listener supposes that another proposition is naturally ex- pressed by the speaker's use of S. keywords: ambiguity; argument; black; criticism; discussion; fallacy; opponent; proponent; white cache: il-2248.pdf plain text: il-2248.txt item: #107 of 1009 id: il-2249 author: Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca title: Walton's Scare Tactics Arguments that Appeal to Fear and Threats date: 2001-01-01 words: 3842 flesch: 49 summary: According to Walton, the distinction between fear appeal arguments and threat appeal arguments as they are defined in the literature is not clear enough. Threat appeal arguments, on the other hand, are not nec- essarily intended to exploit the respondent's emotion offear. keywords: appeal; argument; fear; threat cache: il-2249.pdf plain text: il-2249.txt item: #108 of 1009 id: il-2250 author: McBurney, Peter title: Abelson's Statistics as Principled Argument date: 2001-01-01 words: 1496 flesch: 47 summary: The author argues that four criteria are crucial to assessing the persuasive- ness of statistical arguments in social science domains. If statistics is a form of argument in experimental sciences, why are some, particular, statistical methods acceptable as arguments rather than others. keywords: book; sciences; social; statistics cache: il-2250.pdf plain text: il-2250.txt item: #109 of 1009 id: il-2251 author: none title: From the Editors date: 2000-01-01 words: 401 flesch: 51 summary: We look forward to the organizational skills, energy, good judgement, and fresh outlook they bring. Peter Facione looks carefully at the issue of dispositions in critical thinking and particularly the empirical evidence, and on that basis claims that focus on skills alone is not enough to teach critical thinking dispositions-a fresh look at an ongoing debate. keywords: look cache: il-2251.pdf plain text: il-2251.txt item: #110 of 1009 id: il-2252 author: Van Heuveln, Bram title: A Preferred Treatment of Mill's Methods: Some Misinterpretations by Modern Textbooks date: 2000-01-01 words: 10897 flesch: 68 summary: The Method of Agreement and The Method of Difference Basically, there are five of M ill 's Methods: Method of Agreement, Method of Dif- ference, Joint Method of Agreement and Difference, Method of Residues, and Method of Concomitant Variation. In this section I will present my preferred treatment of the Method of Agree- ment, Method of Difference, and Joint Method. keywords: agreement; difference; food; instances; method; mill; poisoning cache: il-2252.pdf plain text: il-2252.txt item: #111 of 1009 id: il-2253 author: Maudet, Nicolas; Rescher, Nicholas title: Reification Fallacies and Inappropriate Totalities date: 2000-01-01 words: 9053 flesch: 51 summary: Some sort of restriction must be placed on such items as the set of all sets that have the feature F' or the con- junction of all truths that have the feature G. Kant thought that by representing such items as the world or the deity as illicit totalizations he could eliminate the salient issues of traditional (pre-critical) metaphysics. keywords: identification; issue; item; kant; paradox; principle; russell; self; set; totalities; totality; totalization cache: il-2253.pdf plain text: il-2253.txt item: #112 of 1009 id: il-2254 author: Facione, Peter A. title: The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, and Relationship to Critical Thinking Skill date: 2000-01-01 words: 10891 flesch: 54 summary: However, some theorists, like Paul, Tavris and Wade, include the disposition to use CT skills as part of their definition of CT, (Paul, 1990; Esterle, 1993). Carole Wade explains saying, Carol Tavris and I ... wanted to get in the willingness as well as the ability because a person can master CT skills without being the least bit disposed to use them. keywords: assessment; cctdi; cctst; college; correlation; ct skills; disposition; educational; facione; items; person; research; scores; skills; students; test; thinking; use cache: il-2254.pdf plain text: il-2254.txt item: #113 of 1009 id: il-2255 author: Friend, Celeste title: Govier's Social Trust and Human Communities date: 2000-01-01 words: 1934 flesch: 60 summary: She argues that the Ik's lack of social trust does not show that society can exist without trust precisely be- cause the Ik barely constitute a society, and certainly do not constitute a viable one. By taking on so many of the facets of social trust, Social Trust and Human Communities continually reminds us that wherever there is society, cooperation, and human flourishing, there is also trust. keywords: book; govier; society; trust cache: il-2255.pdf plain text: il-2255.txt item: #114 of 1009 id: il-2256 author: Levi, Don S. title: Bickenbach's and Davies's Good Reasons for Better Arguments date: 2000-01-01 words: 1836 flesch: 52 summary: Although deduction and in- duction have different standards of rationality, reflecting the difference in how much certainty each aims at achieving, the standards involve established procedures and rules, formulae, algorithms that can-like tools-be manipu- 90 Bickenback & Davies, Good Reasons for Better Arguments lated to achieve a variety of different goals (p. 9). This emphasis on an idealized audience may explain why the authors so often cite as examples arguments that they themselves devised, arguments where there does not seem to be an arguer, let alone an audience. keywords: argument; rationality; reasoning cache: il-2256.pdf plain text: il-2256.txt item: #115 of 1009 id: il-2257 author: Burtis, John O. title: The Natural Development of Argumentation as a Human Affair: A Fanciful History date: 2000-01-01 words: 3805 flesch: 68 summary: A third component con- cept is necessary before we can fully evolve a system of argument and before we can try to break arguments down into their constituent parts for analysis. Good ways involve making and carefully testing good arguments. keywords: argument; argumentation; debate; people; presumption; quo; status; things cache: il-2257.pdf plain text: il-2257.txt item: #116 of 1009 id: il-2258 author: Stroud, Scott title: Debate/or Philosophy and Critical Thinking Courses date: 2000-01-01 words: 3986 flesch: 67 summary: Organizing and preparing the students for in-class de- bates usually coincides with the critical thinking and argumentation skills that in- structors regularly teach; with some extra effort, in~class debates can become a fun, challenging and rewarding experience for both the students and the instruc- tor. I draw on my nine years of debate competing, judging, and coaching expe- rience in indicating what has worked for me and what has not worked. keywords: arguments; class; community; debate; reasoning; resolution; students; thinking; time cache: il-2258.pdf plain text: il-2258.txt item: #117 of 1009 id: il-2259 author: Gough, Jim title: The Late Assignment date: 2000-01-01 words: 1816 flesch: 66 summary: Slhe gives you one or more of the following reasons why s/he was unable to submit the assignment in on time. So, I was unable to write a response and submit it on time, since I couldn ' t even read the questions. keywords: assignment; time cache: il-2259.pdf plain text: il-2259.txt item: #118 of 1009 id: il-2260 author: Walton, Craig title: Six Steps of Critical Thinking date: 2000-01-01 words: 2770 flesch: 65 summary: Diagram the Structure of the Argument, Use one or more of the four types of diagram (serial, linked, convergent Or divergent), in whatever combinations, in order to show the levels of argument, the sub-arguments as they stand and as they join and flow together, and the interme- diate and final conclusions (final at the bottom). To do this, start by listing sub-arguments as portrayed in the diagram in Step III , one at a time~perhaps call them I, II , III , etc.~starting with the smallest sub-argument and working your way to each of the others and then their accumu- lations (as, for example, here I is a subargument, and II is a subargument, and I + II go to III, making a larger argument, and so forth). keywords: argument; conclusion; original; soundness; steps; support cache: il-2260.pdf plain text: il-2260.txt item: #119 of 1009 id: il-2261 author: none title: From the Editors date: 2000-01-01 words: 417 flesch: 62 summary: The topic set for that session was the bearing of informal logic on philosophy. Ralph Johnson and Anthony Blair led offwith an overview of informal logic, from their perspective. keywords: issue; logic cache: il-2261.pdf plain text: il-2261.txt item: #120 of 1009 id: il-2262 author: Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. title: Informal Logic: An Overview date: 2000-01-01 words: 6557 flesch: 57 summary: Walton and Brinton (1997) say, in a recent anthology about the history of informal logic, that: Informal logic has yet to come together as a clearly defined discipline, one organized around some well-defined and agreed upon systematic techniques that have a definite structure and can be decisively applied by users. We propose once again (see Johnson and Blair 1987, 148) the following as a way to construe informal logic that fits with what both Govier (1987) and Walton (1989) have said: Informal logic designates that branch of logic whose task is to develop non-formal 2 standards, criteria, procedures for the analysis, interpreta- tion, evaluation, critique and construction of argumentation in everyday discourse. keywords: 1995; argument; argumentation; blair; fallacies; johnson; logic; press; reasoning; theory; university; walton cache: il-2262.pdf plain text: il-2262.txt item: #121 of 1009 id: il-2263 author: Maudet, Nicolas; Fisher, Alec title: Informal Logic and its Implications for Philosophy date: 2000-01-01 words: 3197 flesch: 57 summary: I argue that the informal logic tradition thus conceived (i) lends strong support to something like Quine's view that our beliefs really support one another like the filaments in a spider's web--and thus that the traditional view that implication is an asymmetric relation is false; (ii) suggests that the classic division of argu- ments into deductive and inductive has dis- torted our thinking about the evaluation of real arguments; and (iii) implies that natural- ised epistemology is on the right track. Real argument, however, is more like a piece of cloth: it still functions when a few strands have broken and become ragged. keywords: argument; case; logic; reasoning; tradition; view cache: il-2263.pdf plain text: il-2263.txt item: #122 of 1009 id: il-2264 author: Freeman, James B. title: The Place of Informal Logic in Philosophy date: 2000-01-01 words: 5730 flesch: 54 summary: The Place of Informal Logic in Philosophy JAMES B. FREEMAN Hunter College, CUNY Abstract: We argue that informal logic is epistemological. For the Third International Symposium on Informal Logic in 1989, Ralph Johnson and J. Anthony Blair asked me to prepare a paper on the relation of informal logic to the wider logical enterprise, in particular to formal logic. keywords: acceptability; arguments; beliefs; epistemology; logic; philosophy; polis; premises cache: il-2264.pdf plain text: il-2264.txt item: #123 of 1009 id: il-2265 author: Hitchcock, David title: The Significance of Informal Logic for Philosophy date: 2000-01-01 words: 4535 flesch: 56 summary: I shall consider these potential contributions under two headings: the concept of argument and the evaluation of arguments. Tlte function(s) of argument Second, even if we treat arguments as products rather than as speech acts, the traditional conception of argument as a system composed of premisses and con- clusion ignores the purpose for which such systems are created. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; des; example; good; logic; philosophy; premisses cache: il-2265.pdf plain text: il-2265.txt item: #124 of 1009 id: il-2266 author: Woods, John title: How Philosophical is Informal Logic? date: 2000-01-01 words: 14450 flesch: 59 summary: 1.3 Fit Work for Informal Logic It would be wrong to leave the impression that informal logic derives entirely from misconceptions about what logic is for and what it is capable of. For Freeman, these propositions (especially the first) establish that informal logic is foundationalist, and he thinks that the foundational ism of informal logic is the same thing that one finds in what he calls common sense foundationalism in How Philosophical Is Informal Logic? keywords: argument; blair; english; freeman; john; johnson; language; logic; logicians; philosophical; philosophy; properties; property; research; set; theories; theory; way; woods; work cache: il-2266.pdf plain text: il-2266.txt item: #125 of 1009 id: il-2267 author: Vilhelm Hansen, Hans title: Logic and Misery: Walton's Appeal to Pity date: 2000-01-01 words: 7903 flesch: 60 summary: The concluding chapter introduces yet another case study-this time involving the patricide by the Menendez brothers in California-and gives general concluding remarks about Walton's method and its perspective on ad misericordiam arguments. The four kinds of schemes that are used for ad misericordiam arguments are: the appeal for help scheme, the argument from distress scheme, the prac- tical reasoning scheme, and (later, in Chapter 6) the argument from plea- for-an-excuse scheme. keywords: appeal; argument; case; fallacy; help; misericordiam; pity; scheme; sympathy; walton cache: il-2267.pdf plain text: il-2267.txt item: #126 of 1009 id: il-2268 author: Pietarinen, Juhani; Ritola, Juho title: Brutian's Logic, Language and Argumentation in Projection of Philosophical Knowledge date: 2000-01-01 words: 1214 flesch: 53 summary: Therefore, logic should be modified to suit the needs of argumentation (p. 10). On the other hand, however, he states that argumentation is universal mode of reasoning and logic is, in principle, one of the main components of argumentation, its very essence (p. 91). keywords: argumentation; brutian; logic cache: il-2268.pdf plain text: il-2268.txt item: #127 of 1009 id: il-2269 author: Linker, Maureen title: Fearnside's About Thinking date: 2000-01-01 words: 1393 flesch: 56 summary: (p. 54).Throughout the text, the examples given as both illustration and for the purposes of student exercise reify outdated social roles and sexist stereotypes. This kind of example and the discussion which follows, offers students the opportunity to see the applications of critical thinking in a real world scenario. keywords: arguments; fearnside; students; text cache: il-2269.pdf plain text: il-2269.txt item: #128 of 1009 id: il-2270 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Tindale's Acts of Arguing: A Rhetorical Model of Argument date: 2000-01-01 words: 5994 flesch: 46 summary: Audience relevance is the rhetorical property that connects the argu- ment or reasons with the audience, and Tindale argues that it underlies the other two types of relevance. In his analysis of audience relevance Tindale makes use of the concept of a cognitive environment, which he borrows from Sperber and Wilson's Relevance (1986). keywords: argument; argumentation; audience; chapter; logic; perspective; relevance; theory; tindale cache: il-2270.pdf plain text: il-2270.txt item: #129 of 1009 id: il-2271 author: Gratton, Claude title: From The Editor date: 2000-01-01 words: 219 flesch: 45 summary: Please send material for the Teaching Supplent (hard copy and disketter-exam- pIes of assignments, tests, exams; individual examples for classroom use (with, or without, your analysis of them); discussions of textbooks and how best to use them; teaching tips for particular topics; teaching problems (with, or without, your solu- tions) ; notices of resources: upcoming conferences, workshops, other journals with useful material; ideas about faculty training or peer coaching; etc.-to (or contact): Dr. Claude Gratton Department of Philosophy, University of Nevada-Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 455028 Las Vegas, NV 89154-5028, U.S.A. Email: grattonc@neveda.edu Claude Gratton Teaching Supplement Editor Classroom Use of Teaching Supplement Material Teachers may photocopy or otherwise reproduce and make copies o f them a1Er:ial:in this Teaching Supplement for classroom use. keywords: teaching cache: il-2271.pdf plain text: il-2271.txt item: #130 of 1009 id: il-2272 author: Walton, Douglas title: Problems and Useful Techniques: My Experiences in Teaching Courses in Argumentation, Informal Logic and Critical Thinking date: 2000-01-01 words: 2227 flesch: 74 summary: Even so, critical thinking is harder to teach than many courses, because it is a skills course. On the olher hand , TS 38 Douglas Walton they are not unique to critical thinking courses. keywords: case; course; logic; students; teaching cache: il-2272.pdf plain text: il-2272.txt item: #131 of 1009 id: il-2274 author: none title: Rob Grootendorst, 1944 - 2000 date: 2000-01-01 words: 684 flesch: 52 summary: Professor Grootendorst was also an active and valuable member of the Editorial Board of Informal Logic. A scholarship in Grootendorst's name has been set up by Wake Forest Univer- sity to assist talented young argumentation scholars who wish to attend the Wake Forest Argumentation Conference which is held every four years in Venice. keywords: grootendorst; rob cache: il-2274.pdf plain text: il-2274.txt item: #132 of 1009 id: il-2275 author: none title: Henry W. Johnstone, Jr., 1920 - 2000 date: 2000-01-01 words: 766 flesch: 44 summary: Professor Johnstone arrived at Penn State as a member of the philosophy faculty in 1952, and he retired as a full professor in 1984. As Professor Johnstone himself explains in Validity and Rhetoric in Philosophical Argument (1978), his reflections on the etiology of the profound change in his philosophical outlook motivated his theories of philosophy, argument, and rheto- ric. keywords: johnstone; philosophy cache: il-2275.pdf plain text: il-2275.txt item: #133 of 1009 id: il-2276 author: none title: From the Editors date: 2000-01-01 words: 495 flesch: 59 summary: FROM THE BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Jonathan Adler We want to renew our call for authors to submit their books to us for review. Right now our backlog is low so book reviews will come out quickly, if reviewers submit them in a timely fashion. keywords: distinction; review cache: il-2276.pdf plain text: il-2276.txt item: #134 of 1009 id: il-2277 author: Adler, Jonathan E.; Blair, J. Anthony title: Belief and Negation date: 2000-01-01 words: 7001 flesch: 63 summary: 4 William James, The Will to Believe, in A. Castelli, ed. Of course, expressions for disbelief are, as linguists put it, marked-and so disfavored--:eompared to expressions for simple belief by the very inclusion of a negation sign. keywords: argument; belief; distinction; fallacy; logic; negation; students; withhold cache: il-2277.pdf plain text: il-2277.txt item: #135 of 1009 id: il-2278 author: Goodwin, Jean title: Wigmore's Chart Method date: 2000-01-01 words: 9082 flesch: 58 summary: Wigmore's Chart Method JEAN GOODWIN Northwestern University Abstract: A generation before Beardsley, le- gal scholar John Henry Wigmore invented a scheme for representing arguments in a tree diagram, aimed to help advocates analyze the proof of facts at trial. In this article, I aim to bring Wigmore's Chart Method to the attention of the argumentation community. keywords: argument; argumentation; chart; chart method; conclusion; evidence; fact; inference; logic; method; process; proof; wigmore cache: il-2278.pdf plain text: il-2278.txt item: #136 of 1009 id: il-2279 author: Stark, Herman E. title: The Lord Scroop Fallacy date: 2000-01-01 words: 7141 flesch: 63 summary: My claim is that these dogmas are hindering-in virtue of their content and not merely qua dogmas-students from entering the community of sanity. 10 For an extended discussion of the two sides dogma, see Trudy Govier, Are There Two sides to Every Question? in Trudy Govier, ed., Selected Issues in Logic and Communication (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1988). keywords: dogma; error; fallacy; matter; scroop; students; thought; truth; way; words cache: il-2279.pdf plain text: il-2279.txt item: #137 of 1009 id: il-2280 author: Walton, Douglas title: New Dialectical Rules For Ambiguity date: 2000-01-01 words: 7084 flesch: 57 summary: In many cases, making a useful criticism requires the critic to venture hypotheses or presump- tions, based on evidence from the given text of discourse, about which way a term in an argument should most plausibly be taken. Williams and Goss (1975) even see ambiguity as, in many cases, not a bad thing in argumentation, because it can contribute to collaborative communication by helping to preserve the credibil- ity of a speaker. keywords: ambiguity; argument; cases; discourse; logic; rules; term; text cache: il-2280.pdf plain text: il-2280.txt item: #138 of 1009 id: il-2281 author: Wertz, S.K. title: The Origin of the Justification of the Two-Wrongs Argument: A Conjecture date: 2000-01-01 words: 2898 flesch: 62 summary: So Groarke, Tindale, and Fisher have changed the standard interpretation of the two-wrongs argument, although they do have a special section just on two- wrongs reasoning by analogy (Groarke, Tindale & Fisher, 267-268). Inci- dental or unintended wrongs are secondary effects, and intentional rights or wrongs are primary effects of some action. keywords: action; argument; good; reasoning; right; wrongs cache: il-2281.pdf plain text: il-2281.txt item: #139 of 1009 id: il-2282 author: Govier, Trudy title: Johnson's Manifest Rationality A Pragmatic Theory of Argument date: 2000-01-01 words: 4953 flesch: 52 summary: Were there no apparent structural differences between real arguments, logicians and theo- rists of argument would have no data to have theories about. I would now say that the purpose of a theory of argument is to account for the nature and norms of arguments wherever they might be found, provided that those arguments are either real or realistic. keywords: arguer; argument; johnson; premises; theory; truth cache: il-2282.pdf plain text: il-2282.txt item: #140 of 1009 id: il-2283 author: Hitchcock, David title: Stanovich's Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning date: 2000-01-01 words: 1900 flesch: 34 summary: Subjects with higher SAT Total scores did significantly better on each of eight types of reasoning tasks (syllogisms, selection, statistical reasoning, argument evaluation, covariation detection, hypothesis-testing bias, outcome bias, if/only thinking); the correlation between a composite score on seven of Book Review/Compte rendu 293 the reasoning tasks (excluding selection) and the SAT Total score was a very substantial .547 (based on 527 subjects, all university students). If we look only at reasoning tasks where empirical re- sults support the standard normative model and standard task construal, and we factor out the influence of computational power, we still find systematic correlations between performance on the various reasoning tasks. keywords: human; reasoning; stanovich; tasks cache: il-2283.pdf plain text: il-2283.txt item: #141 of 1009 id: il-2284 author: Gratton, Claude title: From The Editor date: 2000-01-01 words: 300 flesch: 49 summary: Please send material for the Teaching Supplent (hard copy and diskette)-exam- pie s of assignments, tests, exams; individual examples for classroom use (with , or without, your analysis of them); discuss ions of textbooks and how best to use them ; teaching tips for particular topics; teaching problem s (with, or without, your solu- t ions); notices of resources: upcom ing conferences , workshops, other journals with useful material ; ideas about faculty training or peer coaching; Tim van Gelder informs us of valuable critical thinking sites on the Web. keywords: teaching; use cache: il-2284.pdf plain text: il-2284.txt item: #142 of 1009 id: il-2285 author: Flage, Daniel E. title: Flow Charts for Critical Thinking date: 2000-01-01 words: 2686 flesch: 87 summary: flagede@jmu.edu TS 57 T hose of us who approach cri tica l thi nking as a thinly vei led course in informal logic are concerned with issues such as the strength of arguments (understood in terms of truth-preserving or truth-indicati ng re lations), the adequacy of explana- tions, and th e truth or probable truth (correspondence to the wo rld) of statements . Insofar as we are fun- damentally concerned wit h the evaluat ion of arguments, it is reaso nable to begin with questions regarding arguments . keywords: argument; chart; claim; conclusion; questions; support; yes cache: il-2285.pdf plain text: il-2285.txt item: #143 of 1009 id: il-2286 author: Combs, Steven C. title: Analysis of Legal Issues date: 2000-01-01 words: 1724 flesch: 64 summary: Overview of Contract Law: Contract law is based on a party 's failure to fulfill an obligation that the parties voluntarily created for themselves. Nine weeks after he had responded to the post card solicitation, Bernie was served with a lawsuit for breach of contract. keywords: bernie; card; contract; course; legal; offer cache: il-2286.pdf plain text: il-2286.txt item: #144 of 1009 id: il-2287 author: Leonard, Ron title: Testing the Validity ofDisjuctive Arguments Using Physical Models date: 2000-01-01 words: 3035 flesch: 68 summary: Conse- quently, the ticket is labeled to show that there is one, and only one, prize on the ticket. This model provides a relatively straight- forward method for testing the validity of disjunctive arguments. keywords: argument; circle; conclusion; information; premises; prize; validity cache: il-2287.pdf plain text: il-2287.txt item: #145 of 1009 id: il-2288 author: van Gelder, Tim title: Critical Thinking On the Web date: 2000-01-01 words: 1096 flesch: 64 summary: Critical Thinking on the Web is a web site whose sa le function is to be a useful directory of quality resources for critical thinking available elsewhere on the web. TS 86 A final word Critical Thinking on the Web is, to m y knowl edge, the most comprehensive and useful guide to critical thinking resources available on the web. keywords: links; resources; site; thinking; web cache: il-2288.pdf plain text: il-2288.txt item: #146 of 1009 id: il-2289 author: Bryant, John H. title: Pedagogical Ideas date: 2000-01-01 words: 421 flesch: 75 summary: A final word Critical Thinking on the Web is, to m y knowl edge, the most comprehensive and useful guide to critical thinking resources available on the web. At the end of the summary presentation, the student submits the written summary for co nstructi ve critique, us ing standard s and elements of c ritical thinking, of both the written and oral components of the work. keywords: thinking cache: il-2289.pdf plain text: il-2289.txt item: #147 of 1009 id: il-2312 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1999-01-01 words: 577 flesch: 67 summary: And the plan is to put teaching ma- terials in a Teaching Supplement attached at the back of the journal, discrete from the standard articles, notes, and reviews. FROM THE EDITORS Vol. 18 (1996), Vol. 19 (1999): ?11 For the usual reasons with journals edited (and published) on a shoe-string by busy academics, Informal Logic fell behind. keywords: logic; teaching cache: il-2312.pdf plain text: il-2312.txt item: #148 of 1009 id: il-2314 author: Plumer, Gilbert title: Necessary Assumptions date: 1999-01-01 words: 10287 flesch: 51 summary: Giving an account that at once both supports the sort of intuition we have in a case like (B) here and supports holding that the credited re- sponses in cases like Examples I and 3 are necessary assumptions is perhaps the most interesting and vexing problem to be encountered in dealing with argument assumptions. Numerous introductory logic text authors and various highly visible standardized tests (e.g., the LSAT and ORE) presume that Norris and Ennis are wrong; the pre- sumption is that many arguments have (unstated) necessary assumptions and readers and test takers can reasonably be expected to identify them. keywords: argument; assumption; case; conclusion; ennis; example; gfc; inference; necessary; premise; test cache: il-2314.pdf plain text: il-2314.txt item: #149 of 1009 id: il-2315 author: Levin, Michael title: A Misuse of Bayes's Theorem date: 1999-01-01 words: 2029 flesch: 65 summary: Witness is right n% of the time ordinarily means P (pIWitness says p) = n, not its converse-but the standard analysis takes reliability as the converse. There is an accident involving a cab, and Witness maintains that the offending vehicle was Blue. keywords: blue; cab; probability; right; witness cache: il-2315.pdf plain text: il-2315.txt item: #150 of 1009 id: il-2316 author: Bowles, George title: The Asymmetry Thesis and the Diversity of "Invalid" Argument-Forms date: 1999-01-01 words: 4254 flesch: 65 summary: Hence, it is not surprising that arguments possessing those two forms may also possess other forms that make them valid. Many invalid arguments do not have a fonn like Form 3, so their inva- lidity cannot be proved by reference to any known fonn that they possess. keywords: argument; conclusion; form; instances; massey; premise cache: il-2316.pdf plain text: il-2316.txt item: #151 of 1009 id: il-2317 author: Hatcher, Donald L. title: Why Formal Logic is Essential for Critical Thinking date: 1999-01-01 words: 6598 flesch: 50 summary: Why Formal Logic is Essential for Critical Thinking} DONALD HATCHER Baker University Abstract: After critiquing the arguments against using formal logic to teach critical thinking, this paper argues that for theoreti- cal, practical, and empirical reasons, instruc- tion in the fundamentals of formal logic is essential for critical thinking, and so should be included in every class that purports to teach critical thinking. To ignore informal fallacies could possibly turn critical thinking courses back into the old Mental Gymnastics 101 courses which were both ineffective and unpopular. keywords: arguments; course; evaluation; form; logic; position; premises; standard; students; thinking cache: il-2317.pdf plain text: il-2317.txt item: #152 of 1009 id: il-2318 author: Goldstick, Dan title: Soundness Unsound date: 1999-01-01 words: 391 flesch: 60 summary: And, in a private communication of 7 August 1998, Professor Copi stated that he could not recall any writer who used the term sound earlier to characterize valid arguments with all-true premises. It seems the origi- nal perpetrator of the objected-to usage was Irving M. Copi, on page 11 of the 1953 First Edition of his much-used Introduction to Logic.2 keywords: argument cache: il-2318.pdf plain text: il-2318.txt item: #153 of 1009 id: il-2319 author: Garver, Eugene title: Richardson's Practical Reasoning About Final Ends date: 1999-01-01 words: 2372 flesch: 51 summary: Finally, the source objection claims that deliberation about ends comes to a stop with ultimate ends, since justification must end somewhere. The same holds for Dewey's arguments against ends in them- selves, which Richardson considers in some detail: Dewey thought that belief in ultimate ends and ends in themselves contributed to fanaticism, and so rejected a picture of practical reason because ofits consequences. keywords: deliberation; ends; reasoning; richardson cache: il-2319.pdf plain text: il-2319.txt item: #154 of 1009 id: il-2320 author: Siegel, Harvey title: Schmitt's Knowledge and Belief, Schmitt's Truth: A Primer date: 1999-01-01 words: 2501 flesch: 41 summary: Roughly, then: Schmitt begins by identifying the central problem of epistemology as that of clarifying the nature of justified belief, and the relation- ship between it and true belief. He offers an instrumentalistic conception ofjustifi- cation, according to which justified belief contributes to the [epistemically good] end of true belief' (2). keywords: belief; schmitt; status; theory; truth cache: il-2320.pdf plain text: il-2320.txt item: #155 of 1009 id: il-2321 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1999-01-01 words: 661 flesch: 60 summary: Sharon Bailin argues that Robert Ennis and Harvey Siegel, in their respective accounts of critical thinking, haven't quite put their finger on what's wrong with Percy. Our university is quite typical in its ap- proach to teaching critical thinking and composition, at least in the courses dedi- cated exclusively to those objectives: the critical thinking course is taught by Philoso- phy and composition is taught by English. keywords: account; teaching cache: il-2321.pdf plain text: il-2321.txt item: #156 of 1009 id: il-2322 author: Braet, Antoine C. title: The Enthymeme in Aristotle's Rhetoric: From Argumentation Theory to Logic date: 1999-01-01 words: 8360 flesch: 59 summary: Like dialectical sullogismoi, enthymemes are the type of sullogismoi whereby we refer to topoi (here, topoi koinoi or common and relatively formal topics), as opposed to special and material topics, such as idia or eid6; although enthymemes from common topics are seen as more characteristic of rhetoric, according to Aristotle enthymemes from special topics are more frequent (1.2.21- 22: 1358alO-35, cf 2.22.16-17: 1396b28-97al and 3.1.1: 1403b14-15). Aristotle himself probably endorsed this view, but it is only in the case of syllogistic enthymemes that the implicit premise can be recon- structed by means of Aristotelian forms of argument. keywords: argumentation; aristotle; case; enthymeme; examples; fact; premise; rhetoric; semeia; structure; syllogistic; topical; view cache: il-2322.pdf plain text: il-2322.txt item: #157 of 1009 id: il-2323 author: Walton, Douglas title: Dialectical Relevance in Persuasion Dialogue date: 1999-01-01 words: 12882 flesch: 53 summary: We sometimes use arguments that are hypothetical in the sense that the premises are not commitments of the respondent, at least right now, but are propositions that the respondent might concede provisionally, or for the sake of argument, as assumptions (or presumptions). above, the new method of argument diagramming set out in (Walton, 1996, Chapter 6) contains the concept of a pathway of reasoning, and this concept is the fundamen- tal tool that should be used to evaluate cases of arguments to assess the relevance of a line of argument in a given case. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; conclusion; dialogue; fallacy; kind; persuasion dialogue; relevance; type; walton cache: il-2323.pdf plain text: il-2323.txt item: #158 of 1009 id: il-2324 author: Levi, Don S. title: The Fallacy of Treating the Ad Baculum as a Fallacy date: 1999-01-01 words: 8132 flesch: 65 summary: Since arguments of this form can be good arguments, it is a mistake to say that the ad baculum is a fallacy, i.e., to say that an argument is a fallacy because it is ad baculum. He mistak- enly assumes that there is something an ad baculum argument is essentially, which to him means that ad baculum arguments must all have something in common. keywords: ad baculum; argument; baculum; conclusion; fallacy; mugger; wreen cache: il-2324.pdf plain text: il-2324.txt item: #159 of 1009 id: il-2325 author: Bailin, Sharon title: The Problem With Percy: Epistemology, Understanding and Critical Thinking date: 1999-01-01 words: 5005 flesch: 52 summary: The Problem With Percy: Epistemology, Understanding and Critical Thinking SHARON BAILIN Simon Fraser University Abstract: Most current conceptions of criti- cal thinking conceive of critical thinking in terms of abilities and dispositions. In this paper I describe a common type of problem students experience with critical thinking and argue that conceptualizations in terms of abilities and dispositions do not provide a way to understand this problem. keywords: abilities; dispositions; percy; practice; problem; reasons; thinking; understanding cache: il-2325.pdf plain text: il-2325.txt item: #160 of 1009 id: il-2326 author: Hatcher, Donald L. title: Why Critical Thinking Should Be Combined With Written Composition date: 1999-01-01 words: 5806 flesch: 57 summary: The Ennis-Weir scores of the comparison groups who took traditional one- semester logic or critical thinking courses decreased an average of .10. The difference seems to indicate the effect of the new critical thinking/composition sequence on student critical thinking skills, al- though there could be other variables. keywords: composition; courses; instruction; scores; semester; sequence; students; test; thinking; writing cache: il-2326.pdf plain text: il-2326.txt item: #161 of 1009 id: il-2327 author: MacPherson, Brian title: Three Misrepresentations of Logic date: 1999-01-01 words: 7516 flesch: 53 summary: Arguably, many of these logics are contained in classical logics since the theses of these systems are subsets of the theses of classical logic, though as Susan Haack has pointed out, it is not a simple matter to say what exactly is the nature of the relationship between classical and non-classical logics (Haack, 1974 and Haack, 1978). In classical logic, there are only two truth-values, viz., the true and the false and since classical negation is based on Boolean complementation, it encourages the exclusion of whatever is other than the proposition being negated. keywords: biases; logic; negation; nye; plumwood; quantum; relevance; respect; semantics; sense cache: il-2327.pdf plain text: il-2327.txt item: #162 of 1009 id: il-2328 author: Hitchcock, David title: The Thomas-Nolt Dispute: Some Lessons about Induction date: 1999-01-01 words: 5998 flesch: 59 summary: Carnap' s attempt (196211950) to base an inductive logic on this sort of probability foundered on the inability to single out a unique measure function which would assign absolute prior probabilities to each set of structurally isomorphic state descriptions (Carnap and Jeffrey 1971, Jeffrey 1980). SOr + (SOr + 1), provided that p( 49 blue balls bluelK) '* 0.3 206 David Hitchcock Alternatively, by reasoning parallel to that of note 3, we can express the poste- rior probability of the 50 blue balls hypothesis as a function of the inverse ratio rl ofthe prior probability that 49 balls are blue to the prior probability that all 50 balls are blue: 5. p(50 blue ballslfirst 49 balls blue & K) = 50 + (50 + ,...1), provided that p(a1l50 balls bluelK) ' keywords: balls; blue; evidence; hypothesis; information; probability cache: il-2328.pdf plain text: il-2328.txt item: #163 of 1009 id: il-2329 author: Hitchcock, David title: The origin of the technical use of "sound argument": a postscript date: 1999-01-01 words: 662 flesch: 62 summary: (Goldstick 1999: 90) Even before the 1953 first edition of Copi' s text, we find the following entries in the glossary to the 1946 edition of Max Black's Critical Thinking: Sound argument. Note however that Black, unlike Copi seven years later, al- lowed that there could be other types of sound arguments: not all satisfac- tory, or 'good,' or 'sound' arguments are valid. keywords: argument; logic cache: il-2329.pdf plain text: il-2329.txt item: #164 of 1009 id: il-2330 author: Phillips, Patrick J.J. title: Schmitt's Socializing Epistemology: The Social Dimensions of Knowledge date: 1999-01-01 words: 1286 flesch: 46 summary: However, the definitions (and the distinction) satisfies Schmitt and the next twenty-six pages of the introduction are dedicated to identifying thinkers who posed questions that are to be viewed as forming a groundwork for the discipline that is social epistemology. As Schmitt put it, The history of social epistemology is largely unexplored ... (p. 2). keywords: epistemology; knowledge cache: il-2330.pdf plain text: il-2330.txt item: #165 of 1009 id: il-2331 author: Walton, Douglas title: Epstein's The Semantic Foundations of Logic vol. I, Propositional Logics vol. II, Predicate Logic date: 1999-01-01 words: 2314 flesch: 51 summary: The very words 'informal logic' suggest an opposition to formal logic, and there has been a climate of opinion common to a majority ofthose work- ing in the area of informal logic to the effect that deductive logic has been emphasized too heavily in the past. So, you might say, this is another type of relevance logic, is it? keywords: argumentation; kind; logic; new; relevance cache: il-2331.pdf plain text: il-2331.txt item: #166 of 1009 id: il-2332 author: Jacquette, Dale title: Priest's Beyond the Limits of Thought date: 1999-01-01 words: 2640 flesch: 46 summary: I think I am sufficientiy openminded about the dial ethic concept of true contradictions. If we are not supposed to balk at true contradictions, why not consider the logically more conservative interpretation of closure and tran- scendence at the limits of thOUght posed by ontically impossible Meinongian objects? keywords: contradictions; limits; logic; priest; thought; transcendence cache: il-2332.pdf plain text: il-2332.txt item: #167 of 1009 id: il-2333 author: Gratton, Claude title: Plantin's L'argumentation date: 1999-01-01 words: 2285 flesch: 55 summary: First, his general description of an argument from analogy is much too general to help students understand such arguments. He touches on premise and conclusion indicators, the notion of argumentation, some different perspec- tives (e.g., cognitive, linguistic, social) from which to examine arguments, and on different approaches (e.g. the descriptive/normative) within those per- spectives. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; example; logic cache: il-2333.pdf plain text: il-2333.txt item: #168 of 1009 id: il-2363 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1996-01-01 words: 441 flesch: 32 summary: In Helping Undo the Past: Teaching Critical Thinking in South Africa, Stephen de Wijze discusses the problems of teaching critical reasoning in the changing land- scape of South African society. FROM THE EDITORS The five articles in this issue range widely over the landscape of informal logic and reasoning. keywords: logic; reasoning cache: il-2363.pdf plain text: il-2363.txt item: #169 of 1009 id: il-2364 author: Jacquette, Dale title: Charity and the Reiteration Problem for Enthymemes date: 1996-01-01 words: 8058 flesch: 40 summary: This renders the validity requirement for charitable expansions otiose by transforming even the most intuitively invalid inferences into deductively valid expan- sions. The soundness of charitable expansions furthermore cannot be universally applied to block valid reconstruction by reiteration, since sound- ness fails whenever an enthymeme to be charitably expanded already contains at least one false stated assumption or concJusion. keywords: argument; charity; despise; dumas; enthymeme; expansions; flowers; god; inference; measure; tulips cache: il-2364.pdf plain text: il-2364.txt item: #170 of 1009 id: il-2365 author: Tindale, Christopher W. title: Fallacies in Transition: An Assessment of the Pragma-Dialectical Perspective date: 1996-01-01 words: 9036 flesch: 54 summary: But if van Eemeren and Grootendorst (and Walton) are sufficiently tied to their violation-of-the-rules criteria for fallaciousness, Hajek's scenarios might simply be strange but acceptable results of a radical revision in fallacy theory. In Argumentation, Communication, and Fallacies van Eemeren and Grootendorst cross-list the fallacies under the ten rules, but they do not resolve the ambiguity which Woods has identified: that a traditional fallacy is a fallacy both by virtue of violating one of the new pragma-dialectical rules and by virtue of its own traditional conditions. keywords: argumentation; dialogue; discussion; eemeren; fallacies; grootendorst; pragma; rules; van; van eemeren cache: il-2365.pdf plain text: il-2365.txt item: #171 of 1009 id: il-2366 author: Wilks Keefer, Matthew title: Distinguishing Practical and Theoretical Reasoning: A Critique of Deanna Kuhn's Theory of Informal Argument date: 1996-01-01 words: 11582 flesch: 58 summary: In doing so, legitimate fonns of practical argument are inappropriately subsumed under a scientific model of infonnal reasoning. In practical argument the starting point is reputable opinion and the goal, justified belief; whereas, in theo- 38 Matthew Wilks Keefer retical reasoning a claim is judged by appeal to the evidence that supports it. keywords: action; argument; beliefs; evidence; knowledge; kuhn; reasoning; reasons; subjects; values; wrong cache: il-2366.pdf plain text: il-2366.txt item: #172 of 1009 id: il-2367 author: De Wijze, Stephen title: Helping to Undo the Past: Teaching Critical Reasoning in South Africa date: 1996-01-01 words: 13871 flesch: 57 summary: For several years now I have been teaching critical reasoning courses which John McPec~' argues will not provide students and scholars with the requisite critical think- ing skills. First, I present an account of the particular, perhaps unique, conditions in which critical reasoning courses are taught in South Africa. keywords: africa; animal; arguments; courses; education; essay; issues; meat; new; pupils; reasoning; reasoning course; reasoning skills; skills; south; south africa; students; teaching; thinkers; thinking; vitamin cache: il-2367.pdf plain text: il-2367.txt item: #173 of 1009 id: il-2369 author: Missimer, Connie title: Pinto and Blair`s Reasoning: A Practical Guide date: 1996-01-01 words: 1476 flesch: 56 summary: Perhaps creating two different lists at the end of each chapter would help students navigate through all texts Book Reviews/Comptes rendus 89 on critical thinking. If only there were some way to convey to readers those suggestions which authors find central to virtually every act of critical thinking, as opposed to those which may occasionally be helpful. keywords: authors; media; reasoning; students cache: il-2369.pdf plain text: il-2369.txt item: #174 of 1009 id: il-2370 author: Rafoth, Bennett A. title: Bruffee`s Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge date: 1996-01-01 words: 948 flesch: 47 summary: Reviewed by Bennett A. Rafoth In the late 1950's M.L.J. Abercrombie, a London medical researcher, tried a new approach for training medical students in the practice of diagnosis. Bruffee leaves little room for qualifying statements and none at all for the few but poignant criticisms made against collaborative learning in his own field. keywords: bruffee; learning; students cache: il-2370.pdf plain text: il-2370.txt item: #175 of 1009 id: il-2371 author: Rouse, Joseph title: Fuller`s Philosophy of Science and its Discontents date: 1996-01-01 words: 1409 flesch: 42 summary: Although post-Kuhnian interpretations of the internal history of science are the proximate focus of his critical account, his discussion also ranges over such variously allied or competitor disciplines as the sociology of science, cognitive science, social psychology, and the rhetoric of inquiry. The internal history of scien- tific reasoning that preoccupies most philosophers of science, and its folk psychologi- cal counterparts in cognitive science, are methodologically constrained to include only how scientists and others have in fact reasoned. keywords: book; fuller; knowledge; science cache: il-2371.pdf plain text: il-2371.txt item: #176 of 1009 id: il-2372 author: Michael, Emily; Michael, Fred S. title: Stump`s Dialectic and its Place in the Development of Medieval Logic date: 1996-01-01 words: 1521 flesch: 56 summary: The other is to answer a common criticism of Aristotle account, that his list of topics is long, disorganized and ultimately unmanageable. She argues, persuasively, that topics for Aristotle are basi- cally strategies or blueprints for argument. keywords: book; logic; topics cache: il-2372.pdf plain text: il-2372.txt item: #177 of 1009 id: il-2373 author: Meyer, Michel title: Garver`s Aristotle's Rhetoric. An Art of Character. date: 1996-01-01 words: 1620 flesch: 56 summary: Questioning seems here again the key-word to analyze rhetoric, even Aristotle's. Aristotle in the Rhetoric shows how rhetorical argument can be energeia; the appropriate sense of completeness here is precisely what distinguishes an activity that is complete in itself from a kinesis or movement that is complete only when it is over(p.144). keywords: aristotle; logos; rhetoric cache: il-2373.pdf plain text: il-2373.txt item: #178 of 1009 id: il-2374 author: none title: Announcement date: 1996-01-01 words: 407 flesch: 41 summary: While there is very little disagreement about the nature of formal logic, the same is not true regarding informal logic, which is understood in various ways (often incompatible) by various people. After reviewing some of the more prominent conceptions of informal logic, I will present my own, defend it and then show how informal logic, so understood, is complementary to formal logic. keywords: logic cache: il-2374.pdf plain text: il-2374.txt item: #179 of 1009 id: il-2375 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1996-01-01 words: 620 flesch: 47 summary: Claude Gratton examines a mode of argument much used but little studied, in- troducing a basic vocabulary for discuss- ing such arguments and developing an hy- pothesis to explain why the claimed regress sometimes fails. In Logic, Art and Argument, Leo Groarke argues that pictures, paintings and cartoons all may carry persuasive force and hence can be construed as argument, to be appraised with the procedures and criteria used on verbal arguments. keywords: argument; thinking cache: il-2375.pdf plain text: il-2375.txt item: #180 of 1009 id: il-2376 author: Groarke, Leo title: Logic, Art and Argument date: 1996-01-01 words: 9409 flesch: 58 summary: Keywords: Argument, argumentation theory, visual argument, art, photography, advertising, visual equivocation, logic, infonnallogic. In proposing an account of visual argument I follow the lead of many authors who have recognized the importance of visual images in everyday discourse and debate.4 keywords: argument; art; cit; example; fox; good; groarke; images; leo; logic; marat; new; painting; point; reasoning; university; verbal; view; visual cache: il-2376.pdf plain text: il-2376.txt item: #181 of 1009 id: il-2377 author: Moore, David; Hobbes, Dave title: Computational Uses of Philosophical Dialogue Theories date: 1996-01-01 words: 15839 flesch: 58 summary: 7.2 Qualitative evaluation of DC dialogues It is necessary, then, to conduct a qualitative assessment ofthe dialogue generated by the DC experiment. This controversy is, as one might expect, reflected in current attempts to build computational dialogue systems (cf. Stenton 1988). keywords: commitment; computational; computer; debate; dialogue; dogs; games; level; line; mackenzie; model; moore; ofthe; question; rules; set; statement; student; system; use; user cache: il-2377.pdf plain text: il-2377.txt item: #182 of 1009 id: il-2378 author: Ennis, Robert H. title: Critical Thinking Dispositions: Their Nature and Assessability date: 1996-01-01 words: 8490 flesch: 54 summary: cal thinking abilities, Ennis examines the con- cept of critical thinking disposition and sug- gests some criteria for judging sets of them. After exam- ining some gender-bias and subject-specificity challenges to promoting critical thinking dis- positions, he notes some difficulties involved in assessing critical thinking dispositions, and suggests an exploratory attempt to assess them. keywords: assessment; caring; disposition; ennis; evidence; list; people; person; seek; test; thinking; thinking dispositions cache: il-2378.pdf plain text: il-2378.txt item: #183 of 1009 id: il-2379 author: Allen, Derek title: Attributed Favourable Relevance and Argument Evaluation date: 1996-01-01 words: 10464 flesch: 52 summary: Then, after considering but not endorsing a revised version ofthe theory, I connect attrib- uted favourable relevance to argument evaluation via what I argue is a necessary con- dition of good argumentative reasoning. Attributed Favourable Relevance and Argument Evaluation} DEREK ALLEN University o/Toronto Abstract: I criticize a case made by George Bowles for a certain theory pertaining to the evaluation of arguments on which the (de- gree of) attributed favourable relevance of an argument's premises to its conclusion is relevant to its evaluation, but nevertheless argue that such favourable relevance is in- deed relevant to an argument's evaluation. keywords: argument; conclusion; premises; proposition; relevance; relevance proposition cache: il-2379.pdf plain text: il-2379.txt item: #184 of 1009 id: il-2380 author: Gratton, Claude title: What is an Infinite Regress Argument? date: 1996-01-01 words: 11393 flesch: 61 summary: Since the content would tend to vary from argument to argument, such a discussion would not help us to assess infinite regress arguments in general. The few publications on infinite regress arguments usually address specific issues that either do not apply to most infinite regress arguments, or do not facilitate our evaluation of most of them: Clark (1988), Day (1987), Gardner (1965), Gratton (1994, 1995), Johnstone (1989, 1991, 1994), Passmore (1970), Rosenberg (1978), Sanford (1984) Schlesinger (1983), Valden- Thomas (1964). keywords: argument; entail; example; formula; infinite; place; regress; regress argument; regress formula; regresses; result; statement; step cache: il-2380.pdf plain text: il-2380.txt item: #185 of 1009 id: il-2381 author: Gorham, Geoffrey title: Does Scientific Realism Beg the Question? date: 1996-01-01 words: 4200 flesch: 66 summary: Indeed, if we choose to call arguments fallacious that are weak in this sense, we will probably be forced to conclude that the bulk of philosophical arguments, including anti-realist arguments, are worthless. Ifthe standard argument relies on a premise whose validity has not yet been demonstrated to the satisfaction of anti-realists then in lieu of independent arguments for IBE the realist can fairly be accused of assumptio non probato, and so of propounding a weak argument. keywords: argument; conclusion; fine; ibe; question; realism cache: il-2381.pdf plain text: il-2381.txt item: #186 of 1009 id: il-2382 author: Walton, Douglas title: The Argument of the Beard date: 1996-01-01 words: 12070 flesch: 64 summary: However, some of them emphasize the continuum aspect of the argument more emphatically, suggesting that it could be a kind of slippery slope argument. -but it certainly has the first step and the horrible outcome characteristic of slippery slope arguments. keywords: argument; argumentation; beard; case; criterion; difference; fallacy; ofthe; point; slippery; slope argument; type; walton cache: il-2382.pdf plain text: il-2382.txt item: #187 of 1009 id: il-2383 author: Follman, John; Lavely, Carolyn; Berger, Neal title: Inventory of Instruments of Critical Thinking date: 1996-01-01 words: 2658 flesch: 53 summary: For compilations of early critical thinking tests see An experiment in the development of critical thinking (Glaser, 1941), Education for effective think- ing(Burton, Kimball & Wing, 1960), and a list of30 instruments (Ness, 1967). More recent compilations of critical thinking tests have been reported by Stewart (1979), Baker (1981), Ennis (1986), Follman (1987), Norris & Ennis (1989), Facione (1989; 1990, 1992), Facione & Facione (1992), among others. keywords: baker; college; ennis; facione; follman; skills; study; test; thinking cache: il-2383.pdf plain text: il-2383.txt item: #188 of 1009 id: il-2384 author: Follman, John; Lavely, Carolyn; Berger, Neal title: Critical Thinking: Concurrent Validity date: 1996-01-01 words: 2035 flesch: 68 summary: The design ofa critical thinking Test on Appraising Observations. Critical Thinking: Concurrent Validity JOHN FOLLMAN, CAROLYN LAVELY & NEAL BERGER University of South Florida Perspective In America in the last decade there has been an explosion ofinterest in the vener- able construct of critical thinking. keywords: follman; form; reading; test; thinking cache: il-2384.pdf plain text: il-2384.txt item: #189 of 1009 id: il-2385 author: Hitchcock, David title: Johnson`s The Rise of Informal Logic: Essays on Argumentation, Critical Thinking, Reasoning and Politics date: 1996-01-01 words: 7234 flesch: 59 summary: Theory of criticism F or Johnson, informal logic includes not only the theory of argument and the theory of argumentation but also the theory of argument criticism. Chapters 8 and 9, both written in 1988, critically evaluate two chapters of Hamblin's classic study, Falla- cies (1970): the initial chapter in which Hamblin scathingly indicts the so-called standard treatment of the fallacies, and the key seventh chapter on the concept of argument, in which Hamblin argues for using dialectical criteria for the evalua· tion of arguments rather than alethic (truth-related) or epistemic criteria. keywords: argument; blair; chapter; conclusion; criticism; johnson; logic; premise; principle; relevance cache: il-2385.pdf plain text: il-2385.txt item: #190 of 1009 id: il-2386 author: Freeman, James B. title: Walton`s Plausible Argument in Everyday Conversation date: 1996-01-01 words: 5782 flesch: 57 summary: A second example of circular reasoning Walton considers involves not an argu- ment but an explanation. Are such arguments good? keywords: argument; context; dialogue; premises; presumption; reasoning; walton cache: il-2386.pdf plain text: il-2386.txt item: #191 of 1009 id: il-2387 author: MacKenzie, Jim title: Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings date: 1996-01-01 words: 1708 flesch: 57 summary: A massive challenge has been presented to fallacy theory by Gerald Massey in his claim that whereas we can show at least some good arguments to be good (by using formal logic to show them to be valid, and then investigating the truth ofthe premisses), we cannot show any bad argu- ments to be bad except by the theoretically trivial, logic-independent method of showing that the argument in question has true premisses and a false conclusion. Massey's argument has clearly raised important worries at the heart of fallacy theory, and Ralph Johnson (pp. 111-113,p.118),John Woods(pp.189f.),andDavidHitchcock (pp. 322f.) also discuss his argument. keywords: argument; fallacies; hamblin; massey cache: il-2387.pdf plain text: il-2387.txt item: #192 of 1009 id: il-2388 author: Hitchcock, David title: Holyoak and Thagard`s Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought date: 1996-01-01 words: 1759 flesch: 52 summary: Keith Holyoak, a cognitive psychologist, and Paul Thagard, a philosopher, here advance a general theory of analogical thinking. Book Reviews/Comptes rendus 303 Experiments on animals and children indicate that there is a hierarchy of in- creasing complexity and abstraction with respect to the characteristics compared in analogical thinking. keywords: relations; source; target; thinking cache: il-2388.pdf plain text: il-2388.txt item: #193 of 1009 id: il-2389 author: Levi, Don S. title: Hoaglund`s Critical Thinking, 2nd edition date: 1996-01-01 words: 2008 flesch: 57 summary: Although the chapter on logical puzzles is strong, several other chapters, such as the ones on fallacies and conditional arguments, need more work. He does an excellent job ofteaching argument diagramming, and even someone like myself, who does not teach it, can see the value, in helping students to think about how the argument works, of lessons on serial, linked, convergent, and divergent (or com- pound) arguments. keywords: argument; hoaglund; students; thinking cache: il-2389.pdf plain text: il-2389.txt item: #194 of 1009 id: il-2390 author: Oluwatoyin, Anthony; Michael, Fred S. title: Chaffee`s Thinking Critically date: 1996-01-01 words: 2649 flesch: 60 summary: But there are relevant questions and there are relevant questions. That is exactly what we say ofprob- ability with regard to inductive arguments. keywords: chaffee; logic; premises; questions; reasoning; thinking cache: il-2390.pdf plain text: il-2390.txt item: #195 of 1009 id: il-2391 author: Levi, Don S. title: Cohen and Nagel`s An Introduction to Logic, 2nd edition date: 1996-01-01 words: 1849 flesch: 54 summary: So, they say, everyday language is adequate only for certain pur- poses. So, Mathematical Logic, because it is the study ofthe most general, the most pervasive characters of whatever is and whatever may be (pp. 185-6), can provide-what everyday language cannot provide-an accurate in- sight into the nature of things. keywords: argument; generalizations; logic cache: il-2391.pdf plain text: il-2391.txt item: #196 of 1009 id: il-2392 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1996-01-01 words: 511 flesch: 55 summary: Analyzing Conversational Reasoning by Merrilee H. Salmon and Colleen M. Zeitz discusses an empirical study of reasoning as it occurs in conversations, with particular reference to co-constructed arguments. Brown argues that domain constraints cannot be exported to informal logic, where the relevance of properties, not their number, is the appropriate and prior criterion for evaluating analogical arguments. keywords: argument; dialectic cache: il-2392.pdf plain text: il-2392.txt item: #197 of 1009 id: il-2393 author: Salmon, Merrilee H.; Zeitz, Colleen M. title: Analyzing Conversational Reasoning date: 1995-01-01 words: 7814 flesch: 57 summary: To characterize these arguments in the context of conversations, we adopted the standard logical vocabulary of argument, premise, and conclusion, while expanding that vocabulary to include other features as components of arguments, which we used to diagram the flow of arguments. we were interested in how to expose implicit features of conversational arguments, and we analyzed our subjects' conversations with this in mind. keywords: arguments; challenges; conversations; fossil; participants; power; premises; reasoning; salmon; toulmin; waste; zeitz cache: il-2393.pdf plain text: il-2393.txt item: #198 of 1009 id: il-2394 author: Hamner Hill, H.; Kagan, Michael title: Aristotelian Dialectic date: 1995-01-01 words: 8756 flesch: 71 summary: ~nd t~en, t~ere IS Aristotle's own discussion, in chapter XVI of the RefutatIOns, m ,:,hlch he explains the value of being able to figure out such arguments, whether directed at one's self from others, or whether directed at one's selfby oneself. E.g., mastery of such arguments by Anstotle's students would reflect highly on his school, on Aristotle, and on the students themselves. keywords: arguments; aristotle; dialectic; forster; philosophy; refutations; rhetoric; topics cache: il-2394.pdf plain text: il-2394.txt item: #199 of 1009 id: il-2395 author: Colwell, Gary title: Slippery Slopes, Moral Slides and Human Nature date: 1995-01-01 words: 13035 flesch: 56 summary: This article aims to correct the oversight and the misjudgement by looking in some detail at four interrelated problems of human nature which have a direct bearing upon moral causal slope arguments. Still more specifically, I want to investigate some problematic features of human nature which bear importantly upon moral causal slope arguments (MCSA).' keywords: argument; behaviour; causal; euthanasia; example; life; line; mcsa; nature; people; physicians; practice; sensitivities; slippery; slope; society; theory; vae; vol cache: il-2395.pdf plain text: il-2395.txt item: #200 of 1009 id: il-2396 author: Levi, Don S. title: The Case of the Missing Premise date: 1995-01-01 words: 11780 flesch: 60 summary: However, even if the logician's perspective is considered legitimate, there is reason to wonder what we could learn about the problems with missing premises of other arguments from a consideration of the present example. I begin by explaining why it is wrong to conclude from a study of a contrived example anything about actual arguments. keywords: argument; benny; conclusion; context; example; martha; pc sequence; premise; sequence cache: il-2396.pdf plain text: il-2396.txt item: #201 of 1009 id: il-2397 author: Brown, William R. title: The Domain Constraint on Analogy and Analogical Argument date: 1995-01-01 words: 6192 flesch: 49 summary: The Domain Constraint on Analogy and Analogical Argument WILLIAM R. BROWN QUinnipiac College Key Words: Domain constraint, issue (topic) relevance, folk logic, stare decisis, informal logic, selectional features, inductive (predictive) arguments from analogy, non inductive (A:B::C:D) analogical arguments. Is domain constraint in fact advocated by reputable authorities? keywords: analogues; analogy; arguments; case; category; constraint; domain; domain constraint; law; logic cache: il-2397.pdf plain text: il-2397.txt item: #202 of 1009 id: il-2398 author: Moser, Paul K.; Trout, J.D. title: (Review) What is Feminist Epistemology? date: 1995-01-01 words: 4878 flesch: 50 summary: This review article will devote attention to such questions while examining some recent works bearing on feminist epistemology. As there are already many contrasting positions in feminist epistemology, Harding surveys a number of the chief positions. keywords: code; epistemology; feminist; knowledge; science; theory; view; women cache: il-2398.pdf plain text: il-2398.txt item: #203 of 1009 id: il-2399 author: Deighk, John title: Walton`s The Place of Emotion in Argument date: 1995-01-01 words: 4373 flesch: 52 summary: This idea would make sense if fallaciousness were a function of the goals of dialogues in which fallacious arguments could occur. What is more, it does not appear to be needed to correct the distorted opinion of such arguments that misleading idealizations of science have caused. keywords: appeals; argument; dialogue; emotion; fallacy; walton cache: il-2399.pdf plain text: il-2399.txt item: #204 of 1009 id: il-2400 author: none title: Announcements date: 1995-01-01 words: 317 flesch: 49 summary: They may cover topics from the following (not exclusive) list: history of paraconsistent logic, systems of paraconsistent logic, applications of paraconsistent logic, philosophical issues in paraconsistency, paraconsistency and computation. On p. 151, right column: the 2nd line of clause (3) should begin: set q E Q. We apologize for these errors. keywords: logic cache: il-2400.pdf plain text: il-2400.txt item: #205 of 1009 id: il-2401 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1996-01-01 words: 347 flesch: 47 summary: Abstracts of proposed papers should be sent in triplicate by September 9, 1996 to either of the conference organizers: Hans V. Hansen, Liberal Arts Programme, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A 1, or Christopher W. Tindale, Department of Philosophy, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8. FROM THE EDITORS This double issue contains many of the papers that were presented at the first conference of the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA), held at Brock University (St. Catharines, Ontario) in May of 1995. keywords: university cache: il-2401.pdf plain text: il-2401.txt item: #206 of 1009 id: il-2402 author: Hansen, Hans V.; Tindale, Christopher W. title: Introduction date: 1995-01-01 words: 1561 flesch: 43 summary: Models of education that look to encourage competent, autonomous reasoners, and to create environments in which their development is fostered, can learn much from recent and ongoing studies in argumentation theory. The other papers may be divided into those that develop theoretical points which are then applied to educational concerns; those that restrict themselves to questions in the domain of education; and those which develop theoretical points in argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; department; education; philosophy; university cache: il-2402.pdf plain text: il-2402.txt item: #207 of 1009 id: il-2403 author: Binkley, Robert title: Argumentation, Education and Reasoning date: 1995-01-01 words: 7721 flesch: 61 summary: Such reasoning can serve many useful purposes, but to simplify things I shall here pass over all forms of hypothetical reasoning, and consider just the case in which one reasons for real on the basis of the data one has, or thinks one has. 3.2.2 Action and practical reasoning keywords: activity; arguing; argumentation; courses; dialogue; education; logic; reasoning; reckoning; rhetoric; way cache: il-2403.pdf plain text: il-2403.txt item: #208 of 1009 id: il-2404 author: van Eemeren, Frans H. title: A World of Difference: The Rich State of Argumentation Theory date: 1995-01-01 words: 6990 flesch: 49 summary: In this paper, however, I shall not restrict myself to that enterprise but try to give a broader overview of the riches of argumentation theory by describing some recent developments in the study of argumentation. Conclusion While we are living in a world of difference and there is a world of difference in the various approaches to these differences in the study of argumentation, it should by now be clear that in a much more positive sense of the same expression there also is a world of difference between the state of argumentation theory today and two decades ago. keywords: argumentation; democracy; discourse; discussion; eemeren; fallacies; grootendorst; life; logic; politician; theory; van cache: il-2404.pdf plain text: il-2404.txt item: #209 of 1009 id: il-2405 author: Siegel, Harvey title: Why Should Educators Care about Argumentation? date: 1995-01-01 words: 8777 flesch: 47 summary: HARVEY SIEGEL University of Miami Key words: argumentation, education, educational aims, educational ideals, rationality, critical thinking, character, respect, feminism, postmodemism, indefiniteness of language, Derrida, particularity, male bias. I don't see why the indefiniteness and aporia which are alleged to undermine the modernist quest for educational ideals don't also impinge upon, and undermine, the very view of language that is supposedly doing the damage to the ideals-for the Derridean thesis appears to depend upon the definite establishment of the indefinite (to wit: I, Derrida, have definitely and firmly established, in language, that all language and meaning is indefinite). keywords: argumentation; education; educators; harvey; ideal; language; rationality; reason; siegel; standards cache: il-2405.pdf plain text: il-2405.txt item: #210 of 1009 id: il-2406 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: TArgument is War...and War is Hell: Philosophy, Education, and Metaphors for Argumentation date: 1995-01-01 words: 6197 flesch: 55 summary: While this is not meant to serve as a definition for argument, it does characterize how we think about arguments, talk about arguments, and engage in arguments. The point is that whether the operative notion of argument is as proof-Ieading-to-truth or as language-game-Ieading-to-agreement, arguments are being conceived as having an essentially adversarial structure. keywords: argumentation; arguments; education; end; metaphor; new; philosophy; truth; war; way cache: il-2406.pdf plain text: il-2406.txt item: #211 of 1009 id: il-2407 author: Ben-Zeev, Aaron title: Emotions and Argumentation date: 1995-01-01 words: 5459 flesch: 48 summary: The major function of such forms of argumentation is not to explain the phenomena--although they pretend to do that as well---but to make us experience certain emotions intended to induce certain attitudes and activities (Fiske 1988: In the social communicative context typical of many emotions, the emotional change is often constituted: by a perceived opposing position or a perceived possibility of such a position. keywords: argumentation; circumstances; emotions; function; response; sense; substantiation; system cache: il-2407.pdf plain text: il-2407.txt item: #212 of 1009 id: il-2408 author: Missimer, Connie title: The Case That Alternative Argumentation Drives the Growth of Knowledge-Some Preliminary Evidence date: 1995-01-01 words: 5373 flesch: 54 summary: These and other seminal historical arguments suggest that alternative argumentation in light of evidence is the mechanism which drives the gro\';1h of knowledge. This larger case entails asking the overarching question, How is knowledge driven? and seeking the answer in arguments for which there is near universal agreement that they drove the growth of knowledge. keywords: argumentation; arguments; darwin; evidence; mill; newton; theory; view; women cache: il-2408.pdf plain text: il-2408.txt item: #213 of 1009 id: il-2409 author: Novak, Joseph A. title: The Abduction of the Atom: An Exercise in Hypothesizing date: 1995-01-01 words: 4494 flesch: 60 summary: Thus it becomes clear that Dalton's atom cannot explain the emission of electrons even on the supposition that they exist in the interstices between atoms. Given the assumption that negatively charged particles (electrons) existed somehow in association with the atom, and given that they did not exist in the interstices of atoms, the need for a new model arises. keywords: abduction; atom; electrons; logic; model; particles; reasoning; theory cache: il-2409.pdf plain text: il-2409.txt item: #214 of 1009 id: il-2410 author: Slade, Christina title: Reflective Reasoning in Groups date: 1995-01-01 words: 5598 flesch: 54 summary: These skills, which we might assume to be higher order thinking skills, are apparently not being acquired at universities. 2. Reflection and Higher Order Thinking Skills The definition of higher order thinking skills itself depends on an understanding of the notion of higher order of thinking and of skills. keywords: discourse; logic; order; order thinking; reasoning; skills; students; teaching; thinking; thinking skills cache: il-2410.pdf plain text: il-2410.txt item: #215 of 1009 id: il-2411 author: Irwin, Ronald R. title: Using Computer-Assisted Instruction and Developmental Theory to Improve Argumentative Writing date: 1995-01-01 words: 6468 flesch: 55 summary: However, essay writing can be improved significantly by developmentally-oriented instruction, although such improvement seems anchored to developmental level. They were all regular users of the centre, willing to learn about new writing programs. keywords: computer; development; instruction; level; mer; program; reader; students; thinking; writing cache: il-2411.pdf plain text: il-2411.txt item: #216 of 1009 id: il-2412 author: Ben-Zeev, Aaron title: Analysis of Argument Strategies of Attack and Cooption: Stock Cases, Formalization, and Argument Reconstruction date: 1995-01-01 words: 4435 flesch: 51 summary: Fair structural representation of a mode of argument should not (in the case of arguments ad, at least) settle the question of general assessment of a mode of argument or the question of the evaluation of a particular case. Some kinds of argument ad are more resistant to formalization than others; this draws attention to significant logical or other differences among these modes of argument, as is illustrated by the case of arguments ad verecundiam and ad hominem. keywords: argument; cases; formalization; logic; stock; verecundiam cache: il-2412.pdf plain text: il-2412.txt item: #217 of 1009 id: il-2413 author: Johnson, Ralph H. title: The Principle of Vulnerability date: 1995-01-01 words: 5333 flesch: 59 summary: The Principle of Vulnerability RALPH H. JOHNSON University of Windsor Key words: vulnerability, criticism, dialectical, manifest rationality, conclusive argument. If there were conclusive arguments, then there would be arguments which could rightly be said to be invulnerable; and vice-versa; if there were arguments that were invulnerable to criticism, they would be conclusive. keywords: arguer; argument; argumentation; criticism; practice; principle cache: il-2413.pdf plain text: il-2413.txt item: #218 of 1009 id: il-2414 author: Freeman, James B. title: Premise Acceptability, Deontology, Internalism, Justification date: 1995-01-01 words: 4849 flesch: 53 summary: These cases where we can just see that accepting certain beliefs is objectively permissible epistemically are cases where we have internal access to the conditions of objective epistemic permissibility. We may see this readily by looking at one of the famous Gettier counterexamples to the claim that knowledge is justified true belief: Smith and Jones have applied for a certain job. keywords: acceptability; belief; duty; presumption; warrant cache: il-2414.pdf plain text: il-2414.txt item: #219 of 1009 id: il-2415 author: Pinto, Robert C. title: Inconsistency, Rationality and Relativism date: 1995-01-01 words: 5440 flesch: 57 summary: If the relative importance of truths and errors can't be settled by simply appealing to their potential for generating further truths or errors, then we probably won't be able to deal with epistemic goals in isolation or abstraction from other sorts of goals. To some degree the importance of a truth (or seriousness of error) can be gauged on the basis of the number of other truths it makes accessible to us (or the number of other errors it leads us into); but it is not clear to me whether these are the only sorts of differences that bear on the importance of a truth or the seriousness of a falsehood, even when such things are judged from an epistemic point of view. keywords: fault; inconsistency; proposition; relativism; set; truth cache: il-2415.pdf plain text: il-2415.txt item: #220 of 1009 id: il-2416 author: Vorobej, Mark title: Hybrid Arguments date: 1995-01-01 words: 2707 flesch: 65 summary: Linked arguments are more likely to be vulnerable than convergent arguments. Hybrid Arguments MARK VOROBEJ McMaster University Key Words: relevance, simple arguments, convergent arguments, linked arguments, hybrid arguments, linked sets, argument diagrams, supplementation, vulnerability, hypervulnerability. keywords: argument; data; set cache: il-2416.pdf plain text: il-2416.txt item: #221 of 1009 id: il-2417 author: Hitchock, David title: Did Jesus Commit a Fallacy? date: 1995-01-01 words: 2692 flesch: 66 summary: Did Jesus Commit a Fallacy? But it must play some role in his arriving at this explanation, because it is sandwiched between Jesus' raising the question and his giving the Did Jesus Commit a Fallacy? keywords: argument; god; jesus; world cache: il-2417.pdf plain text: il-2417.txt item: #222 of 1009 id: il-2418 author: Powers, Lawrence H. title: The One Fallacy Theory date: 1995-01-01 words: 6005 flesch: 70 summary: Maybe my One Fallacy theory misses some other types of real fallacies and is a bit too narrow. And I contrast this theory with purely logical, dialectical, and psychological notions of fallacy. keywords: argument; fallacy; logic; proof; rivers; theory cache: il-2418.pdf plain text: il-2418.txt item: #223 of 1009 id: il-2419 author: none title: Announcements date: 1995-01-01 words: 301 flesch: 45 summary: Abstracts of proposed papers (200-250 words) should be sent in triplicate by September 9, 1996 to either of the conference co-organizers: Hans V. Hansen Liberal Studies Programme Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3AI New Essays in Informal Logic +- Christopher W. Tindale Department of Philosophy Trent University Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8 Informal Logic announces an anthology of essays, edited by J. Anthony Blair and Ralph H. Johnson, titled New Essays in Informal Logic (paperback; x, 164 pages; ISBN 0-9698755-0-9). Proposals are invited for papers in argumentation, rhetoric and informal logic, and the philosophy and psychology of reasoning, including practical, theoretical and historical topics. keywords: logic cache: il-2419.pdf plain text: il-2419.txt item: #224 of 1009 id: il-2420 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1995-01-01 words: 418 flesch: 47 summary: Budget cuts at our University have removed Mark's position, to our great loss. Our thanks go out to Mark for his dedication and hard work over the past several years. keywords: logic; wreen cache: il-2420.pdf plain text: il-2420.txt item: #225 of 1009 id: il-2421 author: Wreen, Michael title: Knockdown Arguments date: 1995-01-01 words: 10760 flesch: 64 summary: In these cases [this and the apprizal case), what Wreen cites as examples of ad baculum arguments do not even count as ad baculum arguments by the criteria [which Walton has laid down) (p. 187). Last, I argue ad baculum against both of them, threatening both with the loss of reputation, employment, and respect unless they repudiate every objection raised against me and publicly abase themselves. keywords: ad baculum; argument; brinton; case; dialogue; person; threat; type; walton cache: il-2421.pdf plain text: il-2421.txt item: #226 of 1009 id: il-2422 author: Miller, Kathleen title: A Feminist Defense of the Critical-Logical Model date: 1995-01-01 words: 4483 flesch: 48 summary: Because the Critical-Logical model upon which the industry is premised alienates large numbers of women, feminism suggests to Gilbert a moral imperative: inclusivity, he argues, means abandoning the critical approach for one of coalescence and this despite the general utility of critical reasoning. Is he advocating that we abandon critical reasoning in its entirety, or simply that we add something to critical reasoning to make a predominantly male practice more palatable to the rest of the population? keywords: approach; argumentation; feminist; gilbert; model; reasoning; women; world cache: il-2422.pdf plain text: il-2422.txt item: #227 of 1009 id: il-2423 author: Orr, Deborah title: On Logic and Moral Voice date: 1995-01-01 words: 8460 flesch: 55 summary: Grounded in the work of the later Wittgenstein, it is argued that formalized logic misses much of natural logic: the concept of 'moral talk' is developed to theorize Gilligan's ethic of care; it is argued that this form of moral deliberation is not argumentation in the formal sense; and the relationship between logic and epistemology is explored through the consideration of moral talk as a language-game which is woven into gendered forms of life. In exploring the family of logics Wittgenstein named our tendency to sub- lime logic. keywords: cit; ethic; feminist; gender; gilligan; language; life; logic; menssen; understanding; voice; wittgenstein cache: il-2423.pdf plain text: il-2423.txt item: #228 of 1009 id: il-2424 author: Coleman, Edwin title: There is no Fallacy of Arguing from Authority date: 1995-01-01 words: 9791 flesch: 63 summary: This brings out again the importance of writing for the social practice of argument from authority.' Implications of Argument from Authority Being a Speech Act of Argument I have been using a general argument against calling various possible flaws in argument from authority fallacies, which consists in pointing out that they can obtain when one of the constituent speech acts is used for non-argumentative purposes. But some arguments from authority are good arguments. keywords: act; appeal; arguing; argument; authority; fallacy; good; premises; speech cache: il-2424.pdf plain text: il-2424.txt item: #229 of 1009 id: il-2425 author: Sorensen, Roy title: Roy Sorensen`s Thought Experiments date: 1995-01-01 words: 987 flesch: 45 summary: So lessons learned about thought experiment enrich our understanding of ordinary experiments just as the recent growth in understanding of ordinary experiments helps us better understand thought experiments. Einstein's mentor, Ernst Mach, suggested that the empirical reliability of thought experiment is due to the generate and eliminate mechanism of natural selection. keywords: argument; experiments; thought cache: il-2425.pdf plain text: il-2425.txt item: #230 of 1009 id: il-2426 author: Bunzl, Martin title: Bunzl on Sorensen's Thought Experiments date: 1995-01-01 words: 2611 flesch: 57 summary: 2. Bunzl on Sorensen's Thought Experiments MARTIN BUNZL Rutgers University Roy Sorensen's book, Thought Experiments\ stands in a crowd of recent work that represents a new philosophical industry focusing on thought experiments? More than anything, I think Sorensen's contribution is that his book offers a wealth of material on the cognitive function of thought experiments and on their use and misuse relative to this function. keywords: case; experiments; sorensen; theory; thought cache: il-2426.pdf plain text: il-2426.txt item: #231 of 1009 id: il-2427 author: Feldman, Richard title: Feldman on Sorensen's Thought Experiments date: 1995-01-01 words: 2286 flesch: 63 summary: Feldman on Sorensen's Thought Experiments RICHARD FELDMAN University of Rochester Roy Sorensen's Thought Experiment/ is an original, provocative, and funny discussion of thought experiments. I believe that philosophers use thought experiments in ways that don't conform to Sorensen's paradoxical structure. keywords: experiments; knowledge; sorensen; thought cache: il-2427.pdf plain text: il-2427.txt item: #232 of 1009 id: il-2428 author: Sorensen, Roy title: Sorensen's Reply to Bunzl and Feldman date: 1995-01-01 words: 3586 flesch: 54 summary: it accounts for some of the psychological aspects of thought experiments in terms of dissonance, it lays out the possible moves in response to a thought experiment, it implicitly constitutes a special theory of thought experiment fallacies, and it integrates well with the conflict vagueness analysis of Kuhnian thought experiments. A taxonomist of thought experiments will seek a uniform translation of all thought experiments. keywords: bunzl; einstein; experiments; fallacies; fallacy; feldman; real; thought cache: il-2428.pdf plain text: il-2428.txt item: #233 of 1009 id: il-2429 author: Govier, Trudy title: New Essays in Informal Logic date: 1995-01-01 words: 6198 flesch: 54 summary: The pedestrian ruminations include the following: fallaciousness has something to do with arguments as such, and it is bad; a fallacy is committed when someone argues fallaciously; to understand what makes bad arguments bad, we need a concept of good argument; fallaciousness is a property of argument as such, not any of its parts. Are there good arguments that bad arguments are bad? keywords: argument; case; epistemology; evaluation; govier; logic; reasons; relevance; weinstein cache: il-2429.pdf plain text: il-2429.txt item: #234 of 1009 id: il-2430 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1994-01-01 words: 369 flesch: 52 summary: We invited Steve Fuller to submit a paper he read at an Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking session at the Amer- ican Philosophical Association Eastern Division meetings, since we see connec- tions between informal logic and the field of social epistemology that Fuller has pio- neered. Every instructor of critical thinking or informal logic who supplies the students with rules, strategies and criteria has expe- rienced the urge to warn them, But use your judgement! keywords: logic cache: il-2430.pdf plain text: il-2430.txt item: #235 of 1009 id: il-2431 author: Finocchiaro, Maurice A. title: Two Empirical Approaches to the Study of Reasoning date: 1994-01-01 words: 13185 flesch: 53 summary: Other arguments are about whether the same idea can be refuted by the thought-experiment of dropping a ball from the moon to the earth, by the epistemological principles that all natural phenomena must be explicable and that the senses cannot deceive us, and by the meta- physical principles that each simple body must have one and only one natural mo- tion, that similar substances must have similar motions, and that motion cannot last forever. Still other arguments are about whether the earth's orbital revolution around the sun conflicts with Biblical pas- sages and with available astronomical ob- servations concerning the dimensions and distance of the stars, the elevation of the celestial pole and of the stars, the lack of stellar parallax, and the seasonal changes in the sun's apparent motions. keywords: approach; argument; case; conclusion; earth; finocchiaro; galileo; logic; original; perkins; reasoning; sense cache: il-2431.pdf plain text: il-2431.txt item: #236 of 1009 id: il-2432 author: Burke, Michael B. title: Denying the Antecedent: A Common Fallacy? date: 1994-01-01 words: 5063 flesch: 66 summary: But real passages ex- hibiting those patterns evidently are rare: I found none. Patterns (e)-(m) are B patterns. keywords: antecedent; argument; conditional; fallacy; passage; patterns cache: il-2432.pdf plain text: il-2432.txt item: #237 of 1009 id: il-2433 author: Healy, Paul title: Rationality, Judgment, and Argument Assessment date: 1994-01-01 words: 4483 flesch: 47 summary: Furthermore, emphasis on the need for training and practice to enhance the reliabilty of judgment makes it clear that there is nothing mysterious about the reliable exercise of good judgment. The need for good judgment as an attribute of effective argument analysis has received passing mention in some criti- cal thinking texts. keywords: analysis; argument; exercise; judgment; process; reasoning cache: il-2433.pdf plain text: il-2433.txt item: #238 of 1009 id: il-2434 author: Fuller, Steve title: The Sphere of Critical Thinking in a Post-Epistemic World date: 1994-01-01 words: 9533 flesch: 55 summary: However, bigger science makes for better science only if, say, experimental inquiry is not, in the economists' words, scale-sensitive. Under duress, most philosophers would concede that fund- ing decisions playa preponderant role in the direction that scientific research takes. keywords: democracy; enterprise; feyerabend; fuller; inquiry; knowledge; people; philosophers; press; public; research; science; scientists; thinking; university cache: il-2434.pdf plain text: il-2434.txt item: #239 of 1009 id: il-2435 author: Caraway, Carol title: Coady`s Testimony: A Philosophical Study date: 1994-01-01 words: 4205 flesch: 59 summary: In Testimony: A Philosophical Study, C. A. J. Coady seeks to put an end to phi- losophers' unjustified neglect of testimony. Testimony: keywords: beliefs; coady; evidence; knowledge; perception; testimony cache: il-2435.pdf plain text: il-2435.txt item: #240 of 1009 id: il-2436 author: Dauer, Francis W. title: Feldman`s Reason and Argument date: 1994-01-01 words: 1984 flesch: 63 summary: [From (1)-(5)] Premise (2) is blanketly justified, assess- ment of (1) would be based on arguments of type (i) or (ii), and assessment of premises (3)-(5) is discussed at some length. Though errors in reasoning are discussed at various points and a useful chapter on causal arguments is included, the text offers neither a list of fallacies nor a discussion of Mill's Methods. keywords: argument; feldman; text cache: il-2436.pdf plain text: il-2436.txt item: #241 of 1009 id: il-2437 author: Wagner Decew, Judith title: Schauer`s Playing By the Rules: A Philosophical Examination of Rule~Based Decision-Making in Law and in Life date: 1994-01-01 words: 1930 flesch: 52 summary: Positivism can be understood as a de- scriptive claim that legal rules are distinct from moral norms. A central theme of the book is the importance of seeing rules as crude probabilistic generalizations that may thus when followed produce in particular in- stances decisions that are suboptimal or even plainly erroneous (p. xv). keywords: decision; making; rules; schauer cache: il-2437.pdf plain text: il-2437.txt item: #242 of 1009 id: il-2438 author: Solomon, Miriam title: Sizing Up Science: A Reply to Fuller date: 1994-01-01 words: 2191 flesch: 52 summary: Scientific work was not always this way. There never was an epistemic world where scientific work was free from inter- ests and biases that can be disruptive to the scientific enterprise. keywords: fuller; public; science; scientists; work cache: il-2438.pdf plain text: il-2438.txt item: #243 of 1009 id: il-2439 author: Fuller, Steve title: The Governance of Big Science: On the Wisdom of Solomon date: 1994-01-01 words: 974 flesch: 53 summary: On the contrary, the idea of epistemic norms presupposes that individ- ual inquirers are biased and limited. However, in order to claim that non- experts criticize science from a position of relative ignorance vis-a-vis expert sci- entists, Solomon must assume that the ends of scientific inquiry remain constant. keywords: norms; science cache: il-2439.pdf plain text: il-2439.txt item: #244 of 1009 id: il-2440 author: none title: Book Abstracts date: 1994-01-01 words: 575 flesch: 48 summary: Good Reasoning Matters! adopts an alternative approach that emphasizes good reasoning and the construction of good arguments. In place of fallacies, it defines various forms of good argu- mentation, treating fallacious reasoning as a secondary concern that arises when arguments fail to fulfill the criteria for good arguments from authority, good arguments from ignorance, good two wrongs arguments, etc. keywords: arguments; reasoning cache: il-2440.pdf plain text: il-2440.txt item: #245 of 1009 id: il-2441 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1994-01-01 words: 618 flesch: 48 summary: In 1988 the Wadsworth Publishing Com- pany issued Selected Issues in Logic and Communication, a group of papers in the general area of informal logic, collected, organized and introduced by Trudy Govier, and intended as a set of readings for courses in communications, critical thinking or in- formal logic. From the Editors John Woods and Douglas Walton have produced, in tandem and individually, a large and important body of literature on various individual informal fallacies. keywords: fallacies; theory cache: il-2441.pdf plain text: il-2441.txt item: #246 of 1009 id: il-2442 author: Woods, John title: Is the Theoretical Unity of the Fallacies Possible? date: 1994-01-01 words: 5891 flesch: 62 summary: JOHN WOODS University 0/ Lethbridge Key Words: Concept-in-use; exemplar model; Woods- Walton Approach; fallacy theory; logicism; Lowenheim-Skolem theorem; neo- pythagoreanism; pragma-dialectic; reductionism; Stone representation theorem; summary repre- sentation; unification (one-way & two-way). Yet, since Hamblin's famous criticism of the state of fallacy theory. keywords: concept; fallacies; fallacy; representation; theory; unification; veg; way; woods cache: il-2442.pdf plain text: il-2442.txt item: #247 of 1009 id: il-2443 author: Levi, Don S. title: The Zen of Argument Analysis: Reflections on Informal Logic's Argument Evaluation Contest date: 1994-01-01 words: 5118 flesch: 57 summary: The Zen of Argument Analysis: Reflections on Informal Logic's Argument Evaluation Contest DON S. LEVI University of Oregon Key Words: Audience; technical terms of rhe- torical analysis; sequences of premises; experts in argument analysis; analysis as a contribution to argument; issue raised by argument; evalua- tion-matrix (check-list); rhetorical context. Abstract: Argument analysis should contribute to the controversy from which the argument is taken. keywords: analysis; argument; argument analysis; contest; discrimination; hitchcock cache: il-2443.pdf plain text: il-2443.txt item: #248 of 1009 id: il-2444 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Feminism, Argumentation and Coalescence date: 1994-01-01 words: 13034 flesch: 59 summary: As a result, if it can be shown that I] there are significant differences in reasoning modes between some men and some women, and 2) those women's modes are generally not respected, permitted, or heard as freely and easily as the dominant men's, then there must be a moral onus on the part of argumentation theorists, especially in their normative role of argument judges and critical thinking teachers, to see that such modes are incorporated into mainstream teaching, research and consideration. And this is crucial not because this definition excludes other modes from being reasoning, but because reasoning has a total grip on power and by excluding non- C-L modes, those who rely upon them are left powerless. keywords: argument; argumentation; communication; feminist; gilligan; logic; mode; nye; people; position; reasoning; tannen; way; women; words cache: il-2444.pdf plain text: il-2444.txt item: #249 of 1009 id: il-2445 author: Fuller, Steve title: What is an Assumption? date: 1994-01-01 words: 5207 flesch: 61 summary: Ennis (1982) distinguishes two classes of 'assumption', those which he calls, as mentioned above, 'used assumptions', which are assumptions which the argument creator 'uses', or 'makes' in forming the argument, and those which he calls 'needed assumptions', which the argument analyst judges to be 'required', in some sense, if the argument is to be sound. Thus Ennis (1982, p.64) says, Al- though I have presented used assumptions to be things that people have, one might also want to allow them to be things that institutions have, if one would allow that institutions have reasons. keywords: assumption; fact; model; problem; thinking; way cache: il-2445.pdf plain text: il-2445.txt item: #250 of 1009 id: il-2446 author: Cunningham, Stanley B. title: The Status of the Propaganda Theorist: A Rejoinder date: 1994-01-01 words: 4953 flesch: 58 summary: A Rejoinder STANLEY B. CUNNINGHAM University of Windsor Key Words: Propaganda; propaganda theorist; communication; belief; truth; Ellul. Propaganda theorists, by contrast, esteem truthfulness (or knowing well); and their principal aim is to understand and to disclose propaganda as a so- cial phenomenon. keywords: binad; claim; communication; ellul; propaganda; propagandist; theorist; truth cache: il-2446.pdf plain text: il-2446.txt item: #251 of 1009 id: il-2447 author: Matthews, Gareth title: Lipman`s Thinking in Education date: 1994-01-01 words: 1513 flesch: 62 summary: Thinking in Education by Matthew Lipman GARETH B. MATTHEWS University of Massachusetts/Amherst Lipman, Matthew (1991). In Thinking in Education Lipman seeks to place his philosophy-for-children pro- gram within the context of recent educa- tional theory and especially within the re- cent movement to identify critical think- ing as a key educational objective for pri- mary and secondary education. keywords: lipman; philosophy; thinking cache: il-2447.pdf plain text: il-2447.txt item: #252 of 1009 id: il-2448 author: Solomon, Miriam title: Stich`s The Fragmentation of Reason: Preface to a Pragmatic Theory of Cognitive Evaluation date: 1994-01-01 words: 1987 flesch: 60 summary: Experimental work on human reasoning does not, at this time, show that humans are any better at realizing goals other than truth. The goals he suggests emphasize human goals such as health, happiness, and the welfare of one's children, which he thinks we are prob- ably biologically predisposed to value (p. 131). keywords: goals; press; stich; truth cache: il-2448.pdf plain text: il-2448.txt item: #253 of 1009 id: il-2449 author: Hansen, Hans V. title: Hughes`s Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills date: 1994-01-01 words: 3101 flesch: 59 summary: On our hypothesis moral reason- ing will count as distinct from both deduc- tion and induction for the reason that the standard of acceptability is different for the premisses of moral arguments than it is for non-moral arguments. This may well be Hughes' view for he points out that the conclusions of moral arguments depend on moral principles, and that one may accept either (some even accept both [po 200]) formalist or consequentialist principles in moral reasoning. keywords: argument; chapter; hughes; premisses cache: il-2449.pdf plain text: il-2449.txt item: #254 of 1009 id: il-2450 author: none title: Book Abstracts date: 1994-01-01 words: 618 flesch: 51 summary: Good Arguments: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, 3rd edt Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Although simple in approach, this text ena- bles the reader to deal with complex arguments. keywords: arguments; thinking cache: il-2450.pdf plain text: il-2450.txt item: #255 of 1009 id: il-2451 author: none title: Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Society for the History of Rhetoric date: 1994-01-01 words: 271 flesch: 38 summary: 1 RP United Kingdom Fax: 031,650,6538 Email: pJrance@ed.ac.uk 9th International Symposium Logica '95 to be held at LibJice Castle (Central Bohemia), June 13 - 16, 1995 Sponsored by Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Contributions devoted to any of the wide range of logical problems are welcome except those focused on specialized tech- nical applications. Praha I, Czech Republic keywords: symposium cache: il-2451.pdf plain text: il-2451.txt item: #256 of 1009 id: il-2452 author: none title: Fifth International Conference on ArtiticialIntelligence and Law date: 1994-01-01 words: 388 flesch: 34 summary: Argumentation and Education May 5 - 6, 1995 Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont., Canada Sponsored by the Ontario Society for the Western Ontario; Frans van Eemeren, Uni- Study of Argumentation the keynote speak- versity of Amsterdam and Harvey Siegel, ers will be: Robert Binkley, University of University of Miami. The American Association for Artifi- cial Intelligence (AAAI) General Cbair: L. Thorne McCarty, Rutgers University Local Arrangements: John F. Horty, University of Maryland Programme Chair: Trevor Beach-Capon Dept. of Computer Science The University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BS, England E-mail: tbe@compsci.1iverpool.ac.uk Fax: +51 7943715 Secretary-Treasurer: Carole Hafner College of Computer Science Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave. Boston, MA 02115, USA E-mail: hafner@ccs.neu.edu Tel. keywords: conference; university cache: il-2452.pdf plain text: il-2452.txt item: #257 of 1009 id: il-2453 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1994-01-01 words: 402 flesch: 56 summary: Grennan argues that unstated premises are not properly con- strued as gap fillers; rather they support a part of the argument that is already given implicitly the inference claim: If the premises are true then the conclusion is true. The problem of missing premises is the subject of Wayne Grennan's article. keywords: argument cache: il-2453.pdf plain text: il-2453.txt item: #258 of 1009 id: il-2454 author: Vorobej, Mark title: The TRUE Test of Linkage date: 1994-01-01 words: 7412 flesch: 56 summary: Linked arguments therefore lack immunity from local flaws. In addition, the paper offers a TRUE (Type Reduction Upon Elimination) test for distinguishing linked from convergent arguments which best captures the informal intuition that linked arguments are es- pecially vulnerable to local criticisms pertaining to premise acceptability. keywords: argument; conclusion; convergent; distinction; premise; set; support; test cache: il-2454.pdf plain text: il-2454.txt item: #259 of 1009 id: il-2455 author: Bowles, George title: The Deductive/Inductive Distinction date: 1994-01-01 words: 16432 flesch: 54 summary: This distinction is unaccept- able because there are arguments that are deductive or inductive without conforming to its definitions of 'deductive argument' or 'inductive argument'. In logic, 'deductive argument' and 'inductive argument' are technical terms, used differently by different authors holding different theories about what dis- tinguishes deductive from inductive argu- ments. keywords: argument; claim; conclusion; deductive; degree; distinction; family; inductive; logic; objection; premises; relevance cache: il-2455.pdf plain text: il-2455.txt item: #260 of 1009 id: il-2456 author: Grennan, Wayne title: Are "Gap-Fillers" Missing Premisses? date: 1994-01-01 words: 6864 flesch: 67 summary: To the extent that these issues are identical with the problem of unstated premisses, as Weinstein thinks, one of the main stum- bling blocks to implementation of the informal logic program is removed when we understand the correct role of major premisses. However, the case for major premisses as needed parts of an enthymematic ar- gument involves the notion of logical completeness, not conceptual complete- ness. keywords: argument; claim; conclusion; inference; premiss; premisses; stone cache: il-2456.pdf plain text: il-2456.txt item: #261 of 1009 id: il-2457 author: Hatcher, Donald L. title: Critical Thinking, Postmodernism, and Rational Evaluation date: 1994-01-01 words: 7609 flesch: 50 summary: I then show how these principles can be used to critique and re- ject postmodern claims about the contextual na- ture of rationality. While there are many faces to postmodern thinking, one domi- nant feature is its willingness to endorse epistemological relativism and so deny that there are objective standards of rational evaluation and choice. keywords: claims; context; discussion; evidence; position; principle; rationality; reasons; standards; thinking cache: il-2457.pdf plain text: il-2457.txt item: #262 of 1009 id: il-2458 author: Garver, Eugene title: Gaskins`sBurdens of Proof in Modern Discourse date: 1994-01-01 words: 2139 flesch: 55 summary: Burden of proof arguments make it too easy to convert any desire or demand into a claim about rights. Gaskins argues that placing scientific revolutions in the context of ar- guments from ignorance is an advance: Rather than borrowing Kuhn's language of religious conversion, gestalt psychology, lightning flashes, or somnambulism, the study of proof burdens offers a conceptual fulcrum for supporting the sudden shifts that afflict not just scientific theory but also academic inquiry and public policy debate (161). keywords: argument; burden; gaskins; ignorance; proof; rights cache: il-2458.pdf plain text: il-2458.txt item: #263 of 1009 id: il-2459 author: Blustein, Jefferey title: Midgley`s Can't We Make Moral Judgements? date: 1994-01-01 words: 1850 flesch: 55 summary: Mary Midgley's short and somewhat convoluted book is a critical examination of the problem of scepticism as it relates to moral judgment. The breakdown of traditional sources of moral guidance and the experience of moral conflict and diversity have left many in contemporary society confused and uncertain about the validity of passing moral judgment on the acts and characters of others. keywords: book; midgley; way cache: il-2459.pdf plain text: il-2459.txt item: #264 of 1009 id: il-2460 author: Bailin, Sharon title: Critical Thinking, Rational Evaluation, and Strong Poetry: A Response to Hatcher date: 1994-01-01 words: 2623 flesch: 59 summary: Nor would Rorty see critical thinking standards as arbitrary, for arbitrariness implies that something could have been reasoned but was not. Abstract: This paper tests Hatcher's thesis by attempting to reconstruct how Rorty might re- spond to Hatcher's criticisms. keywords: hatcher; principles; rorty; view cache: il-2460.pdf plain text: il-2460.txt item: #265 of 1009 id: il-2461 author: none title: Book Abstracts date: 1994-01-01 words: 460 flesch: 48 summary: The method of argument analysis developed in the book discourages simplistic labeling and catego- rizing of arguments and encourages careful and constructive analysis. Recogniz- ing arguments and their premises and con- clusions follows. keywords: arguments; logic cache: il-2461.pdf plain text: il-2461.txt item: #266 of 1009 id: il-2462 author: Langsdorf, Lenore title: Argumentation Theory and the Rhetoric of Assent date: 1994-01-01 words: 6304 flesch: 41 summary: Fiction offers many examples of meta- phors used to argumentative effect, but Michael Weiler's essay focuses instead on authors' use of argument forms as such - i.e. on arguments presented when a charac- ter has made a causal claim that is contro- versial and has given a reason for assenting to that claim (104). He uses Daniel O'Keefe's categorization of arguments that individuals make as unrejoined advo- cates in contrast to the arguments they have with others, and finds that the first group displays considerable correlation be- tween complexity of argument form and con- text: simple arguments are presented explic- itly, and complex arguments are presented implicitly, in monologic (unrejoined) argu- ments. keywords: argumentation; arguments; assent; discourse; essays; form; public; rhetoric; standards; theory cache: il-2462.pdf plain text: il-2462.txt item: #267 of 1009 id: il-2463 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1993-01-01 words: 329 flesch: 53 summary: We invited Joseph Wenzel to put together a special issue on informal logic and rhetoric because he is perfectly situated to do so, as a senior scholar in the sJ.lb-field of speech commu- nication that deals with argumentation and rhetoric, and as one of the people from his discipline who over the years has fol- lowed closely the developing work on informal logic which has been carried out primarily by philosophers. From the Editors The articles in this volume focus on argumentation from the standpoint of the discipline of rhetoric. keywords: rhetoric cache: il-2463.pdf plain text: il-2463.txt item: #268 of 1009 id: il-2464 author: Wenzel, Joseph W. title: Rhetoric and Argumentation: An Introduction date: 1993-01-01 words: 1305 flesch: 44 summary: John Lucaites and Charles Taylor take up another important dimension of political rhetoric, centering on the concept of prudential judgment. An Introduction JOSEPH W. WENZEL University of Illinois When the editors suggested this special issue on rhetoric and argument, they play- fully appended a sub-title: What every in- formal logician should know about rhetoric, but was too shy to ask. keywords: argumentation; logic; rhetoric; situation cache: il-2464.pdf plain text: il-2464.txt item: #269 of 1009 id: il-2465 author: Conley, Thomas title: Trivial Matters: Some Historico-Pedagogical Reflections date: 1993-01-01 words: 6244 flesch: 54 summary: Abstract: The enduring persistence of the exam- ples and exercises used in handbooks of the tradi- tional arts of the Trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) suggests that they were recognized as perennially effective as ways to inculcate intellec- tual virtue in many generations of students. From that perspective, it might be in order to look briefly at what those ex- amples and exercises were about, why they were assigned and discussed, and where they tended to lead students in their lives in and out of school. keywords: aristotle; arts; declamations; dialectic; examples; exercises; grammar; instance; logic; problems; rhetoric; sort; students; words cache: il-2465.pdf plain text: il-2465.txt item: #270 of 1009 id: il-2466 author: Weiler, Michael title: Ideology, Rhetoric and Argument date: 1993-01-01 words: 9167 flesch: 53 summary: Ideology is a form of discourse designed to deal with the anx- ieties that the loss of the old world created and to accomodate people to the require- ments of the new.41 What about ideology qualifies it for this role? For a clear statement of the point of view that ideology inherently implies domi- nation, see John B. Thompson, Studies In the Theory of Ideology (Berkeley: U of California Press, 1984), pp. keywords: argumentation; arguments; claims; group; ideology; nature; new; people; philosophy; power; press; rhetoric; societies; society; system cache: il-2466.pdf plain text: il-2466.txt item: #271 of 1009 id: il-2467 author: Lucaites, John Loius; Taylor, Charles A. title: Theorizing the Grounds of Rhetorical Judgment date: 1993-01-01 words: 8002 flesch: 54 summary: INFORMAL LOGIC Xv. 1, Winter 1993 Theorizing the Grounds of Rhetorical Judgment JOHN LOUIS LUCAITES and CHARLES A. TAYLOR Indiana University Key Words: Prudence; judgment; rhetoric; logic; Persian Gulf War; political debate; decision- making. When the I02nd Congress met on January 10, 1991 to debate whether or not to grant President Bush the authority to employ American military troops to force Iraqi invaders out of Kuwait, the United States faced its most serious military crisis since the Vietnam War.l keywords: action; authorization; bush; congress; debates; gulf; judgment; logic; material; military; president; prudence; senate; war cache: il-2467.pdf plain text: il-2467.txt item: #272 of 1009 id: il-2468 author: Goodnight, G. Thomas title: Legitimation Inferences: An Additional Component for the Toulmin Model date: 1993-01-01 words: 7477 flesch: 50 summary: 7 Toulmin says: Warrant-establishing argu- ments will be, by contrast, such arguments as one might find in a scientific paper, in which 52 G. Thomas Goodnight the acceptability of a novel warrant is made clear by applying it successively in a number of cases in which both 'data' and 'conclusion' have been independently verified (1958, 120). A legitimation controversy brings the ordinary conventions of reason- ing that ground warrants to notice, gives rise to debate over the validity of criteria for selecting such grounds,and tests the vi- ability of a shared context of reasoning and communication (Goodnight, 199], 1992). keywords: argument; backing; choice; claim; judgment; legitimation; senate; toulmin; tower; warrant cache: il-2468.pdf plain text: il-2468.txt item: #273 of 1009 id: il-2469 author: Parameshwar Gaonkar, Dilip title: The Revival of Rhetoric, the New Rhetoric, and the Rhetorical Turn: Some Distinctions date: 1993-01-01 words: 7334 flesch: 46 summary: I , Winter 1993 The Revival of Rhetoric, the New Rhetoric, and the Rhetorical Turn: Some Distinctions DILIP PARAMESHWAR GAONKAR University of Illinois Key Words: Rhetoric; rhetorical tum; new rheto- ric; revival of rhetoric; rhetoric of inquiry; consti- tutive rhetoric; figural language; ideology. Abstract: Each of the three phrases-the revival of rhetoric, the new rhetoric, and the rhetorical turn-points to a rediscovery of rhetoric in con- temporary thought. keywords: communication; discourse; figures; history; human; new; philosophy; press; rhetoric; speech; study; turn; university; white cache: il-2469.pdf plain text: il-2469.txt item: #274 of 1009 id: il-2470 author: Fuller, Steve title: Pera and Shea`s Persuading Science date: 1993-01-01 words: 2458 flesch: 47 summary: Such an in- version of the status of theories from tar- gets to tokens is characteristic of a strongly rhetorical approach to scientific argument, one which sees rhetoric not as an accretion on logic and methodology but as some- thing from which logic and methodology are abstracted. In addition, about half the vol- ume is devoted to provocative studies of changes in scientific rhetoric during the seventeenth century. keywords: arguments; darwin; kitcher; rhetoric; science; theories cache: il-2470.pdf plain text: il-2470.txt item: #275 of 1009 id: il-2471 author: Tindale, Christopher W. title: Hinderer`s Building Arguments date: 1993-01-01 words: 1671 flesch: 55 summary: Beginning in chapter two, on the recogni- tion and interpretation of arguments, audi- ence-considerations are kept in the foreground. In chapter four, on reliable argument forms, twelve pages are devoted to the deductive/inductive distinction. keywords: arguments; chapter; hinderer cache: il-2471.pdf plain text: il-2471.txt item: #276 of 1009 id: il-2472 author: Driver, Julia title: Kvanvig`s The Intellectual Virtues and the Life of the Mind date: 1993-01-01 words: 3210 flesch: 57 summary: His overall strategy is to show how, even given the current 'Cartesian perspec- tive' around which much modern episte- mology revolves, intellectual virtues can playa crucial role (the 'Cartesian perspec- tive' is the perspective which focuses on concepts like 'justification' and 'knowl- edge' with respect to particular beliefs and propositions). Can the traditional notions of justification and/or knowledge be better understood as attaching to intellectual virtues? keywords: belief; epistemology; ethics; virtue cache: il-2472.pdf plain text: il-2472.txt item: #277 of 1009 id: il-2473 author: none title: International Philosophical Preprint Exchange date: 1993-01-01 words: 364 flesch: 55 summary: All interested philoso- phers are invited to browse the Exchange'S collection of working papers in all areas of philosophy, and to submit their own 32 Hayden White, Metahistory: the historical im- agination in nineteenth-century Europe (Balti- more: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973). John S. Nelson (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983), 169-240; Michael J. Shapiro, The Politics of Representation (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988). keywords: rhetoric; vickers cache: il-2473.pdf plain text: il-2473.txt item: #278 of 1009 id: il-2474 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1993-01-01 words: 668 flesch: 46 summary: Deborah Orr's Informal Logic article (XLI) on the significance of Carol Gilligan's work for the issue of sex-based differences of reasoning and logic continues to provoke controversy. From the Editors Articles The articles joined by happenstance in this issue illustrate one of the defining properties of informal logic: it is about questions generated by the goal of understanding the operations of argument in the polis. keywords: argument; logic; thinking cache: il-2474.pdf plain text: il-2474.txt item: #279 of 1009 id: il-2475 author: Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Walton, Douglas title: It's All Very Well for You to Talk! Situationally Disqualifying Ad Hominem Attacks date: 1993-01-01 words: 8347 flesch: 64 summary: There are at least two standard or common ways to do this, and both of these ways have been widely recognized in logic textbooks as types of ad hominem arguments; One way is to attack the person directly, by arguing that she has a bad character, especially a bad character for veracity, and cannot therefore be trusted to be sincere or to be a reliable participant in the dialogue. The first kind of argument is called the 'abusive' or direct ad hominem and the second is called the circumstantial type of ad hominem argument. keywords: ad hominem; argument; attack; case; circumstantial; dialogue; hominem; type cache: il-2475.pdf plain text: il-2475.txt item: #280 of 1009 id: il-2476 author: Govier, Trudy title: When Logic Meets Politics: Testimony, Distrust, and Rhetorical Disadvantage date: 1993-01-01 words: 8035 flesch: 60 summary: The case is one in which we can consider how well universalistic models work, in the epistemic and logical evaluation of testimonial claims made by someone in a marginalized group. 2 To introduce my exploration of norms for evaluating testimonial claims, I briefly explain what I mean by testimonial claims, credibility, and trust. keywords: argument; claims; credibility; evidence; model; people; person; reason; testimonial; testimony cache: il-2476.pdf plain text: il-2476.txt item: #281 of 1009 id: il-2477 author: Allen, Derek title: Relevance, Conduction and Canada's Rape-Shield Decision date: 1993-01-01 words: 12310 flesch: 57 summary: INFORMAL LOGIC XY.2, Spring 1993 Relevance, Conduction and Canada's Rape-Shield Decision) DEREK ALLEN University of Toronto Key Words: Canadian Supreme Court decision; Canada's 1982 rape-shield legislation; informal- logic class; relevance; conductive argument; ar- gument from 'unchasteness'; George Bowles's theory of propositional relevance; Trudy Govier's account of a conductive argument. By 'conductive argument' (reason- ing) keywords: argument; conclusion; evidence; govier; premise; proposition; relevance cache: il-2477.pdf plain text: il-2477.txt item: #282 of 1009 id: il-2478 author: Okshevsky, Walter title: The Generalizability of Critical Thinking: Multiple Perspectives on an Educational Ideal date: 1993-01-01 words: 5151 flesch: 35 summary: Two of these investigate the analysis and interpretation of written texts as the locus or site of CT ability. Such empirical evi- dence for the generalizability of strategy- use from young readers to adult readers, together with Phillips' examination of other research indicating the generalizabil~ ity of strategies across certain subjects (narrative reading and mathematics prob- lem solving), and across certain text genres (narrative reading and expository reading of science), challenges the view that gener- al strategies and principles are in them- selves only weak and trite factors in accounting for CT abilities. David Olson's longstanding interest in the nature and development of literacy is brought to bear on the generalizability is- sue in a paper co-authored with Nandita Babu (Critical Thinking as Critical Dis- course). keywords: content; criteria; generalizability; mcpeck; papers; question; term; thinking cache: il-2478.pdf plain text: il-2478.txt item: #283 of 1009 id: il-2479 author: Nosich, Gerald title: Interrogative Moves, Logical Inferences, and Reasoning date: 1993-01-01 words: 4568 flesch: 66 summary: The approach would key in on the kinds of questions students need to learn to ask about an argument: For example, the authors in Chapter] 1 cover the seemingly central topics of the kinds of questions we can ask in an in- quiry; how to determine the structure of such questions; how to explicate the pre- suppositions of such questions; and, final- ly, what are the definitory rules for asking such questions. keywords: authors; book; interrogative; moves; questions; reasoning cache: il-2479.pdf plain text: il-2479.txt item: #284 of 1009 id: il-2480 author: Levin, Michael title: Fogelin and Sinnot-Armstrong`s Understanding Arguments: An Introduction to Informal Logic date: 1993-01-01 words: 1693 flesch: 59 summary: Understanding Arguments: An Introduction to Informal Logic by Robert J. Fogelin and Walter Sinnott. Understanding Arguments: An Introduction to Informal Logic (4th ed.). keywords: authors; burt; fogelin; logic; sinnott cache: il-2480.pdf plain text: il-2480.txt item: #285 of 1009 id: il-2481 author: none title: Book Abstracts date: 1993-01-01 words: 684 flesch: 51 summary: Both correct and faulty uses of arguments are explained, including many important kinds of errors, lapses, blunders, sophistical tactics, fallacies, and other key failures of argument. er- rors and problems in using statistics, linguistic difficulties posed by the use of loaded terms in ar- gument, equivocation, slippery slope arguments, and arguments from analogy. keywords: arguments; logic cache: il-2481.pdf plain text: il-2481.txt item: #286 of 1009 id: il-2482 author: none title: Second Intermountain Critical Thinking Conference Call For Papers date: 1993-01-01 words: 340 flesch: 42 summary: Di- rector, Institute for Critical Thinking), John Barell (Curriculum Specialist, Montclair State University), and Zachary Seech (au- thor of Logic in Everyday Life, Open Minds and Everyday Reasoning, etc.). Presentations may be designed for specific groups (e.g. teachers of grades 1-3, or of college intro classes), or more broadly (as primary grades, high school, college, gen- eraL etc.). keywords: college; thinking cache: il-2482.pdf plain text: il-2482.txt item: #287 of 1009 id: il-2483 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1993-01-01 words: 525 flesch: 68 summary: Last Fall we completed Volume 14 (1992) and billed subscribers for Volume 15 (1993). Invoices for Volume 16 (1994) y-rent out with 15.2, and again with this Issue (15.3) to those who have not yet renewed. keywords: book; volume cache: il-2483.pdf plain text: il-2483.txt item: #288 of 1009 id: il-2484 author: Siegel, Harvey title: Not by Skill Alone: The Centrality of Character to Critical Thinking date: 1993-01-01 words: 9486 flesch: 54 summary: The same goes for the statements of the Character View Missimer interprets as im- plying causal connections between character Not by Skill Alone 173 and critical thinking. Not by Skill Alone: The Centrality of Character to Critical Thinking) HARVEY SIEGEL University of Miami Key Words: Critical thinking; character; skill; evidence; justification. keywords: character; character view; evidence; missimer; skill; thinkers; thinking; traits; view cache: il-2484.pdf plain text: il-2484.txt item: #289 of 1009 id: il-2485 author: Feteris, Eveline T. title: A Pragma-Dialectical Approach to Legal Discussions date: 1993-01-01 words: 5878 flesch: 58 summary: In considering the codes for legal procedure as an ideal model for legal discussions I concen- trate on what is called 'the law in the books' (as opposed to what is called 'the law in ac- tion'). I compare the pragma-dialectical ideal model with the ideal model for legal discus- sions as it can be found in codes of legal pro- cedure and in jurisprudence, This implies that the analysis carried out constitutes a rational reconstruction of legal procedure, The rational reconstruction consists of a description of the norms for legal argumentation from a norma- tive perspective. keywords: argumentation; discussion; judge; pragma; process; resolution; rules cache: il-2485.pdf plain text: il-2485.txt item: #290 of 1009 id: il-2486 author: Chittleborough, P.; Newman, M.E. title: Defining the Term "Argument" date: 1993-01-01 words: 11927 flesch: 57 summary: The definition is argued to capture more fully the intricacies, subtleties and rich di- versity of informal arguments. One of the earliest significant treat- ments of the nature of informal argument was that of Toulmin (1958). keywords: arguer; argument; conclusion; definition; elements; example; intention; logic; non; person; term; type cache: il-2486.pdf plain text: il-2486.txt item: #291 of 1009 id: il-2487 author: Harpine, William D. title: The Appeal to Tradition: Cultural Evolution and Logical Soundness date: 1993-01-01 words: 6457 flesch: 56 summary: The Appeal to Tradition: Cultural Evolution and Logical Soundness WILLIAM D. HARPINE University of Akron Key Words: Tradition; appeal to tradition; fallacies; evolutionary epistemology; adaptation; environment; neo-Darwinian theory; culture: cultural change; Boyd, Robert; Campbell, Donald T.; Richerson, Peter J.; Toulmin, Stephen E. Abstract: The Appeal to Tradition, often consid- ered to be unsound, frequently reflects sophisti- cated adaptations to the environment. Pascal Boyer states: An important feature of traditional practice is that, in most cases, the actors do not bother to justify or rationalise it. keywords: campbell; culture; environment; evolution; harris; human; new; people; selection; theory; toulmin; tradition; variations cache: il-2487.pdf plain text: il-2487.txt item: #292 of 1009 id: il-2488 author: none title: Book Abstracts date: 1993-01-01 words: 593 flesch: 55 summary: The text was designed to combine the best elements of a traditional introductory logic text with some of the more recent developments in critical thinking and evaluative writing. Thought and Knowledge is a comprehensive introduction to human thinking that provides readers with the basic information and applicable skills to devel- op their critical thinking abilities, yet it is writ- ten in an enjoyable and understandable format. keywords: book; thinking cache: il-2488.pdf plain text: il-2488.txt item: #293 of 1009 id: il-2489 author: Van Der Burg, Wibren title: Walton`s Slippery Slope Arguments date: 1993-01-01 words: 5373 flesch: 62 summary: Walton summarizes his basic approach as follows: Slippery slope arguments are characteris- tically: (1) uses of practical reasoning; (2) used in a context of dialogue, meaning 222 Wibren van der Burg that they are bilateral, involving a proponent and respondent; (3) negative arguments from consequences; (4) defeasible; (5) of varying degrees of strength or weakness, but rarely outright fallacious; (6) often effective in shifting the burden of proof.4 Walton distinguishes four main types of the slippery slope arguments. If the argument from added responsibility is not a slippery slope argument, we need additional qualifications in the definition of slippery slope arguments. keywords: argument; consequences; slippery; slippery slope; slope; slope argument; type; walton cache: il-2489.pdf plain text: il-2489.txt item: #294 of 1009 id: il-2490 author: Greenwood, John D. title: Nisbett and Ross`s The Person and the Situation: Essential Contributions of Social Psychology date: 1993-01-01 words: 3516 flesch: 37 summary: Rather the limited consistency and predict- ability of human behavior is based upon social situational factors, such as social role and social relational demands and ex- pectations' the presence of a social audi- ence, and social commitments. Such studies demonstrate the myth of naive dispositionalism and cross- situational consistency, but obscure the very real degree of stability and predicta- bility based upon social situational and social role factors (p. 147). keywords: behavior; factors; nisbett; psychology; ross; situational cache: il-2490.pdf plain text: il-2490.txt item: #295 of 1009 id: il-2491 author: Bruffee, Kenneth A. title: Booth`s The Vocation of a Teacher: Rhetorical Occasions 1967-1988 date: 1993-01-01 words: 1858 flesch: 56 summary: The Vocation of a Teacher: Rhetorical Occasions 1967-1988 by Wayne C. Booth KENNETH A. BRUFFEE Brooklyn College, CUNY Booth, Wayne C. (1988). The challenge of feminism, post-colonialism, and multicul- turalism, the needs of non- and semi-assim- ilated new Americans, the gradual attrition Review of Wayne C. Booth 239 of essentialist notions of selfhood-about such late twentieth-century concerns as these Booth has little to say. keywords: book; booth; education; rhetoric cache: il-2491.pdf plain text: il-2491.txt item: #296 of 1009 id: il-2519 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1992-01-01 words: 461 flesch: 63 summary: A Word from Informal Logic's Book Review Editor Since the scope of Informal Logic is broad and interdisciplinary, I want to review related works in neighboring areas including rhetoric. Aside from reviews and review articles (or criti- cal studies) on recent works (and some near-recent works that we may have over- looked). keywords: logic cache: il-2519.pdf plain text: il-2519.txt item: #297 of 1009 id: il-2520 author: Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. title: Introduction date: 1992-01-01 words: 1693 flesch: 56 summary: For Rescher here the principle is applied specifically to argument reconstruction, the reconstruction of (deductive) en thyme- mes, and the formulation of the unex- pressed premisses of such enthymemes. The principle of charity has, in sub- sequent formulations, been extended to ap- ply to the reconstruction of arguments generally-not just of their unexpressed premisses, but also of expressed textual material-to non-deductive as well as de- ductive arguments, and to the evaluation as well as the analysis of arguments. keywords: argument; logic; rescher; thinking cache: il-2520.pdf plain text: il-2520.txt item: #298 of 1009 id: il-2521 author: Brown, Bryson title: Rational Inconsistency and Reasoning date: 1992-01-01 words: 3504 flesch: 58 summary: This definition makes use of the sentence's logical relations to other members of the set-adding a sentence to a premise set in Schotch and Jennings' system adds conse- quences that depend on aggregations of the new premise with other premises, Sen- tences that are not contradictions, and that are perfectly compatible with some premise sets, will still increase the level of other premise sets. In classical logic conjunction introduction gets us from 1 to 2 by conjoining all of A,B,C,D together. keywords: brandom; inconsistency; logic; rescher; set cache: il-2521.pdf plain text: il-2521.txt item: #299 of 1009 id: il-2522 author: Goodwin, David title: The Dialectic of Second-Order Distinctions: The Structure of Arguments about Fallacies date: 1992-01-01 words: 7298 flesch: 49 summary: In short, Aristotle's treatise outlines a system of real distinctions: real, because they reflect the truth of reasoning, namely, truths such as the antecedent to conse- quent relationship is not symmetrical; real, too, because they serve as plausibili- ties against which the sophistical grounds of reasoning can be found wanting. To examine the structure of these arguments, this paper develops a theory of dialectical distinction. keywords: argumentation; arguments; distinctions; fallacies; new; order; real; reasoning; second cache: il-2522.pdf plain text: il-2522.txt item: #300 of 1009 id: il-2523 author: Siegel, Harvey title: Rescher on the Justification of Rationality date: 1992-01-01 words: 5440 flesch: 50 summary: However, it does not address the deep question concerning rationality: it does not tell us why we should acknowledge as gen- uine the putative evidential force of reasons-why we should be moved by considerations judged by the standard processes of cognitive rationality to be good reasons--or what the source of this genuine evidential force might be. The only reasons for being rational that it makes sense to ask for are rational reasons .... keywords: justification; question; rationality; reasons; rescher cache: il-2523.pdf plain text: il-2523.txt item: #301 of 1009 id: il-2524 author: Walton, Douglas title: Rules for Plausible Reasoning date: 1992-01-01 words: 11426 flesch: 61 summary: This rule works well in critical discussion for linked arguments, but not for convergent arguments. Rules for Plausible Reasoning 43 The general rule below covers cases where linked arguments are combined into convergent arguments. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; conclusion; plausibility; premise; reasoning; respondent; rule; value cache: il-2524.pdf plain text: il-2524.txt item: #302 of 1009 id: il-2525 author: Rescher, Nicholas title: Response date: 1992-01-01 words: 3411 flesch: 54 summary: Accordingly, we can bring suitable appraisal categories to bear in distinctions in such a way as to subject them to second- order evaluative distinction in the manner of real/spurious, and ad hoc/general, effectivelineffective, and the like. 3. 111e Least Plausible Premiss Rule In his initial exposition of my systema- tization of plausibility rule in his section I, Walton correctly states that its least plausi- ble premiss rule (LPPR) stipulates that when a group of mutually consistent propositions entails a particular proposi- tion, then the latter proposition cannot be less plausible than the least plausible pro- position of the original group. keywords: distinctions; inconsistency; premiss; reasoning; rule cache: il-2525.pdf plain text: il-2525.txt item: #303 of 1009 id: il-2526 author: Baron, Jonathan title: Kuhn`s The Skills of Argument date: 1992-01-01 words: 5411 flesch: 66 summary: More interesting still are cases in which subjects simply failed to attempt a counterargument: some subjects rejected the possibility of a coun- terargument, e.g., because they claimed that both the antecedent (such as family problems) and consequent (school failure) are both present; other subjects implied that counterarguments would not matter because, if someone gave them one, it would have had utterly no effect on their belief. Subjects who gener- ated multiple theories initially were in fact more successful than other subjects in generating an alternative that they did not accept. keywords: alternative; evidence; kuhn; subjects; theories; theory; thinking cache: il-2526.pdf plain text: il-2526.txt item: #304 of 1009 id: il-2527 author: Boone, Daniel N. title: Giere`s Understanding Scientific Reasoning date: 1992-01-01 words: 3579 flesch: 57 summary: It now also serves the widely recognized goals of improving critical thinking skills and con- tributing to general scientific literacy. If successful, Giere's pro- gram presents the no-general-skills view the following dilemma: either explain the apparent success of a simple, unified set of critical thinking skills among a body of disciplines as diverse as all of the sciences, or broaden the concept of discipline (to which skills are supposed to be specific) to something as general as SCIENCE. keywords: book; giere; program; reasoning; skills; thinking cache: il-2527.pdf plain text: il-2527.txt item: #305 of 1009 id: il-2528 author: Englebretsen, George title: Parry and Hacker`s Aristotelian Logic date: 1992-01-01 words: 5390 flesch: 62 summary: Failure to be clear about 'no' has been the source of many wrong ideas about term logic (on the part of both its enemies and its friends). The wise choiee for one introducing traditional term logic to the novice is either to take the bull by the horns and try to give a systematic account of how relationals are incorporated into the rest of the logic, or to concede relationals as beyond the scope of the exercise. keywords: argument; chapter; hacker; logic; negation; parry; terms cache: il-2528.pdf plain text: il-2528.txt item: #306 of 1009 id: il-2529 author: none title: Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking (AILACT) 1992 APA Eastern Division Meeting Program date: 1992-01-01 words: 801 flesch: 51 summary: Courses available at the L.S.E. and Nanterre for this degree other than the re- quired course vary from year to year, but typically will include: Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy, History of Modem Philosophy, Epistemology, and Metaphys- ics. Theory and Practice in Argumentation Turku, Finland 22.-24.6.1993 Members of the international commu- nity of scholars are invited to participate in 84 Announcements the Conference of Theory and Practice of Argumentation organized by the Depart- ment of Philosophy at the University of Turku. keywords: argumentation; london; philosophy; university cache: il-2529.pdf plain text: il-2529.txt item: #307 of 1009 id: il-2530 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1992-01-01 words: 595 flesch: 64 summary: Walter Ulrich replies to John McMurtry's controversial charge of a deep-seated fallacy in news reporting, and in a teaching note, H. Hamner Hill finds a flaw in Peter Facione's suggestions about critical thinking testing. In This Issue The table of contents of this double issue reads like a wonderful microcosm of the subject-matter and the dialectic of informal logic and critical thinking. keywords: thinking; volume cache: il-2530.pdf plain text: il-2530.txt item: #308 of 1009 id: il-2531 author: Brinton, Alan title: The Ad Baculum Re-Clothed date: 1992-01-01 words: 3865 flesch: 64 summary: Abstract: In several recent articles, Michael Wreen has given a plausible account of the struc- ture of ad baculum argument and argued that it is neither inherently fallacious nor even commonly so. In one of his recent quartet of articles on ad baculum argument, Michael Wreen observes that, despite a flurry of recent ac- tivity by informal fallacy theorists, except for scanty textbook characterizations and a scant, but not non-existent body of pro- fessionalliterature, there is not much to re- port on the ad baculum. keywords: argument; baculum; cases; examples; force; wreen cache: il-2531.pdf plain text: il-2531.txt item: #309 of 1009 id: il-2532 author: Walton, Douglas title: Commitment, Types of Dialogue, and Fallacies date: 1992-01-01 words: 6689 flesch: 55 summary: To model this idea, we can divide a Hamblin-type commitment set into two subsets-a light side of overt, expressed, explicit commitments, and a dark side of commitments that are only partially apparent or plausibly surmised by one or more of the participants in the dialogue. The critic's allegation of a conflict of commitments has bite because there is a general presumption in place to the effect that conservatives generally, as part of their conservative position (commitment), oppose expanding government services and functions where these services and functions can be taken care of by the private sector. keywords: argumentation; case; commitments; dialogue; discussion; fallacies; participant; question; walton cache: il-2532.pdf plain text: il-2532.txt item: #310 of 1009 id: il-2533 author: Vorobej, Mark title: Defining Deduction date: 1992-01-01 words: 8970 flesch: 49 summary: Defining Deduction* MARK VOROBEJ McMaster University Key Words: Deductive argument, necessitation, embryonic argument, the personal point of view, Abstract: This paper defends the view that the classification of an argument as being deductive ought to rest exclusively upon psychological con- siderations; specifically, upon whether the argu- ment's author holds certain beliefs. Usually the problem lies in defining deductive arguments in such a way that they are all valid. keywords: account; argument; author; beliefs; conclusion; deduction; deductive; premises; view cache: il-2533.pdf plain text: il-2533.txt item: #311 of 1009 id: il-2534 author: Berg, Jonathan title: The Point of Interpreting Arguments date: 1992-01-01 words: 2338 flesch: 49 summary: dealing with given arguments, as opposed to giving one's own arguments, requires addressing the basic question of argument interpretation, viz., What is the argument given? The problem with this view of informal logic is best seen in the light of the distinc- tion between the production of one's own arguments and the evaluation of the argu- ments of others-between giving argu- ments and assessing given arguments. keywords: arguments; logic; truth cache: il-2534.pdf plain text: il-2534.txt item: #312 of 1009 id: il-2535 author: Brandon, E.P. title: Supposition, Conditionals and Unstated Premises date: 1992-01-01 words: 5131 flesch: 58 summary: Fisher does not actually make it a requirement that conditional conclusions be given a propo- sitional treatment, though that is how he al- ways treats them. More generally the fact that unstated additional premises are often involved in the use of conditionals can lead to apparent failures of transitivity or other forms of logical deviance in conditional reasoning. keywords: argument; conclusion; conditionals; fisher; reasoning; supposition cache: il-2535.pdf plain text: il-2535.txt item: #313 of 1009 id: il-2536 author: Levi, Don S. title: The Limits of Critical Thinking date: 1992-01-01 words: 10066 flesch: 59 summary: INFORMAL LoGIC XIV.2&3, Spring & Fall 1992 The Limits of Critical Thinking DON S. LEVI University of Oregon Key Words: Deep disagreement; critical think- ing; argumentative exchange; point of view; framework propositions; inarguability; conceptu- al framework; rule-governed activity; what is at issue; issue raised by argument; participant. A number of possible bases for Fogelin's position are considered and rejected: people sometimes do not have enough in common for reasons to count as reasons; doubt is possible only against the background of framework propositions; key premises may be inarguable; argument must occur within a conceptual framework. keywords: abortion; argument; beliefs; fogelin; framework; preferences; propositions; thinking; view cache: il-2536.pdf plain text: il-2536.txt item: #314 of 1009 id: il-2537 author: Davson-Galle, Peter title: Arguing, Arguments, and Deep Disagreements date: 1992-01-01 words: 6681 flesch: 61 summary: Of course, these attempts might faiPs but my point is that, in the sense in which Fogelin seems to be using the word29 , those of the above moves that seem to constitute rational persuasion appeal at some level to antecedently accepted propo- sitions and when this doesn't obtain, one hasn't rational argument so much as non- rational groundwork for later argument. But. to repeat, that's hardly assent gained by rational argument, it's assent gained by non-rational conversion, a response to mere assertion, and surely Fogelin expects this as a possibility. keywords: argument; disagreement; fogelin; jack; jill; lugg; premises cache: il-2537.pdf plain text: il-2537.txt item: #315 of 1009 id: il-2538 author: Norris, Stephen P. title: Testing for the Disposition to Think Critically date: 1992-01-01 words: 4794 flesch: 58 summary: The doubling of scores of the experi- mental group over a control group was taken as evidence that the students had critical thinking ability that they did not use spontaneously. The Logic of Testing for Dispositions Testing for the disposition to use critical thinking abilities requires logically two steps. keywords: abilities; ability; disposition; person; thinking; use cache: il-2538.pdf plain text: il-2538.txt item: #316 of 1009 id: il-2539 author: Gracyk, Theodore A. title: Siegel on Competency Testing and Critical Thinking date: 1992-01-01 words: 8890 flesch: 56 summary: If the movement towards MCT accelerates, and if respect for critical thinking likewise gains adherents, we can expect increasing controversy concerning MCT for critical thinking skills. The further point here is that, just as general knowledge is a disparate aggre- gate, so are critical thinking skills. keywords: education; mct; siegel; skills; students; testing; tests; thinkers; thinking cache: il-2539.pdf plain text: il-2539.txt item: #317 of 1009 id: il-2540 author: Ulrich, Walter title: A Response to McMurtry's System of Fallacy in the Media date: 1992-01-01 words: 6444 flesch: 61 summary: A Response to McMurtry's System of Fallacy in the Media WALTER ULRICH Key Words: Agenda setting, mass media, fallacy, capitalism. McMurtry raises a number of important issues concerning the nature of mass me- dia in our society and the implications of mass media on critical thinking. keywords: arguments; b.s.s.f; fact; issues; mass; mass media; mcmurtry; media; society; system cache: il-2540.pdf plain text: il-2540.txt item: #318 of 1009 id: il-2541 author: Hamner Hill, H. title: A Thirty-First Way to Mess Up a Critical Thinking Test: A Critical Response to Facione date: 1992-01-01 words: 1758 flesch: 65 summary: Counseling that one avoid MC items requiring careful analysis, contrary to fact reasoning, hypothetical reasoning and the like, he provides the following example: Q6: Consider the krendalog relation- ship. My complaint here is not so much with Facione's use of MC items, but rather with the suggestion that an item like Q6 tests students' abilities in critical thinking or informal logic (as those terms are general- ly understood). keywords: jacob; krendalog; set cache: il-2541.pdf plain text: il-2541.txt item: #319 of 1009 id: il-2542 author: Fisher, Alec title: Freeman`s Dialectics and the Macrostructure of Argument date: 1992-01-01 words: 6583 flesch: 58 summary: Since Freeman rightly wants his account of argument structure to be comprehensive and to apply to everyday reasoning, he should have tested his ideas on more examples of such reasoning and presented them throughout this book. In doing this he has written an excellent critique of the details of Toulmin's analysis of argument structure whilst also accepting Toulmin's general contention that we need a dialectical ap- proach to correctly understand argument structure. keywords: argument; convergent; freeman; logic; questions; reasoning; rebuttals; support; theory; toulmin cache: il-2542.pdf plain text: il-2542.txt item: #320 of 1009 id: il-2543 author: Matthews, Gareth title: Siegel`s Educating Reason: Rationality, Critical Thinking and Education date: 1992-01-01 words: 1059 flesch: 50 summary: There is surely room for a conception of critical thinking that re- quires critical thinkers to open even their most deeply-held beliefs to the scrutiny of critical examination, yet does not require of their motivational structure that it rest on reasons all the way down. Without having to rely on jargon or canned formulations, Siegel first lays out and assesses the major competing concep- tions of critical thinking; he then develops and defends his own conception and, in succeeding chapters, answers effectively two important objections that have been offered against critical thinking as an edu- cational objective. keywords: siegel; thinking cache: il-2543.pdf plain text: il-2543.txt item: #321 of 1009 id: il-2544 author: Rowan, Michael title: de Bono`s I am Right You are Wrong date: 1992-01-01 words: 5037 flesch: 67 summary: Again, I want to agree with this claim-at least when expressed in language which is not pejorative-but argue that nothing follows from it which impugns the importance of logic once we understand the proper function of argument in the generation of new ideas. De Bono makes his claim that argument cannot affect belief on the basis of an argument which commits a glaring non-sequitur. keywords: argument; bono; logic; perception; thinking cache: il-2544.pdf plain text: il-2544.txt item: #322 of 1009 id: il-2545 author: none title: Call for Papers Special Issue: Teaching of Psychology Psychologists Teach Critical Thinking date: 1992-01-01 words: 622 flesch: 49 summary: Normativity in argumentation theory 12. The Third International Conference on Argu- mentation of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (ISSA) will be held in Amsterdam from June 21-24, 1994. keywords: argumentation; thinking; university cache: il-2545.pdf plain text: il-2545.txt item: #323 of 1009 id: il-2546 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1991-01-01 words: 611 flesch: 65 summary: In his Teaching Note, Leonard Berkowitz offers a welcome suggestion about how to find arguments that students will be genuinely interested in tackling to practice their skills at argument interpreta- tion and evaluation. It is our good fortUne that Mark was interested in taking over from Hans Hansen, in addition to the teaching he does in the Windsor Philosophy Department. keywords: journal; mark cache: il-2546.pdf plain text: il-2546.txt item: #324 of 1009 id: il-2547 author: Bowles, George title: Evaluating Arguments: The Premise-Conclusion Relation date: 1991-01-01 words: 12818 flesch: 60 summary: Copi (1986:547): Inductive arguments are neither 'valid' nor 'invalid' in the sense in which those terms are applied to deductive arguments. There is thus one kind of goodness and badness (namely, validity and invalidity) that belongs to deductive arguments and another kind of goodness and badness (namely, strength and weakness, correctness and incorrectness, etc.) that belongs to inductive arguments. keywords: argument; conclusion; good; paper; premises; relevance; text; theory cache: il-2547.pdf plain text: il-2547.txt item: #325 of 1009 id: il-2548 author: Black, John title: Quantifying Support date: 1991-01-01 words: 5835 flesch: 59 summary: Assigning acceptability values is a bit more complex, but here goes: Definitely true = 1 Probably true = 0.75 - 0.99 Don't know = 0.26 - 0.74 My method (in company with my intuitions) in- dicates that Thomas's assessment of un- sound is rather harsh, since the correspond- ing values of received acceptability for the conclusion are 0.74 and 0.64. keywords: a(p; acceptability; argument; conclusion cache: il-2548.pdf plain text: il-2548.txt item: #326 of 1009 id: il-2549 author: Fisher, Alec title: Testing Fairmindedness date: 1991-01-01 words: 3006 flesch: 63 summary: Closedminded critical thinkers (often called weak critical thinkers by Paul) are good at reasoning up to a point (they are clever in argument and would be expected to score relatively well on existing tests of critical thinking). Fairminded critical thinkers, on the other hand, are skilful in argument (and would score well on standard tests) but they apply that skill just as readily when their own beliefs are challenged or when their own interests are at risk. keywords: beliefs; fairmindedness; paul; test cache: il-2549.pdf plain text: il-2549.txt item: #327 of 1009 id: il-2550 author: Hitchcock, David; George, Rolf title: Smook on Logical and Extralogical Constants date: 1991-01-01 words: 2187 flesch: 54 summary: Smook expresses the opinion (p. 197) that the concept of logical consequence can be defined only in a more or less circular way with respect to such cognate notions as logical necessity, logical possibility, logical consistency, and so forth. By implication (taking the degenerate case in which the members ofW are substituted for themselves) c is a logical consequence of P. The converse implication also holds, assuming that on Smook's unanalyzed primitive concept of logical consequence a conclusion c is a logical consequence of premisses P if and only if there is a nonemp- ty set of content expressions W in < keywords: argument; consequence; smook cache: il-2550.pdf plain text: il-2550.txt item: #328 of 1009 id: il-2551 author: Berkowitz, Leonard J. title: Students: A Source-Spot for Arguments date: 1991-01-01 words: 2327 flesch: 66 summary: With the addition of conclusions to the assignment, almost all of the papers turned in are clear- ly arguments (which is not to say that they are all clear arguments or good ones, but that is not my intent or need at this point). However, what might be virtues for the purpose of analyzing arguments-the variety of topics and the scope of the examples-tend to be drawbacks in the evaluation of arguments. keywords: arguments; students; topics cache: il-2551.pdf plain text: il-2551.txt item: #329 of 1009 id: il-2552 author: Makau, Josina M. title: Norms in Argumentation date: 1991-01-01 words: 2182 flesch: 49 summary: As we have seen, Shotter's perspective is but one of many which underscore the importance of Jackson's call to consider em- pirical studies of argumentation norms. Yet, as the foregoing comments reveal, her essay adds a valuable perspective to general considera- tions of argumentation norms. keywords: argumentation; blair; book; logic; norms cache: il-2552.pdf plain text: il-2552.txt item: #330 of 1009 id: il-2553 author: Rowland, Robert C. title: If Only It Were So Easy date: 1991-01-01 words: 1485 flesch: 52 summary: Makau follows this relatively standard defense of the value of argument with a discussion of the characteristics of argument, concluding that good argument involves a balance beween logic and emotion (57). In the nine chapters in the book Makau defends the importance of argument analysis as a means of facilitating critical thinking and makes a start toward creating a pedagogical plan for teaching those critical thinking skiIIs. keywords: argument; makau; thinking cache: il-2553.pdf plain text: il-2553.txt item: #331 of 1009 id: il-2554 author: Hatcher, Donald L. title: Achieving Extraordinary Ends: An Essay on Creativity date: 1991-01-01 words: 4736 flesch: 58 summary: Second, most believe that because creativity transcends the ordinary and the commonplace, creative works cannot be judged by the same standards by which we judge ordinary things. The domi- nant attitude towards the value of created works follows from the position that creative works are discontinuous with their traditions. keywords: bailin; creative; creativity; rules; thinking; tradition; works cache: il-2554.pdf plain text: il-2554.txt item: #332 of 1009 id: il-2555 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1991-01-01 words: 420 flesch: 49 summary: As important as the work of Walton and Woods has been for informal logic, so has the work of Richard Paul been for those interested in critical thinking, both from a theoretical and a pedagogical point of view. From the Editors John McPeck's view that critical think- ing is discipline specific is well known. keywords: mcpeck cache: il-2555.pdf plain text: il-2555.txt item: #333 of 1009 id: il-2556 author: Adler, Jonathan E. title: Critical Thinking, A Deflated Defense: A Critical Study of John E. McPeck's Teaching Critical Thinking: Dialogue and Dialectic date: 1991-01-01 words: 11269 flesch: 58 summary: For McPeck claims to be challenging a position, not just some of its representatives. The humanities and social sciences might have to be less pluralistic in selection of texts and subjects, looking more to works where arguments dominate and CT skills are most usefully illustrated. keywords: analysis; argument; courses; education; logic; mcpeck; programs; reasoning; skills; students; teaching; thinking; transfer; use; value cache: il-2556.pdf plain text: il-2556.txt item: #334 of 1009 id: il-2557 author: Ayim, Maryann title: Dominance and Affiliation: Paradigms in Conflict date: 1991-01-01 words: 6255 flesch: 62 summary: In critical thinking classrooms, we can do our share to move society away from dominant confrontational paradigms towards affiliative cooperative paradigms. Nor is hogging the conversation condu- cive to establishing an atmosphere in which affiliative behaviour will flourish. keywords: affiliative; behaviour; competition; female; language; paradigms; sense; society; students; women; world cache: il-2557.pdf plain text: il-2557.txt item: #335 of 1009 id: il-2558 author: Rudinow, Joel title: Argument. Appreciation! Argument-Criticism: The "Aesthetics" of Informal Logic date: 1991-01-01 words: 5699 flesch: 47 summary: What are the can- ons of argument criticism and how are they to be justified? This paper explores an analogy between art- and argument-criticism and argues that the analogy promises not only to illuminate the nature of argument criticism and capture the cen- tral goals of instruction in informal logic, but also to resolve fundamental problems at the founda- tions of normative theory of argument concerning the justification of standards of reasoning. keywords: argument; art; cognitivity; color; criticism; logic; theory cache: il-2558.pdf plain text: il-2558.txt item: #336 of 1009 id: il-2559 author: Groarke, Leo title: Woods and Walton on the Fallacies, 1972-1982 date: 1991-01-01 words: 9268 flesch: 57 summary: Among other things, they assume that logic must be understood as a branch of formal theory; that an interesting theory of informal logic must have a basis in formal analysis; that without the latter informal logic cannot attain the generality and power that com- mands serious philosophical attention; and that we should adopt mathematics as a model of the kind of theory we should aim for in trying to develop a useful theory of ordinary arguments. questions about its development as a disci- pline which is increasingly distinct from formal logic. keywords: analysis; arguments; fallacies; fallacy; logic; point; theory; walton; woods cache: il-2559.pdf plain text: il-2559.txt item: #337 of 1009 id: il-2560 author: Fisher, Alec title: Paul's Critical Thinking date: 1991-01-01 words: 6970 flesch: 58 summary: Paul's Critical Thinking ALEC FISHER University of East Anglia Paul, Richard. Critical Thinking: keywords: book; chapter; ideas; knowledge; paul; skills; teachers; teaching; thinking; view cache: il-2560.pdf plain text: il-2560.txt item: #338 of 1009 id: il-2561 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1991-01-01 words: 350 flesch: 63 summary: In their articles, Robert Yanal and David Conway independently address the problem. Notices Since the disagreement between David Hitchcock (VII.2&3), Roger Smook (X.3) and Hitchcock & Rolf George (XIII.l) has already taken up its share of these pages, we have regretfully declined Professor Smook's request to field another sally. keywords: readers cache: il-2561.pdf plain text: il-2561.txt item: #339 of 1009 id: il-2562 author: Brinton, Manfred Kienpointner title: Argumentation in Germany and Austria: An Overview of the Recent Literature date: 1991-01-01 words: 4357 flesch: 54 summary: OhlschHiger, G. (1979): Linguistische Uberlegungen zu einer Theorie der Argumentation. Seibert, Th.-M. (1977): Argumentationsbeispiele aus dem Rechtsbereich, in Schecker, M. (Hg.): Theorie der Argumentation. keywords: argumentation; der; eemeren; rhetoric; speech; theory; und; van cache: il-2562.pdf plain text: il-2562.txt item: #340 of 1009 id: il-2563 author: Yanal, Robert J. title: Dependent and Independent Reasons date: 1991-01-01 words: 4816 flesch: 70 summary: So the premises must sum nonordinarily.7 Writers on the dependent-independent difference seem to ignore inductions, which are usually dependent arguments. Dependent premises depend on each other to produce their conclusion; 138 Robert J. Yanal independent premises do not. keywords: argument; conclusion; premises; reasons cache: il-2563.pdf plain text: il-2563.txt item: #341 of 1009 id: il-2564 author: Conway, David A. title: On the Distinction between Convergent and Linked Arguments date: 1991-01-01 words: 8226 flesch: 67 summary: So if there is any evaluative impor- tance to the linked/convergent distinction, understood in this way, it is not in the area of the degree of support premises give to a conclusion. Several authors consistently hold that convergent arguments are those in which the premises individually provide some support for the conclusion. keywords: argument; conclusion; convergent; die; distinction; premises; support cache: il-2564.pdf plain text: il-2564.txt item: #342 of 1009 id: il-2565 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: The Enthymeme Buster: A Heuristic Procedure for Position Exploration in Dialogic Dispute date: 1991-01-01 words: 4753 flesch: 64 summary: Unexpressed Premisses: Part I. Unexpressed Premisses: Part II. keywords: argument; example; position; premiss; protagonist; rule cache: il-2565.pdf plain text: il-2565.txt item: #343 of 1009 id: il-2566 author: Adler, Jonathan E. title: Argument Evaluation Contest Results date: 1991-01-01 words: 11108 flesch: 56 summary: But defenders of mandatory employment equity programs must face up to the fact that, in competitive hiring situations like those in the academic world, such programs will lead to hiring candidates who are less well qualified than their competitors. It is noteworthy, however, that the two instances of discrimination which the author cites are illegal indepen- dently of employment equity programs. keywords: analysis; argument; author; contest; discrimination; employers; employment; employment equity; equity; evaluation; evidence; groups; mandatory; programs cache: il-2566.pdf plain text: il-2566.txt item: #344 of 1009 id: il-2567 author: Zarefsky, David title: Willard's A Theory of Argumentation date: 1991-01-01 words: 1481 flesch: 55 summary: Willard explores how a recognition of this paradox avoids placing all the responsibility for critique on the individual and also avoids reliance on such counter- factual constructs as the universal audience or the ideal speech situation. Beyond that, scholars should undertake the research on argument practices which ulti- mately will determine whether Willard's interactional perspective has the utility and explanatory power that will justify his desire to reconstruct the discipline from the ground up. keywords: argument; argumentation; book; theory; willard cache: il-2567.pdf plain text: il-2567.txt item: #345 of 1009 id: il-2568 author: Feldman, Richard title: Wright's Practical Reasoning date: 1991-01-01 words: 2975 flesch: 62 summary: The main points Wright makes in his discussion of recommendations and predictions are that arguments for them often include diagnostic arguments for fac- tual claims, eg., that an action has a partic- ular consequence, and that the usual methods of argument analysis apply to these diagnostic arguments. He proposes, as equivalent accounts of deduction, the ideas that deductive arguments are those in which if you affirm the support and deny the con- clusion you have contradicted yourself' (40) and that they are ones in which you can't get out ofthe conclusion without giv- ing up something in the support (41). keywords: arguments; chapter; conclusion; students; wright cache: il-2568.pdf plain text: il-2568.txt item: #346 of 1009 id: il-2569 author: none title: List of Referees date: 1991-01-01 words: 560 flesch: 9 summary: Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Rob Grootendorst Universiteit van Amsterdam Hans Hansen St. Catha rines, Ontario Robert D. Hariman Drake University Maarten Henket Universiteit Utrecht David Hitchcock McMaster University Dale Jacquette Pennsylvania State University Howard Kahane University of Maryland, Baltimore County Stuart Keeley Bowling Green State University Erik C. W. Krabbe Rijksuniversiteit, Groningen Tjark Kruiger Universiteit van Amsterdam Lenore Langsdorf Southern Illinois University Judith Lichtenberg University of Maryland Andrew Lugg University of Ottawa John McMurtry University of Guelph John E. McPeck University of Western Ontario Alex Michalos University of Guelph Harry Nielsen University of Windsor John NoIt University of Tennessee Stephen Norris Memorial University of Newfoundland Kathleen Okruhlik University of Western Ontario Richard Paul Sonoma State University David N. Perkins Harvard University Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Dennis Rohatyn University of San Diego Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Ruth Saunders Wayne State University Michael Schmidt San Jose State University William H. Shaw San Jose State University David Shier Wayne State University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Paul Thagard University of Waterloo Christopher Tindale Trent University Robert Trapp Willamette University Agnes Verbiest Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden Mark Vorobej McMaster University Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Mary Anne Warren San Francisco State University Perry Weddle California Stqte University, Sacramento Mark Weinstein Montclair Stale College Charles A. Willard University of Louisville John Woods University of Lethbridge Michael Wreen Marquette University Robert J. Yanal Wayne State University George Yoos St. Cloud State University o Our referees not only care- fully scrutinize the papers they receive, but also fill out a two-page evaluation form Derek Allen Trinity College, University of Toronto Maryann Ayim University of Western Ontario Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Mark Battersby Capilano College Jerome Bickenbach Queen's University Robert Binkley University of Western Ontario Alan Brinton Boise State University Richard N. Bronaugh University of Western Ontario Michael Burke Indiana University Lorraine Code York University William E. Conklin University of Windsor Deborah Cook University of Windsor Irving Copi University of Hawaii at Manoa J. Robert Cox University of North Carolina and typically write extensive comments. keywords: college; ontario; referees; robert; state; university; western cache: il-2569.pdf plain text: il-2569.txt item: #347 of 1009 id: il-2571 author: Walton, Douglas title: Are Some Modus Ponens Arguments Deductively Invalid? date: 2001-01-01 words: 14527 flesch: 64 summary: In this respect, the inference above is different from modus ponens, and is not properly classified as fitting the modus ponens inference form. Let's call this form of inference form*. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; conditional; form; inference; kind; logic; modus ponens; ponens form; premise; tweety cache: il-2571.pdf plain text: il-2571.txt item: #348 of 1009 id: il-2572 author: Bohl, Jesse P. title: What Should We Do With Traditional Logic? date: 2001-01-01 words: 7424 flesch: 51 summary: Keywords: modern logic, traditional logic, semantics, formal systems, ontology, necessity, natural language and logic, uses offormallogic From the point of view of modern logic, conceived as first-order predicate logic, traditional logic got most of the relations in the traditional square of opposition wrong and judged valid nine valid forms ofthe categorical syllogism which are in fact invalid. For example, according to traditional logic, the contraries All phlogiston is pure and No phlogiston is pure cannot both be true; modern logic holds that both are true because there is no such thing as phlogiston. keywords: arguments; aristotle; individuals; language; logic; reasons; relations; sentences; view cache: il-2572.pdf plain text: il-2572.txt item: #349 of 1009 id: il-2573 author: Tyaglo, Alexander V. title: How to Improve the Convergent Argument Calculation date: 2001-01-01 words: 3267 flesch: 66 summary: Next, let us take into consideration the diagrams with true reasons only and denominate these reasons as T x' 2 In cases with true reasons, the convergent argu- ment's strength, i.e. the conclusion's probability of being true P( ..• T X,), should be equal to the ordinary sum of p(ClT x), How can we explore Yanal's algorithm in a more probative way? keywords: argument; conclusion; probability; reasons cache: il-2573.pdf plain text: il-2573.txt item: #350 of 1009 id: il-2574 author: Freeman, James B. title: Govier's The Philosophy of Argument date: 2001-01-01 words: 5770 flesch: 46 summary: Govier sees the pragma-dialectical model of argument where the antago- nist is a noninteractive audience as actually skewing argument evaluation. It does not seem to fit certain arguments, such as those addressed to audiences not able to re- spond to the proponent, at least in a direct or literal way. keywords: alternative; argument; audience; conclusion; govier; logic; need; objections; university cache: il-2574.pdf plain text: il-2574.txt item: #351 of 1009 id: il-2575 author: Asquith, Peter D. title: Wright's Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Analytical Reading and Reasoning date: 2001-01-01 words: 3051 flesch: 58 summary: These tech- niques should be adaptable by anyone who wants students to consider an argument in relationship to other arguments for the same conclusion or argu- ments for a rival conclusion. Chapter 4 lays out this general model of argument, Chapter 5 concerns a particular type of argument--diagnostic, Chapter 6 deals with three specific kinds of diagnostic argument, Chapter 7 considers two other types of argument--prediction and recommendation, and Chapter 8 deals with fallacies. keywords: = =; argument; chapter; rivals; text cache: il-2575.pdf plain text: il-2575.txt item: #352 of 1009 id: il-2576 author: Kingsbury, Justine title: Teaching Argument Construction date: 2001-01-01 words: 1478 flesch: 67 summary: Although teaching students how to evaluate arguments is the primary goal of critical thinking courses, such courses also provide the ideal context for the teach- ing of argument construction. The best way to learn argument construction, once you have learned how to evaluate arguments, is to construct arguments and then have them evaluated either by your peers or by a tutor. keywords: argument; premises cache: il-2576.pdf plain text: il-2576.txt item: #353 of 1009 id: il-2577 author: Boone, Daniel N. title: The Cogent Reasoning Model of Informal Fallacies Revisited date: 2002-01-01 words: 9465 flesch: 57 summary: And even if not, the assimi- lation of CRM fallacies to cases of lying and deception may prove to be not overly pernicious, especially if CRM is able on other grounds to give a thorough and systematic account of informal fallacies. One can readily identify ordinary examples of advertising as having the structure of CRM fallacy patterns. keywords: analysis; bill; crm; davis; fallacies; fallacy; item; johnson; premises; reasoning; test; theory; threat cache: il-2577.pdf plain text: il-2577.txt item: #354 of 1009 id: il-2578 author: Cummings, Louise title: Reasoning Under Uncertainty: The Role of Two Informal Fallacies in an Emerging Scientific Inquiry date: 2002-01-01 words: 12805 flesch: 53 summary: I am now claiming that the argument from analogy served an equally significant epistemic 126 Louise Cummings function in BSE inquiry, that of generating the questions that were to be addressed by inquiry. BSE, uncertainty and lack of knowledge Even a cursory examination of the BSE Inquiry report reveals something of the extent to which both scientists and government ministers were confronted with a lack of knowledge and of certainty on the issue of BSE. keywords: analogy; argument; bse; bse inquiry; disease; evidence; fallacies; ignorance; inquiry; knowledge; questions; reasoning; scrapie; transmission; uncertainty; volume; walton cache: il-2578.pdf plain text: il-2578.txt item: #355 of 1009 id: il-2579 author: Wright, Ian title: Critical Thinking in the Schools: Why Doesn't Much Happen? date: 2001-01-01 words: 8409 flesch: 59 summary: Critical thinking and the social studies For over half a century, one of the major aims of education has been the development of critical thinking. Critical Thinking in the Schools: Why Doesn't Much Happen? keywords: curriculum; education; paul; schools; skills; social; students; studies; study; teachers; teaching; thinking; university; wright cache: il-2579.pdf plain text: il-2579.txt item: #356 of 1009 id: il-2580 author: Govier, Trudy title: Should a priori analogies be regarded as deductive arguments? date: 2002-01-01 words: 1139 flesch: 64 summary: Reply Should a priori analogies be regarded as deductive arguments? In his recent essay Classifying and Analyzing Analogies, (Informal Logic 21.3, Autumn 2001, pp. 199-218), Bruce Waller supports my distinction between a priori and inductive analogies but argues that I am mistaken in my claim that a priori analogies are not deductive arguments. keywords: waller cache: il-2580.pdf plain text: il-2580.txt item: #357 of 1009 id: il-2581 author: Hitchcock, David title: A note on implicit premisses date: 2002-01-01 words: 931 flesch: 62 summary: Note A note on implicit premisses DAVID HITCHCOCK McMaster University In a recent article in this journal, Geoffrey Goddu (2002, p. 15) asserts in passing that in the argument: (1) All monkeys are primates, so with certainty all monkeys are mammals, the weakest implicit premiss that will make the argument valid is (2) All primates are mammals. (We ignore the possible objection that it is part of the meaning of 'monkey' that all monkeys are primates and part of the meaning of 'primate' that all primates are mammals, since the claim that (1) is invalid as it stands implies that primates are not by definition mammals and by analogy we may suppose that monkeys are not by definition primates. keywords: primates cache: il-2581.pdf plain text: il-2581.txt item: #358 of 1009 id: il-2582 author: Weinstein, Mark title: Pinto's Argument, Inferences and Dialectic date: 2001-01-01 words: 9920 flesch: 50 summary: Hansen gives a sense of the scope: The status and the authority of argument standards, the concepts of 'argument', of 'inference' and of 'argument cogency' inconsistency and its relation to reasoning and to relativism ... My intuition is that the theory of such arguments needs to be handled differently. keywords: argument; discussion; inference; logic; pinto; practice; reasoning; sense; standards; theory; weinstein cache: il-2582.pdf plain text: il-2582.txt item: #359 of 1009 id: il-2583 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Critical Thinking by Alec Fisher date: 2001-01-01 words: 2907 flesch: 58 summary: The method of thinking maps, Le., key questions, focuses and unifies the text in a way that is absent from many critical thinking or informal logic texts. The aim of Critical Thinking is to explicitly and directly teach critical thinking skills and to facilitate the use of these skills to subjects and contexts beyond critical thinking (v, 1). keywords: chapter; fisher; reasons; thinking cache: il-2583.pdf plain text: il-2583.txt item: #360 of 1009 id: il-2584 author: Boone, Daniel N. title: Reasons, Explanations and Decisions: Guidelines for Critical Thinking by Thomas McKay date: 2002-01-01 words: 1981 flesch: 52 summary: In Chapter 9, McKay pulls together the ideas covered in Chapters 6 through 8, including the concept of inference to the best explanation, to specifically address the nature of hypothesis testing for causal explanations. McKay may think his account sheds light on the general concept of causal necessity. keywords: causal; conditions; mckay; set cache: il-2584.pdf plain text: il-2584.txt item: #361 of 1009 id: il-2585 author: Gratton, Claude title: Premise, Conclusion and Conditional Indicators date: 2002-01-01 words: 1867 flesch: 81 summary: For example, the correct insertion of these letters in _ therefore, _ is L therefore ~. The correct insertion of these letter in Since _, _ is Since L, ~. keywords: conclusion; indicators; premise; students; use cache: il-2585.pdf plain text: il-2585.txt item: #362 of 1009 id: il-2587 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: Informal Logic and the Surprise Exam date: 2002-01-01 words: 2848 flesch: 63 summary: Objections to arguments are often best co nstrued as invitations to further dialogue' While the products of reasoning may be thought of as static proofs, argumentation itself is a process whose products are events with internal dynamics. One way to measure argument success is by whether the opponent is persuaded; a better way is by whether the target audience (which often includes the opponent) is persuaded. keywords: argument; day; exam; reasoning; students; surprise; teacher cache: il-2587.pdf plain text: il-2587.txt item: #363 of 1009 id: il-2588 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Informal Logic, Argumentation Theory and Artificial Intelligence date: 2002-01-01 words: 1670 flesch: 47 summary: As computer technology advances, so does the desire to have computers interact in deeper and more meaningful ways with users. It is suggested that by using techniques from discourse analysis, language alteration, linguistic clues, and other, syntactic means, computers can begin to understand when a situation has become emotional. keywords: argument; argumentation; computer; human cache: il-2588.pdf plain text: il-2588.txt item: #364 of 1009 id: il-2589 author: Grasso, Floriana title: Towards Computational Rhetoric date: 2002-01-01 words: 5016 flesch: 39 summary: Less attention has been, however, specifi- cally devoted to rhetorical argument The work presented in this paper aims at bridg- ing this gap, by proposing a framework for characterising rhetorical argumentation, based on Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's New Rhetoric. In fact, the logicalisation of rhetorical argumentation is only part of the model: this section provides a definition for rhetorical argument, while Section 3 will add to this definition its rhetorical dimension by coupling it with the concept of a rhetorical schema. keywords: argument; argumentation; computational; discourse; knowledge; relations; structure; user; work cache: il-2589.pdf plain text: il-2589.txt item: #365 of 1009 id: il-2590 author: Reed, Chris title: Agreeing to Differ: Modelling Persuasive Dialogue Between Parties With Different Values date: 2001-01-01 words: 6842 flesch: 64 summary: Drawing on ideas ofPerelrnan, we argue that persua- sion in such cases relies on a recognition that the strength of such arguments will vary according to their audience, and depends on the comparative weight that the audiences gives to the social values that it advances. Since the value order does not affect the acceptability of such arguments, persuasion should be possible, even against a background of different value rankings. keywords: argument; argumentation; attacks; audience; chal; set; value cache: il-2590.pdf plain text: il-2590.txt item: #366 of 1009 id: il-2591 author: Hitchcock, David title: Pollock on Practical Reasoning date: 2001-01-01 words: 4862 flesch: 52 summary: The belief-desire model of practical reasoning The simplest model of good practical reasoning is the belief-desire model first articulated by Aristotle. Intentions are an output of practical reasoning, and also an input to future practical reasoning, in the form for example of a constraint on admissible options. keywords: agent; desires; likings; model; plan; pollock; reasoning; situation cache: il-2591.pdf plain text: il-2591.txt item: #367 of 1009 id: il-2592 author: McBurney, Peter; Parsons, Simon title: Dialogue Games in Multi-Agent Systems date: 2001-01-01 words: 8260 flesch: 56 summary: Section 4 then presents a model of a formal dialogue game protocol, following which we consider, in Section 5, several recent proposals for agent interaction protocols based on dialogue games. This classification has been influential in argumentation theory and in the appli- cation of dialogue game protocols to multi-agent systems. keywords: agent; amgoud; dialogue; game; interaction; language; locutions; mcburney; parsons; participants; press; protocols; semantics; systems cache: il-2592.pdf plain text: il-2592.txt item: #368 of 1009 id: il-2593 author: Gilbert, Michael A.; Bench-Capon, T.J.M. title: E-motion: Moving Toward the Utilization of Artificial Emotion date: 2001-01-01 words: 6686 flesch: 60 summary: If the computer can identify a package that signals when there is emotional response, then it can respond accordingly. If we assume that emotional responses, or at least, negative emotional re- sponses, are signaled by DPRs, (dispreferred responses) then one possible se- quence of system reactions, albeit the most elementary, is exemplified by the fol- lowing. keywords: argument; argumentation; emotion; gilbert; goals; human; language; opr; reaction; response; system; user cache: il-2593.pdf plain text: il-2593.txt item: #369 of 1009 id: il-2594 author: Gurr, C. title: Argument Representation for Dependable Computer-Based Systems date: 2001-01-01 words: 12938 flesch: 41 summary: Thus, it is easy to understand the strong desire, on the part of both developers and assessors, for tools and techniques to assist in the construction and review of safety case arguments. However, other forms of arguments by appeal to authority are prevalent throughout safety case arguments and in fact will typically underpin or justify particular inductive, deductive and constructive arguments. keywords: arguments; authority; cases; computer; dependability; dependability arguments; design; evidence; example; language; logic; representation; safety; safety case; software; standards; support; systems cache: il-2594.pdf plain text: il-2594.txt item: #370 of 1009 id: il-2595 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1990-01-01 words: 398 flesch: 47 summary: Erik C. W. Krabbe has distinguished himself as a logician with particular interest in dialogue logic. In Inconsistent Commit- ment and Commitment to Inconsistencies, Krabbe shows how dialogue logic handles the phenomenon of inconsistency, follow- ing and extending the work on inconsistency done by Rescher and Brandom, and the work of Hamblin on dialogue logic. keywords: logic; role cache: il-2595.pdf plain text: il-2595.txt item: #371 of 1009 id: il-2596 author: Barth, E. M. title: In the Service of Human Society: Formal, Informal or Anti-Logical? The Philosophy of the Logician Evert Willem Beth (1908-1964) date: 1990-01-01 words: 6229 flesch: 56 summary: Differing motives behind preoccupation with logic; Beth on critical thinking On this topic Beth writes, in the in- troduction to his Aspects of Modem Logic: In the practice of formal logic there have always been three guiding motives: - interest for the problems oflogic as such, the clarification of the inner relationship of certain deductive disciplines (usually mathematical theories), - and the need for a directive for critical thinking (notably about philosophical and political systems). Among professional logicians Beth's methods and results in mathematical logic are famous. keywords: beth; book; church; history; logic; logicians; mathematics; philosophy; science; thinking; work cache: il-2596.pdf plain text: il-2596.txt item: #372 of 1009 id: il-2597 author: Willard, Charles Arthur title: Authority date: 1990-01-01 words: 7132 flesch: 54 summary: He underscores the tendency of expert authority to dilute skep- ticism and coopt critique. Summary I have argued that public decision- making is reliant on expert authority. keywords: argumentation; authority; claims; decision; dependence; disciplines; expert; field; knowledge; press; problem; public; university; willard cache: il-2597.pdf plain text: il-2597.txt item: #373 of 1009 id: il-2598 author: Bickenbach, Jerome title: The 'Artificial Reason' of the Law date: 1990-01-01 words: 6324 flesch: 42 summary: In practice, legal argumentation is 'ar- tificial', in the sense Coke obviously had in mind, simply because the law itself sets constraints on what is to count as an accept- able legal argument. Legal argumentation is practical, normative, institutional and substantively constrained reasoning, and as such it may be the best example we have of fully con- textualized, practical argumentation. keywords: argumentation; general; law; legal; norm; premisses; process; reasoning cache: il-2598.pdf plain text: il-2598.txt item: #374 of 1009 id: il-2599 author: Krabbe, Erik C. W. title: Inconsistent Commitments and Commitment to Inconsistencies date: 1990-01-01 words: 6279 flesch: 67 summary: We can add a rule to ban such explicit inconsistencies: if P was stated first (and not retracted) one would not be allowed to state not -P and vice versa. Translated to quandaries that arise from commitments in dialogues, we get the following list of degrees of quandary-freedom a set of dialogue rules may guarantee (1 have added 2a): (1) Absolute Quandary-Freedom: the rules of dialogue do not allow quandaries to arise under any circumstances. keywords: commitment; dialogue; fallacy; inconsistency; party; position; quandary; rules cache: il-2599.pdf plain text: il-2599.txt item: #375 of 1009 id: il-2601 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1990-01-01 words: 560 flesch: 54 summary: The two come together in the classroom, but not always to the satisfaction of instructors who want to teach critical thinking. We have long maintained a distinction between the subject of informal logic- focused primarily on norms of argument analysis and appraisal (see Bowles's arti- cle)-and the activity of critical thinking- understood as the exercise of a moral and intellectual virtue. keywords: analysis; thinking cache: il-2601.pdf plain text: il-2601.txt item: #376 of 1009 id: il-2602 author: Bowles, George title: Propositional Relevance date: 1990-01-01 words: 8784 flesch: 57 summary: In the probability calculus the definition of conditional probability is- 68 George Bowles 10, Pr(q I p) = Pr(q & p) Prep) -, where 'Pr(q Ip)' is read 'the probability of q conditional on, or given, p'', One way in which 'p' may be relevant to 'q' is that 'q' may be validly deducible from 'p', 30 It may prevent misunderstanding to reiterate here that I reject (7) not unqualifiedly but only as definitions of the kinds of relevance and irrelevance exhibited in (2a)-(6a), that likewise I reject (10) not unqualifiedly but only as the kind of conditional probability used to define those same kinds of relevance and irrelevance, and that I impose on conditional probability the restriction that consideration be confined to 'p' and 'q' not unqualifiedly but only when such probability is used to define those same kinds of relevance and irrelevance. keywords: book; conditional; object; probability; propositions; relevance cache: il-2602.pdf plain text: il-2602.txt item: #377 of 1009 id: il-2603 author: Bernstein, David title: A Problem Solving Interpretation of Argument Analysis date: 1990-01-01 words: 4210 flesch: 58 summary: Typical presentations of the method of argument analysis bring the enquirer to the point at which only options 1 and 2 are available. Summing Up This paper began with the claim that argument analysis is seriously limited as an exclusive method for teaching critical think- ing. keywords: analysis; argument; issues; model; problem; solving; thinking cache: il-2603.pdf plain text: il-2603.txt item: #378 of 1009 id: il-2604 author: Freeman, James B. title: Walton's Informal Logic: A Handbook for Critical Argumentation date: 1990-01-01 words: 12541 flesch: 63 summary: 39 Far from making All people should have decent housing an essential premise in a valid argument, such argument should make the premise redundant or superfluous, if the conclusion is what Walton alleges! Although it is a fallacy to regard such arguments as giving strong or conclusive evidence for their conclusions, in themselves such arguments need not be fallacious. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; context; dialogue; discussion; logic; point; premise; question; walton cache: il-2604.pdf plain text: il-2604.txt item: #379 of 1009 id: il-2605 author: Facione, Peter A. title: Thirty Great Ways to Mess Up a Critical Thinking Test date: 1990-01-01 words: 3988 flesch: 77 summary: Nobody in CT assessment wants the assessment strategy to drive the CT curriculum. In fact a person with a good memory could answer it correctly and a per- son with good CT who had not read the chapter could get it wrong. keywords: assessment; person; questions; students; test cache: il-2605.pdf plain text: il-2605.txt item: #380 of 1009 id: il-2606 author: Parks-Clifford, J.E. title: Moore and Parker`s Critical Thinking: Evaluating Claims and Arguments in Everyday Life date: 1990-01-01 words: 2989 flesch: 51 summary: The section titled Analogical Arguments in Chapter Ten deals officially with arguments from a claim about a sample drawn from a population to a claim about an individual member of that population. Chapter Eleven, on causal arguments, appeals to this section, then, to justify a more traditional analogical argument for transferring experimen- tal results from rats to humans. As a result, the Fallacy of Small Sam- ple comes out looking like only a special case of Biased Sample (the bigger the sample, the more likely it is to be representative) even in statistical arguments. keywords: arguments; chapter; discussion; exercises; section cache: il-2606.pdf plain text: il-2606.txt item: #381 of 1009 id: il-2607 author: Gratton, Claude title: Perelman`s Rhetorique date: 1990-01-01 words: 2567 flesch: 52 summary: At various points in the essays Perelman contrasts his new rhetoric to formal logic and to what he calls the classical conception of proof found in Scotus, Descartes, Leibniz, and Locke. Just as the analysis of mathematical reasoning has led to important progress in formal logic, Perelman proposes that this new rhetoric should consist of the analysis of arguments, to serve as models of argumentation, taken from law, philosophy, politics, and other social sciences. keywords: argumentation; arguments; audience; perelman cache: il-2607.pdf plain text: il-2607.txt item: #382 of 1009 id: il-2608 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1990-01-01 words: 555 flesch: 59 summary: From the Editors In This Issue In his article, Towards a Research Agenda for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking, Mark Weinstein argues that the recent concern for informal logic and critical thinking be redirected from its general philosophical focus toward a grea.ter appreciation of the particulars of practlce in the various domains of human understanding. Professor Wilkinson has been the Managing Editor of Informal Logic, and its predecessor, informal logic ~ewsl~t~er, almost since its inception. keywords: logic cache: il-2608.pdf plain text: il-2608.txt item: #383 of 1009 id: il-2609 author: Weinstein, Mark title: Towards a Research Agenda for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking date: 1990-01-01 words: 14880 flesch: 48 summary: Critical thinking across the disciplines The sense that there is an internal rela- tionship between arguments, argumentation and domains of knowledge persists despite attempts to show relevant and useful notions of critical thinking that are generally available for instruction and neutral in respect of the disciplines. Critical thinking as an educational goal Given the apparent discipline specifici- ty of the languages presented above, the ob- vious question is: Is critical thinking, and its supporting discipline, informal logic, as currently conceived, sufficient to engender critical thinkers in particular fields and at various educational levels? keywords: analysis; argument; disciplines; domains; epistemology; inquiry; issues; knowledge; language; logic; philosophy; practice; sense; students; thinking; toulmin; weinstein cache: il-2609.pdf plain text: il-2609.txt item: #384 of 1009 id: il-2610 author: Missimer, Connie title: Perhaps by Skill Alone date: 1990-01-01 words: 5790 flesch: 56 summary: (A purely skills-oriented course could focus on a narrow application of critical thinking skills, or it could require critical thinking practice in a wide range of areas.) Pope Overview This article questions a view dominant among theoreticians of critical thinking: that the critical thinker has certain character traits, dispositions, or virtues. keywords: argument; character; paul; skill; thinkers; thinking; traits; view cache: il-2610.pdf plain text: il-2610.txt item: #385 of 1009 id: il-2611 author: Hansen, Hans V. title: An Informal Logic Bibliography date: 1990-01-01 words: 16765 flesch: 74 summary: Current research in informal logic is in- formed by work in argumentation theory, rhetoric, speech communication, and critical thinking. Does philosophy improve critical thinking? keywords: analysis; argument; argumentation; blair; dialogue; edition; education; eemeren; fallacies; fallacy; grootendorst; iln; jafa; johnson; logic; new; p&r; philosophy; press; reasoning; rhetoric; theory; thinking; university; van; walton; woods; york cache: il-2611.pdf plain text: il-2611.txt item: #386 of 1009 id: il-2612 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1989-01-01 words: 1009 flesch: 39 summary: Else M. Barth, professor of philosophy at the University of Groningen and author of an important body of work on logic; Sharon Bailin from the Faculty of Educa- tion at the University of Manitoba and author of work on critical thinking in educa- tion, with a particular focus on creativity; Georg Brutian, member of the Academy of Armenia and professor at the Universi- ty of Yerevan, author of work on logic and argumentation and longtime sponsor of research on argumentation within and beyond the Soviet Union; Lorraine Code from Canada's York University, the author of work in epistemology centring on epistemic responsibility; Frans H. van Eemeren, professor of speech communica- tion at the University of Amsterdam, co- founder of the Amsterdam Research Group on Argumentation and co-author of a ma- jor body of work in argumentation; Alec Fisher, textbook author and sponsor of research in informal logic and critical think- ing in England; Rob Grootendorst of the University of Amsterdam department of speech communication, co-founder of the Amsterdam Research Group on Argument- ation and co-author of a major body of work on argumentation; Lenore Langsdorf of the department of speech communication at Southern Illinois University, a philosopher and author of work on the relevance of semiotics for informal logic and critical thinking; Stephen P. Norris of the depart- ment of educational research and develop- ment at the Memorial University of New- foundland, author of theoretical and em- pirical work on the teaching and testing of critical thinking and informal logic; Harvey Siegel of the department of philosophy at the University of Miami, author of exten- sive publications in the philosophy of science and epistemology, and contributor to the development of the theory of critical thinking and informal logic; Joseph P. Wenzel of the speech communication department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, past editor of the Jour- nal of the American Forensic Association and author of work on the rhetorical dimen- sion of argumentation. From the Editors This issue begins the second decade of publication of an organ on informal logic under our auspices as editors and publishers. keywords: author; logic; university cache: il-2612.pdf plain text: il-2612.txt item: #387 of 1009 id: il-2613 author: Orr, Deborah title: Just the Facts Ma'am: Informal Logic, Gender and Pedagogy date: 1989-01-01 words: 6298 flesch: 53 summary: 24 I will, however, offer a comment on one point and that is the oft expressed fear that modes of thinking which incorporate the affective and relational aspects of the thinker's life, ones that give the subjective dimension an equal place beside, or even primacy over, the ob- jective are bound to be both unreliable and selfserving. The lesson in this for those involved in Just the Facts Ma 'am 9 informal logic, be they developing theory, writing texts or teaching, is that for the full range of human thinking to develop we must collectively recognize the validity of modes of thinking other than the dominant masculine strain and actively foster their development. keywords: feminine; gilligan; ibid; logic; male; masculine; mode; rationality; reasoning; women cache: il-2613.pdf plain text: il-2613.txt item: #388 of 1009 id: il-2614 author: Bowles, George title: Favorable Relevance and Arguments date: 1989-01-01 words: 4306 flesch: 58 summary: So, a definition of an argument in terms of attributed favorable relevance would be incompatible with formal logic. Consequently, one or more propositions' actual or attributed favorable relevance to another is not a necessary condition for the former to be premises and the latter the conclusion in an argument. keywords: argument; conclusion; premises; propositions; relevance cache: il-2614.pdf plain text: il-2614.txt item: #389 of 1009 id: il-2615 author: Freeman, James B. title: The Human Image System and Thinking Critically in the Strong Sense date: 1989-01-01 words: 14295 flesch: 62 summary: The Human Image System: Its Nature As the name of Richard Paul is intimate- ly connected with the concept of critical thinking in the strong sense, so several names are connected with the notion of the image or image system. Can we also say this of recogniz- ing that we have image systems and that they pose liabilities for critical thinking? keywords: good; image; image system; lippmann; needs; point; reasons; relativism; sense; stereotypes; thinking; view; world cache: il-2615.pdf plain text: il-2615.txt item: #390 of 1009 id: il-2616 author: Davson-Galle, Peter title: Interpreting Arguments and Judging Issues date: 1989-01-01 words: 3346 flesch: 62 summary: My primary interest in this paper is with this background matter of the point of argument analysis. The second goal of argument analysis, accurate mental biography, is understood by me to be much as Berg outlines it (or roughly so: I have difficulties with the idea of trying to determine the intentions of a non-actual author). keywords: answer; argument; author; govier; horace cache: il-2616.pdf plain text: il-2616.txt item: #391 of 1009 id: il-2617 author: none title: Abstracts of Papers Presented at The Third International Symposium on Informal Logic date: 1989-01-01 words: 9473 flesch: 49 summary: Essentially it is that we do so in order to turn informal arguments into formal ones because we have agreed-on tests of formal validity to test them. How do we evaluate informal arguments? keywords: analysis; approach; argument; argumentation; criteria; evaluation; logic; paper; practice; reasoning; relevance; theory; thinking; understanding cache: il-2617.pdf plain text: il-2617.txt item: #392 of 1009 id: il-2618 author: none title: Argument Evaluation Contest date: 1989-01-01 words: 670 flesch: 63 summary: Strong employment equity programs will benefit everyone. Mandatory programs don't require reverse discrimination. keywords: employment; equity cache: il-2618.pdf plain text: il-2618.txt item: #393 of 1009 id: il-2619 author: Missimer, Connie title: Costa`s and Lowery`s Techniques for Teaching Thinking date: 1989-01-01 words: 402 flesch: 52 summary: As he wrote in the Preface to his first book, There are ... situations where logical analysis appears inappropriate ... and there are experiences where logical principles seem not to apply (as in the simple experiences of falling in love or losing a relative or intimate friend). He also exercised a healthy respect for the limits of logical analysis. keywords: analysis; logic cache: il-2619.pdf plain text: il-2619.txt item: #394 of 1009 id: il-2620 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1989-01-01 words: 559 flesch: 64 summary: Walters argues that either Paul's model must be radically overhauled, or else the ideal of critical thinking must be scrapped. How is critical thinking to be classified? keywords: thinking; volume cache: il-2620.pdf plain text: il-2620.txt item: #395 of 1009 id: il-2621 author: Colwell, Gary title: God, The Bible and Circularity date: 1989-01-01 words: 8294 flesch: 63 summary: [the plausibility condition] as a general con- dition for ali arguments is that it may not allow a disputant enough latitude in seek- ing out sequences of argument that might eventually lead to more plausible premisses. For the benefit of those who wish to proscribe the use of circular arguments? keywords: argument; believer; bible; conclusion; example; god; premiss; question; skeptic cache: il-2621.pdf plain text: il-2621.txt item: #396 of 1009 id: il-2622 author: Walters, Kerry S. title: On World Views, Commitment and Critical Thinking date: 1989-01-01 words: 9421 flesch: 50 summary: Second, that individual arguments always reflect an uberhaupt frame of reference or world view, and that the latter often con- tains beliefs which are egocentric, sociocen- tric and self-deceptive in nature. If dialectical critical thinking shoots for the resolution of disagreements between world views, the obvious question to ask is what precisely Paul means by a worldview. keywords: analysis; argument; disagreements; nexus; paul; reference; thinking; view; world; world view cache: il-2622.pdf plain text: il-2622.txt item: #397 of 1009 id: il-2623 author: Battersby, Mark title: Critical Thinking as Applied Epistemology: Relocating Critical Thinking in the Philosophical Landscape date: 1989-01-01 words: 5885 flesch: 50 summary: Recently the philosophy of science has emphasized more attention to the actual way the scientist assess claims which is more analogous to what goes on in applied ethics and, thus, closer to applied epistemology. On the other hand, as with applied ethics, the criticism of a par- ticular view on epistemological as oppos- ed to factual basis is a legitimate activity within applied epistemology. keywords: claim; epistemology; ethics; knowledge; logic; meta; philosophy; problems; thinking cache: il-2623.pdf plain text: il-2623.txt item: #398 of 1009 id: il-2624 author: Jason, Gary title: Fallacies are Common date: 1989-01-01 words: 11976 flesch: 63 summary: Whatever it is, if there is a contradiction in the things we believe about such logic, it is certainly not available in some compact tale like Job's. For the reasons I proposed in an earlier bit of speculation, I think it will require concern for subject mat- ter that formal logic does not exhibit. keywords: argument; conclusion; discourse; explanation; job; justificatory; logic; problem; reasoning; theory; truth; way cache: il-2624.pdf plain text: il-2624.txt item: #399 of 1009 id: il-2625 author: Missimer, Connie title: Costa`s and Lowery`s Techniques for Teaching Thinking date: 1989-01-01 words: 2060 flesch: 62 summary: In a section of the Introduc- tion titled' 'Discussion, not Recitation, they characterize recitation as recurring se- quences of teacher questions intended to cause student to 'recite' what they already know or are coming to know through the teacher's in- put. It is sad that many students graduate or drop out without ever having become ex- Review of Costa and Lowery 121 cited by a piece of sustained thinking, and that graduates from schools of education often come trained only to offer the students' own pop tunes back to them in group discussion, never struggling to produce symphonies of their own to inspire the students' song. keywords: authors; teaching; techniques; thinking cache: il-2625.pdf plain text: il-2625.txt item: #400 of 1009 id: il-2626 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1989-01-01 words: 621 flesch: 47 summary: In Beardsley's Theory of Analogy, Evelyn Barker investigates Monroe Beard- sley's position on reasoning by analogy, claiming that his theory exemplifies over- formalization in reducing diverse kinds of analogy arguments to a single form and then assessing them all as fallacious because of the logical characteristics of that form. It follows from their analysis that the analogy relationship defin- ed over arguments is symmetrical, which differentiates analogical arguments from other forms of analogical reasoning, e.g. analogical predication. keywords: analogy cache: il-2626.pdf plain text: il-2626.txt item: #401 of 1009 id: il-2627 author: Woods, John; Hudak, Brent title: By Parity of Reasoning date: 1989-01-01 words: 9470 flesch: 63 summary: 5 Some may find it surprising that analogical argument differs from analogical inference. More surprising still is the sug- gestion that analogical predication differs from analogical argument, not just in the way that predication differs from argument, but in rather more striking ways that sug- gest the unlikelihood that they exemplify a single, unified idea of analogy. keywords: account; analogues; analogy; argument; case; comparison; example; form; original; structure; way cache: il-2627.pdf plain text: il-2627.txt item: #402 of 1009 id: il-2628 author: Govier, Trudy title: Analogies and Missing Premises date: 1989-01-01 words: 6917 flesch: 65 summary: Similarly, inductive arguments may assume background knowledge of various sorts which is not regarded as an unstated premise of the argument. Argument reconstruction is a matter of logic and not a matter of epistemology. keywords: analogies; analogy; argument; case; claim; premise cache: il-2628.pdf plain text: il-2628.txt item: #403 of 1009 id: il-2629 author: Johnson, Fred title: Analogical Arguings and Explainings date: 1989-01-01 words: 4913 flesch: 68 summary: Jevons presents what I think of as being the common analysis of analogical arguments. When evaluating HC arguings we do not look at similarities or dissimilarities between 156 Fred Johnson the base and the target. keywords: analogy; analysis; arguing; argument; base; conditional; step cache: il-2629.pdf plain text: il-2629.txt item: #404 of 1009 id: il-2630 author: Brown, William R. title: Two Traditions of Analogy date: 1989-01-01 words: 7631 flesch: 62 summary: Rather, I am asserting that, while predic- tive analogy always follows the same pat- tern as being a complete argument form in itself, proportional analogy is a relation that underlies and enters into a variety of argu- ment patterns. For proportional analogy, they use the ex- ample that, as dangers from nuclear weapons tests (A) are to precluding dangers by testing only underground (B), so are dangers from arms races (C) to precluding dangers by limiting armaments (D). keywords: analogy; argument; aristotle; car; example; form; logic; mill; new; reasoning; sense cache: il-2630.pdf plain text: il-2630.txt item: #405 of 1009 id: il-2631 author: Barker, Stephen F. title: Reasoning by Analogy in Hume's Dialogues date: 1989-01-01 words: 7859 flesch: 58 summary: Inductive arguments by analogy which all share this same form vary greatly in their degree of strength, some be- ing quite strong, others very weak. Those who take this view will be inclined to think that since inductive arguments by analogy do not at- tain logical force merely by virtue of their logical form, they cannot have any logical force. keywords: analogy; argument; cleanthes; conclusion; design; hume; inductive; reasoning cache: il-2631.pdf plain text: il-2631.txt item: #406 of 1009 id: il-2632 author: Barker, Evelyn M. title: Beardsley's Theory of Analogy date: 1989-01-01 words: 5786 flesch: 48 summary: Beardsley's theory of analogical reason- ing exemplifies overformalization in reduc- ing diverse kinds of analogy arguments to a single form, then assessing them all fallacious because of the logical characteristics of that form. 10 Beardsley's common formal characteriza- tion of all kinds of analogy arguments leads him to misconceive the phenomenological goal, as we can see in his analysis of an argument making an analogy between por- nography and an infectious disease. keywords: analogy; argument; beardsley; conclusion; generalization; inductive; premises; reasoning cache: il-2632.pdf plain text: il-2632.txt item: #407 of 1009 id: il-2633 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1988-01-01 words: 684 flesch: 66 summary: Some theorists are inclined to lump informal logic and critical thinking together; others think they should be split apart. If the number following the slash is II or 12 , then you are paid up not only for Volume X, but also for Volume XI or Volume XII, respectively . keywords: number; volume cache: il-2633.pdf plain text: il-2633.txt item: #408 of 1009 id: il-2639 author: Allen, Derek title: Inferential Soundness date: 1988-01-01 words: 5692 flesch: 57 summary: Inference claims differ in strength. (I shall allow myself this harmless anthropomorphism; strictly speaking it is arguers who make in- ference claims, not arguments.) keywords: argument; conclusion; inference cache: il-2639.pdf plain text: il-2639.txt item: #409 of 1009 id: il-2640 author: Woods, John title: Buttercups, GNP's and Quarks: Are Fallacies Theoretical Entities? date: 1988-01-01 words: 5966 flesch: 58 summary: The virtue of moderate theory- dependency is twofold: first, it allows for theoretical innovations that genuinely im- prove fallacy theory without at the same time losing sight of the things that are generally recognizable as fallacies, as the same things, more or less, that our theoretical forebears were wrestling with. Researchers who have been follow- ing the development of the pragma- dialectical approach to argumentation theory2 have been attracted by the promise that it shows for transacting fallacy theory in an innovative manner designed to take things well beyond the enfeebled scholasticism of what Hamblin has called the Standard Treatment. keywords: eemeren; fallacies; fallacy; finocchiaro; grootendorst; theory; thesis; van cache: il-2640.pdf plain text: il-2640.txt item: #410 of 1009 id: il-2641 author: Brinton, Alan title: Appeal to the Angry Emotions date: 1988-01-01 words: 6897 flesch: 58 summary: In each, at least one main pur- pose of the speaker is to raise indignation or other angry emotions against certain per- sons. If the passions in general, or if the angry emotions in particular, have no legitimate place in the moral life, then pathotic argument will in every case, or at least whenever it invokes angry emotions, be faulty (though it will still be an iden- tifiable and analyzable form of argument). keywords: anger; argument; aristotle; emotions; indignation; kind; passions; view cache: il-2641.pdf plain text: il-2641.txt item: #411 of 1009 id: il-2642 author: Wreen, Michael title: Admit No Force But Argument date: 1988-01-01 words: 4167 flesch: 60 summary: My excuses are, first, that the piece is a good one and, second, that I hope to contribute something to the ongoing discussion of ad baculum and, perhaps by implica- tion, other (so-called) informal fallacies as well. Kielkopf thinks, as do I and a number of others, that textbook treatments of ad baculum are superficial; but, unlike most of us who share the view, he's gone on to offer a diagnosis: the superficiality is due to a failure to distinguish between reading a conclusion primarily as a descrip- tion as opposed to reading it primarily as a prescription. keywords: argument; baculum; conclusion; kielkopf; ought cache: il-2642.pdf plain text: il-2642.txt item: #412 of 1009 id: il-2643 author: Carey, Stephen S. title: Upsetters date: 1988-01-01 words: 4820 flesch: 68 summary: I think the following, by Wesley Salmon, is representative of what most logicians would say about the relevant notions: argument, premise, and conclu- sion. However, I think this point is of dubious value, at least when applied to anything other than textbook ex- amples of argument. keywords: argument; claim; upsetter cache: il-2643.pdf plain text: il-2643.txt item: #413 of 1009 id: il-2644 author: Malone, Michael E.; Sherry, David title: Fisher`s The Logic of Real Arguments date: 1988-01-01 words: 2717 flesch: 58 summary: Students had much better success at identi- fying real arguments in texts, indicating that they were becoming aware of the depth and importance of argument in academic discourse. There are additional problems, which become acute as one moves from artificial to real arguments: how does one sort out the logically relevant material and what does one make of the rest? keywords: arguments; fisher; logic; reasoning; students; text cache: il-2644.pdf plain text: il-2644.txt item: #414 of 1009 id: il-2645 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1988-01-01 words: 406 flesch: 57 summary: This issue contains four articles and a critical study which relate informal logic to the media of mass communication, from one point of view or another. The quality and quantity of articles reflects significant growth and depth in the field of informal logic. keywords: issue; logic cache: il-2645.pdf plain text: il-2645.txt item: #415 of 1009 id: il-2646 author: May, John D. title: Reportage as Compound Suggestion date: 1988-01-01 words: 10813 flesch: 63 summary: In a short paper, Geis and Zwicky publicized three patterns of invited inference: - Conditional Perfection. In this paper I undertake to enlarge the recorded inventory of invited inferences. keywords: causal; claims; events; inference; john; narrative; news; order; party; place; rauditors; reportage; sentence; statement; suggestions; terms; words; yesterday cache: il-2646.pdf plain text: il-2646.txt item: #416 of 1009 id: il-2647 author: McMurtry, John title: The Unspeakable: Understanding the System of Fallacy in the Media date: 1988-01-01 words: 10451 flesch: 45 summary: The possibilities here can be generated by the critical imagination without any limit but what is and is not compatible with the B.S.S.F. We are dealing, in other words, with whole worlds of meaning and position which are precluded from communication, not only without rational ground, but without the logical space of public medium to identify this rule of their exclusion. We have, finally, the entail- ment of this consequent, that any step of reason which is not consistent with the prin- ciple defining this range will be ruled or selected out of public discourse. keywords: argument; b.s.s.f; communication; discourse; example; fact; mass; media; positions; principle; public; range; reasoning; social; structure; system cache: il-2647.pdf plain text: il-2647.txt item: #417 of 1009 id: il-2648 author: Langsdorf, Lenore title: Dialogue, Distanciation, and Engagement: Toward a Logic of Televisual Communication date: 1988-01-01 words: 10629 flesch: 45 summary: The most significant, for our interest here, is the ease with which televisual text presents itself as equivalent to kinesthetic experience. For unless we study the production process which delivers televisual images to us, we have little ac- cess to the synthetic activity by which parts are composed into wholes in televisual texts. keywords: activity; argumentation; communication; connections; discourse; kinesthesia; media; parts; print; reasoning; standards; television; televisual; text cache: il-2648.pdf plain text: il-2648.txt item: #418 of 1009 id: il-2649 author: Jason, Gary title: Hedging as a Fallacy of Language date: 1988-01-01 words: 4281 flesch: 70 summary: Third, I want to show how the stan- dard treatment of fallacies of language can be modified to include not only hedging, but other fallacies as well. While there has been considerable pro- gress in the study of fallacies over the twen- ty years since the publication of Hamblin's excellent monograph on the subject, the treatment of the fallacies of language still remains much as it has always been. keywords: claim; fallacies; fallacy; hedging; language; sort; understatement cache: il-2649.pdf plain text: il-2649.txt item: #419 of 1009 id: il-2650 author: Dolan, John M. title: Consent as a Commodity date: 1988-01-01 words: 11215 flesch: 57 summary: That outreach included: 140 newspapers, 690,000 copies per week Airman magazine, monthly circulation 125,000 34 radio and 17 TV stations, primarily overseas 45,000 headquarters and unit news releases 615,000 hometown news releases 6.600 interviews with news media 3,200 news conferences 500 news media orientation flights 50 meetings with editorial boards 11,000 speeches Drawing on data available for 1968, Her- man and Chomsky point out that the list just given excludes vast areas of the air force's public-information effort, and note that beyond the 1,305 employees known to be assigned full-time to public relations in 1968, additional thousands had public functions collateral to other duties. So, sharp contrasts in the background practices and institutional ar- rangements of two countries could yield distorted measures of media bias, if one counted editorials, column inches, and front page stories but neglected to take into ac- count the possible effects of those background contrasts. keywords: authors; biases; book; chomsky; consent; coverage; evidence; herman; latin; manufacturing; mass; media; news; news media; press; propaganda; system; victims cache: il-2650.pdf plain text: il-2650.txt item: #420 of 1009 id: il-2651 author: Smook, Roger; Sherry, David title: Logical and Extralogical Constants date: 1988-01-01 words: 2811 flesch: 56 summary: 3 I believe that the theory of enthymemes set forth by George and elaborated by Hitchcock is vitiated by mistaken ideas about logical vs. extralogical constants and about logical consequence. Certain constants of certain rigidly structured languages or supposed ordinary-language equivalents thereof are to count as logical constants. keywords: argument; consequence; constant cache: il-2651.pdf plain text: il-2651.txt item: #421 of 1009 id: il-2652 author: none title: List of Referees date: 1988-01-01 words: 431 flesch: 12 summary: Jonathan Adler Brooklyn College/CUNY Richard B. Angel Wayne State University Sharon Bailin University of Manitoba Jerome E. Bickenbach Queen's University Robert Binkley University of Western Ontario Charles Blatz University of Toledo Stanley Cunningham University of Windsor Robert H. Ennis University of Illinois-Urbana- Champaign Maurice A. Finocchiaro University of Nevada-Las Vegas Alec Fisher University of East Anglia Trudy Govier Calgary, Alberta Leo A. Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Moira Gutteridge Fraser Valley College David Hitchcock McMaster University John Hoaglund Christopher Newport College Thomas J. Hynes University of Louisville Barbara Humphries Wayne State University Howard Kahane University of Mar.vland- Baltimore County Jonathan Katz University of British Columbia Charles Kielkopf The Ohio State University Lenore Langsdorf Southern Illinois University Judith Lichtenberg University of Maryland Thomas A. McCarthy Northwestern University Ralph McInerny University of Notre Dame John McPeck University of Western Ontario Josina Makau The Ohio State University Diana Meyers University of Connecticut Alex Michalos University of Guelph John Nolt University of Tennessee Stephen P. Norris Memorial University of Newfoundland Finbarr W. O'Connor Beaver College Kathleen Okruhlik University of Western Ontario Robert Orr University of Windsor Richard Paul Sonoma State University Philip A. Pecorino Queensborough Community College Linda Phillips-Biggs Memorial University of Newfoundland Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Charles Ripley Lakehead University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Merillee Salmon University of Pittsburgh List of Referees 201 Wesley Salmon University of Pittsburgh William H. Shaw San Jose State University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Robert C. Solomon University of Texas-Austin Christopher Tindale Trent University Douglas N. Walton University of Winnipeg Perry Weddle California State University- Sacramento J oseph Wenzel University of Illinois-Urbana- Champaign Arnold Wilson University of Cincinnati John Woods University of Lethbridge George Yoos St. Cloud State University Robert J. Yanal Wayne State University Informal Logic X.3, Fall 1988 list of referees Acknowledgement to Referees Below are the names of colleagues on whose judgement we have relied as referees for papers received over the past two years. keywords: college; referees; robert; state; university cache: il-2652.pdf plain text: il-2652.txt item: #422 of 1009 id: il-2653 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1987-01-01 words: 538 flesch: 54 summary: In 1988 we count at least ten conferences in this and closely related fields: AILACT sessions at the APA regional meetings and at the CPA congress, the first British conference on informal logic and critical thinking, the McMaster conference on teaching, the Newport News critical thinking conference, the biggest ever Sonoma conference on critical thinking and moral critique, the joint AILACT/ISSA session at the World Con- gress of Philosophy in Brighton, the Venice argumentation conference and the Montclair State critical thinking conference. From the editors This issue illustrates in a nice way the internationalization and interdisciplinary spread of informal logic. keywords: logic; thinking cache: il-2653.pdf plain text: il-2653.txt item: #423 of 1009 id: il-2659 author: Freeman, James B. title: van Eemeren, Grootendorst, and Kruiger`s Handbook of Argumentation Theory: A Critical Survey of Classical Backgrounds and Modern Studies date: 1987-01-01 words: 1512 flesch: 54 summary: It describes their work, while indicating the main issues of argumentation theory and its classical background. Winter 1987 but delimits argumentation theory, which is concerned with developing criteria for the rational assessment of argumentation. keywords: argumentation; chapter; logic; new cache: il-2659.pdf plain text: il-2659.txt item: #424 of 1009 id: il-2660 author: Scriven, Michael title: What Are We Doing? date: 1987-01-01 words: 611 flesch: 62 summary: Personally, I find myself attracted by 'thinking skills and 'reasoning skills' to about the same extent. (iv) The term informal logic is good because it stresses the rejection of the formal logic approach, but people worry at the slight hint of a contradiction in terms, or that it is still too suggestive of formalism. keywords: logic; skills cache: il-2660.pdf plain text: il-2660.txt item: #425 of 1009 id: il-2661 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1987-01-01 words: 561 flesch: 57 summary: The next four articles, by Moira Gutteridge, Michael Scriven, William Taylor, and Lenore Langsdorf all revolve around an aspect of critical thinking which all too often is taken for granted : critical reading or critical literacy. The two contributions from Phil Pecorino deal with different aspects of the teaching of critical thinking: the first with the perennial problem of grading, the second with the impact of critical thinking courses on the teaching of philosophy. keywords: problem; thinking cache: il-2661.pdf plain text: il-2661.txt item: #426 of 1009 id: il-2672 author: none title: Logical and Extralogical Constants date: 1987-01-01 words: 332 flesch: 69 summary: On Adler on Charity. Informal Logic Newsletter, 4 (1982), 10-1. Govier, Trudy. Informal Logic Newsletter, 3 (1981), 4-9. Nolt, John Eric. keywords: govier; logic cache: il-2672.pdf plain text: il-2672.txt item: #427 of 1009 id: il-2673 author: Traverso, Everett title: Bailke`s Chemical Dependence. Opposing Viewpoints and Bach`s Biomedical Ethics. Opposing Viewpoints date: 1987-01-01 words: 1787 flesch: 60 summary: Long arguments, especially a number of long arguments on the same subject, help develop in students the background information necessary to analyze many argu ments. Instructors of critical thinking who want to supplement their texts with a source of long arguments might con- sider these two books, or others like them in the series Opposing View- points. keywords: arguments; articles; student; thinking cache: il-2673.pdf plain text: il-2673.txt item: #428 of 1009 id: il-2675 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1986-01-01 words: 408 flesch: 53 summary: We were heartened to learn of the intense inte- rest in informal logic in other countries. We hope that many of our readers will make an effort to submit papers so that the area of informal logic will be well-represented on that occasion. keywords: fallacy; logic cache: il-2675.pdf plain text: il-2675.txt item: #429 of 1009 id: il-2676 author: Langsdorf, Lenore; Grootendorst, R. title: Is Critical Thinking a Technique, Or a Means of Enlightenment? date: 1986-01-01 words: 9885 flesch: 51 summary: Since this claim is directly dependent upon Paul Ri- coeur's theory of text, I offer a sum- mary of that theory, and concl ude with a brief mention of one endeavor to teach critical thinking from the theore- tical basis I propose here, and which derives from his work. That dialogue of selves within the public sphere established by text is critical thinking as a force for enlightenment. keywords: angus; ego; imagination; judgment; mander; paul; reason; reasoning; ricoeur; self; television; text; thinking; world cache: il-2676.pdf plain text: il-2676.txt item: #430 of 1009 id: il-2677 author: Basu, Dilip K. title: A Question of Begging date: 1986-01-01 words: 5109 flesch: 62 summary: The former, according to Aristo- tle, is the true account, an account valid for scientific arguments, while the lat- ter is an account of the matter on the le- vel of general opinion(Topics 162 b 31-3) i.e. opinion accepted by all, or by the majority, or by the most notable of them, the philosophers (Topics 100 b21- 3). Hamblin's argument is that because of the trivial satisfaction of one of the premisses, the other premiss and the conclusion are each as good or as bad as the other, so that the arg ument from the one to the other is nugatory; and that th is is so is shown, among other things, by the fact that the pre- miss will, in this case, be as uncertain as the conclusion .[6] Hamblin's argument seems to be that if the second premiss is a trivial enough identity then the first premiss and the conclusion are close enough to be logic- ally equivalent, if not identical, and an accusation of petitio would seem to be in order. keywords: argument; aristotle; belongs; conclusion; petitio; premiss cache: il-2677.pdf plain text: il-2677.txt item: #431 of 1009 id: il-2678 author: McMurtry, John title: The Argumentum Ad Adversarium date: 1986-01-01 words: 6099 flesch: 48 summary: The distinctions I set out below between the two wrongs and ad adversarium fallacy hold for all versions reported in these accounts. The Argumentum ad Adversarium as Primary The fallacy of ad adversarium may, as we have seen, be founded on an a priori propensity to defend by social attack rather than by relevant argu- ment. keywords: ad adversarium; adversarium; adversarium fallacy; adversary; appeal; argument; attack; diversion; enemy; example; fallacy cache: il-2678.pdf plain text: il-2678.txt item: #432 of 1009 id: il-2679 author: Hoaglund, John title: Typing date: 1986-01-01 words: 5579 flesch: 66 summary: The problem of universal statements and the empty domain is quite peripheral for informal logic. We are united by the conviction that symbolic logic and formal logic as they are commonly taught do not well serve the purpose of an introductory logic course as part of a general education requirement of a cur- riculum. keywords: animal; argument; category; good; logic; new; people; reasoning; syllogism; typing cache: il-2679.pdf plain text: il-2679.txt item: #433 of 1009 id: il-2680 author: Lugg, Andrew title: Deep Disagreement and Informal logic: No Cause for Alarm date: 1986-01-01 words: 2762 flesch: 48 summary: Contrary to the view of many partisans of informal logic, he maintains that in certain cases (specifically, in cases of what he calls deep disagreement) argu- ment is pointless and non rational per- suasion the only alternative. In his view, deep disagreement precludes argumentative exchange since to the extent that the argumentative con- text becomes less normal, argument, to that extent, becomes impossible(p.4). keywords: argument; disagreement; fogelin; view cache: il-2680.pdf plain text: il-2680.txt item: #434 of 1009 id: il-2681 author: Leddy, Thomas title: Is There a Fallacy of Small Sample? date: 1986-01-01 words: 2516 flesch: 65 summary: THOMAS LEDDY Critical Thinking texts generally in- clude discussions of two fallacies in the section on statistical induction: the fallacy of small sample and the fallacy of unrepresentativeness. As an example of small sample it gives Woody Allen's inference from two unsuccessful dates that women wi II generally reject him.[1]Toulmin, Rieke and Janik (TRJ) classify small sample and unrepre- sentativeness as two types of the general fallacy of hasty general ization. keywords: fallacy; representative; sample; size cache: il-2681.pdf plain text: il-2681.txt item: #435 of 1009 id: il-2682 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1986-01-01 words: 195 flesch: 71 summary: from the editors Although we may have theme issues in the future, the fact that the three papers, by Michael Schmidt, S. Morris Engel and Gary Jason, and Michael Schmidt's bibliography in this issue are about fallacies is a matter of happy happenstance, not design . Please send additions and corrections to Michael Schmidt, directly or through this journal. keywords: schmidt cache: il-2682.pdf plain text: il-2682.txt item: #436 of 1009 id: il-2683 author: Schmidt, Michael F.; Grootendorst, R. title: On Classifications of Fallacies date: 1986-01-01 words: 5182 flesch: 50 summary: Kahane In The Nature and Classification of Fallacies, Howard Kahane explains the classification of fallacies employed in his textbook Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric. The article begins with a very brief review of some schools of thought about classifying fallacies; then it turns to the task of reviewing some actual classifications of fallacies to see what the tendencies are; five tendencies are found; from them emerges the conclusion that incom- plete information is distinct from false premise and from invalid inference, that begging the ques- tion is distinct from all three, and that inconsistent premises, false pre- mise, incomplete information I and begging the question form a natural constellation of premisory fallacies, dis- tinct from the fallacy of many questions and from the fallacies of invalid in- ference. keywords: argument; classification; fallacies; fallacy; ibid; premise; question cache: il-2683.pdf plain text: il-2683.txt item: #437 of 1009 id: il-2684 author: Engel, S. Morris title: Wittgenstein's Theory of Fallacy date: 1986-01-01 words: 9361 flesch: 67 summary: Such pictures, he warns the reader in the Philosophical Investigations, are often only like an illustration to a sto- ry and from it alone it is mostly impos- sible to conclude anything at all -for only when one knows the story does one know the significance of the pic- ture (I, 663). But mainly, of course, the trouble with such pictures is that they seem to fix the sense unambi- guously when this is not at all the case. keywords: example; language; picture; theory; understanding; use; way; wittgenstein; words cache: il-2684.pdf plain text: il-2684.txt item: #438 of 1009 id: il-2685 author: Jason, Gary title: Are Fallacies Commonl A look at Two Debates date: 1986-01-01 words: 7830 flesch: 67 summary: Moderator: Mr. President, your re- buttal. but of course such debates have had even wider impact since being televised (starting with the Nixon/Ken- nedy debates, then moving on to the Carter/Ford, then Carter/Reagan, then Reagan/Mondale debates). keywords: debates; fallacies; issue; kennedy; mondale; nixon; party; president; question; reagan; senator cache: il-2685.pdf plain text: il-2685.txt item: #439 of 1009 id: il-2687 author: none title: Conferences date: 1986-01-01 words: 451 flesch: 37 summary: 5th International Sonoma Conference On Critical Thinking and Educational Reform Sonoma State University The Seventh Annual and Fifth Inter- national Conference on Critical Think- ing and Educational Reform will take place from August 2 through August 5, 1987 at Sonoma State University. For further information write: Professor Marie Secor Department of English The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 (814) 865-9155 SCAI AF A Summer Conference on Argumentation Alta, Utah - University of Utah The fifth Speech Communication Association / American Forensics Asso- ciation Summer Conference on Argu- mentation will be hosted by the Uni- versity of Utah at the Rustler Lodge, Alta, Utah, Thursday through Sunday, July 30 - August 2, 1987 . keywords: argumentation; conference; university cache: il-2687.pdf plain text: il-2687.txt item: #440 of 1009 id: il-2688 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1986-01-01 words: 630 flesch: 61 summary: In papers submitted for publication in this journal, as well as in articles published in other philosophy journals, we have noticed the occurrence of problematic undocumented empirical claims. Contributors are forewarned that this journal will continue to insist on documentation for such empirical claims , and we invite readers to draw our attention to any which slip past our scrutiny . keywords: costs; journal cache: il-2688.pdf plain text: il-2688.txt item: #441 of 1009 id: il-2693 author: Wolfe, Julian title: Inconsistency: A Fallacy? date: 1986-01-01 words: 832 flesch: 65 summary: We are asked to imagine the following argument made by the officials to persuade Canadians to take winter holidays in Canada.[4] 152 (a) To help Canada ' s balance-of- payments position, as many Canadian dollars should be kept in the country as possible, (b) The Canadian economy would benefit from increased spending in our winter tourism and entertainment industries, (c) No doubt there are some forms of inconsistency which are clearly correct to describe as fallacious. keywords: fallacy; inconsistency cache: il-2693.pdf plain text: il-2693.txt item: #442 of 1009 id: il-2695 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1985-01-01 words: 347 flesch: 71 summary: Numbers 2 and 3 of Volume VII will follow in short order this winter, and Volume VIII, Number 1 will appear close on their heels. New Feature: Open Forum Just when you thought that we were gonna get staid and stuffy! keywords: volume cache: il-2695.pdf plain text: il-2695.txt item: #443 of 1009 id: il-2696 author: Fogelin, Robert title: The Logic of Deep Disagreements date: 1985-01-01 words: 4672 flesch: 66 summary: If students become convinced that they can always find something wrong with any (non-trivial) argument presented to them, then the distinction between good arguments and bad arguments is subverted, and the whole enterprise of arguing seems to lose its point. But if arguments presuppose this rich background of agreement, how does disagreement even arise, and what job is left for argument to do? keywords: argument; argumentative; claim; disagreements; logic; propositions; way cache: il-2696.pdf plain text: il-2696.txt item: #444 of 1009 id: il-2697 author: Paul, Richard title: Background Logic, Critical Thinking, and Irrational Language Games date: 1985-01-01 words: 5777 flesch: 42 summary: When the most fundamental logical structures, the most basic concepts, assumptions, beliefs, inferences, and category- decisions, are typically unexpressed, unconscious, and irrational, then the problem of background logic assumes new proportions and the language games implicit in the lebensphilosophie of everyday forms of life are in need of a fundamental reconstrual. Yet to this day no adequate taxonomy of background logics has yet been de- veloped and the concept still stands in need of foundational analysis and clarification. keywords: background; language; life; logic; reasoning; social; view; world cache: il-2697.pdf plain text: il-2697.txt item: #445 of 1009 id: il-2698 author: Weddle, Perry; Tindale, Christopher W. title: Fact from Opinion date: 1985-01-01 words: 4747 flesch: 72 summary: One more point about the verifi- ability versions' statements of fact Fact from Opinion 23 category: Why should it be confined to the empirical? Winter 1985 Fact from Opinion PERRY WEDDLE California State University, Sacramento For years a well known publication billed itself as the newsmagazine that separates fact from opi n ion. keywords: conjecture; distinction; fact; observation; opinion; statements; students; version cache: il-2698.pdf plain text: il-2698.txt item: #446 of 1009 id: il-2699 author: Govier, Trudy title: Logical Analogies date: 1985-01-01 words: 3515 flesch: 62 summary: Because the thrust of such argu- ments as those criticized by Leach and Cavell does not crucially involve the workings of logical words as they are conventionally identified by logicians, the representation of such arguments in standard systems of deductive logic is relatively unhelpful. We defined the form of an argument as a set of arguments generable from it by variation, that is, by substitution for the elements designated as variable. keywords: analogy; argument; form; technique cache: il-2699.pdf plain text: il-2699.txt item: #447 of 1009 id: il-2700 author: Paul, Richard title: McPeck's Mistakes date: 1985-01-01 words: 5134 flesch: 47 summary: If there is such a thing as having a glo- bal perspective, and if that perspective not on Iy sets out categories but also their taxonomy, and if such a perspecti- ve can be assessed only by appeal to general dialectical skills, not domain or subject-specific ones, then McPeck's vision of critical thinking instruction is fundamentally flawed and the move to a greater emphasis on critical thinking in education is more challenging, and to some perhaps more threatening, than has generally been recognized up to now. (A recent ERIC computer search identified 1,849 articles in the last seven years with critical thinking as a major descrip- tor. keywords: concept; ennis; mcpeck; skills; subject; thinking; thought; view cache: il-2700.pdf plain text: il-2700.txt item: #448 of 1009 id: il-2701 author: McPeck, John title: Paul's Critique of Critical Thinking and Education date: 1985-01-01 words: 5881 flesch: 59 summary: A person needs several different kinds of knowledge and understanding to appreciate the different dimensions of most real prob- lems. They require several different kinds of spe- cific knowledge and judgment, and sometimes in considerable amount. keywords: education; knowledge; logic; paul; reasoning; skills; thinking; view cache: il-2701.pdf plain text: il-2701.txt item: #449 of 1009 id: il-2702 author: Nolt, John title: More on Induction and Possible Worlds: Replies to Thomas and Kahane date: 1985-01-01 words: 3448 flesch: 67 summary: [4] The second method has been advocated by Rudolf Carnap and his followers, who generally construe possible worlds as state descriptions. The method of possible worlds provides a useful framework in which to do this, as I tried to show in sections 6.5-6.9 of my text, Informal Logic: Possible Worlds and Imagina- tion. keywords: conclusion; probability; thomas; worlds cache: il-2702.pdf plain text: il-2702.txt item: #450 of 1009 id: il-2703 author: Wilson, Arnold title: Getting into an Argument date: 1985-01-01 words: 648 flesch: 77 summary: On a series of 3 x 5 cards I wrote out a variety of arguments, one statement per card. I would get them all into arguments! keywords: argument cache: il-2703.pdf plain text: il-2703.txt item: #451 of 1009 id: il-2704 author: Adler, Jonathan E. title: Where are the limits to reconstruction? date: 1985-01-01 words: 782 flesch: 66 summary: I recognize that my query conflates a number of questions concerning the relationship of readable language to the language of standardized arguments. Perhaps we will have cause to rethink them later, So the poem as standardized fits all the definitions of argument that r know. keywords: argument; force cache: il-2704.pdf plain text: il-2704.txt item: #452 of 1009 id: il-2705 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1985-01-01 words: 1184 flesch: 59 summary: Short and succinct, the sort of book review we want to pub- lish supplies complete and accurate information about the contents of the book in question. While no book reviews appear in Volume VII, we intend to run book reviews, critical notices, critical re- views, and critical discussions as regular features of future issues. keywords: book; logic; review cache: il-2705.pdf plain text: il-2705.txt item: #453 of 1009 id: il-2706 author: Siegel, Harvey title: Educating Reason: Critical Thinking, Informal logic, and the Philosophy of Education date: 1985-01-01 words: 7917 flesch: 51 summary: V11.2&3, Spring&Fall1985 Informal Logic Educating Reason: Critical Thinking, Informal logic, and the Philosophy of Education Part Two: Philosophical Questions Underlying Education for Critical Thinking [1] HARVEY SIEGEL Editors' Note Part One of Professor Siegel's long essay, II Educating Reason: Critical Thinking, Informal Logic and the Philosophy of Education, was published not in this journal but in the American Philosophical Asso- ciation's Newsletter on Teaching Philosophy. In the article printed below, which can be read inde- pendently of Part One, Siegel addresses the question of the justi- fication of critical thinking as an educational ideal. keywords: education; epistemology; ideal; justification; logic; mcpeck; reasons; student; thinking cache: il-2706.pdf plain text: il-2706.txt item: #454 of 1009 id: il-2707 author: Hitchcock, David title: Enthymematic Arguments date: 1985-01-01 words: 9352 flesch: 52 summary: (I assume for the sake of thi5 discussion that there is some way of separating off arguments whose inference is ap- propriately appraised by a non-deduc- tive standard, and I ignore any problem McMaster University of ilmissing premisses which may arise among such arguments.) Such arguments can always be made formally deductively valid by adding premisses which are true by definition; in the example, we might add the premisses that yester- day is the day before today, Sunday is the day before Monday, and the days before identical days are identical days. keywords: argument; assumption; conclusion; conditional; content; expression; generalization; premiss; premisses cache: il-2707.pdf plain text: il-2707.txt item: #455 of 1009 id: il-2708 author: Gough, James; Tindale, Christopher W. title: `Hidden' or `Missing' Premises date: 1985-01-01 words: 4822 flesch: 64 summary: An argument, in so far as it is so recognized, prescribes its own boundaries, and one of the first steps of argument analysis involves dis- covering those boundaries. A number of questions arise: Is it actually the case that to claim an argu- ment has missing premises is to claim that it is incomplete? keywords: argument; material; missing; premises; problem; text cache: il-2708.pdf plain text: il-2708.txt item: #456 of 1009 id: il-2709 author: Burke, Michael B. title: Unstated Premises date: 1985-01-01 words: 7633 flesch: 58 summary: [1980, p. 188] Without commenting directly on the merit of these ideas for deal i ng with stated premises, I wish to ask whether they can justify a generality criterion for unstated premises. More precisely, I will be concerned with criteria for identifying unstated premises when our purpose is to determine whether stated prem- ises provide the basis for an accept- able argument for a given conclusion. keywords: argument; assumptions; candidate; inference; premises; scriven cache: il-2709.pdf plain text: il-2709.txt item: #457 of 1009 id: il-2710 author: Weddle, Perry title: On Theory in Informal logic date: 1985-01-01 words: 4874 flesch: 62 summary: Informal logic suggests not- formal logic, which in turn suggests that logic is formal logic. Formal logic being mathematical logic, and such lo- gic being precise, this suggest that in- formal logic is imprecise, or less pre- cise; whereupon if informal logic is go- ing to call itself logiC then it had better be, or be like, formal logic. keywords: argument; driving; formal; logic; model; reasoning; sorts; subject; term; theory cache: il-2710.pdf plain text: il-2710.txt item: #458 of 1009 id: il-2711 author: Doss, Seale title: Three Steps Towards a Theory of Informal logic date: 1985-01-01 words: 6131 flesch: 60 summary: The thesis, of course, is that correct reasoning is, indeed, a function of formal patterns, patterns which exist independent not only of whatever it is that one is reasoning about, but also independent of anyone actually enga- ging in such reasoning. Beyond the barriers of symboliza- tion lie other sources of doubt; for example, the truth-table for condi- tionals is enough by itself to lead one to suspect that formal logic is wrong, just basically wrong in its effort to cap- ture and clarify the nature of correct reasoning. keywords: alternative; logic; matter; reasoning; subject; theory; way cache: il-2711.pdf plain text: il-2711.txt item: #459 of 1009 id: il-2712 author: Gibbs, Leonard E. title: Teaching Critical Thinking at the University Level: A Review of Some Empirical Evidence date: 1985-01-01 words: 6194 flesch: 53 summary: Thus, the ques- tions listed in the abstract concern mea- sures of critical thinking, effectiveness of conventional curricula, effectiveness of curricula designed specifically to teach critical thinking, and factors asso- ciated with successful learning by parti- cipants. Because we thought empirical studies would provide the clearest answers to our questions, studies of critical thinking in universities are the only evidence included. keywords: classes; course; freshmen; group; level; students; studies; study; teaching; test; thinking; university cache: il-2712.pdf plain text: il-2712.txt item: #460 of 1009 id: il-2713 author: Freeman, James B. title: Dialectical Situations and Argument Analysis date: 1985-01-01 words: 6606 flesch: 58 summary: Motivating our system of argument diagramming with the basic dialectical questions connects the whole issue of argument structure and analysis with this primary field for arguments. Classical syllogisms, for example, are paradigm cases of linked argument structure. keywords: argument; challenger; conclusion; premises; question; respondent; structure cache: il-2713.pdf plain text: il-2713.txt item: #461 of 1009 id: il-2714 author: Clemens, David title: Technoethics date: 1985-01-01 words: 1789 flesch: 66 summary: Instead, I must make students aware of the sys- tems of ethical belief they employ in the process of opinion formation, the foundation of the argument which ulti- mately appears on paper, and make that value system accessible for scru- tiny. Students fre- quently leave class feeling they know less than when they entered because now they realize that they donlt know what they thought they did. keywords: language; new; questions; students; value cache: il-2714.pdf plain text: il-2714.txt item: #462 of 1009 id: il-2715 author: Garver, Eugene title: Teaching Critical Thinking as a Discipline date: 1985-01-01 words: 1674 flesch: 37 summary: Critical thinking is a bit behind English composition in the amount of practical experience of teachers it can draw on, but teachers of critical thinking are rapidly accumu- lating successful and unsuccessful practices that are worth learning about, and which can be evaluated independ- ent of the theories that supposedly generated them. A non-controversial and brief way of describing critical thinking is atten- tiveness to the formal aspects of think- ing Making the idea of form more pre- cise can be done in a variety of ways, each of which can be the basis for a different possible approach to critical thinking, but awareness of an articu- lation of the formal dimensions of thought must be fundamental. keywords: canon; form; teaching; thinking cache: il-2715.pdf plain text: il-2715.txt item: #463 of 1009 id: il-2716 author: none title: From the Editors date: 1984-01-01 words: 1630 flesch: 56 summary: ficult for authors to submit articles to the non-refereed Infor- mal Logic Newsletter, since they would not receive the ~cademi~ credit from their university or college administra. tlons which would go to the same article published in a refereed journal. 32 • This is the first issue of Informal Logic. keywords: article; editors; issue; logic; university cache: il-2716.pdf plain text: il-2716.txt item: #464 of 1009 id: il-2717 author: Ennis, Robert H. title: Problems in Testing Informal Logic Critical Thinking Reasoning Ability date: 1984-01-01 words: 6949 flesch: 59 summary: It is largely in preparation for this expected increase in critical thinking tests that I attempt in this paper to share my experience in critical thinking testing by noting some pro- blems and by offering possible resolutions. My hopes are 1) that both consumers and developers of critical thinking tests will profit from the sharing; 2) that some members of my au- dience will help me in my attempts to deal with the problems; and 3) that some even will become deeply enough involved in the problems to work on them. keywords: ability; assumption; content; information; items; problems; test; testing; thinking; validity cache: il-2717.pdf plain text: il-2717.txt item: #465 of 1009 id: il-2718 author: Schwartz, Thomas title: Arguing for Explanations: Logic and the Special Disciplines date: 1984-01-01 words: 5686 flesch: 55 summary: Although analytical reasoning pervades all academic subjects, it is most conspicuous in the social sciences. A piece of analytical reasoning begins with a fact or set of data and leads to an explanation thereof, or at least to a range of reasonable candidate explanations. keywords: alternative; disciplines; explanations; fact; general; knowledge; reasoning; skill; specific cache: il-2718.pdf plain text: il-2718.txt item: #466 of 1009 id: il-2719 author: Pinto, Robert C. title: Dialectic and the Structure of Argument date: 1984-01-01 words: 4990 flesch: 56 summary: Second, the proviso sheds light, I think, on the force which such arguments have. If good arguments are those which confer upon their con- clusions the status of presumptions, and if to do that is to bring it about that respondents have obligations to concede or to refute, then a good argument is one which creates such an obligation. keywords: argument; conclusion; evidence; hypothesis; interchange; presumption; thinking; way cache: il-2719.pdf plain text: il-2719.txt item: #467 of 1009 id: il-2720 author: Kielkopf, Charles K. title: Forms for "Informal Logic" date: 1984-01-01 words: 5255 flesch: 56 summary: I call them argumenta- tion forms as opposed to argument forms because, as ex- amples will show, they are frequently useful for organizing the structure ()f an overall line of argument containing several arguments. Nevertheless people do implicitly give such arguments. keywords: argument; forms; logic; students; target; teaching; way cache: il-2720.pdf plain text: il-2720.txt item: #468 of 1009 id: il-2721 author: Englebretsen, George title: Freeman on Deduction/Induction date: 1984-01-01 words: 1583 flesch: 65 summary: The logician (now qua inductive logician) formulates a different set of criteria for validity-a set which, unlike the criteria for deductive validity, permits degrees of validity. 7): An argument is to be judged deductive (inductive) as the balance of deductive indicators outweighs the balance of in- ductive indicators nOPSense thf view hat thert' lire f~w~r police in South Afr-ka than in New Yo . I ~, I cr r ., 1,2.l C~~tfa ~. 0.-11' abovt-t&-. keywords: africa; castro; clark; conclusion; government; man; security; smith; smoking; stevens cache: il-2828.pdf plain text: il-2828.txt item: #576 of 1009 id: il-2843 author: Amossy, Ruth title: Argumentation in Discourse: A Socio-discursive Approach to Arguments date: 2009-09-15 words: 6918 flesch: 49 summary: The argumentative nature of discourse does not imply that formal arguments are used, nor does it mean that a sequential order from premise to conclusion is imposed on the oral or written text. A last implicit but capital link to formal arguments has to be clarified. keywords: amossy; analysis; argumentation; arguments; discourse; exchange; executives; options; rhetoric; speaker; stock; text cache: il-2843.pdf plain text: il-2843.txt item: #577 of 1009 id: il-2844 author: Pinto, Robert C. title: Argumentation and the Force of Reasons date: 2009-09-15 words: 13468 flesch: 55 summary: Though there are obvious ways to quantify (assign a real or cardinal number to) the degree of support that a reason affords its conclusion for some types of reasons (e.g.., those reasons which exhibit the pattern which Pollock (1995) calls “statistical syllogism”), how to extend quantification of degree of support to many other types of reason is not obvious. It is perhaps worth noting that when ‘Actions, Reasons and Causes” was reprinted in Davidson 2001, Davidson wrote (p. xvi): “Actions, Reasons, and Causes” was a reaction against a widely accepted doctrine that the explanation of an intentional action in terms of its motives or reasons could not relate reasons and actions as cause and effect. keywords: action; argumentation; attitudes; considerations; force; hearer; person; reason; speaker cache: il-2844.pdf plain text: il-2844.txt item: #578 of 1009 id: il-2845 author: Zarefsky, David title: What Does an Argument Culture Look Like? date: 2009-09-15 words: 5332 flesch: 53 summary: DAVID ZAREFSKY Department of Communication Studies Northwestern University 1815 Chicago Avenue, Room 102 Evanston, IL 60208-1340 U.S.A. d-zarefsky@northwestern.edu Keywords: argument culture, audience, contingency, cooperative argument, decision making, justification, reasonableness, risk 1. The paper elaborates these five productive tensions, offers some examples of argument cultures that negotiate them in various ways, and considers what it means to argue across cul- tures in a world that is both in- creasingly diverse and increasingly atomized. keywords: arguers; argument; argument culture; argumentation; audience; beliefs; culture; justification; people; tensions cache: il-2845.pdf plain text: il-2845.txt item: #579 of 1009 id: il-2846 author: Moldovan, Andrei title: Pragmatic Considerations in the Interpretation of Denying the Antecedent date: 2009-09-15 words: 8065 flesch: 57 summary: 6. CP and DA arguments Keeping in mind these modifications of van der Auwera’s account of the scalar implicature involved in CP, let us go back to the issue of interpreting utterances that express arguments of DA form. In this paper I am concerned with the analysis2 of fragments of discourse or text (utterances, in general), which express arguments suspected of being denials of the antecedent (DA from now on). keywords: account; argument; child; conditional; implicature; interpretation; speaker cache: il-2846.pdf plain text: il-2846.txt item: #580 of 1009 id: il-2847 author: Editorial Board, Editors & title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2009-09-15 words: 234 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Daniel Cohen Colby College Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-2847.pdf plain text: il-2847.txt item: #581 of 1009 id: il-2853 author: Rescher, Nicholas title: Vagueness: A Variant Approach date: 2009-09-21 words: 4987 flesch: 60 summary: For the traditional approach to such boundaries is that of the ontological contention that they do not exist as such (i.e., as actual boundaries), but are to be replaced by penumbral regions (whose boundaries themselves are penumbral in turn—all the way through). And this is a very real phenomenon, eeing that such predicates as: • being a person who has passed into total oblivion • being a never-formulated question • being an idea no-one any longer mentions ting such a predicate is thereby to contradict its very characterization.5 unravel them as so-characterized items.3 keywords: approach; boundary; heap; issue; paradox; vagrancy; vagrant; vagueness cache: il-2853.pdf plain text: il-2853.txt item: #582 of 1009 id: il-2854 author: van Laar, Jan Albert title: Confrontation and Ridicule date: 2009-09-21 words: 9253 flesch: 53 summary: Second, I will delineate a number of functions ridicule can perform in an argumentative discourse and examine whether these functions of ridicule can be brought into line with the dialectical ideal of living up to the norms of critical discussion. In order to develop a dialectical account of argumentative ridicule used for critical purposes, I will stipulate the term ridicule to refer to a contribution by the critic that has three dialogical consequences. keywords: arguer; audience; confrontation; critic; discussion; humor; laughter; position; ridicule; stage; standpoint; way cache: il-2854.pdf plain text: il-2854.txt item: #583 of 1009 id: il-2855 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: Logic as (Normative) Inference Theory: Formal vs. Non-formal Theories of Inference Goodness date: 2009-09-21 words: 8570 flesch: 47 summary: Toulmin criticizes formal logicians for having assumed that formal validity is the ultimate form of argument validity. But in that case, he should give further explanations of what “appropriate shuffling” consists of, and it is doubtful that he might do it without already adopting certain formal criteria of argument validity. keywords: argument; conclusion; inference; logic; reasoning; toulmin; validity; view; warrant cache: il-2855.pdf plain text: il-2855.txt item: #584 of 1009 id: il-2856 author: Ritola, Juho title: Walton's Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach date: 2008-12-01 words: 5229 flesch: 50 summary: The cases studied are the kinds of arguments and argumentative moves that the reader is likely to come across in her or his life, and Walton shows how to analyze and evaluate such arguments in practice. Another characterization of ‘fallacy’ by Walton (p. 16) is that “…many important kinds of fault and error in argumentation consist of failures to answer critical questions”. keywords: argument; correlation; dialogue; fallacy; logic; walton cache: il-2856.pdf plain text: il-2856.txt item: #585 of 1009 id: il-2868 author: Walton, Douglas title: Why Fallacies Appear to be Better Arguments Than They Are date: 2010-07-20 words: 11378 flesch: 60 summary: Hence lack of evidence arguments having the form of the argumentation scheme set out above are best analyzed as defeasible arguments that hold or not at some stage of an investigation in which evidence is being collected in a knowledge base and assessed. Now let’s consider the first kind of case, where the movie star cited was not an expert at all, even though she was put forward as an expert in the appeal to expert opinion argument. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; evidence; expert; fallacies; fallacy; heuristic; opinion; premise; scheme; walton cache: il-2868.pdf plain text: il-2868.txt item: #586 of 1009 id: il-2891 author: Garssen, Bart; Laar, Jan Albert van title: A pragma-dialectical response to objectivist epistemic challenges date: 2010-07-20 words: 8671 flesch: 46 summary: In addition, Miller allows for a special type of critical argumentation he characterizes as “defensive argu- ment,” which is a critical argument aimed at refuting another criti- cal argument. p. 9), the method of critical discussion might be of help to epistemology by providing a method for arriving at justified beliefs or knowledge. keywords: approach; argumentation; biro; discussion; justificationism; pragma; siegel; theory; van cache: il-2891.pdf plain text: il-2891.txt item: #587 of 1009 id: il-2902 author: Rips, Lance J. title: Argumentative Thinking: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Psychology and Argumentation date: 2009-12-17 words: 3774 flesch: 51 summary: Although instances of such arguments can be strung together in more extended proofs, the reasoning from educational contexts is typically non-deductive in character and multiple-sided. One such influence comes from theories of argument structure by Fisher (1988), Toulmin (1958), and others. keywords: argumentation; arguments; cambridge; evidence; issue; reasoning; students; thinking cache: il-2902.pdf plain text: il-2902.txt item: #588 of 1009 id: il-2903 author: Hahn, Ulrike; Harris, Adam J.L.; Corner, Adam title: Argument Content and Argument Source: An Exploration date: 2009-12-17 words: 10947 flesch: 51 summary: In particular, the Bayesian approach predicts that argument content and source reliability should interact to determine argument strength. Specifically, it clarifies the role of the source within a Bayesian approach to argumentation, and provides two experiments aimed at demonstrating the way that source reliability and argument content interact to determine argument strength. keywords: argument; argument source; argumentation; bayesian; belief; content; corner; evidence; hahn; journal; message; oaksford; participants; psychology; reliability; source; strength cache: il-2903.pdf plain text: il-2903.txt item: #589 of 1009 id: il-2904 author: Baron, Jonathan title: Belief-Overkill in Political Judgments date: 2009-12-17 words: 5237 flesch: 58 summary: The two others, which I call position judgments, were about the effect Jonathan Baron 372 of each issue on their preference, specifically, whether the candidates’ positions on that issue led them to favor candidate 1 or 2.2 2.1 Method A questionnaire was presented on the World Wide Web. 2.2 Results As hypothesized, judgments about whether one position helped or hurt a candidate (position judgments) were related to subjects’ attitudes about the other issue, as determined from other hypothetical candidates.4 The simple test of this belief-overkill hypothesis is to ask whether the position judgment of one issue correlated with the position judgment of the other issue. keywords: abortion; baron; belief; candidate; effect; issue; judgment; overkill; position; subjects cache: il-2904.pdf plain text: il-2904.txt item: #590 of 1009 id: il-2905 author: Goldstein, Marion; Crowell, Amanda; Kuhn, Deanna title: What Constitutes Skilled Argumentation and How Does it Develop? date: 2009-12-17 words: 6526 flesch: 51 summary: Non-dialogic vs. dialogic argument evaluation If we extend this analysis to the case of dialogic argumentation, the context of primary interest to us here, we can see that similar considerations apply. The development of argument skills. keywords: argument; argumentation; claim; counter; development; dialogic; evaluation; kuhn; reasoning; skills; students cache: il-2905.pdf plain text: il-2905.txt item: #591 of 1009 id: il-2906 author: Barchfeld, Petra; Sodian, Beate title: Differentiating Theories from Evidence: The Development of Argument Evaluation Abilities in Adolescence and Early Adulthood date: 2009-12-17 words: 8193 flesch: 50 summary: Keywords: Argument evaluation, argumentation, development, theory evidence coordination, evidence evaluation 1. While the ability to generate arguments to support or to refute a claim in informal reasoning contexts has been studied in some depth (e.g., Kuhn, 1991, Brem & Rips, 2000, Sá, Kelley, Ho & Stanovich, 2004), little work has been done on argument evaluation. keywords: argument; evaluation; evidence; kuhn; level; participants; reasoning; students; task; theory; understanding; university cache: il-2906.pdf plain text: il-2906.txt item: #592 of 1009 id: il-2907 author: Felton, Mark; Garcia-Mila, Merce; Gilabert, Sandra title: Deliberation versus Dispute: The Impact of Argumentative Discourse Goals on Learning and Reasoning in the Science Classroom date: 2009-12-17 words: 11342 flesch: 53 summary: Control group students were given the same materials and time on task, but did not argue. Also, as shown by the significant differences in item 7, there were more students in the deliberative condition compared to the disputative condition that were able to justify their position. keywords: argument; argumentative; claims; condition; dialogue; discourse; disputative; energy; evidence; goals; group; item; knowledge; learning; science; students cache: il-2907.pdf plain text: il-2907.txt item: #593 of 1009 id: il-2908 author: Zenker, Frank title: Eemeren & Garssen's Controversy and Confrontation: Relating Controversy Analysis with Argumentation Theory date: 2009-12-17 words: 13141 flesch: 47 summary: (p. 265) Critical Review of Controversy and Confrontation 477 As Zemplén notes, his paper is (perhaps primarily) a testimony to the fruitfulness of the Pragma-dialectical model in studying scientific controversies (p. 270). The latter deals with what a Pragma-dialectician knows as a “mixed difference of opinion” or a “persistent conflict” (p. 2): “It seems to us [the editors] intrinsic in a controversy that it concerns a difference of opinion that is perceived to have acquired a state of quasi-permanency—a state of ‘lingering on’” (ibid.). keywords: argument; claim; confrontation; controversy; debate; disagreement; discussion; ibid; model; newton; point; pragma; principles; respect; science; theory; view; zenker cache: il-2908.pdf plain text: il-2908.txt item: #594 of 1009 id: il-2909 author: Boulos, Pierre title: Zenker's Ceteris Paribus in Conservative Belief Revision: On the Role of Minimal Change in Rational Theory Development date: 2009-12-17 words: 1010 flesch: 40 summary: A published revision of Zenker’s PhD dissertation, the book looks at a narrow aspect of theory development embodied in the relatively recent literature looking at rational changes in beliefs in response to new information. The aim of Ceteris Paribus in Conservative Belief Revision (CPCBR) is to “contrast or minimally mutilating revisions of empirical theories” as this is understood in Alchourrón, Gärdenfors and Makinson’s theory (AGM) of belief revision. keywords: revision; theory; zenker cache: il-2909.pdf plain text: il-2909.txt item: #595 of 1009 id: il-2927 author: Mann, Thorbjoern title: The Structure and Evaluation of Planning Arguments date: 2010-12-15 words: 8455 flesch: 46 summary: The assessment of planning arguments The task of argument assessment is approached from the assump- tion that the merit of an argument must be derived from the merit of its components, the premises and inference rule. The plan proposal is a deon- tic claim, as is (at least) one of the premises of such arguments. keywords: argument; assessment; claim; design; discussion; evaluation; information; mann; planning; plausibility; premises; proposal; support cache: il-2927.pdf plain text: il-2927.txt item: #596 of 1009 id: il-2931 author: Bondy, Patrick title: Truth and Argument Evaluation date: 2010-07-20 words: 7980 flesch: 56 summary: Truth and Argument Evaluation 143 reintroduce truth as a constraint on premise adequacy, alongside the criterion of acceptability, and he holds that in a case where a premise is false but acceptable, truth (/falsity) outweighs acceptability. Goldman restricts his discussion to ordinary factual argumen- tation (1999, p. 132), and so his theory of truth only needs to be able to accommodate truths that come up in such discourse; he neither asserts nor denies, as far as I know, that there even are truths in practical or aesthetic discourse. keywords: arguments; conclusion; evaluation; premise; proposition; purpose; theory; truth cache: il-2931.pdf plain text: il-2931.txt item: #597 of 1009 id: il-2947 author: Zenker, Frank title: Analyzing Social Policy Argumentation: A case study on the opinion of the German National Ethics Council on an amendment of the Stem Cell Law date: 2010-03-19 words: 12481 flesch: 56 summary: Yet, only negative ones are offered, e.g., the com- plete abandonment of hES cell research in Germany is incompati- ble with normatively correct proportionality. Vis à vis this assumption, we conducted a micro- level analysis of the 2007 majority argumentation of the German National Ethics Council (NEC) (the state advisory body for ethical issues) regarding an amendment of the 2002 Stem Cell Law. keywords: argumentation; cell law; cell research; cells; compromise; criterion; cut; date; date criterion; embryo; germany; hescr; instigation; lines; majority; nec; new; protection; research; section; stem cell cache: il-2947.pdf plain text: il-2947.txt item: #598 of 1009 id: il-2948 author: Boger, George title: van Eemeren's Pondering on Problems of Argumentation date: 2010-03-19 words: 1278 flesch: 27 summary: With the turn to pragmatics and proliferation of stud- ies on argument schemes, whether from pragma-dialectic, informal and dialogical logic perspectives, argumentation philosophers have become just as much preoccupied with forms of discourse. • reassessing Toulmin’s model of argument assessment by developing the notion of ampliative probability to define sufficient argument strength (Freeman), employing the no- tion of relative modality to refine Toulmin’s notions of field-invariance and field-dependence (Rocci), and assess- ing visual arguments (political cartoons) according to Toulmin’s notion of data-warrant (Groarke). keywords: argumentation; essays; problems; van cache: il-2948.pdf plain text: il-2948.txt item: #599 of 1009 id: il-2949 author: Leighton, Jacqueline P. title: Sobocan and Groarke's Critical Thinking Education and Assessment date: 2010-03-19 words: 1596 flesch: 44 summary: Using examples from the province of British Columbia’s initiatives for assessment, she illustrates how inquiry and critical thinking can be incorporated into different levels of assessment products so as to improve assessments for and of critical thinking, inquiry, and learning. In the second and fourth chapters, Groarke and Ennis, respectively, evaluate structural aspects of tests; Groarke evaluates the California Critical Thinking Skills Test for whether it meets its objective of measuring critical thinking, and warns us to not put excessive faith in what these tests can measure. keywords: assessment; book; chapter; thinking cache: il-2949.pdf plain text: il-2949.txt item: #600 of 1009 id: il-2950 author: Logic, Informal title: In Memoriam: Stephen Edelston Toulmin 1922-2009 date: 2010-03-19 words: 547 flesch: 56 summary: IL30.1 Stephen Toulmin In Memoriam TB rev IN
MEMORIAM
 Stephen Edelston Toulmin 1922-2009 Thirty years ago, when preparing the bibliography for the 1978 Symposium on Informal Logic, we noted that Toulmin’s influence had largely been outside the logico-philosophical establishment. keywords: logic; toulmin cache: il-2950.pdf plain text: il-2950.txt item: #601 of 1009 id: il-2964 author: Battaly, Heather title: Attacking Character: Ad Hominem Argument and Virtue Epistemology date: 2010-12-15 words: 13121 flesch: 55 summary: Résumé: Keywords: ad hominem argument, intellectual vice, intellectual virtue, moral vice, moral virtue, virtue epistemology Doctor S has argued that the patient has a bacterial infec- tion, but Doctor S is cruel. Virtue theorists in epistemology define knowledge in terms of intellectual character; and thus, claim that intellectual virtue is nec- essary for knowledge. keywords: arguments; character; grade; hominem; intellectual; knowledge; produce; speaker; virtues; walton cache: il-2964.pdf plain text: il-2964.txt item: #602 of 1009 id: il-2965 author: Yuan, Tangming; Kelly, Tim title: Argument Schemes in Computer System Safety Engineering date: 2011-07-14 words: 7073 flesch: 53 summary: 5. Conclusion The argument-based approach to computer system safety engi- neering has been introduced. It is anticipated that this work will contribute toward the development of safety arguments and help to move forward the interplay between research in informal logic and research in computer system safety engineering. keywords: approach; argument; computer; conclusion; e.g.; engineering; evidence; hazard; kelly; premise; safety; scheme; system; testing cache: il-2965.pdf plain text: il-2965.txt item: #603 of 1009 id: il-2967 author: Stephens, Christopher Lee title: A Bayesian Approach to Absent Evidence Reasoning date: 2011-03-11 words: 4104 flesch: 67 summary: Baysian Approach to Absent Evidence Reasoning 57 does exist does not mean that you have evidence that it doesn’t.2 Carl Sagan (1996) uses the motto to criticize arguments such as the following: we don’t have any evidence of intelligent life on other planets; hence, there is no intelligent life elsewhere. If (CP1) is true, then absent evidence is evidence of absence. keywords: absence; bayesian; bear; evidence; motto; probability cache: il-2967.pdf plain text: il-2967.txt item: #604 of 1009 id: il-2979 author: Botting, David title: The Question of Truth date: 2010-12-15 words: 9833 flesch: 52 summary: However, magic is inferior to science because, Kaufmann (1944, 71) says, magic and science both share the rule that proposi- tions be held up against experience: “Presupposing rules of the observational test of predictions as basic rules of both magic and science we can judge that science is preferable to magic in terms of the rate of fulfilled predictions pertinent to both fields.” van Eemeren & Grootendorst (1988, 282) suggest the following: The problem-validity of the system of discussion rules as a whole can be rendered plausible only by illustrating that each rule fulfils a specific function in connection with fur- thering the resolution of a dispute . . . keywords: argumentation; consensus; discussion; pragma; rules; theory; truth; van; way cache: il-2979.pdf plain text: il-2979.txt item: #605 of 1009 id: il-2990 author: Mizrahi, Moti title: Take My Advice—I Am Not Following It: Ad Hominem Arguments as Legitimate Rebuttals to Appeals to Authority date: 2010-12-15 words: 8428 flesch: 65 summary: New York, NY 10065 Email: mmizrah@hunter.cuny.edu Abstract: In this paper, I argue that ad hominem arguments are not always fallacious. For Salmon, ad hominem arguments conclude that a statement is false because it is made by a particular person or group of per- sons. keywords: ad hominem; advice; arguments; authority; expert; hominem; person; says cache: il-2990.pdf plain text: il-2990.txt item: #606 of 1009 id: il-3013 author: Patterson, Steven W title: Functionalism, Normativity and the Concept of Argumentation date: 2011-03-11 words: 11382 flesch: 54 summary: At best all they show is that cross-currents of arguers' motivations and the effects—intended Functionalism, Normativity, and Argumentation 7 and otherwise—that arguments and arguing may have in particular cases make it difficult to pick out a function for argumentation. Argumentation then, if the preceding is correct, exists for the sake of rational doxastic coordination, the production and argumentation I am offering and the account of group formation put forward in Tuomela (2007) Steven W. Patterson 20 maintenance of which is its function. keywords: account; argumentation; charge; coordination; evidence; function; functionalist; goodwin; normativity; point; practice; rules; social; way cache: il-3013.pdf plain text: il-3013.txt item: #607 of 1009 id: il-3018 author: Rooney, Phyllis; Hundleby, Catherine E. title: Introduction: Reasoning for Change date: 2010-08-31 words: 3537 flesch: 41 summary: Many also examine the change already brought about in theoretical developments in feminist and related work, and they argue that this work provides new models of rea- 4 Daniel O’Keefe (1977) distinguishes “argument1” the premise-conclusion complexes that we call arguments, from “argument2” the speech acts in which people produce such arguments, acts that he refers to as “making an argument.” Informal Logic, Vol. 30, No. 3 (2010), pp. 194-202. Introduction: Reasoning for Change PHYLLIS ROONEY Department of Philosophy Oakland University Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA Email: rooney@oakland.edu CATHERINE E. HUNDLEBY Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario Canada N9B 3P4 Email: hundleby@uwindsor.ca Abstract: This special issue of Infor- mal Logic brings together two impor- tant areas of philosophy that have shown significant development in the last three decades: informal logic and feminist philosophy. keywords: argumentation; change; logic; philosophical; philosophy; reasoning; rooney; women cache: il-3018.pdf plain text: il-3018.txt item: #608 of 1009 id: il-3032 author: Rooney, Phyllis title: Philosophy, Adversarial Argumentation, and Embattled Reason date: 2010-08-31 words: 14465 flesch: 48 summary: Drawing attention to this same concern, Janet Kourany suc- cinctly describes the problem that has significantly motivated and defined the project of feminist philosophy: Feminist research into the history of philosophy… dis- closes that many of the greatest philosophers have held deeply misogynist views of women, views that shaped some of the most important parts of their philosophies. Her observation is borne out by that fact that, though it has been significantly invested (for over a quarter century now) in un- covering and counteracting the various effects of sexist and mi- sogynist theorizing, feminist philosophy is still significantly mar- 4 Penaluna 2009. keywords: adversariality; argumentation; arguments; differences; feminist; gender; govier; history; male; metaphor; moulton; narrative; philosophical; philosophy; reason; reasoning; rooney; women; work cache: il-3032.pdf plain text: il-3032.txt item: #609 of 1009 id: il-3033 author: Burrow, Sylvia title: Verbal Sparring and Apologetic Points: Politeness in Gendered Argumentation Contexts date: 2010-08-31 words: 12824 flesch: 48 summary: 5), mostly derived from Aristotle, includes such fallacies as “beg- ging the question” and “equivocation.”2 I argue in this paper that the popular pedagogy of fallacies in- volves a corrupt epistemic authority that makes the common prac- tices of fallacy allegation authoritarian. keywords: adversary; adversary method; approach; argument; argument evaluation; argumentation; authority; evaluation; fallacies; fallacy; logic; method; paradigm; philosophy; reasoning; textbooks; thinking cache: il-3033.pdf plain text: il-3033.txt item: #610 of 1009 id: il-3034 author: Bondy, Patrick title: Argumentative Injustice date: 2010-08-31 words: 7248 flesch: 49 summary: Just about eve- ryone agrees that there can be good arguments for false propositions. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to begin to develop an account of what I am calling argumentative injustice. keywords: arguer; argumentative; arguments; credibility; identity; injustice; people; policy; reasons cache: il-3034.pdf plain text: il-3034.txt item: #611 of 1009 id: il-3035 author: Hundleby, Catherine title: The Authority of the Fallacies Approach to Argument Evaluation date: 2010-08-31 words: 12824 flesch: 48 summary: 5), mostly derived from Aristotle, includes such fallacies as “beg- ging the question” and “equivocation.”2 I argue in this paper that the popular pedagogy of fallacies in- volves a corrupt epistemic authority that makes the common prac- tices of fallacy allegation authoritarian. keywords: adversary; adversary method; approach; argument; argument evaluation; argumentation; authority; evaluation; fallacies; fallacy; logic; method; paradigm; philosophy; reasoning; textbooks; thinking cache: il-3035.pdf plain text: il-3035.txt item: #612 of 1009 id: il-3036 author: Lang, James C. title: Feminist Epistemologies of Situated Knowledges: Implications for Rhetorical Argumentation date: 2010-08-31 words: 11094 flesch: 46 summary: Code draws on Donna Haraway’s work on situated knowledges, especially her immensely generative (nearly 3,000 cita- tions to date) paper, Situated Knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective (Haraway, 2004/1988). On that view, knowledge claims are validated or invalidated by examining objec- tive evidence and stripping away subjective “interference”— aspects of the claim that turn on non-universalizable specificities of the claimant’s subjectivity.3 keywords: argumentation; claims; code; context; feminist; haraway; implications; knowers; knowledge; person; tindale; ways; work cache: il-3036.pdf plain text: il-3036.txt item: #613 of 1009 id: il-3057 author: Siegel, Harvey; Biro, John title: The pragma-dialectician’s dilemma: Reply to Garssen and van Laar date: 2010-12-15 words: 9850 flesch: 54 summary: Instead of addressing these two ways in which (according to us) P-D theorists need to make a concession to justificationism, Garssen and van Laar argue that in critical discussions, “justifica- tion” in the justificationist’s sense of positive support is not neces- sary, and that for this reason P-D theorists need make no conces- sion to justificationism: (This point is central to critical discussion of Popper’s version of critical rationalism; see Siegel and Biro Harvey Siegel and John Biro 464 2008, pp. 197-8.) keywords: argumentation; criticism; garssen; laar; pragma; theory; van cache: il-3057.pdf plain text: il-3057.txt item: #614 of 1009 id: il-3063 author: Linker, Maureen title: Do Squirrels Eat Hamburgers?: Intellectual Empathy as a Remedy for Residual Prejudice date: 2011-07-14 words: 12821 flesch: 53 summary: Un- derstanding that “all men” or “all homosexuals” or “all Asians” are not real categories of social experience but merely intersect- ing elements in individual people’s complex identities, means that the data can be richer and more relevant to the social issues at hand. When groups who experience social disadvantages argue for their experiences and their rights to be recognized, it can feel to those who already have social advantages that these groups want “special recognition” or “special rights.” keywords: class; classroom; disadvantage; empathy; experiences; fricker; linker; logic; power; prejudice; privilege; race; school; students; teachers; thinking; white; women cache: il-3063.pdf plain text: il-3063.txt item: #615 of 1009 id: il-3074 author: Gratton, Claude title: Critical Thinking and Small Group Activities date: 2010-12-15 words: 4253 flesch: 69 summary: Benefits There are many benefits to using small groups activities, when they are directed by clear tasks and appropriate rules. Small groups activities can Claude Gratton 482 help to wake up students out of their passivity. keywords: example; group; properties; students; thinker; thinking cache: il-3074.pdf plain text: il-3074.txt item: #616 of 1009 id: il-3075 author: Crothers, Scott title: Maurice A. Finocchiaro. 2010. Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs. date: 2010-12-15 words: 1962 flesch: 50 summary: This great breadth of coverage along with the clarity that Finocchiaro brings to all of these issues makes Defending Copernicus and Galileo not only a significant contribution to Galileo scholarship but also an ideal point of entry to the field for the non-specialist. 
 In Feyerabend’s conflict thesis, Finoc- chiaro finds an historically untenable description of the trial but an example of the innovative turn in Galileo scholarship of the past century where less plausible views of earlier scholars are modified in ways which further illuminate both Galileo affairs. keywords: finocchiaro; galileo; power cache: il-3075.pdf plain text: il-3075.txt item: #617 of 1009 id: il-3078 author: Woods, Cathal title: Diagramming Objections To Independent Premises date: 2011-07-14 words: 4450 flesch: 58 summary: These meth- ods apply to all of the basic diagrams mentioned above, given that they all involve a single arrow, where the split-tailed arrow is a kind of single arrow. Abstract: Arguments involving what are called independent or convergent premises are typically diagrammed in informal logic texts by using multiple arrows, one be- tween each premise and the conclu- sion. keywords: arguments; arrow; objections; premises; support cache: il-3078.pdf plain text: il-3078.txt item: #618 of 1009 id: il-3098 author: Goddu, Geoff title: Is “Argument” subject to the product/process ambiguity? date: 2011-07-14 words: 6220 flesch: 61 summary: Despite Goldman’s willingness to allow for the possibility that arguments might be related to acts of arguing in some other manner than product of the process, the norm in argumentation theory is to treat arguments-as-objects as the product of the process of argument-as-activity. Regardless, the upshot of my comments so far is that restricting ourselves to talk of arguments as acts on the one hand and objects on the other in no way supports the in- tellectual or ontological priority of one aspect of argument over the other. keywords: acts; arguing; argument; argumentation; process; product; propositions cache: il-3098.pdf plain text: il-3098.txt item: #619 of 1009 id: il-3099 author: Hamby, Ben title: Toulmin’s “Analytic Arguments” date: 2012-03-08 words: 6763 flesch: 47 summary: Since these tests supposedly illustrate how we can recognize ana- lytic arguments, Toulmin’s notion of analytic arguments and his distinc- tion between analytic and substantial arguments is unclear. Keywords: Analytic argument, Freeman, quasi-syllogism, substantial argu- ment, tautology, Toulmin, uses of argument verification. keywords: argument; backing; conclusion; tautology; test; toulmin cache: il-3099.pdf plain text: il-3099.txt item: #620 of 1009 id: il-3123 author: Hitchcock, David title: Book Review of Is that a Fact? date: 2011-03-11 words: 949 flesch: 59 summary: Battersby uses a set of four “critical questions” as a framework for critical thinking about scientific and statistical information: (1) It could also be used as a supplementary text or recommended reading in a general course in critical thinking, since its treatment of its chosen topics is David Hitchcock 68 far more sophisticated and thorough than that of comprehensive critical thinking textbooks. keywords: book; fact; information cache: il-3123.pdf plain text: il-3123.txt item: #621 of 1009 id: il-3124 author: Navarro, Maria title: Book Review ofControversy and Confrontation, Relating Controversy Analysis With Argumentation Theory. date: 2011-03-11 words: 2492 flesch: 41 summary: Also, Gábor A. Zemplén uses the pragma- María G. Navarro 74 dialectic model to study part of the Newton-Lucas correspondence in the last chapter, Scientific controversies and the pragma- dialectical model. Fritz gives particular attention to the studies undertaken by Goldenbaum and Dieckmann of the 18th and 19th centuries in the light of different controversies that took place in Germany. keywords: argumentation; controversies; controversy; dascal; principles; van; volume cache: il-3124.pdf plain text: il-3124.txt item: #622 of 1009 id: il-3139 author: Duncan, Michael Gary title: The Curious Silence of the Dog and Paul of Tarsus; Revisiting The Argument from Silence date: 2012-03-08 words: 6042 flesch: 57 summary: 7 I should note here that this form of the AFS is not some variant of modus tollens, as witnessed by “other evidence notwithstanding.” The most popular metaphor for weighing AFS evidence, the percep- tion of auditory volume—convincing silences are often de- scribed, counter-intuitively, as “deafening”—reinforces this, not only by lending the silence a metaphorical sound, but a “deafen- ing” one, just in case no one else hears it. keywords: afs; argument; dog; evidence; holmes; jesus; life; paul; question; silence cache: il-3139.pdf plain text: il-3139.txt item: #623 of 1009 id: il-3143 author: Botting, David title: The Paradox of Analogy date: 2012-03-08 words: 8100 flesch: 56 summary: Inductive analogies do not involve universal claims, and some analogies are inductive analogies. Like the non-demonstrative arguments he seems to favour, inductive arguments do not need to refer to a universal claim and do accommodate varying degrees of strength. keywords: analogies; analogy; argument; claim; conclusion; inductive; universal cache: il-3143.pdf plain text: il-3143.txt item: #624 of 1009 id: il-3146 author: Cummings, Louise title: Scaring the Public: Fear Appeal Arguments in Public Health Reasoning date: 2012-03-08 words: 10917 flesch: 51 summary: In the meantime, we begin by examining the type of fear appeal argument that is the focus of this paper. Finally, a new view is developed of the heu- ristic role of fear appeal arguments in a public health context. keywords: appeal; appeal argument; argument; cummings; fear; fear appeal; health; heuristic; model; processes; public; reasoning; risk; threat; walton cache: il-3146.pdf plain text: il-3146.txt item: #625 of 1009 id: il-3159 author: Walton, Douglas title: Story Similarity in Arguments from Analogy date: 2012-06-13 words: 13015 flesch: 63 summary: dwalton@uwindsor.ca www.dougwalton.ca Abstract: In this paper a hybrid model of argument from analogy is presented that combines argumenta- tion schemes and story schemes. Story schemes are abstract representations of stories (narratives, explanations) based on common knowledge about how se- quences of actions and events we are familiar with can normally be ex- pected to unfold. keywords: analogy; argument; argumentation; case; conclusion; example; sequence; similarity; source case; stories; story; story scheme; target case cache: il-3159.pdf plain text: il-3159.txt item: #626 of 1009 id: il-3298 author: Ciurria, Michelle title: Critical Thinking in Moral Argumentation Contexts: A Virtue Ethical Approach date: 2012-06-13 words: 6964 flesch: 58 summary: In a similar vein, I wish to suggest that moral motives are “internal” to oneself while non-moral motives are “external,” and that acting on moral/internal motives in moral contexts (for instance, in helping a friend or arguing about abortion) is crucial to establishing a coherent sense of self, while acting from nor- mative commitments—justice, duty, and so on—can be alienat- 























































 2 The moral integrity approach On my view, which may be called the moral integrity approach (MI), disputants are urged to pay more attention to face goals than to task goals, to moral motives than to non-moral motives. keywords: argumentation; duty; friend; gilbert; goals; motives; nlt; philosophy; reasoning; thinking; virtue cache: il-3298.pdf plain text: il-3298.txt item: #627 of 1009 id: il-3326 author: Macagno, Fabrizio title: The Presumptions of Meaning. Hamblin and Equivocation. date: 2011-11-29 words: 10704 flesch: 59 summary: The appellant grounded his charge of equivocation on an argument rejecting the presump- tion of ordinary meaning. Since “opinion” and “factual state- ment” were specified and defined in law, the presumption of ordinary meaning was maintained to fail. keywords: argument; definition; dialogue; equivocation; hamblin; hearer; interlocutor; macagno; meaning; new; peace; presumption; reasoning; speaker; use; word cache: il-3326.pdf plain text: il-3326.txt item: #628 of 1009 id: il-3327 author: Mackenzie, Jim title: What Hamblin’s Book Fallacies was About date: 2011-11-29 words: 7211 flesch: 66 summary: Formal logic began with Aristotle, but (as a Popperian) Hamblin must have asked To what problem was formal logic the solution? (A speaker may, however, remove commitment to one of more of the statements in Γ and thereby recover the ability to deny, question, express doubt about, or ask for reasons to accept s.) Logic, that is formal logic, can be thought of as the key to the jungle of varieties of linguistic action found in ordinary lan- guage, and conversely logical relations have their function in regulating discourse. keywords: book; dialogue; fallacies; formal; hamblin; language; logic; mackenzie; philosophy; popper; wittgenstein cache: il-3327.pdf plain text: il-3327.txt item: #629 of 1009 id: il-3329 author: Walton, Douglas title: Speech Act Rules for Burden of Proof in a Modified Hamblin Dialogue System date: 2011-11-29 words: 10879 flesch: 63 summary: Keywords: fallacies; dialogue systems; argument from negative evidence; formal dialogue systems; argument from ignorance; speech acts; dialogue protocols; argument mapping. 




 It is a precursor of the approach of Reed (2006), who has advocated assisting with the computa- tional work of building a multiplicity of dialogue systems for many diverse applications in computing through what he calls a DSS (dialogue system specification). keywords: argument; argumentation; burden; dialogue; example; hamblin; party; proof; rake; stage; system; walton cache: il-3329.pdf plain text: il-3329.txt item: #630 of 1009 id: il-3330 author: Woods, John title: Whither Consequence? date: 2011-11-29 words: 11454 flesch: 61 summary: 338 Not surprisingly, inductive logics brim with attempts to hang on to the idea of inductive consequence in a systematic way. John Woods 325 attach to the formal and informal aspects of their analyses.19 All the same, I hardly need say that, like Fallacies itself, some of the very best work on the fallacies comes from this commu- nity.20 3. Induction: A puzzle Part of the modern subject’s proliferation is to be found in a more or less standard family of inductive logics. keywords: arguments; consequence; fallacies; hamblin; induction; inductive; logic; plausibility; probability; question; reasoning; relation; theory cache: il-3330.pdf plain text: il-3330.txt item: #631 of 1009 id: il-3332 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: A Unitary Schema for Arguments by Analogy date: 2012-03-08 words: 10854 flesch: 51 summary: No doubt, this distinction is merely concep- tual: we normally use argumentative analogies with both pur- poses at the same time. When we use argumentative analogies for persuading, we have to take into account that proposing certain comparisons, despite their justificatory power, may be inadequate because they provoke incomprehension, rejection, distaste, etc, so as to finally make it more difficult to get the persuasion of our ad- dressees. keywords: act; analogies; analogy; arguing; argumentation; arguments; claim; govier; inference cache: il-3332.pdf plain text: il-3332.txt item: #632 of 1009 id: il-3345 author: Johnson, Ralph title: The Coherence of Hamblin’s Fallacies date: 2011-11-29 words: 5434 flesch: 61 summary: Chapter 8 provides a treatment of what Hamblin calls “Formal Dialectic”; why, the reader may ask, is that inquiry being introduced here? In Chapter 8, “Formal Dialectic,” Hamblin shows his hand and introduces (Formal) Dialectic6 as his choice of the best set- ment carefully examined. keywords: argument; chapter; dialectic; fallacies; formal; hamblin; logic; meaning cache: il-3345.pdf plain text: il-3345.txt item: #633 of 1009 id: il-3351 author: Lumer, Christoph title: The Epistemic Inferiority of Pragma-Dialectics – Reply to Botting date: 2012-03-08 words: 13914 flesch: 46 summary: Prognostic success has historically been accepted as a criterion for good epistemic rules only gradually; today it is ac- cepted by the majority of educated people but not by all. This is so because pragma- dialectical discussion rules are not even designed to lead to true or acceptable propositions (but rather to resolve differences of opinion); they do so only incidentally—as candles offer heat— whereas the dialogue rules and criteria for good argumentation provided by the epistemological approach are not only designed to reach this aim but do so efficiently by relying on epistemical- ly efficient as well as epistemically productive and practicable rules of knowledge acquisition, transfer and improvement (by epistemically guided discourse). keywords: argumentation; botting; claim; consensus; dialectics; eemeren; good; grootendorst; justification; lumer; pragma; rules; truth; van cache: il-3351.pdf plain text: il-3351.txt item: #634 of 1009 id: il-3363 author: van Laar, Jan A. title: Argument Schemes from the Point of View of Hamblin’s Dialectic date: 2011-11-30 words: 9300 flesch: 51 summary: Though not always (Hitchcock 2010, p. 157), the notion of an argumentation scheme (or argument scheme) is often defined as a commonly adopted framework of argument (Van Eemeren and Grootendorst 1992, p. 96; Garssen 2001, p. 96; Walton, Reed and Macagno 2008, p. 1). Argument schemes. keywords: argumentation; argumentation scheme; connection; counterconsideration; dialogue; hamblin; opponent; premise; proponent; scheme cache: il-3363.pdf plain text: il-3363.txt item: #635 of 1009 id: il-3395 author: Jacobs, Scott title: The Pragmatic and Dialectical Dynamics of an Illegitimate Argument date: 2011-09-12 words: 3916 flesch: 62 summary: Second, we can examine our intuitions about argument quality to uncover the interpretive structuring of argument. I want to elaborate two general points about the nature of argument quality and argument evaluation. keywords: argument; objection; project; reasons; shell; tindale cache: il-3395.pdf plain text: il-3395.txt item: #636 of 1009 id: il-3396 author: Johnson, Ralph H. title: Interpreting Shell's 'Clear Thinking in Troubled Times' date: 2011-09-12 words: 3826 flesch: 66 summary: The text taken as argument The Shell text meets the requirements for an argument in the traditional sense. Shell chose to de- sign a message that has the appearance of argument but lacked the substance of argument. keywords: advertisement; advertising; argument; evidence; shell; text cache: il-3396.pdf plain text: il-3396.txt item: #637 of 1009 id: il-3398 author: Thagard, Paul title: Critical Thinking and Informal Logic: Neuropsychological Perspectives date: 2011-09-13 words: 6946 flesch: 52 summary: This article discusses two important but neglected error ten- dencies: motivated inference and fear-driven inference. Keywords: Argument, critical thinking, emotion, fear-driven inference, in- ference, logic, motivated inference, neuroscience, psychology. keywords: arguments; decisions; evidence; fear; inference; information; logic; people; press; tendency; thagard; thinking cache: il-3398.pdf plain text: il-3398.txt item: #638 of 1009 id: il-3399 author: Tracy, Karen title: “Reasonable Hostility”: Its Usefulness and Limitation as a Norm for Public Hearings date: 2011-09-13 words: 7806 flesch: 61 summary: Informal Logic, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2011), pp. 171- 190. “Reasonable Hostility”: Its Usefulness and Limitation as a Norm for Public Hearings KAREN TRACY Department of Communication University of Colorado-Boulder UCB 270 Boulder, CO 80309 USA Karen.Tracy@colorado.edu Abstract: “Reasonable hostility” is a norm of communicative conduct initially developed by studying public exchanges in education governance meetings in local U.S. communities. Following an explication of reasonable hostility and grounded practical theory, the approach to inquiry that guides my work, I describe Hawaii’s 2009, 18- hour public hearing and analyze selected segments of it. keywords: argument; citizens; hearing; hostility; issue; marriage; norm; people; public; rights; sex; speakers; tracy; unions cache: il-3399.pdf plain text: il-3399.txt item: #639 of 1009 id: il-3400 author: Hitchcock, David title: Inference Claims date: 2011-09-13 words: 15767 flesch: 47 summary: 2.2 Too narrow The received conception of following is much too narrow in forbidding the form that rules out true premisses and an untrue conclusion to have any content. In the remaining arguments, the conclusion would follow, if at all, in virtue of a form with con- tent that ruled out true premisses and an untrue conclusion in a non-trivial way. keywords: antecedent; argument; claim; conclusion; conditional; consequent; covering; example; generalization; hitchcock; inference; material; non; premisses; soldiers; truth cache: il-3400.pdf plain text: il-3400.txt item: #640 of 1009 id: il-3401 author: Simard Smith, Paul L.; Moldovan, Andrei title: Arguments as Abstract Objects date: 2011-09-13 words: 14102 flesch: 61 summary: In particular it will be important that the inferential condition does not exclude from the class of arguments bad arguments that have no inferential relation or even a relevance relation (e.g. the red herring fallacy). Such arguments are plausible “to the extent that the phenomenon is systematic and general, rather than peculiar to particular words” (Bach 1998), because pragmatic explanations invoke general rules of ration- ality that warrant certain patterns of inference. keywords: abstract; agent; ambiguity; argument; conclusion; inference; meaning; objects; sense; speech; speech act; test; use; word cache: il-3401.pdf plain text: il-3401.txt item: #641 of 1009 id: il-3421 author: Vorobej, Mark title: Moral Hybrids, Moral Relevance and Moral Particularism date: 2012-09-18 words: 2938 flesch: 62 summary: In Ethics Without Principles, Jonathan Dancy draws a distinc- tion between four different “forms of moral relevance”— favourers, enablers, intensifiers and attenuators—that plays a central role in his argument in support of moral particularism (Dancy 2004: Keywords: Jonathan Dancy, hybrid arguments, argument structure, supple- mentation relations, moral particularism. keywords: argument; dancy; reason; support cache: il-3421.pdf plain text: il-3421.txt item: #642 of 1009 id: il-3457 author: Govier, Trudy; Ayers, Lowell title: Logic and Parables: Do These Narratives Provide Arguments? date: 2012-06-13 words: 12144 flesch: 64 summary: We find, however, that such arguments are rarely cogent. Such arguments do not seem to have a distinctively narrative form: some are analogies, while others appear to be deductive arguments or generalizing inductive ones. keywords: analogy; argument; conclusion; god; man; message; narrative; parables; person; point; reasons; ring; slave; story cache: il-3457.pdf plain text: il-3457.txt item: #643 of 1009 id: il-3493 author: Botting, David title: The Irrelevance of Relevance date: 2013-03-15 words: 9500 flesch: 57 summary: From this rhetorical point of view, then, apocalypse is the correct result, or perhaps we should say more cautiously that the only reason that everything is not rele- vant to everything is the empirical fact that reasoners and audiences do not make such relevance judgments, at least not with regard to every such q. It is only a contingent empirical fact that relevance judgments are not apocalyptic. Hitchcock (1992: 260) defines premise relevance as: “A premise is irrelevant if it cannot ineliminably be put together with other at least potentially accurate information to produce a set of premises which is sufficient to justify the conclusion. keywords: botting; conclusion; david; non; premises; relevance cache: il-3493.pdf plain text: il-3493.txt item: #644 of 1009 id: il-3502 author: Walton, Douglas; Johnson, Ralph title: Introduction: Special Issue on Charles Hamblin date: 2011-11-30 words: 1796 flesch: 50 summary: Other major confe- rences in computer science now list argumentation as a main topic category for submitting papers, including even specialized areas like argumentation schemes, argument-based negotiation, decision-making based on argumentation dialogues, and argumentation systems for col- laborative learning. On Hamblin‟s model, which can be called a dialectical model in historical perspective, a disputed claim is shown to be acceptable if the arguments both for and against it are brought forward and allowed to interact with each other in a rule-governed dialogue in which it is shown that the pro side has the stronger argument. keywords: argumentation; dialogue; hamblin; hamblin‟s; model cache: il-3502.pdf plain text: il-3502.txt item: #645 of 1009 id: il-3530 author: Correia, Vasco title: The Ethics of Argumentation date: 2012-06-13 words: 8170 flesch: 54 summary: To begin with, it seems likely that the very awareness of such biases can lead arguers to be more vigilant regarding their own cognitive weaknesses. Further, such biases tend to occur unintentionally, which means that deductive skills and well- Vasco Correia 237 intended efforts to “play the game by the rules [of critical dis- cussion],” as van Eemeren and Grootendorst put it (2004, 187), may be insufficient to ensure the balance and the reasonableness of people’s way of debating. keywords: arguers; argumentation; arguments; biases; cambridge; people; press; rationality; reasoning; rules; self; university cache: il-3530.pdf plain text: il-3530.txt item: #646 of 1009 id: il-3531 author: Hamby, Ben title: What a Real Argument Is date: 2012-09-18 words: 6108 flesch: 51 summary: 5. Are real arguments practical arguments? In essence, Goddu discounts the notion of real arguments being practical arguments by using an implausible operative definition that distinguishes theory from practice in terms of de- ductive form, taking a cue from Jonsen and Toulmin. keywords: arguments; everyday; goddu; logic; practice; reasoning; use cache: il-3531.pdf plain text: il-3531.txt item: #647 of 1009 id: il-3534 author: Kvernbekk, Tone title: Argumentation in Theory and Practice: Gap or Equilibrium? date: 2012-09-18 words: 7847 flesch: 64 summary: Or is it practice that guides theory, so that if theory is mismatched to existing Argumentation in Theory and Practice 
 295 practice we judge theory deficient and in need of revision? Equilibrium: Theory and practice being in line To reiterate, Toulmin calls for a radical re-ordering of theory. keywords: argumentation; dewey; gap; johnson; practice; rules; sense; theory; toulmin cache: il-3534.pdf plain text: il-3534.txt item: #648 of 1009 id: il-3536 author: Santibáñez Yáñez, Cristián title: Mercier and Sperber’s Argumentative Theory of Reasoning: From Psychology of Reasoning to Argumentation Studies date: 2012-03-08 words: 11584 flesch: 51 summary: First, they are conceptual constellations in the psychol- ogy of reasoning where a complete package of theoretical frameworks is given to conceive human reasoning and, at the same time, they are part of the background from which M&S take their insights, although they differ substantially from M&S’s proposal in many respects. Bayesian rationality: The Probabilistic approach to human reasoning. keywords: argumentation; arguments; bias; cognitive; good; information; m&s; mercier; people; press; reasoning; sperber; system; theory cache: il-3536.pdf plain text: il-3536.txt item: #649 of 1009 id: il-3550 author: Aikin, Scott F. title: Pregnant Premise Arguments date: 2012-09-18 words: 2492 flesch: 71 summary: Interpreting arguments prof- fered as pregnant premises requires, then, that there be a fit be- tween what coordinate premises and conclusions we attribute to the argument, and determinations of which premises and conclu- sions fit are not purely logical or formal questions but also con- textual. Conditionals and other forms of general statements can function as these pregnant premises: statements that are posed as arguments, but with suppressed coordinate premises and a suppressed coordinate conclusion. keywords: arguments; coordinate; enthymemes; logic; premise cache: il-3550.pdf plain text: il-3550.txt item: #650 of 1009 id: il-3563 author: Botting, David title: Pragma-Dialetics Epistemologized: Reply to Lumer date: 2012-06-13 words: 6517 flesch: 54 summary: Yet I hoped to show that they supplied a means by which the arguers could discover for themselves when inference rules were epistemically non-normative provided only that the arguers can appeal to the evidence of the senses. Note, though, that foregoing justification does not mean that we cannot use inference or that we have to use inference rules differently. keywords: argument; dialectics; justification; lumer; point; pragma; rules cache: il-3563.pdf plain text: il-3563.txt item: #651 of 1009 id: il-3588 author: van den Hoven, Paul title: Getting Your Ad Banned to Bring the Message Home? - A Rhetorical Analysis of an Ad on the US National Debt date: 2012-12-20 words: 7485 flesch: 58 summary: The analysis of rhetorical multimodal discourse requires a specific approach. Modeling the protagonist: The strategic use of discourse voices. keywords: 2010; analysis; audience; cagw; chinese; den; discourse; hoven; rhetor; van; world cache: il-3588.pdf plain text: il-3588.txt item: #652 of 1009 id: il-3598 author: Mercier, Hugo title: Some Clarifications about the Argumentative Theory of Reasoning. A Reply to Santibáñez Yañez (2012). date: 2012-06-13 words: 3678 flesch: 50 summary: Introduction In “Mercier and Sperber’s Argumentative Theory of Reasoning: From Psychology of Reasoning to Argumentation Studies” (2012) Cristian Santibáñez Yañez offers an interesting take on a new theory of reasoning put forward by Dan Sperber and my- self.1 Reply Some Clarifications About the Argumentative Theory of Reasoning: A Reply to Santibáñez Yañez (2012). keywords: argumentative; arguments; people; psychology; reasoning; theory cache: il-3598.pdf plain text: il-3598.txt item: #653 of 1009 id: il-3608 author: Bowell, Tracy; Kingsbury, Justine title: Virtue and Argument: Taking Character Into Account date: 2013-03-15 words: 4822 flesch: 60 summary: Virtue episte- mology defines knowledge partly in terms of the exercise of epistemic virtues by the knower; virtue argumentation theory hopes to define good argument partly in terms of the exercise of argumentational virtues by the arguer. We conclude that al- though there is much to be gained by identifying the virtues of the good arguer and those of the good evaluator of arguments, and by considering the ways in which these virtues can be de- veloped in ourselves and in others, virtue argumentation theory does not offer a plausible alternative to a more standard agent- neutral account of good argument. 
 keywords: account; arguer; argument; good; premises; virtue cache: il-3608.pdf plain text: il-3608.txt item: #654 of 1009 id: il-3610 author: Franklin, James title: Arguments Whose Strength Depends on Continuous Variation date: 2013-03-15 words: 10097 flesch: 66 summary: If such arguments were used only in applied ethics, there might not be any strong motivation to examine them strictly as Argument Strength Depending on Continuous Variation But perhaps the best reason for taking such arguments seriously as logic is that convincing examples occur in core sci- entific inference. keywords: arguments; closeness; example; extrapolation; franklin; james; james franklin; logic; press; slippery; slope; space; strength; variation; vol; worlds cache: il-3610.pdf plain text: il-3610.txt item: #655 of 1009 id: il-3620 author: Lewiński, Marcin title: The Paradox of Charity date: 2012-12-20 words: 15073 flesch: 46 summary: Looked at from this point of view, while greatly in- formative, all the accounts of PC described above fail to appre- ciate the basic tenets of dialectical argumentation. A contemporary account of dialectical argumentation as a collaborative competition is provided in the extended pragma- dialectical theory of argumentation (van Eemeren 2010; see Krabbe 2009). keywords: analyst; antagonist; arguer; argumentation; charitable; charity; davidson; discourse; discussion; interpretation; lewiński; paradox; plausible; principle; protagonist; theory cache: il-3620.pdf plain text: il-3620.txt item: #656 of 1009 id: il-3627 author: Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H.; Hansen, Hans V.; Tindale, Christopher W. title: In Memoriam: JONATHAN ADLER 1949 – 2012 date: 2012-06-13 words: 395 flesch: 48 summary: It is with great sadness that the Editors of Informal Logic inform our readers that Jonathan Adler has died, on March 26th, 2012, after a long illness. He was our first Book Review Editor, from 1992 to 2001 and he published five articles in Informal Logic: “Why Be Charitable?” keywords: jonathan; vol cache: il-3627.pdf plain text: il-3627.txt item: #657 of 1009 id: il-3649 author: Carrascal, Begoña title: The Authority of Citations and Quotations in Academic Papers date: 2014-06-02 words: 10212 flesch: 51 summary: As a consequence, by discussing the case of citations, I attempt to give more support to the contextualist view on testimony, considering how the special and institutional context in which academic citations appear helps to explain our epistemic responsibility in accepting them. This issue only arises incidentally because of the consideration of citations in academic papers as assertions of experts in a field. keywords: argumentation; authority; begoña; citations; claim; context; expert; logic; papers; testimony cache: il-3649.pdf plain text: il-3649.txt item: #658 of 1009 id: il-3656 author: Mizrahi, Moti title: Why Arguments from Expert Opinion are Weak Arguments date: 2013-03-15 words: 9588 flesch: 70 summary: On the other hand, argu- ments from expert opinion are weaker the lower the accuracy of expert opinions (See Figure 1). Such arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments unless the fact that an expert says that p makes p sig- nificantly more likely to be true. keywords: arguments; authority; expert; expert e; expertise; fact; logic; mizrahi; moti; opinion cache: il-3656.pdf plain text: il-3656.txt item: #659 of 1009 id: il-3679 author: Macagno, Fabrizio; Damele, Giovanni title: The Dialogical Force of Implicit Premises. Presumptions in Enthymemes. date: 2013-09-12 words: 11241 flesch: 59 summary: Keywords: burden of proof, commitment, implicit premise, interpretation, kairos, pragmatics, presumption, presupposition, rhetorical strategies, straw man 1. We distinguish between four different cases of presupposition of implicit premises: (i) keywords: act; case; damele; fabrizio; giovanni; interlocutor; logic; macagno; premise; presupposition; proposition; speaker; vol cache: il-3679.pdf plain text: il-3679.txt item: #660 of 1009 id: il-3681 author: Stone, Mark A. title: Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation date: 2012-09-18 words: 12295 flesch: 55 summary: Mark Stone 346 One might naturally object that the valid argument is a genuine improvement over the original argument because it is valid, and valid arguments are more logically persuasive than invalid ones. Contrary to arguments that it does not or at least should not occur, denying the antecedent is a legitimate and effective strategy for undermining a position. keywords: antecedent; argument; capital; claim; conclusion; conditional; form; punishment; reasoning cache: il-3681.pdf plain text: il-3681.txt item: #661 of 1009 id: il-3719 author: Logic, Informal title: In Memoriam: JOHN HOAGLUND 1936 – 2012 date: 2012-09-18 words: 466 flesch: 51 summary: He taught classes in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Critical Thinking, Logic, and Aesthetics. In addition to authoring a textbook in Critical Thinking and a number of scholarly articles, he attended and read papers at nu- merous conferences and was considered an internationally rec- ognized expert in the fields of critical thinking, logic, and aes- thetics. keywords: john; thinking cache: il-3719.pdf plain text: il-3719.txt item: #662 of 1009 id: il-3720 author: Tindale, Christopher title: Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse: Extending the Pragma-dialectical Theory of Argumentation by Frans H. van Eemeren date: 2012-09-18 words: 3492 flesch: 50 summary: These
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 keywords: argumentation; audience; eemeren; maneuvering; theory; van cache: il-3720.pdf plain text: il-3720.txt item: #663 of 1009 id: il-3721 author: Woods, Cathal title: Rationality and the Reflective Mind by Keith E. Stanovich date: 2012-09-18 words: 2890 flesch: 50 summary: The reflective mind is additionally associated with meta-representation, with thinking about thinking processes, noticing that the processes typically deployed are unsuccessful and simulating (using the algo- rithmic mind) how they might be adjusted or replaced. In response to data concerning such problems, psy- chologists have posited two types of cognitive processes. keywords: mind; stanovich; thinking; type cache: il-3721.pdf plain text: il-3721.txt item: #664 of 1009 id: il-3774 author: Possin, Kevin title: A Serious Flaw in the Collegiate Learning Assessment [CLA] Test date: 2013-09-12 words: 6702 flesch: 57 summary: Arum and Roksa, in Academically Adrift (2011), used the CLA at 24 community colleges, colleges, and universities to measure stu- dents’ improvement in critical thinking, reasoning, and writing skills. Informal Logic, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2013), pp. 390-405.   391 cation (CAE) claim it measures, viz., the higher-order skills of critical thinking, analytic reasoning, problem solving, and writ- ten communication? keywords: cae; cla; crime; kevin; logic; possin; skills; students; test; thinking cache: il-3774.pdf plain text: il-3774.txt item: #665 of 1009 id: il-3778 author: Shecaira, Fábio Perin title: Analogical Arguments in Ethics and Law: A Defence of Deductivism date: 2013-09-12 words: 11678 flesch: 56 summary: Analogical arguments re- lying on principles are better than analogical arguments based on so-called intuitive analogies. One cru- cial qualification is that the schema represents analogical arguments as complexes composed of one deductive inference (hence “deductivism”) but also of one non-deductive sub- argument. keywords: analogy; arguments; law; logic; perin; principle; schema; shecaira; vol; waller cache: il-3778.pdf plain text: il-3778.txt item: #666 of 1009 id: il-3800 author: Xie, Yun title: Review of Giving Reasons date: 2012-12-20 words: 5692 flesch: 37 summary: By taking justifica- tion as being both the constitutive goal and the intrinsic value of argumentation, Bermejo-Luque claims that we have not only captured our pre-theoretical concepts of argumentation and of argumentation value, but also found the solution to the justifica- tion problem of normative models (pp. 44-45). To begin with, I find that some of Bermejo-Luque’s critical readings of other argumentation theories are wanting. keywords: arguing; argumentation; bermejo; luque cache: il-3800.pdf plain text: il-3800.txt item: #667 of 1009 id: il-3801 author: Cummings, Louise title: Informal Fallacies as Cognitive Heuristics in Public Health Reasoning date: 2014-02-27 words: 14230 flesch: 48 summary: These strategies are adapted to the uncertain conditions that attend public health reasoning. Heuristics and public health reasoning keywords: argument; authority; closure; cummings; expertise; fallacies; health; ignorance; inference; knowledge; logic; louise; louise cummings; public; reasoning; scenario; search; subjects cache: il-3801.pdf plain text: il-3801.txt item: #668 of 1009 id: il-3812 author: Hitchcock, David title: Deductive and Inductive: Types of Validity, Not Types of Argument date: 2012-12-16 words: 1909 flesch: 59 summary: Weddle (5) himself provides convincing counter-examples to attempts to make the distinction on the basis of logical form, such as the contention that inductive arguments draw universal conclusions from particular premises and deductive arguments draw partic- ular conclusions from universal premises. Although Weddle's elimination of the dis- tinction fails, there are good arguments against three traditional ways of defining it: in terms of logical form, in terms of the strength of the link between premise(s) and conclusion, and in terms of the claimed or intended strength of this link. keywords: arguments; conclusion; inductive; premises cache: il-3812.pdf plain text: il-3812.txt item: #669 of 1009 id: il-3833 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Reason in the Balance date: 2012-12-20 words: 5727 flesch: 52 summary: In this chapter, reductio ad absurdum, precedent analogy (argu- ment from similarity of circumstances), causal analogy (argu- ment from similar qualities to similar causal properties—e.g., historical analogy), and argument to the best explanation are also introduced as argument types. A fourth is its differing classifications of argument types (into deductive vs. inductive, but also into vari- ous argument schemes). keywords: argument; authors; balance; book; inquiry; issue; judgment; method cache: il-3833.pdf plain text: il-3833.txt item: #670 of 1009 id: il-3864 author: Editors, Informal Logic title: Informal Logic referees 2011-2012 date: 2013-03-15 words: 162 flesch: 42 summary: Andrew Aberdein Jonathan Adler † Scott Aiken Mark Battersby Lilian Bermejo-Luque Jerome Bickenbach John Biro Charles Blatz George Boger Daniel Boone Linda Carozza Lorraine Code Daniel Cohen Michael Gary Duncan Ian Dove Daniel Fasko Alec Fisher Maurice Finochiaro James Freeman Mihai Frumuselu Michael Gilbert David Godden Geoff Goddu Jean Goodwin Kara Gilbert Marcello Guarini Charles Hill David Hitchcock Michael Hoppmann Catherine Hundleby Ralph Johnson Fred Kauffeld Jerome Keppens Harm Kloosterhuis Tone Kvernbekk Peter Loptson Christoph Lumer Sally Jackson Fabrizio Macagno Jim Mackenzie Michael Malone Hugo Mercier Steven Patterson Robert Pinto Gilbert Plumer William Rehg Peter Schulz Harvey Siegel Dale Turner Bart Verheij MarkVorobej Jean Wagemans Douglas Walton Larry Wright Harald Wohlrapp John Woods  Informal Logic Editors. 33.1 5. keywords: gilbert; logic; michael cache: il-3864.pdf plain text: il-3864.txt item: #671 of 1009 id: il-3869 author: McCabe, Helen Ruth title: John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Persuasion date: 2014-02-27 words: 10992 flesch: 65 summary: This persuasive philosophy had two prongs: repeating rational arguments until people were forced to see their truth, and thus assent to them, and educating people so that they asso- ciated the right things with pleasure, and the wrong things with pain (Mill 1981, 109; Hamburger 1963, 25; James Mill 1825, 12-14). Both were based (in part) on his father’s political thought, and on ‘associationist psychology’, a school of philosophy of mind based on the work of David Hart- ley, which James Mill extended or re-founded with his Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (Mill 1981a, 107-9 and 590; Mill 1989, 99; Hamburger 1963, 25; Hugeulet 1966, xii). keywords: father; helen; john; mccabe; mill; opinions; people; persuasion; philosophy; press; toronto; university cache: il-3869.pdf plain text: il-3869.txt item: #672 of 1009 id: il-3882 author: Godden, David title: Teaching Rational Entitlement and Responsibility: A Socratic Exercise date: 2014-02-27 words: 12090 flesch: 65 summary: Facts are unarguable truths occurring in a realm where answers are definitely right or wrong, while opinions occur in some other realm where truth is not possible or is unavailable. As such, not only are opinions contestable, they are not objectively right or wrong. keywords: david; entitlement; exchange; exercise; godden; logic; opinion; reasons; students; view cache: il-3882.pdf plain text: il-3882.txt item: #673 of 1009 id: il-3886 author: Seidel, Markus title: Throwing the Baby Out with the Water: From Reasonably Scrutinizing Authorities to Rampant Scepticism About Expertise date: 2014-06-02 words: 11728 flesch: 60 summary: Now, if we assume that appropriate conditions apply for the inference from expert opinion to be a candidate for providing strong support, then it seems that from Goldman's definition of expertise it follows that expert opinions in the expert's domain are far more accurate than chance. If that is true, then arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments, since, according to Mizrahi, “[arguments] from expert opinion are weak arguments unless the fact that expert E says that p makes it significantly more likely that p is true” (Mizrahi 2013, p. 58). keywords: argument; evidence; expert; expertise; fact; logic; markus; mizrahi; opinion; seidel; vol cache: il-3886.pdf plain text: il-3886.txt item: #674 of 1009 id: il-3888 author: Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. title: Preface date: 2013-05-30 words: 594 flesch: 45 summary: Informal Logic, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2013), pp. Special Issue in Honour of Trudy Govier Preface On the occasion of Trudy Govier’s retirement from the University of Lethbridge after a 42-year career of scholarship and teaching there and elsewhere, the Editors of Informal Logic take great pleasure in presenting this Special Issue of the journal assembled in her honour. keywords: govier; logic cache: il-3888.pdf plain text: il-3888.txt item: #675 of 1009 id: il-3889 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Govier's "Informal Logic" date: 2013-05-30 words: 4939 flesch: 51 summary: It fits naturally into a positivist theory of knowledge within which knowledge must come either from logic and mathematics (sources of deductive arguments) or from the empirical sci- ences (sources of inductive arguments). First, if deductive arguments are those whose premises, if true, entail the conclusion and inductive arguments are those whose premises, if true, make the conclusion probable, then the distinction is exhaustive only for good arguments, for on this account bad ar- guments fall into neither category. keywords: anthony; arguments; blair; govier; logic; paae; premises cache: il-3889.pdf plain text: il-3889.txt item: #676 of 1009 id: il-3890 author: Johnson, Ralph H. title: Govier's "Invention" of the Theory of Argument date: 2013-05-30 words: 5785 flesch: 63 summary: A theory of argument would discuss the nature and purpose of argument and specify and defend the standards for the appraisal of arguments. This is an indication of the fact that the topics in a full-fledged theory of argument will ex- tend beyond the classification of arguments as to type and appraisal of the correctness of the inference they depend on, leading to broader issues of epistemology, pragmatics and dialectics. keywords: argument; govier; johnson; logic; ralph; theory; vol cache: il-3890.pdf plain text: il-3890.txt item: #677 of 1009 id: il-3891 author: Allen, Derek title: Trudy Govier and Premise Adequacy date: 2013-05-30 words: 8985 flesch: 61 summary: (Goldman 1995, 56) If an epistemological conception of good argument and a “logical” conception of good argument are both extremely im- portant, then presumably a theory of argument ought to include both. I consider arguments she makes against the view that a good argument must have true premises, and I con- tend that a theory of argument could hold both that for an argument to be a good argument its premises must be true and that for it to be a good argu- ment relative to its audience, the audi- ence must be epistemically justified in accepting its premises as true. keywords: adequacy; allen; argument; audience; conclusion; govier; premises cache: il-3891.pdf plain text: il-3891.txt item: #678 of 1009 id: il-3892 author: Finocchiaro, Maurice A. title: Debts, Oligarchies, and Holisms: Deconstructing the Fallacy of Composition date: 2013-05-30 words: 11160 flesch: 56 summary: Keywords: Trudy Govier, Henry Hazlitt, Paul Samuelson, argument from com- position, economic fallacies, fallacy of composition, holism, oligarchy, oversim- plification, public vs. private debt mailto:maurice.finocchiaro@unlv.edu Maurice Finocchiaro © Maurice Finocchiaro. 167 One next step would be to undertake a detailed, concrete, and substantive examination of what I regard as the best examples of economic fallacies of composition that can be gleaned from Samu- elson’s and Wray’s works mentioned above. keywords: argument; composition; fallacies; fallacy; finocchiaro; govier; logic; maurice; maurice finocchiaro; reasoning; vol cache: il-3892.pdf plain text: il-3892.txt item: #679 of 1009 id: il-3893 author: Freeman, James B. title: Govier’s Distinguishing A Priori from Inductive Arguments by Analogy: Implications for a General Theory of Ground Adequacy date: 2013-05-30 words: 6412 flesch: 60 summary: In her text, A Practical Study of Argument, 1 Trudy Govier distin- guishes a priori from inductive arguments by analogy. Hence they are not inductive arguments. keywords: analogy; arguments; freeman; govier; inductive; james; priori cache: il-3893.pdf plain text: il-3893.txt item: #680 of 1009 id: il-3894 author: Hitchcock, David title: Appeals to Considerations date: 2013-05-30 words: 15056 flesch: 51 summary: 4. Name Govier has defended the use of the name ‘conductive arguments’ in preference to the names that others have given to such arguments: ‘cumulation of consideration arguments,’ ‘balance of consideration arguments,’ ‘good reasons arguments’ (2010, p. 353). One might also note that the name ‘cumula- tion of consideration arguments’ fits cases where more than one supporting reason is provided, but does not fit cases like passages 2 and 12 in the appendix, where there is only one supporting reason. keywords: appeals; argument; conclusion; considerations; counter; david hitchcock; example; factors; govier; hitchcock; logic; premises; reasoning; reasons; strength; support; vol cache: il-3894.pdf plain text: il-3894.txt item: #681 of 1009 id: il-3895 author: Hundleby, Catherine title: Aggression, Politeness, and Abstract Adversaries date: 2013-05-30 words: 8156 flesch: 48 summary: A loss of control over our speech acts arises from the inability to mobilize social conventions, such as those of adversarial argumentation, and can result from norms of politeness that deny women—and other subordinates— polite adversarial roles. The controversies sur- rounding and within feminism thus might benefit from better un- derstanding of adversarial argumentation. keywords: adversariality; aggression; argumentation; catherine; catherine hundleby; govier; hundleby; logic; politeness; vol; women cache: il-3895.pdf plain text: il-3895.txt item: #682 of 1009 id: il-3896 author: Pinto, Robert C. title: Govier on Trust date: 2013-05-30 words: 9391 flesch: 64 summary: Govier observes (p. 131): Rotter’s conclusion that high trust people tend to fare better in life than low trust people is plausible and could be used as Robert C. Pinto © Robert C. Pinto. She writes (p. 31): Social trust and interpersonal trust are different in significant ways. keywords: govier; logic; people; pinto; robert; testimony; trust; vol cache: il-3896.pdf plain text: il-3896.txt item: #683 of 1009 id: il-3897 author: Woods, John title: Epistemology Mathematicized date: 2013-05-30 words: 13519 flesch: 64 summary: The central reason why N-theories can’t be overturned by recalcitrant experi- ence is that since N-theories are mathematical theories, their normative authority derives from that same mathematical im- perviousness to those discomportments. Whole classes of mathematical theories of assessable human behaviour have risen up and flourished, undiscouraged by the recognition that, unlike physics, they cannot ground their findings or authenticate their assertions at the empirical checkout counter. keywords: bayesian; concept; epistemology; john woods; logic; mathematical; matter; model; philosophy; press; question; theories; theory; vol; way; woods; © john cache: il-3897.pdf plain text: il-3897.txt item: #684 of 1009 id: il-3898 author: Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. title: A List of Trudy Govier's Publications date: 2013-05-30 words: 2534 flesch: 66 summary: In Reed, C. and Tindale, C.W., Eds., Dialectics, Dialogue, and Argument: An Examination of Douglas Walton’s Theories of Reasoning and Argument, pp. 19-29. In Erik C.W. Krabbe, Renee Jose Dalitz, and Pier A. Smit (Eds.), Empirical Knowledge and Public De- bate: Essays in Honour of Else M. Barth, pp. keywords: argument; eds; govier; journal; logic; philosophy; review; social; trudy cache: il-3898.pdf plain text: il-3898.txt item: #685 of 1009 id: il-3899 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Why We Still Do Not Know What a “Real” Argument Is date: 2014-02-27 words: 6214 flesch: 55 summary: Keywords: argument, “real”, prospective use, Hamby, theoretical relevance 1. Introduction Are “real” arguments a theoretically significant subclass of arguments? 313), “are relevant arguments with conclusions that matter to people in substantive ways” (p. 314), and are “non-trivial arguments that matter in real-life”(p. 314). keywords: arguments; distinction; goddu; hamby; real; use cache: il-3899.pdf plain text: il-3899.txt item: #686 of 1009 id: il-3900 author: Pineau, Andrew title: The Abuses of Argument: Understanding Fallacies on Toulmin’s Layout of Argument date: 2013-12-02 words: 7074 flesch: 64 summary: Such warrants merely have little force and can only be used to establish a claim with a high de- gree of qualification. We need only recognize that one such warrant appears or is assumed to have such force. keywords: argument; claim; data; fallacies; toulmin; warrant cache: il-3900.pdf plain text: il-3900.txt item: #687 of 1009 id: il-3938 author: Aberdein, Andrew title: In Defence of Virtue: The Legitimacy of Agent-Based Argument Appraisal date: 2014-02-27 words: 6773 flesch: 56 summary: She “identifies two sorts of ad hominem arguments that are ille- gitimate, including ad hominems that ask us to dismiss the speaker’s arguments [ad hominemSS] or conclude that her claims are false [ad hominemRR]. Battaly adopts a similar, but more fine- grained, stance towards ad hominem arguments: three sorts of ad hominem arguments that attack the speaker’s intellectual character are legitimate. keywords: aberdein; ad hominem; argument; argumentation; bowell; hominem; kingsbury; virtue cache: il-3938.pdf plain text: il-3938.txt item: #688 of 1009 id: il-4021 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Logic, Truth and Inquiry date: 2013-09-12 words: 2709 flesch: 53 summary: In the first chapter, Weinstein frames the challenge of providing an adequate account of truth for argumentation theory. Chapter 6, while on the one hand a tracing out of some of the implications of Weinstein’s work for critical thinking, informal logic, and argumentation theory (and the teaching of critical thinking to undergraduates), is mostly devoted to discussions of the motivations and insights that led Weinstein towards the MET (as but one possible way to encapsulate those insights) (p. 200). keywords: inquiry; logic; truth; weinstein cache: il-4021.pdf plain text: il-4021.txt item: #689 of 1009 id: il-4055 author: van Laar, Jan Albert title: Arguments that take Counterconsiderations into Account date: 2014-09-16 words: 13506 flesch: 52 summary: In this paper, the emphasis lies on examples that fit the patterns 2 and 3, and, rather than dealing with the proper interpretation of Wellman,2 I will deal with a number of simple examples, advanced as typically conductive by Wellman or Govier,3 and conceive of them as argumentative structures generated in dialogue.4 Specifically, I will examine how conductive arguments can be generated in dialogical exchanges between an arguing proponent and an opponent who criticizes the proponent’s case actively, i.e., by advancing counterconsiderations, rather than by mere questioning.5 What is more, I will develop a general account of the ways counterconsiderations can be taken into account by a proponent, so as to show that conductive argument can be characterized as just one particular member of a family of closely related argumentative structures. Finally, I will conclude (among other things): that the distinct patterns of conductive arguments correspond to distinct dialogue patterns; that pattern 3 conductive argument is just one member of a family of fully responsive arguments; that the weighing metaphor is not essential to grasping pattern 3 conductive argument; and that a full-fledged dialogical perspective is capable of providing an adequate account of conductive arguments, and their close relatives (Section 5). keywords: albert; argument; counterconsideration; jan; laar; opponent; proponent; thesis; van; van laar cache: il-4055.pdf plain text: il-4055.txt item: #690 of 1009 id: il-4062 author: Jørgensen, Charlotte title: Rhetoric, Dialectic and Logic: The Wild-Goose Chase for an Essential Distinction date: 2014-06-02 words: 5726 flesch: 52 summary: Introduction This article continues the debate about the relation between the three traditional fields of argumentation theory rhetoric, dialectic and logic, taking the recent contribution on the issue by Blair (2012) as its starting point.1 Blair challenges Wenzel’s 1 Its purpose is not to contradict the fact that deliberative rhetoric is typically value-based action-related argumentation, or that this kind of argumentation has been the dominant paradigm for rhetorical argumentation theory throughout history – and still is for deliberative rhetoric in particular. keywords: argumentation; blair; charlotte; dialectic; fields; jørgensen; logic; rhetoric cache: il-4062.pdf plain text: il-4062.txt item: #691 of 1009 id: il-4077 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: Virtue, In Context date: 2013-12-02 words: 6078 flesch: 60 summary: Winning arguments, for example, do not necessarily qualify as good arguments in this rich sense: If the loser of an agonistic does not walk away satisfied—and how often does that happen?—then there is some dissatisfaction, so it is not fully satisfying. The history of my thoughts about virtue and argument runs right through OSSA, so if you will indulge me just a little longer, I’d like to rehearse some of that history because I think it helps to explain how we can get from thinking about arguments to thinking about virtues, why the field of argumentation and virtues is so fertile, but also why in the end we will need to move beyond traditional thinking about virtues. keywords: arguers; arguing; argument; argumentation; cohen; daniel; logic; virtues cache: il-4077.pdf plain text: il-4077.txt item: #692 of 1009 id: il-4078 author: Doury, Marianne title: The Virtues of Argumentation from an Amoral Analyst’s Perspective date: 2013-12-02 words: 9370 flesch: 55 summary: 9. Conclusion These beautiful examples of ordinary arguers’ creativity applied to practical evaluation of argumentation suggest that the argu- mentative norms that underlie ordinary arguments deserve sus- tained attention from scholars in argumentation. 505 specific argumentative patterns, which may not fit exactly the expert classical divisions into argument schemes. keywords: argument; argumentation; doury; example; french; logic; marianne; marianne doury; norms; perspective; pretext; vol; way cache: il-4078.pdf plain text: il-4078.txt item: #693 of 1009 id: il-4079 author: Goodnight, G. Thomas title: The Virtues of Reason and the Problem of Other Minds: Reflections on Argumentation in a New Century date: 2013-12-02 words: 8967 flesch: 56 summary: The Virtues of Reason and the Problem of Other Minds: Reflections on Argumentation in a New Century G. THOMAS GOODNIGHT Annenberg School of Communication University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 91775 U.S.A. gtg@usc.edu Abstract: From early modernity, philosophers have engaged in skep- tical discussions concerning knowledge of the existence, state, and standing of other minds. Keywords: Argument culture, other minds, rhetorical cognition, institutional logic, moral hazard, community of practice, risk, reasonableness, contingen- cy. 1. Introduction OSSA is a delightful conference. keywords: argue; argument; argumentation; communication; g. thomas; goodnight; logic; minds; new; problem; thinking; thomas; thomas goodnight; turn; vol cache: il-4079.pdf plain text: il-4079.txt item: #694 of 1009 id: il-4107 author: Musi, Elena title: Evidential Modals at the Semantic-Argumentative Interface: Appearance Verbs as Indicators of Defeasible Argumentation date: 2014-12-10 words: 9328 flesch: 46 summary: The advantage offered by the application of prototype semantic theory is the identification of a connection between the degree of defeasibility of the conclusion and the quality of the properties taken into account in the maxim (central vs. peripheral properties). The semantic structure of a predicate is characterized by two components: presuppositions, requirements that the predicate imposes on its argument places according to number, quality, and order (argument structure), and entailments, which refer to what occurs when the predicate is true of its arguments. keywords: apparire; appearance; argumentative; category; elena; elena musi; exhibition; information; interface; logic; musi; pp.417442; predicate; proposition; prototype; reasoning; semantic; speaker; theory; verb; vol cache: il-4107.pdf plain text: il-4107.txt item: #695 of 1009 id: il-4109 author: Walton, Douglas title: A Dialectical Analysis of the Ad Baculum Fallacy date: 2014-09-16 words: 14454 flesch: 62 summary: Figure 3: Argument from consequences in the gangster example Arguments fitting this scheme are known to be fallacious in some instances, but in the broad majority of cases they are very commonly used as reasonable arguments. Introduction The objective of this paper is not to give an overall survey of ad baculum arguments. keywords: act; ad baculum; argument; argumentation; baculum argument; baculum fallacy; dialogue; douglas; example; fallacy; speech; threat; walton cache: il-4109.pdf plain text: il-4109.txt item: #696 of 1009 id: il-4112 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: Deduction without Dogmas:The Case of Moral Analogical Argumentation date: 2014-09-16 words: 11617 flesch: 50 summary: However, Govier’s distinction is not on analogies, but on analogical arguments: Following Wisdom and Barker, I use the term inductive analogy for those arguments by analogy in which the analogue used is a real (that is, non-hypothetical) instance, and the features it is said to have are attributed to it on the basis of observation or other empirical means. Basically, quantitative analogies (our terminology) would correspond to the “reasons” in the sort of analogical arguments that Govier calls “inductive analogies.” keywords: analogies; arguments; bermejo; govier; lilian; logic; luque; priori; schema; shecaira cache: il-4112.pdf plain text: il-4112.txt item: #697 of 1009 id: il-4115 author: Yáñéz, Cristián Santibáñez title: Steps Towards an Evolutionary Account of Argumentative Competence date: 2015-05-29 words: 6217 flesch: 53 summary: However, one of the problems with this view is that it as- sumes that agents have a huge capacity to process and control all the complex memories regarding dyadic encounters, whereas the evidence of human cognitive capacity shows otherwise (see Evans, 2010). For Cosmides, logic is not considered as the epitome of human reasoning anymore; second, logic, or rules of inference, is not a content-independent cognitive process; and third, it is plainly false that there is only one single cognitive process— namely the logical inferential process in any of its forms—that governs reasoning in all the specific domains in which it is used to resolve problems. keywords: argumentation; cristián; group; logic; new; press; reasoning; santibáñez; university; yáñéz cache: il-4115.pdf plain text: il-4115.txt item: #698 of 1009 id: il-4119 author: Cummings, Louise title: The Use of 'No Evidence' Statements in Public Health date: 2015-03-05 words: 13327 flesch: 57 summary: The role of “no evidence” statements as cognitive heuristics in public health reasoning is considered. To address this issue, this part of the discussion will draw on data from 879 subjects who participated in a study of public health reasoning. keywords: argument; bse; closure; cummings; evidence; health; ignorance; logic; louise; louise cummings; public; reasoning; search; statements; vol cache: il-4119.pdf plain text: il-4119.txt item: #699 of 1009 id: il-4120 author: Hitchcock, David title: Groundwork in the Theory of Argumentation: Selected Papers of J. Anthony Blair date: 2014-02-27 words: 12307 flesch: 48 summary: Further, there does not need to be a choice between deductive logic and argument theory, especially since deductive logic has adapted itself to accommodate such concerns of argument theory as the defeasibility of many arguments. Such arguments are not different in kind from verbal arguments, since they too have a propositional structure. keywords: argument; argumentation; blair; conclusion; david; hitchcock; logic; premise; reasoning; rhetoric; schemes; theory; vol cache: il-4120.pdf plain text: il-4120.txt item: #700 of 1009 id: il-4121 author: Secades, Alejandro title: A Computational Model of Pragma-dialectics as a Tool for its Analysis and Evaluation date: 2015-09-02 words: 13372 flesch: 54 summary: This simple mechanism al- lows critical discussions to be nested in a process that is recur- sive in nature. New states and transitions are inside a blue square for a better identi- fication (for simplicity sake, I have omitted the labels on transi- tions): Figure 6: Critical discussion modified (antagonist can attack the standpoint) keywords: argument; argumentation; dialectics; discussion; inference; logic; model; pragma; reasoning; secades cache: il-4121.pdf plain text: il-4121.txt item: #701 of 1009 id: il-4124 author: Godden, David title: Argumentation, rationality, and psychology of reasoning date: 2015-05-29 words: 13264 flesch: 48 summary: 5. Rationality, argumentative and psychological: A compar- ison How does this dual-process model of human rationality accord with the account of argumentative rationality analysed above? Keywords: argumentation, argumentative rationality, basing relations, bounded rationality, dual–process theory, justification, psychology of reason- ing, rationality, reasoning, spectatorial conception 1. keywords: argumentative; argumentative rationality; assumption; david; godden; logic; process; rationality; reasoning; reasons; theories; theory; vol cache: il-4124.pdf plain text: il-4124.txt item: #702 of 1009 id: il-4133 author: Longaker, Mark Garrett title: John Locke on Inference and Fallacy, A Re-Appraisal date: 2014-12-10 words: 11508 flesch: 54 summary: But he also 1 All references to Locke’s work will hereafter be presented parenthetically as WJL (The Works of John Locke) followed by the volume and page number. Associating Locke with Hobbes was a bothersome jab. keywords: appeal; argumentation; arguments; conclusions; edwards; garrett; locke; logic; longaker; mark; opponent; premises; proast; stillingfleet cache: il-4133.pdf plain text: il-4133.txt item: #703 of 1009 id: il-4140 author: Sato, Kunimasa title: Sensitizing Reasons by Emulating Exemplars date: 2015-05-29 words: 7203 flesch: 57 summary: With respect to the notion of felt reasons, Cuypers (2004) observes, Reason alone has no internal motivational power. In section 4, I expound on the notion of felt reasons, as Siegel (1997, Chapter 3) explicates, to argue that the way in which the evidence and reasons are presented can arouse feeling and emotion in children. keywords: children; emotion; exemplars; motivation; rationality; reasons; siegel; thinking cache: il-4140.pdf plain text: il-4140.txt item: #704 of 1009 id: il-4141 author: Possin, Kevin title: Critique of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Test: The More You Know, the Lower Your Score date: 2014-12-10 words: 9291 flesch: 59 summary: As a result, having enhanced knowledge of formal and informal logic could well result in test subjects receiving lower scores on the test. Please note that I am not suggesting that test subjects should be expected to identify informal fallacies by name, only that subjects should be tested on their ability to recognize that an argument in question is fallacious; e.g., they should correctly identify when someone is illegitimately using a word in two different ways, but they need not know that this is called ‘equivocation.’ keywords: arguments; conclusion; glaser; kevin; logic; possin; test; thinking; watson cache: il-4141.pdf plain text: il-4141.txt item: #705 of 1009 id: il-4165 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Meta-argumentation, An Approach to Logic and Argumentation Theory date: 2014-06-02 words: 8573 flesch: 49 summary: The Toulminian approach to theorizing about argumenta- tion that Finocchiaro is advocating overlaps, he notes, with oth- ers known under different labels: “informal logic, practical log- ic, naturalized logic, logic of real arguments, argument analysis, philosophy of argument, argumentation theory, and immanent dialectical approach” (p. 16). Meta- arguments theorizing about argument and reasoning, Finocchia- ro says, tend to be more general, more systematic and more con- ceptually explicit than argument analysis or self-reflective rea- soning; the differences are a matter of degree. keywords: anthony; argument; argumentation; blair; chapter; conclusion; finocchiaro; logic; meta cache: il-4165.pdf plain text: il-4165.txt item: #706 of 1009 id: il-4173 author: Godden, David; Zenker, Frank title: Denying Antecedents and Affirming Consequents: The State of the Art date: 2015-03-05 words: 18235 flesch: 58 summary: Also AC arguments are problematic because the conditional is only invoked, or applicable, when its antecedent obtains. 22 As already noted, probabilistic versions of conditional arguments generally depend on features not stated in their premises. keywords: antecedent; argument; conditional; consequent; david; david godden; frank; frank zenker; godden; logic; probability; reasoning; stone; truth; vol; zenker cache: il-4173.pdf plain text: il-4173.txt item: #707 of 1009 id: il-4187 author: Maynes, Jeffrey title: Critical Thinking and Cognitive Bias date: 2015-05-29 words: 8939 flesch: 59 summary: This will be particularly true for reasoning strategies where there is more evidence about the usefulness of heuristics, such as statistical strategies, and which might have more specific trigger conditions. Keywords: cognitive bias, critical thinking, metacognition, pedagogy 1. keywords: bias; biases; jeffrey; logic; maynes; reasoning; strategies; strategy; students; thinking; use; vol cache: il-4187.pdf plain text: il-4187.txt item: #708 of 1009 id: il-419 author: Mayes, Gregory Randolph title: Argument Explanation Complementarity and the Structure of Informal Reasoning date: 2010-03-19 words: 6168 flesch: 57 summary: Arguments with causal statements in their conclusions are called causal arguments. Again, it is important to stress that while providing a complementary explanation may be an important normative requirement, it is easy to lower our resistance to poor arguments by providing specious explanations. keywords: argument; conclusion; evidence; example; explanation; people; reasoning cache: il-419.pdf plain text: il-419.txt item: #709 of 1009 id: il-4203 author: Beaulac, Guillaume; Kenyon, Tim title: Critical Thinking Education and Debiasing (AILACT Essay Prize Winner 2013) date: 2014-12-10 words: 9238 flesch: 51 summary: This breadth of degree makes Level 4 a relatively broad and complex Critical  Thinking  Education  and  Debiasing     ©    Tim  Kenyon  and  Guillaume  Beaulac,  Informal  Logic,  Vol.  34,  No.  4   (2014),  pp.  241-­‐263.     353   class of debiasing approaches, ranging from those that forestall or minimize individual biases to those that tolerate the occurrence of individually manifest biased judgments, but minimize their significance in determining actions or outcomes. 06511-6629 USA guillaume.beaulac@yale.edu Abstract: There are empirical grounds to doubt the effectiveness of a common and intuitive approach to teaching debiasing strategies in critical thinking courses. keywords: beaulac; biases; debiasing; education; guillaume; kenyon; level; logic; outcomes; reasoning; strategies; teaching; thinking; tim; vol cache: il-4203.pdf plain text: il-4203.txt item: #710 of 1009 id: il-4209 author: Paglieri, Fabio title: Bogency and Goodacies: On Argument Quality in Virtue Argumentation Theory date: 2015-03-05 words: 9786 flesch: 55 summary: They define a good argument in terms of justification, as “an argument that provides, via its premises, sufficient justification for believing its conclusion to be true or highly probable, or for accepting that the course of action it advises is one that certainly or highly probably should be taken” (p. 23).1                                                                                                                 1 While Bowell and Kingsbury never mention the notion of cogency in their article, their definition of argument quality resonates with the so-called RSA criteria for argument cogency: relevance, sufficiency, and acceptability (Johnson & Blair, 1977; Johnson, 2000). Bowell and Kingsbury are of course aware that VAT is unlikely to endorse a definition of argument quality that reduces it to cogency, and this is how they frame the issue: “This [i.e., their own definition of argument quality] is not an account of good argument that a virtue argumentation theorist would accept. keywords: argument; argument quality; argumentation; cogency; fabio; logic; paglieri; quality; relevance; theory; vat; virtue cache: il-4209.pdf plain text: il-4209.txt item: #711 of 1009 id: il-4234 author: Hitchcock, David title: Freeman's Syntactic Criterion for Linkage date: 2015-03-05 words: 12359 flesch: 58 summary: Freeman’s Syntactic Criterion for Linkage DAVID HITCHCOCK Department of Philosophy McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8S 4K1 hitchckd@mcmaster.ca Abstract: Freeman’s syntactic crite- rion for linked argument structure (Freeman 2011) is often readily ap- plicable, captures intuitively linked structures, and implies that refuting a single premiss of a linked argu- ment suffices to refute the argument. In his Argument Structure: Representation and Theory (Freeman 2011), James Freeman has refined his criterion for linked argument structure, defended it against others’ objec- tions, and argued for the usefulness of the linked-convergent distinction. keywords: argument; conclusion; convergent; criterion; freeman; hitchcock; inference; premiss; premisses; rule; structure; support cache: il-4234.pdf plain text: il-4234.txt item: #712 of 1009 id: il-427 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-10 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-427.pdf plain text: il-427.txt item: #713 of 1009 id: il-428 author: Hahn, Ulrike; Oaksford, Mike title: A Normative Theory of Argument Strength date: 2008-02-10 words: 11550 flesch: 55 summary: The results of this, we will argue, give some hope that Bayesian probability might be able to provide a general, normative theory of argument strength. Support for the idea that Bayesian probability could provide a normative theory of argument strength comes from the fact that it has successfully been used to explain a considerable range of fallacies, in that it captures key intuitions about the relative strength of arguments. keywords: approach; argument; argument strength; argumentation; bayesian; belief; evidence; example; fallacies; hahn; oaksford; press; probability; reasoning; strength; theory cache: il-428.pdf plain text: il-428.txt item: #714 of 1009 id: il-4286 author: Walton, Douglas title: The Basic Slippery Slope Argument date: 2015-09-02 words: 16193 flesch: 62 summary: The Basic Slippery Slope Argument DOUGLAS WALTON Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, ON Canada N9B 3P4 dwalton@uwindsor.ca Abstract: Although studies have yielded a detailed taxonomy of types of slippery slope arguments, they have failed to identify a basic argu- mentation scheme that applies to all. Keywords: vagueness, compressed slippery slope arguments, argumentation schemes, genetics, eugenics, ethical argumentation, critical questioning 1. keywords: agent; argumentation; arguments; douglas; douglas walton; example; logic; outcome; scheme; sequence; slippery; slippery slope; slope argument; vol; walton cache: il-4286.pdf plain text: il-4286.txt item: #715 of 1009 id: il-429 author: Freeman, James B. title: Argument Strength, the Toulmin Model, and Ampliative Probability date: 2008-02-10 words: 7749 flesch: 53 summary: To the extent that we have shown here that ampliative probability can be used to define and assess the strength of Toulmin arguments, we have begun an account of argument strength and ground adequacy for non-demonstrative arguments.7 Notes 1 What does argument strength or weight of premises mean literally? keywords: ampliative; arguments; cohen; probability; strength; toulmin; variables; warrants cache: il-429.pdf plain text: il-429.txt item: #716 of 1009 id: il-4294 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: Being a Correct Presumption vs. Being Presumably the Case date: 2016-03-30 words: 11568 flesch: 55 summary: In other words, it is not presumptions, but correct presumptions what may involve a privileged status within an argumentative exchange. Likewise, regarding presumptions and the evaluation of argumentation containing presumptions, our task as argumenta- tion theorists would be that of determining the correctness con- ditions of presumptions, rather than providing a list of possible sources of correct presumptions. keywords: act; bermejo; fact; law; presume; presumption; reasons; speech; walton cache: il-4294.pdf plain text: il-4294.txt item: #717 of 1009 id: il-4295 author: Mckeon, Matthew William title: Inference, Circularity, and Begging the Question date: 2015-09-02 words: 13124 flesch: 57 summary: How- ever, the meaning of “inference” as used by other advocates of the possibility of circular inferences is less clear, and, in some cases, seems to designate episodes of reasoning (e.g., Wilson, 1988, pp.44, 45). If so, then, since derivations can be circular, circular reasoning is possible even if circular inferences are not. keywords: argument; circularity; conclusion; inference; logic; mckeon; premise; question; statement; use cache: il-4295.pdf plain text: il-4295.txt item: #718 of 1009 id: il-430 author: Battersby, Mark title: Applied Epistemology and Argumentation in Epidemiology date: 2008-02-10 words: 9261 flesch: 47 summary: 1. exemplify applied epistemology by looking critically at causal argumentation in epidemiology, 2. show that justification of causal claims in epidemiology is a form of “argument to the best explanation,” 3. show that there could be a symbiotic relationship between epidemiology and work in various applied reasoning disciplines such as argumentation and “applied epistemology.” In the spirit of the Wittgenstein quotation, I invite those who are interested in applied epistemology and are looking for a model of how a “hard” science actually establishes causal claims to look at epidemiology, rather than the traditional paradigm of physics. keywords: argumentation; cancer; causal; claim; criteria; epidemiology; epistemology; evidence; logic; lung; lung cancer; research; smokers; smoking; studies; study cache: il-430.pdf plain text: il-430.txt item: #719 of 1009 id: il-4306 author: Finocchiaro, Maurice A title: The Argument Form "Appeal to Galileo": A Critical Appreciation of Doury’s Account date: 2015-09-02 words: 21582 flesch: 57 summary: That is, critics question the analogy be- tween parascientists and Galileo by pointing out various differ- ences; they charge that such appeals to Galileo amount to com- mitting the fallacy of appealing to unpopularity; and they appeal to various counter-examples in the history of science when mi- nority views were not subsequently vindicated but rather falsi- fied. I believe the relationship be- tween the two is that the appeal to Galileo à la Doury is a special case of the Einstein-Hume kind of appeal to Galileo, although of course both are arguments from analogy. keywords: analogy; appeal; argument; argumentation; benveniste; case; claim; criticism; doury; earth; example; finocchiaro; form; galileo; logic; maurice; opponents; parasciences; science; scientific; vol cache: il-4306.pdf plain text: il-4306.txt item: #720 of 1009 id: il-4307 author: Freeman, James; Blair, Anthony J.; Johnson, Ralph H.; Hansen, Hans V. ; Tindale, Christopher Tindale title: Stephen P. Norris (1949-2014) date: 2015-03-05 words: 367 flesch: 50 summary: The prolific work he did with his wife and long time collaborator, Linda Phillips, on literacy in reading texts on science, including popular science, is also highly regarded, as is his work overall in the field of science education. Toward the end of his life, Norris and Phillips were joined by Yanat Arden in work on adapting primary literature to advance science education in secondary schools. keywords: norris cache: il-4307.pdf plain text: il-4307.txt item: #721 of 1009 id: il-431 author: Weinstein, Mark title: Three Naturalistic Accounts of the Epistemology of Argument date: 2008-02-10 words: 14152 flesch: 51 summary: First, fairly standard functions that map from a theory (construed as a coherent and explanatory set of sentences) onto models, that is, interpretations of theories in a domain (Appendix, 3-3.3) and a second, much more powerful set of functions, that map from other theories onto the theory, thereby enormously enriching the evidentiary base and furnishing a reinterpretation now construed in relation to a broader domain (Appendix 4-4.3). A theory, whatever its initial intended models, takes its ontological commitment in light of how the theory fares in relationship to other theories whose models it incorporates under reduction. keywords: argument; epistemology; freeman; inference; inquiry; intuition; logic; model; reduction; set; terms; theories; theory; truth cache: il-431.pdf plain text: il-431.txt item: #722 of 1009 id: il-432 author: Biro, John; Siegel, Harvey title: In Defense of the Objective Epistemic Approach to Argumentation date: 2008-02-10 words: 5699 flesch: 64 summary: Good arguments. (As we all know, alas, prejudice can make people deaf to reason and bad arguments can persuade.) keywords: argument; argumentation; begging; belief; objective; question; use cache: il-432.pdf plain text: il-432.txt item: #723 of 1009 id: il-4327 author: Editors, IL; Tamminga, A. M. title: Else Margarete Barth (1928-2015) date: 2015-03-05 words: 308 flesch: 49 summary: Else Barth was a friend of informal logic. A Fest- schrift in her honour, Empirical Logic and Public Debate (edit- ed by E.C.W. Krabbe, R.J. Dalitz and P.A. Smit) appeared in 1993. keywords: logic cache: il-4327.pdf plain text: il-4327.txt item: #724 of 1009 id: il-433 author: none title: AILACT Prize Notice date: 2008-02-10 words: 364 flesch: 64 summary: The jury members for the 2007 AILACT Essay Prize, approved by the AILACT Board of Directors, are Michael Scriven (chair), David Hitchcock, and Harvey Siegel. Published papers must have appeared on or after 1 January 2007. keywords: ailact cache: il-433.pdf plain text: il-433.txt item: #725 of 1009 id: il-4330 author: Bondy, Patrick title: Virtues, Evidence, and Ad Hominem Arguments date: 2015-12-11 words: 7267 flesch: 60 summary: There is a way to restore the parallel with virtue epistemology: deny that accidentally sound arguments are good arguments… However, this does not fit with the sense of good argument being used here. In section 4, I argue that we do not need to appeal to virtue theory to ex- plain the legitimacy of ad hominem arguments. keywords: argument; conclusion; hominem; premises; virtue; vol cache: il-4330.pdf plain text: il-4330.txt item: #726 of 1009 id: il-4332 author: Gascón, José Ángel title: Arguing as a Virtuous Arguer Would Argue date: 2015-12-11 words: 8538 flesch: 54 summary: Therefore, it must be explained how good arguments relate to virtuous arguers. The steps from good arguments to good arguers and from bad arguments to bad arguers are deemed relatively unproblematic. keywords: arguer; argument; argumentation; gascón; good; logic; theory; virtue cache: il-4332.pdf plain text: il-4332.txt item: #727 of 1009 id: il-4333 author: Plumer, Gilbert title: On Novels as Arguments date: 2015-12-11 words: 8580 flesch: 62 summary: If this general idea were not true, then it would be pretty inexplicable that there is widespread agreement about which novels are good novels. On Novels as Arguments GILBERT PLUMER Associate Director for Assessment Projects and Research (retired) keywords: argument; believability; case; example; gilbert; literature; logic; novel; plumer; vol cache: il-4333.pdf plain text: il-4333.txt item: #728 of 1009 id: il-434 author: none title: AILACT Sessions at Pacific and Central Division American Philosophical Association Meetings in April 2007 date: 2008-02-10 words: 252 flesch: 35 summary: Commentator: Don Marquis, Kansas Speaker: Mark Weinstein, Montclair State ”Towards an Objectivist Account of Truth in Argument” Commentator: Donald Hatcher, Baker at American Philosophical Association Central Division Meetings, Chicago, April 2007 (Palmer House Hilton) 1:30–4:30 p.m. AILACT Sessions ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMAL LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING at American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Meetings, San Francisco, April 2007 (Westin St. Francis) 9–Noon, Wednesday, April 4th Author-Meets-Critics: James B. Freeman’s Acceptable Premises: An Epistemic Approach to an Informal Logic Problem Chair: Maurice A. Finocchiaro, Nevada, Las Vegas Critics: Richard Feldman, Rochester Hans V. Hansen, Windsor Mark Weinstein, Montclair State Author: James B. Freeman, Hunter College, CUNY 8–10 p.m. keywords: april; chair cache: il-434.pdf plain text: il-434.txt item: #729 of 1009 id: il-4347 author: Forrai, Gábor title: Clarifying our Ideas in Persuasion Dialogue date: 2016-12-14 words: 12225 flesch: 61 summary: Does increasing coherence cou- pled with retaining earlier ideas provide a stronger reason? As a result of this, in improving our own ideas we often build upon earlier ideas. keywords: clarification; commitment; dialogue; ideas; logic; persuasion; persuasion dialogue; views; walton; way cache: il-4347.pdf plain text: il-4347.txt item: #730 of 1009 id: il-435 author: Weinstock, Michael P. title: Psychological Research and the Epistemological Approach to Argumentation date: 2008-02-10 words: 7147 flesch: 40 summary: Personal epistemological beliefs should not be confused with well-considered, articulated theories of knowledge. However, one significant branch of the field has emphasized the relationship between personal epistemological belief and everyday reasoning. keywords: approach; argument; argumentation; beliefs; evidence; knowledge; kuhn; people; reasoning; research; weinstock cache: il-435.pdf plain text: il-435.txt item: #731 of 1009 id: il-4357 author: Danaye Tous, Maryam; Haghighi, Sara title: Developing Critical Thinking with Debate: Evidence from Iranian Male and Female Students date: 2016-03-30 words: 6911 flesch: 64 summary: The performance of female students revealed that the mean score was 14.79 (SD=2.51). The dis- position toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. keywords: cctst; difference; females; male; mean; scores; skills; std; students; test; thinking; tous cache: il-4357.pdf plain text: il-4357.txt item: #732 of 1009 id: il-436 author: none title: Forthcoming date: 2008-02-10 words: 45 flesch: 54 summary: In Volume 26, Number 2 (2006) Forthcoming The Philosophy of Error and Liberty of Thought: J.S. Mill on Logical Fallacies F. Rosen G. Boger Humanist Principles Underlying Philosophy of Argument Outside Back Cover 26.1 Printed in Canada by Preney Print & Litho Inc. on recycled paper. keywords: philosophy cache: il-436.pdf plain text: il-436.txt item: #733 of 1009 id: il-438 author: none title: Information for Authors, Subscribers & Users date: 2008-02-10 words: 422 flesch: 42 summary: FAX: (1)519.971.3671 WEBSITE: http://www.uwindsor.ca/faculty/arts/philosophy/IL EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles in reasoning and argu- mentation theory and practice. Primary criteria for articles with a theoretical focus. keywords: logic; volume cache: il-438.pdf plain text: il-438.txt item: #734 of 1009 id: il-4386 author: Hinton, Martin David title: Mizrahi and Seidel: Experts in Confusion. date: 2015-12-11 words: 6812 flesch: 61 summary: This sits uneasily with the definition of expert Seidel supported earlier in his paper. Pomorska 171-173 Łódź, Poland mdhinton@tlen.pl Abstract: In his (2013) paper Moti Mizrahi denies the reliability of expert opinion and thus claims that arguments which appeal to expert opinion are weak. keywords: arguments; expert; expertise; hinton; logic; mizrahi; opinion; predictions; seidel cache: il-4386.pdf plain text: il-4386.txt item: #735 of 1009 id: il-439 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-28 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-439.pdf plain text: il-439.txt item: #736 of 1009 id: il-440 author: Rosen, Frederick title: The Philosophy of Error and Liberty of Thought: J.S. Mill on Logical Fallacies date: 2008-02-28 words: 13695 flesch: 60 summary: Mill granted that in the ordinary textbooks of logic fallacies were mainly confined to this category. As examples Mill listed the following: (1) England owed her industrial pre-eminence to restrictions on commerce; (2) the national debt was a cause of national prosperity; (3) England owed her prosperity to the excellence of the Church, Houses of Parliament, legal procedure, etc. keywords: aristotle; bentham; cw viii; error; example; fallacies; fallacy; liberty; logic; london; mill; philosophy; rosen; study; thought; truth; viii; whately cache: il-440.pdf plain text: il-440.txt item: #737 of 1009 id: il-4405 author: McArthur, Jane title: Argumentation & Health, Rubinelli & Snoeck Henkemans (Eds.) date: 2015-09-02 words: 1473 flesch: 43 summary: The opening assertion made in Argumentation and Health is that there has been in recent years a growing interest in the role of argumentation in the area of health care. As evidenced by the few chapters I have sketched, the col- lection of essays in Argumentation and Health offers important considerations and applicability of the field of argumentation in the realm of medical and health communications. keywords: argumentation; doctor; health; patient cache: il-4405.pdf plain text: il-4405.txt item: #738 of 1009 id: il-4406 author: Editors, Journal title: Remembering Richard Paul date: 2015-09-02 words: 90 flesch: 62 summary: The Editors have just learned of the death of Richard Paul, founder of The Foundation for Critical Thinking and one of the leaders of the Critical Thinking movement. Dr. Paul, who suffered form Parkinson’s Disease, died quietly in his sleep on August 30, 2015. keywords: paul cache: il-4406.pdf plain text: il-4406.txt item: #739 of 1009 id: il-441 author: Boger, George title: Humanist Principles Underlying Philosophy of Argument date: 2008-02-28 words: 11924 flesch: 43 summary: Having now come especially to appreciate the contextual relativity of cogency, of inferential links, even of ‘truth’ and ‘falsity’ in connection with gaining audience adherence—all putatively the bane of formal logic—argumentation logicians have recalled something of the ancient and medieval, even renaissance, notions of rhetoric and the pragmatics of discourse. 11 We can easily grasp that argumentation logicians naturally found inspiration in legal courtroom discourse and then reinvested considerable interest in dialectic and fallacious argumentation. keywords: argumentation; blair; concern; dialogue; discussion; human; humanist; johnson; logic; perelman; philosophy; principles; ralph; rules; truth cache: il-441.pdf plain text: il-441.txt item: #740 of 1009 id: il-442 author: Reznitskaya, Anita; Anderson, Richard C. title: Analyzing Argumentation In Rich, Natural Contexts date: 2008-02-28 words: 9872 flesch: 49 summary: Argument stratagems are rhetorical and reasoning moves utilized in argumentation. An important question related to the Snowball Hypothesis is whether the increased use of argument stratagems represents simple mimicry. keywords: anderson; argument; argumentation; children; data; discussions; research; reznitskaya; schema; story; students; text cache: il-442.pdf plain text: il-442.txt item: #741 of 1009 id: il-4423 author: Selinger, Marcin; Koszowy, Marcin title: Considering Carneades as a Framework for Informal Logic: A Reply to Walton and Gordon date: 2016-07-14 words: 8445 flesch: 55 summary: Keywords: argument evaluation, argument structure, argument weight, Car- neades Argumentation System (CAS), conductive argument, informal logic, premise acceptability, proof standards Selinger and Koszowy © Selinger, Koszowy. and the issue of argument weights with a particular emphasis on the distinction between convergent and conductive reasoning (Section 4.5.). keywords: acceptability; argument; argumentation; cas; gordon; koszowy; logic; premises; proof; selinger; walton cache: il-4423.pdf plain text: il-4423.txt item: #742 of 1009 id: il-444 author: Sherry, David title: Formal Logic for Informal Logicians date: 2008-02-28 words: 9876 flesch: 61 summary: For example, (1) (1) I’m in Arizona ∴∴∴∴ ∴ If I’m in New York, I’m in Arizona, is valid in classical propositional logic and yet intuitively invalid. Nelson’s logic of intensional relations (Nelson 1930), Parry’s analytic implication (Parry 1989) and then Anderson and Belnap’s relevance logic (Anderson and Belnap 1975) all attempted to improve on Lewis’s system by developing alternatives to classical propositional logic. keywords: argument; assumption; logic; logicians; pospesel; practice; propositional; statements cache: il-444.pdf plain text: il-444.txt item: #743 of 1009 id: il-446 author: none title: OSSA 2007 date: 2008-02-28 words: 125 flesch: 35 summary: NEW ossa 2007 ad Dissensus & The Search for Common Ground A conference presented by Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation, and Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric June 6 - 9, 2007 University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario Canada Keynote addresses to be given by MICHAEL A. GILBERT Philosophy, York University DALE HAMPLE Communication, Western Illinois University CHRISTIAN KOCK Rhetoric, University of Copenhagen 90 papers; scholars from 16 countries. Registration and accommodation information is available on the conference website: www.uwindsor.ca/ossa Organizing Committee: Hans V. Hansen Christopher W. Tindale J. Anthony Blair Ralph H. Johnson keywords: university cache: il-446.pdf plain text: il-446.txt item: #744 of 1009 id: il-4468 author: Svačinová, Iva title: The Role of Quasi-Logical Arguments in Critical Dialogue: A Pragma-Dialectical Redefinition date: 2017-03-14 words: 11145 flesch: 50 summary: Keywords: critical dialogue, New Rhetoric, pragma-dialectics, probability, quasi-logical arguments 1. They called these ar- guments quasi-logical arguments and conceived the imitation of logical and mathematical relations as one of the possible sources of the effectiveness of arguments. keywords: argument; argumentation; eemeren; iva; perelman; pragma; quasi; svačinová; van cache: il-4468.pdf plain text: il-4468.txt item: #745 of 1009 id: il-4469 author: Duarte d’Almeida, Luis; MacDonald, Euan title: Denying the Antecedent: The Fallacy That Never Was, or Sometimes Isn’t? date: 2016-03-30 words: 15784 flesch: 64 summary: In any event, Stone begins to motivate his own views by taking issue with those authors who—like Burke, he says— might want to reinterpret arguments like Argument 2 “in a way that eliminates the apparent fallacy” (p. 328), for example by replacing premise (1) with its inverse. One challenge is to say that passages thought to express the fallacy can usually be given an interpretation on which they express valid arguments, entitling us to que- ry whether the fallacy is commonly, if ever, committed at all. keywords: antecedent; argument; capital; claim; conclusion; duarte; d’almeida; fallacy; macdonald; maggie; punishment cache: il-4469.pdf plain text: il-4469.txt item: #746 of 1009 id: il-447 author: none title: Tokyo 2008 Call for Papers date: 2008-02-28 words: 193 flesch: 38 summary: Potential topics of interest include: argumentation and rhetoric, forensic pedagogy, the philosophy and psychology of reasoning, practical studies, and studies of historical argumentative texts. Qualified papers will appear in our Proceedings to be distributed at the Conference. keywords: argumentation cache: il-447.pdf plain text: il-447.txt item: #747 of 1009 id: il-449 author: none title: Information for Authors, Subscribers & Users date: 2008-02-28 words: 423 flesch: 42 summary: FAX: (1)519.971.3671 WEBSITE: http://www.uwindsor.ca/faculty/arts/philosophy/IL EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles in reasoning and argu- mentation theory and practice. Primary criteria for articles with a theoretical focus. keywords: information; logic cache: il-449.pdf plain text: il-449.txt item: #748 of 1009 id: il-450 author: none title: Forthcoming date: 2008-02-28 words: 42 flesch: 50 summary: Outside Back Cover 262 Printed in Canada by Preney Print & Litho Inc. on recycled paper. In Volume 26, Number 3 (2006) Forthcoming Special Issue: Papers by members of the Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric at the University of Windsor keywords: paper cache: il-450.pdf plain text: il-450.txt item: #749 of 1009 id: il-451 author: none title: From the Editors date: 2008-02-28 words: 285 flesch: 49 summary: Ralph H. Johnson (Professor Emeritus of Philosophy) Stephen Pender (Associate Professor of English) Marcello Guarini (Associate Professor of Philosophy) keywords: professor cache: il-451.pdf plain text: il-451.txt item: #750 of 1009 id: il-452 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-28 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-452.pdf plain text: il-452.txt item: #751 of 1009 id: il-4522 author: Haynal, Kaitlyn title: Reflections on Theoretical Issues in Argumentation Theory. Editors Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart Garssen (Eds.). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015; pp. 289. $139.00 eBook, $179.00 hardcover. date: 2016-03-30 words: 1752 flesch: 33 summary: This collec- tion is filtered into six dimensions of argumentation theory: general perspectives; analysis of argumentation; evaluation of argumentation; argument schemes; contextual embedding of ar- gumentation; and linguistic approaches to argumentation. The different parts fol- low a natural order, beginning with ways to approach the pro- cess of argument theory as a whole, continuing with ways to work through the actual argument construction and ending with ways to put these theories into verbal practice. keywords: argument; argumentation; evaluation; section; theory cache: il-4522.pdf plain text: il-4522.txt item: #752 of 1009 id: il-4523 author: Dufour, Michel title: Argument or Explanation: Who is to Decide? date: 2017-03-14 words: 8594 flesch: 65 summary: An explanation is then a kind of argument or a kind of use of argument.4 Other authors have a more restricted concept of argument that can leave room for ra- tionales that are not arguments. Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 Michel.Dufour@univ-paris3.fr Abstract: Granting that explana- tions that answer a why-question, and arguments, are the products of two species of the activity of reason- giving, do they make an exclusive and exhaustive classification? keywords: argument; conclusion; distinction; dufour; explanation; logic; michel; opinion; rationale cache: il-4523.pdf plain text: il-4523.txt item: #753 of 1009 id: il-4527 author: Possin, Kevin title: Conductive Arguments: Why is This Still a Thing? date: 2016-12-14 words: 13078 flesch: 63 summary: Keywords: Anatomy of a position paper, Balance-of-considerations argu- ments, Conductive arguments, Critical-thinking skills, Deductive arguments, Elements of a position paper, Inductive arguments, On-balance premises, Rationality, Warrant, Wellman. Some of what are deemed conductive arguments are simply inductive arguments and some are best construed as subsets of the constituents of what is com- monly called a position paper. keywords: arguments; balance; conclusion; govier; inductive; kevin; logic; position; possin; premises; reasons; wellman cache: il-4527.pdf plain text: il-4527.txt item: #754 of 1009 id: il-453 author: Johnson, Ralph H. title: Making Sense of “Informal Logic” date: 2008-02-28 words: 13166 flesch: 55 summary: Brinton and Walton, Historical Foundations of Informal Logic This book is the first attempt to write a history of informal logic, about which the authors say: Informal logic has yet to come together as a clearly defined discipline, one organized around some well-defined and agreed upon systematic techniques that have a definite structure and that can be decisively applied by users. It is also evident that (like Munson) we see informal logic as an autonomous area of inquiry which we subdivided into (a) the theory of fallacies and (b) the theory of argument (1980: 610).13 Also in those same proceedings, a harbinger of future issues can be detected: Woods sounded an important skeptical note in his paper “What is Informal Logic?” keywords: approach; argument; argumentation; blair; fallacies; formal; johnson; language; logic; new; philosophy; reasoning; study; term; theory; thinking; walton cache: il-453.pdf plain text: il-453.txt item: #755 of 1009 id: il-454 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Informal Logic’s Influence on Philosophy Instruction date: 2008-02-28 words: 13121 flesch: 46 summary: The latter departments can be divided into those that combine introduction to logic with argument analysis and critical thinking in a single introductory course (Brown, Columbia, Dartmouth, Calgary, Queen’s), and those that separate their critical thinking or critical reasoning, argument analysis course from their introductory logic course (British Columbia, Western Ontario, York, Toronto, Ottawa). Summary of indicators of the influence of informal logic I have suggested that there are (at least) eight ways to measure the influence of 30 years of theoretical literature in informal logic (and critical thinking) on the instruction in the sorts of courses informal logic was initially developed to affect. keywords: analysis; argument; argumentation; course; deductive; description; fallacies; influence; instruction; logic; philosophy; reasoning; sense; sophistication; teaching; theory; thinking; university cache: il-454.pdf plain text: il-454.txt item: #756 of 1009 id: il-455 author: Pinto, Robert C. title: Evaluating Inferences: the Nature and Role of Warrants date: 2008-02-28 words: 15939 flesch: 53 summary: The virtue which good arguments exhibit on this account is formulated with reference to truth, and we might say such arguments are good just when the truth of their premisses is indicative of the truth of their conclusions. Such arguments need not be truth-preserving, but they will be entitlement- preserving. keywords: account; argument; conclusion; example; form; hitchcock; inferences; paper; pinto; practice; premisses; rules; toulmin; truth; warrants cache: il-455.pdf plain text: il-455.txt item: #757 of 1009 id: il-456 author: Hansen, Hans V. title: Whately on Arguments Involving Authority date: 2008-02-28 words: 10820 flesch: 56 summary: Keywords: ad hominem, ad verecundiam, argument from authority, administrative authority, dignity authority, epistemic authority, expertise, Jean Goodwin, Douglas Walton, Richard Whately. Whereas Goodwin maintains that deference is the right response to dignity authority, we find Whately holding that it is the right response to, for the most part, epistemic authority. keywords: ad verecundiam; arguments; authority; deference; kind; locke; logic; presumption; verecundiam; view; walton; whately cache: il-456.pdf plain text: il-456.txt item: #758 of 1009 id: il-457 author: Tindale, Christopher W. title: Perelman, Informal Logic and the Historicity of Reason date: 2008-02-28 words: 8495 flesch: 55 summary: Informal logic, on the other hand, largely expresses an interest in the products of argumentation (the arguments) and the degree to which they can be deemed strong or cogent (Johnson & Blair, 2000; Freeman, 2005; Finocchiaro, Perelman, Informal Logic and the Historicity of Reason 345 2005).8 At the same time, both sets of theorists put forward a complete model of argumentation which involves both the production or invention of arguments and criteria to assess their strength. While in the Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Informal Logic, Johnson and Blair identify The New Rhetoric as one of only three monographs of significance to informal logic, still the program set out there distinguishes informal logic and rhetoric as separate disciplines whose relationship is unclear (1980, p.26). keywords: adherence; argumentation; arguments; audience; logic; logicians; new; olbrechts; perelman; reason; rhetoric; tyteca; work cache: il-457.pdf plain text: il-457.txt item: #759 of 1009 id: il-4575 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: An Early Exchange on the Interpretation of Arguments in Texts date: 2016-03-30 words: 3731 flesch: 68 summary: Once again, then, using valid deductive argument forms as our criterion for what belongs to the argument would result in our throwing out as clutter assertions which actually belong to the argument. The meetings included a session on “the new logic course”, ‘new logic’ referring to the informal logical ap- proach to argument interpretation and evaluation that was then in its early years of development. keywords: argument; blair; copi; dam; logic cache: il-4575.pdf plain text: il-4575.txt item: #760 of 1009 id: il-458 author: none title: Information for Authors, Subscribers & Users date: 2008-02-28 words: 420 flesch: 41 summary: FAX: (1)519.971.3671 WEBSITE: http://www.uwindsor.ca/faculty/arts/philosophy/IL EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles in reasoning and argu- mentation theory and practice. Primary criteria for articles with a theoretical focus. keywords: information; logic cache: il-458.pdf plain text: il-458.txt item: #761 of 1009 id: il-4586 author: Walton, Douglas; Macagno, Fabrizio title: Profiles of Dialogue for Relevance date: 2016-12-14 words: 16677 flesch: 61 summary: If it fails to find such a path, the assistant tells the user and fills gaps by searching for and finding possibly incomplete but useful se- quences of argumentation arguments by drawing further on premises found in the commitment store of the audience. CAS formalizes argument graphs as bipartite, directed, labelled graphs, consisting of two distinct kinds of points. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; dialogue; discourse; douglas; example; fabrizio; figure; graph; logic; macagno; profiles; relevance; vol; walton; windsor cache: il-4586.pdf plain text: il-4586.txt item: #762 of 1009 id: il-459 author: none title: Forthcoming date: 2008-02-28 words: 97 flesch: 44 summary: In Volume 27, Number 1 (2007) Forthcoming Walton on Argument Structure G. C. Goddu Argument Has No Function Special Issue on Douglas Walton Edited by David M. Godden About Old and New Dialectic: Dialogues, Fallacies and Strategies Erik C.W. Krabbe & Jan Albert van Laar Analyzing Argumentation in Rich, Natural Contexts Frans H. van Eemeren & Peter Houtlosser Jean Goodwin Is Practical Reasoning Presumptive? Outside Back Cover 26.3 Printed in Canada by Preney Print & Litho Inc. on recycled paper. keywords: walton cache: il-459.pdf plain text: il-459.txt item: #763 of 1009 id: il-460 author: none title: Editor’s Introduction date: 2008-02-28 words: 2065 flesch: 34 summary: Consequently the analysis and evaluation of supposed fallacies is not a straightforward matter of considering apparent argument type, but also involves considering contextual features of the argumentation itself, understood as a rational human activity. While conceding that the first three factors are relevant, Goddu argues that they are not sufficient to determine argument structure and that the test Walton proposes as the final factor fails like its predecessors. keywords: argument; dialogue; reasoning; walton cache: il-460.pdf plain text: il-460.txt item: #764 of 1009 id: il-4606 author: Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. title: In Memoriam: Richard Paul date: 2016-03-30 words: 526 flesch: 56 summary: In Memoriam Richard Paul JABrev.doc IN MEMORIAM Richard Paul (1937–2015) The Editors of Informal Logic were saddened to learn of the death of Richard Paul on August 30th, 2015. He estab- lished the Foundation for Critical Thinking to develop CT mate- rials for K-12 teachers. keywords: logic; paul cache: il-4606.pdf plain text: il-4606.txt item: #765 of 1009 id: il-461 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-28 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-461.pdf plain text: il-461.txt item: #766 of 1009 id: il-4610 author: Shecaira, Fábio Perin title: How to Disagree About Argument Schemes date: 2016-12-14 words: 9880 flesch: 57 summary: Keywords: metatheory of argumentation, uses of argument schemes, criteria for evaluating argument schemes 1. In this paper, I want to focus on a very specific kind of disagreement about argument schemes. keywords: analogy; argument; argument schemes; argumentation; fábio; logic; perin; principle; schemes; shecaira; waller cache: il-4610.pdf plain text: il-4610.txt item: #767 of 1009 id: il-462 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Walton on Argument Structure date: 2008-02-28 words: 10639 flesch: 53 summary: Walton identifies the three main problems of argument structure as “the problem of linked versus convergent arguments, the problem of distinguishing between arguments and explanations, and the problem of non-explicit premises and conclusions in arguments” (78-79). 10Aside: Given OROC, there is a coherent way to talk about linked arguments, i.e., arguments with reasons composed of more than one premise, but absolutely no sense to be made of convergent, divergent, or serial arguments. keywords: argument; argument structure; conclusion; distinction; premises; step; structure; walton cache: il-462.pdf plain text: il-462.txt item: #768 of 1009 id: il-4621 author: Seidel, Markus title: The Real Struggle: An Objective Notion of Expertise? date: 2016-07-14 words: 5400 flesch: 59 summary: A further quarrel by Hinton is with my example from soccer: I claimed that “it is highly plausible that soccer experts are much more often right in predicting the outcome of soccer matches than laypersons relying on coin flips” (Seidel 2014, p. 206) and that it is not necessary to conduct empirical studies to confirm or test this claim. In a first step, Hinton reinterprets my claim that soccer experts are much more often right than laypersons relying on coin flips and insists that I should have claimed that soccer experts are much more often right than part-time fans. keywords: account; expert; expertise; hinton; seidel cache: il-4621.pdf plain text: il-4621.txt item: #769 of 1009 id: il-463 author: Krabbe, Erik C. W.; van Laar, Jan Albert title: About Old and New Dialectic: Dialogues, Fallacies, and Strategies date: 2008-02-28 words: 16500 flesch: 54 summary: (Of course, this generalized form of strategic manoeuvring has no application to dialogue types that do not start from some kind of conflict.) So, normative models can be developed, parallel to given dialogue types considered as activity types. keywords: argument; aristotle; dialectic; dialogue; discussion; fallacies; functions; krabbe; model; new; reasoning; strategies; type; van; walton cache: il-463.pdf plain text: il-463.txt item: #770 of 1009 id: il-464 author: van Eemeren, Frans H.; Houtlosser, Peter title: The Contextuality of Fallacies date: 2008-02-28 words: 4299 flesch: 47 summary: Keywords: argumentative activity type, context-dependency, critical discussion, dialectical shift, dialogue type, fallacy, normative model, speech event Van Eemeren and Houtlosser observe that Walton’s (and Walton and Krabbe’s) notion of ‘dialogue type’ involves a mixture of an empirical notion on a par with a speech event or activity type and a normative notion such as the model of a critical discussion. Then they discuss Walton’s contextual analysis of fallacies as illegitimate dialectical shifts of dialogue types and offer an alternative in which both the empirical and the normative dimension are given their due 1. keywords: argumentative; dialogue; eemeren; krabbe; type; van; walton cache: il-464.pdf plain text: il-464.txt item: #771 of 1009 id: il-4641 author: Popa, Eugen Octav title: Criticism without Fundamental Principles date: 2016-07-14 words: 10560 flesch: 57 summary: It is this quest for rules, norms, criteria, or qualities that typifies the idealist research agenda in argumenta- tion theory. In view of this reexamination, I will attempt to outline a form of normativity that maintains the basic assumption that not anything goes yet declines the need of pre-defined norms, rules, criteria or any other kind of normative pronouncements. keywords: argumentative; discussion; eemeren; eugen; fallacies; logic; octav; popa; pragma; rules; van cache: il-4641.pdf plain text: il-4641.txt item: #772 of 1009 id: il-465 author: Goodwin, Jean title: Argument Has No Function date: 2008-02-28 words: 10567 flesch: 55 summary: Similarly, the pragma-dialecticians recognize that the function of argument is an idealization: a tool for critiquing argument activities, weeding out the dysfunctional and nonfunctional growths, and fostering whatever among the actual activities is worth salvaging. But there are alternatives to function claims in argument theory, as there were to functionalism in sociology. keywords: activities; activity; argument; argumentation; context; dialogue; function; joint; norms; society; talk; theorists; theory; walton cache: il-465.pdf plain text: il-465.txt item: #773 of 1009 id: il-466 author: Kock, Christian title: Is Practical Reasoning Presumptive? date: 2008-02-28 words: 8416 flesch: 51 summary: However, in practical reasoning arguments differ along the quantitative dimension not just in a binary (on-off) way, but by degrees; we have just seen the counterintuitive consequences of insisting on a purely binary conception. So, clearly, in practical reasoning arguments may have a certain degree of strength which may not, however, be considered sufficient to trigger what Walton calls a directive inference, but which still counts. keywords: action; argument; argumentation; inference; model; presumptive; proposal; reasoning; strength; theory; walton cache: il-466.pdf plain text: il-466.txt item: #774 of 1009 id: il-4662 author: Battersby, Mark title: Enhancing Rationality: Heuristics, Biases, and The Critical Thinking Project date: 2016-07-14 words: 8052 flesch: 56 summary: Neither is well treated in rational decision theory, though there is work by Kahneman and others on people’s unreliable assessment (affec- tive forecasting as it is known) about how they will feel when they experience certain outcomes. unfortunately the “rational choice” norms used by behavioral economists to identify “biased” de- cision making narrowly equate ra- tional decision making with the effi- cient pursuit of individual satisfac- tion; deviations from these norms should not be treated as an irrational bias, 4. a richer, procedural theory of rational decision making should be the basis for critical thinking in- struction in decision making. keywords: battersby; choice; decision; kahneman; logic; making; mark; norms; people; rationality; theory; thinking cache: il-4662.pdf plain text: il-4662.txt item: #775 of 1009 id: il-4664 author: Nuccetelli, Susana title: Latin American Philosophers: Some Recent Challenges to Their Intellectual Character date: 2016-07-14 words: 5601 flesch: 50 summary: Two invisibility problems for Latin American philosophy At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a new wave of skeptics has reignited a mid-twentieth-century debate about the quality of Latin American philosophy. Their criticism concerns instead some critical- thinking vices of its practitioners that they regard as responsible for the problems facing Latin American philosophy considered below. keywords: american; latin; new; nuccetelli; originality; philosophers; philosophical; philosophy; skeptics; susana; vices cache: il-4664.pdf plain text: il-4664.txt item: #776 of 1009 id: il-467 author: Woods, John title: Lightening up on the Ad Hominem date: 2008-02-28 words: 13754 flesch: 66 summary: Echoing the two theses that we have just met with, I want to produce reasons in addition to those put forward by Hitchcock for the negative thesis that ad hominem arguments are not fallacies. Keywords: ad hominem, Aristotle, DeMorgan, dialectic, fallacy, Locke, logic, informant, normativity, plausibility, pragma-dialectics, reassurance, refutation, rhetoric, slanging, Walton 1. keywords: ad hominem; argument; case; fact; fallacies; fallacy; gabbay; harry; hominem; information; john; logic; party; position; reason; reasoning; sarah; walton; woods cache: il-467.pdf plain text: il-467.txt item: #777 of 1009 id: il-4670 author: Mizrahi, Moti title: Why Arguments from Expert Opinion are still Weak: A Reply to Seidel date: 2016-07-14 words: 6220 flesch: 66 summary: For this reason, I talk about expert opinion rather than expert knowledge. To put it another way, if arguments from expertise were arguments from expert knowledge rather than expert opinion or judgment, then such arguments would be deductively valid. keywords: argument; expert; mizrahi; opinion; seidel cache: il-4670.pdf plain text: il-4670.txt item: #778 of 1009 id: il-4672 author: Kjeldsen, Jens Elmelund title: Studying Rhetorical Audiences – a Call for Qualitative Reception Studies in Argumentation and Rhetoric date: 2016-07-14 words: 9228 flesch: 62 summary: Studying Rhetorical Audiences: A Call for Qualitative Reception Studies in Argumentation and Rhetoric* JENS E. KJELDSEN Department of Information Science and Media Studies University of Bergen Fosswinckelsgate 6, 5007 Bergen Norway jens.kjeldsen@uib.no Studying Rhetorical Audiences © Jens E. Kjeldsen. keywords: argument; argumentation; audience; jens; kjeldsen; logic; people; rhetoric; studies; text; vol cache: il-4672.pdf plain text: il-4672.txt item: #779 of 1009 id: il-468 author: Walton, Douglas title: A Bibliography of Douglas Walton’s Published Works, 1971-2007 date: 2008-02-28 words: 5656 flesch: 65 summary: In D. Walton & A. Brinton (Eds.), Historical Foundations of Informal Logic (pp. 1-11). In D. Walton & L. Urban (Eds.), The Power of God: Readings on Omnipotence and Evil (pp. 192-207) New York: OUP. 1977 J (1977). keywords: argumentation; arguments; eds; logic; new; press; university; walton; woods cache: il-468.pdf plain text: il-468.txt item: #780 of 1009 id: il-469 author: none title: Information for Authors, Subscribers & Users date: 2008-02-28 words: 420 flesch: 41 summary: FAX: (1)519.971.3671 WEBSITE: http://www.uwindsor.ca/faculty/arts/philosophy/IL EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles in reasoning and argu- mentation theory and practice. Primary criteria for articles with a theoretical focus. keywords: information; logic cache: il-469.pdf plain text: il-469.txt item: #781 of 1009 id: il-4691 author: Hitchcock, David title: Transsubjectivity date: 2017-09-11 words: 4084 flesch: 51 summary: To do so requires making clear Wohl- rapp’s key concepts of framing, argumentation, subjectivity, reasonable argumentation, and the principle of transsubjectivity. Wohlrapp’s proposal to frame reasonable argumentation as guided by the principle of transsubjectivity is supposed to be compatible with different theories of argumentation using dif- ferent sets of concepts and principles, not just with the complex theoretical construction of his book. keywords: argumentation; david; hitchcock; subjectivity; transsubjectivity; trust; wohlrapp cache: il-4691.pdf plain text: il-4691.txt item: #782 of 1009 id: il-4696 author: Xie, Yun title: Conductive Argument as a Mode of Strategic Maneuvering date: 2017-03-14 words: 8244 flesch: 47 summary: 13 have a good grasp of the justificatory power in those counter- considerations.4 6. Conductive argument as a mode of strategic maneuvering: Its evaluation It is also feasible, and to some extent promising, to evaluate conductive arguments with the normative standards correspond- ing to strategic maneuvering. Abstract: This paper argues that conductive arguments may be un- derstood from a rhetorical perspec- tive. keywords: arguer; argument; conclusion; considerations; counter; maneuvering; xie; yun cache: il-4696.pdf plain text: il-4696.txt item: #783 of 1009 id: il-4697 author: Hinton, Martin David title: On Arguments from Ignorance date: 2018-06-01 words: 11416 flesch: 64 summary: In other work he discusses ad ignorantiam arguments which are clearly linked to belief formation, not to practical reasoning, and here too there are some concerns worth investigating. On the epistemic variant, which he now proposes to call “the knowledge-based type of ad ignorantiam argument”, Walton claims: “It can have a deductive form […] as well as a presumptive form” (Walton 1996a, pp. 150). keywords: argument; evidence; hinton; ignorance; ignorantiam; logic; reasoning; vol; walton cache: il-4697.pdf plain text: il-4697.txt item: #784 of 1009 id: il-4698 author: Stevens, Katharina title: Does Rhetoric Have a Place in Wohlrapp’s Theory of Argument? date: 2017-09-11 words: 13352 flesch: 62 summary: I will use the example of Aldo Leopold’s essay Axe in Hand to illustrate how rhetorical tools can be used to generate insight into new frames. Wohlrapp suggests that we have to find new frames through reflection. keywords: argumentation; audience; construction; frame; insight; katharina; new; rhetoric; stevens; theory; wohlrapp cache: il-4698.pdf plain text: il-4698.txt item: #785 of 1009 id: il-470 author: none title: Forthcoming date: 2008-02-28 words: 39 flesch: 48 summary: In Volume 27, Number 2 (2007) Forthcoming The arguers Michael Gilbert Consensus and Unified Argumentation Theory Dale Hample Christian Kock Norms of Legitimate Dissensus Outside Back Cover 27.1 Printed in Canada by Preney Print & Litho Inc. on recycled paper. keywords: paper cache: il-470.pdf plain text: il-470.txt item: #786 of 1009 id: il-471 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-28 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-471.pdf plain text: il-471.txt item: #787 of 1009 id: il-4717 author: Araszkiewicz, Michał; Zurek, Thomasz title: Preface: Methodologies for Research on Legal Argumentation date: 2016-09-15 words: 1940 flesch: 33 summary: Legal argumentation has been analyzed not only from the viewpoint of legal theory, but also in the scope of computational argumentation studies, artificial intelligence, and general theories of argumentation. The main objective of the issue is to provide space for the presentation of the methodological ideas concerning the research on legal argumentation from three perspectives: AI and Law, (philosophical) argumentation theory, and legal theory. keywords: argumentation; research; theory; tomasz; zurek cache: il-4717.pdf plain text: il-4717.txt item: #788 of 1009 id: il-4719 author: Hage, Jaap title: Anything Goes: An Apology for Parallel Distributed Legal Science date: 2016-09-15 words: 7068 flesch: 61 summary: The aim of this contribution is to give an interpretation of legal science, including doctrinal legal science, which makes the value of this seeming hotchpotch visible. The first is that coherence—in a sense unusu- al in law—plays a crucial role in legal science. keywords: agent; hage; jaap; knowledge; law; logic; method; position; research; science; set cache: il-4719.pdf plain text: il-4719.txt item: #789 of 1009 id: il-472 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Natural Normativity: Argumentation Theory as an Engaged Discipline date: 2008-02-28 words: 6451 flesch: 57 summary: Goals Within Communication Theory goals play a very important role. That is, I may enter an argument or a communicative interaction in order to achieve goal G, but there are always other goals, generally referred to as face goals or relationship goals that are in play as well. keywords: argumentation; arguments; context; ethos; goals; normativity; people; rules; theory; way cache: il-472.pdf plain text: il-472.txt item: #790 of 1009 id: il-4720 author: Marrero, Danny title: An Epistemological Theory of Argumentation for Adversarial Legal Proceedings date: 2016-09-15 words: 8684 flesch: 56 summary: To continue, legal agents do not perceive the facts under litigation directly; rather, they form their judgments from differ- ent sources of legal knowledge. If legal agents cannot meet the standards of scientific knowledge, and their fac- tual reconstructions are biased and incomplete, then the most they can do is to try to persuade the fact-finder of their versions of the facts under litigation. keywords: agents; argumentation; belief; danny; evidence; facts; knowledge; law; marrero; proceedings cache: il-4720.pdf plain text: il-4720.txt item: #791 of 1009 id: il-4721 author: Macagno, Fabrizio title: Defining Marriage: Classification, Interpretation, and Definitional Disputes date: 2016-09-15 words: 9164 flesch: 57 summary: This debate brought to light the stipulative nature of legal definitions and the role of definitional arguments. Considering the specific deliberation-oriented function of this classificatory pat- tern in legal reasoning, legal classification can be considered as a condensed practical argument based on the choice of catego- Fabrizio Macagno © Fabrizio Macagno. keywords: argument; classification; definition; fabrizio; fabrizio macagno; judges; law; liberty; macagno; marriage; right; sex cache: il-4721.pdf plain text: il-4721.txt item: #792 of 1009 id: il-4722 author: Plug, H. José title: Administrative Judicial Decisions as a Hybrid Argumentative Activity Type date: 2016-09-15 words: 6487 flesch: 51 summary: 7. Conclusion Developments in administrative law have resulted in a more complex role to be played by administrative judges. In section 2, I will first sketch the communicative activity type of administrative judicial decisions as it is formally institu- tionalized by means of legal procedural rules. keywords: activity; administrative; argumentation; court; decisions; josé; judge; law; plug; role; type; van; vol cache: il-4722.pdf plain text: il-4722.txt item: #793 of 1009 id: il-4723 author: Bex, F.J.; Bex-Reimert, V.M. title: Evidence Assessment in Refugee Law with Stories and Arguments date: 2016-09-15 words: 9364 flesch: 56 summary: Evidence Assessment in Refugee Law with Stories and Arguments F.J. BEX1 & V.M. BEX-REIMERT2 1 Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 2 Department of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Public Administration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: In this article, we aim to analyse whether a systematic meth- od for reasoning with evidence in legal cases – the hybrid theory of stories and arguments – can be ap- plied to a novel legal domain, name- ly European asylum law. Because there is often no additional evidence, the asylum process is very much focused on a central story has thus, in contrast to criminal law, led to a number of clear criteria for story assessment in refugee law. keywords: adnan; assessment; bex; evidence; f.j; hybrid; law; story; theory; v.m cache: il-4723.pdf plain text: il-4723.txt item: #794 of 1009 id: il-4724 author: Winczorek, Jan title: Redundancy of Redundancy in Justifications of Verdicts of Polish The Constitutional Tribuna date: 2016-09-15 words: 8984 flesch: 45 summary: Informal Logic, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2016), pp. 371-394. 384 Type of argument Frequency Relative volume values) systematic arguments - argument of legal system's structure 0.04 0.04 systematic arguments - other types of systematic argument 0.03 0.03 semantic arguments - argument of legal language 0.03 0.03 argument of ratio legis 0.03 0.02 argument of discretionary powers of an authority 0.02 0.02 argument of social consequences 0.02 0.02 reference to values and other non-legal norms 0.02 0.02 semantic arguments - other types of semantic argument 0.02 0.02 comparative arguments - internal comparative argument 0.02 0.02 systematic arguments - argument of methods of regulation and branches of law 0.02 0.01 systematic arguments - argument of construction of a legal act 0.01 0.01 classical legal reasoning (maxims) 0.01 0.01 argument of formal binding force of law 0.01 0.01 arguments of adjudication - argument of adjudication of Polish courts 0.01 0.01 semantic arguments - argument of autonomous meaning of legal terms 0.01 0.01 systematic arguments - argument of type of legal provision 0.01 0.01 semantic arguments - argument of provision being unclear 0.01 0.01 argument of notorious facts 0.01 0.01 arguments referring to sustainability of law or legal change 0.01 0.01 systematic arguments - argument of idealisations of legal system 0.01 0.00 reference to legislative works 0.01 0.00 argument of social change 0.01 0.01 comparative arguments - external comparative argument 0.00 0.00 reference to group interests and social groups 0.00 0.00 semantic arguments - argument of natural language 0.00 0.00 arguments of adjudication - argument of adjudication of ECHR 0.00 0.00 arguments of adjudication - argument of adjudication of ECJ - - Sum 1.00 1.00 Mean 0.03 0.03 Table 4: Frequency and relative volume of codes - codes before aggregation Redundancy of Redundancy in Justifications of Verdicts © Jan Winczorek. Informal Logic, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2016), pp. 371-394. 386 Arguments Constitution Statutes Other legal acts Frequency Relative volume Frequency Relative volume Frequency Relative volume n 2032 4635 836 of own authority 0.25 0.29 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 of values and prinicples of law 0.18 0.21 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.06 systemic 0.14 0.12 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.30 linguistic 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.20 0.25 0.27 doctrinal 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.01 functional 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.08 of distribution of power 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 teleological and refering to intentions 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 comparative 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 of authority of other courts 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 systematic 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 of interests 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Table 5: Frequency and relative value and type of legal act - aggregated codes As in the case of frequency and volume of references to the constitution, also the characteristics of arguments can to some extent be explained by independent variables. keywords: adjudication; argument; constitution; jan; jan winczorek; justifications; law; logic; redundancy; system; verdicts; volume; winczorek cache: il-4724.pdf plain text: il-4724.txt item: #795 of 1009 id: il-4725 author: Freeman, James B. title: Errors of Reasoning, Naturalizing the Logic of Inference date: 2016-09-15 words: 15009 flesch: 62 summary: Such beliefs are s- beliefs. We can construct scenarios where one’s cognitive faculties are functioning properly but one is aware of no evidence for certain specific beliefs they generate. Are such beliefs then acceptable as premises for what to believe or do, to recall Ennis’s memorable characterization of critical thinking? keywords: belief; conclusion; error; freeman; james; justification; knowledge; logic; reasoning; woods cache: il-4725.pdf plain text: il-4725.txt item: #796 of 1009 id: il-4726 author: Charland, Maurice title: Apologie de la polémique date: 2016-09-15 words: 1994 flesch: 51 summary: She argues for the importance of careful textual analysis in order to grasp what the functions of polemic are, focussing on both the French debate over legislation to ban the burqa from public places and the controversial demand by Jewish ultraor- thodox sects in Israel that the sexes be segregated in certain pub- lic spaces, such as on buses in ultraorthodox neighborhoods. Reviewed by MAURICE CHARLAND Department of Communication Studies Concordia University 7171 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Maurice.Charland@concordia.ca Apologie de la polémique aims to rehabilitate the polemic as a form of public discourse. keywords: amossy; charland; discourse; polemic; public cache: il-4726.pdf plain text: il-4726.txt item: #797 of 1009 id: il-473 author: Hample, Dale title: The Arguers date: 2008-02-28 words: 6973 flesch: 54 summary: Compared to the vast literatures on argument texts, the material on the arguers themselves is scattered and not as frequently presented at our conferences. Everyone was committed to studying informal arguments, but not everyone was willing to abandon formal methods. keywords: arguers; argument; argumentation; communication; eemeren; hample; logic; people; person; study; text; van cache: il-473.pdf plain text: il-473.txt item: #798 of 1009 id: il-474 author: Kock, Christian title: Norms of Legitimate Dissensus date: 2008-02-28 words: 8951 flesch: 55 summary: Keywords: argumentation theory, moral philosophy, political philosophy, dissensus, consensus, legitimate dissensus, enduring dissensus, practical argumentation, Jürgen Habermas, Plato, Aristotle, John Rawls, Douglas Walton, logical dialogue games, burdens of reason, burdens of judgment, stasis system, Isaiah Berlin, Cicero, Walter Sinnott- Armstrong, Thomas Nagel, Trudy Govier, Charles Larmore, Michael Stocker, Joseph Raz, Carl Wellman, John Dryzek, immigration, Denmark, Georgia Warnke, Muhammad cartoons, Amy Guttman, Denis Thompson. Further distinctive features of pro and con arguments in practical argumentation are explored, and some corollaries are drawn regarding evaluative norms of legitimate dissensus. keywords: argumentation; arguments; consensus; dissensus; domain; issue; kock; norms; press; rawls; reasons; theory; values; way cache: il-474.pdf plain text: il-474.txt item: #799 of 1009 id: il-475 author: Carozza, Linda title: Dissent in the Midst of Emotional Territory date: 2008-02-28 words: 6720 flesch: 50 summary: Following Gilbert’s emotional mode of argumentation (1997), further expansions of the mode are made here, specifically for the purposes of being able to classify different types of emotional arguments. Then a classification system for different types of emotional arguments is developed. keywords: argumentation; arguments; emotional; emotions; gilbert; lee; party; walton; ze’ev cache: il-475.pdf plain text: il-475.txt item: #800 of 1009 id: il-476 author: Olmos, Paula title: Making it Public: Testimony and Socially Sanctioned Common Grounds date: 2008-02-28 words: 8095 flesch: 44 summary: Testimony delivered in “the game of giving and asking for reasons” involves, not just the expression of some 216 Paula Olmos thought or the representation of some reference, but a specific practice of openly placing the contents of our claims within the social pool of reasons and beliefs that can be subsequently appealed to as such (as testimony). Within “a civilization advanced enough to exploit testimony as extensively as we do” (Sosa, 2006), testimonies cannot be evaluated as isolated items. keywords: approach; argumentation; authority; conditions; epistemology; kind; knowledge; oxford; point; practices; testimonial; testimony; use; view cache: il-476.pdf plain text: il-476.txt item: #801 of 1009 id: il-4769 author: Baumtrog, Michael D. title: Others and Imagination in Reasoning and Argumentation: Improving our Critical Creative Capacity date: 2017-06-03 words: 9554 flesch: 55 summary: Keywords: imagination, reasoning, argumentation, critical thinking 1. Indeed, critical and creative thinking are closely related and there is a reciprocal relationship between im- proving critical thinking and being able to better imagine an ap- propriate (group of) Other(s). keywords: ability; argumentation; audience; baumtrog; considerations; imagination; individual; logic; michael; reasoning; thinking cache: il-4769.pdf plain text: il-4769.txt item: #802 of 1009 id: il-477 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: Paul Boghossian - Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism date: 2008-02-28 words: 2077 flesch: 55 summary: The pragmatic fulcrum Boghossian uses against relativism (and skepticism) is our “blind entitlement” to certain epistemic principles. To be fair, Boghossian does argue directly for his claim that epistemic judgments, at least, have to be absolute. keywords: argument; beliefs; boghossian cache: il-477.pdf plain text: il-477.txt item: #803 of 1009 id: il-4775 author: Lewiński, Marcin title: Practical Argumentation as Reasoned Advocacy date: 2017-06-03 words: 10850 flesch: 57 summary: Keywords: advocacy, argumentation, comparativism, deliberation, polylogue, practical argument 1. Below, in section 2, I will present an extended schema of practical argument I have been developing, which is compatible with the main tenets of com- parativism. keywords: advocacy; argumentation; arguments; chang; choice; deliberation; lewiński; logic; marcin; marcin lewiński; means; vol cache: il-4775.pdf plain text: il-4775.txt item: #804 of 1009 id: il-478 author: none title: Information for Authors, Subscribers & Users date: 2008-02-28 words: 433 flesch: 42 summary: FAX: (1)519.971.3671 WEBSITE: http://www.uwindsor.ca/faculty/arts/philosophy/IL EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles in reasoning and argu- mentation theory and practice. Information for Authors INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS INFORMATION FOR SUBSCRIBERS, USERS, LIBRARIES & SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES INFORMAL LOGIC is published three times a year. keywords: information; logic cache: il-478.pdf plain text: il-478.txt item: #805 of 1009 id: il-479 author: none title: Notice about Informal Logic becoming an open-access on-line journal date: 2008-02-28 words: 298 flesch: 56 summary: This change has been brought on by several factors: changes in criteria for funding academic journals in Canada; availability of free (to us,) excellent open-access on-line software; increased costs of printing and postage; the goal of wider circulation; the goal of accessibility to scholars and libraries unable to afford journal subscriptions; greater turn- around time between submission and publication; ability to publish longer articles; ease of production; availability of back-issues (free) on-line. Issues will appear at the ends of March, May, August and November each year. keywords: articles cache: il-479.pdf plain text: il-479.txt item: #806 of 1009 id: il-4794 author: Dalgleish, Adam; Girard, Patrick; Davies, Maree title: Critical Thinking, Bias and Feminist Philosophy: Building a Better Framework through Collaboration date: 2017-12-06 words: 6435 flesch: 53 summary: With the clear goal of CT methods being the separation of arguers from their embodied limitations, such as confusion, bias or emotion, and committing fully to the task of obtaining truth. This presents a problem for many schools of philosophy, as CT methods form the bedrock of how philoso- phers generate and test new knowledge and, much like psycho- logical bias, the introduction of distorting experiences can sig- nificantly impact on the truth tracking potential of any model. keywords: dalgleish; davies; feminist; girard; logic; pedagogy; philosophy; thinking cache: il-4794.pdf plain text: il-4794.txt item: #807 of 1009 id: il-4796 author: Hansen, Hans V.; Fioret, Cameron title: A Searchable Bibliography of Fallacies – 2016 date: 2016-12-14 words: 12715 flesch: 63 summary: Empirical evidence concerning the assessment of ad hominem fallacies,” in F.H. van Eemeren and Bart Garssen (eds.), Controversy and Con- frontation. [OB] __, 2005, “This can’t be true, that would be terrible: Ordinary arguers judgments about ad consequentiam fallacies,” in AL- TA 13: 669-75. keywords: argumentation; arguments; bibliography; cameron; eds; fallacies; fallacy; fioret; hansen; hominem; infomal; issa; logic; ossa; philosophy; question; reasoning; theory; van; vol; walton cache: il-4796.pdf plain text: il-4796.txt item: #808 of 1009 id: il-481 author: none title: Forthcoming date: 2008-02-28 words: 52 flesch: 37 summary: In Volume 27, Number 3 (2007) Forthcoming Advances in the Theory of Argument Schemes and Critical Questions Henrike Jansen Reductio ad Absurdum vs. Argument from Consequences Douglas Walton & David Godden Christian Kock Dialectical Obligations in Political Debate Outside Back Cover 27.2 Printed in Canada by Preney Print & Litho Inc. on recycled paper. keywords: argument cache: il-481.pdf plain text: il-481.txt item: #809 of 1009 id: il-4818 author: Maynes, Jeffrey title: Steering into the Skid: On the Norms of Critical Thinking date: 2017-06-03 words: 6273 flesch: 59 summary: While the ideal reasoner is disposed to employ critical thinking strategies across all contexts, the ideal human reasoner is disposed to employ them in contexts where they would be most effective. Achieving the dispositional goals might involve a mixture of a variety of reasoning strategies, including not only the tools of informal and formal logic, but also the use of heuristics. keywords: evidence; heuristics; ideal; jeffrey; logic; maynes; reasoner; strategies; strategy; thinking; use cache: il-4818.pdf plain text: il-4818.txt item: #810 of 1009 id: il-482 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-28 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-482.pdf plain text: il-482.txt item: #811 of 1009 id: il-4821 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Critical Review of Arguing With People by Michael Gilbert date: 2017-03-14 words: 6632 flesch: 65 summary: On the topic of emotional arguments, Gilbert writes: Some scholars in the area of Critical Thinking and even in Argumentation Theory would have you believe that arguments are intended to be quiet and orderly discus- sions with careful turn-taking and great attention to pre- cisely what has been said. 72 tives on argument—logic, dialectic and rhetoric—Gilbert de- scribes dialectic as “the study of arguments geared to finding the truth.” keywords: anthony; arguing; argument; blair; gilbert; logic; people; thinking cache: il-4821.pdf plain text: il-4821.txt item: #812 of 1009 id: il-4823 author: the Editors, From title: Announcement date: 2017-03-14 words: 219 flesch: 30 summary: After 16 years as a Co-editor, and a number of years before that—serving in various roles, beginning as Assistant to the editors (essentially carrying out the duties of Managing editor) and eventually serving as Consulting editor—Professor Hans V. Hansen has decided to devote his considerable energy full-time to other projects. And after four years as Co-editor of the Informal Logic Newsletter (1979-1983) followed by 33 years as Co-editor of the journal, Informal Logic, Distinguished University Professor Ralph H. Johnson—who retired from the University of Windsor Philosophy Department in 2006—has decided to step down as Co-editor. keywords: editor cache: il-4823.pdf plain text: il-4823.txt item: #813 of 1009 id: il-483 author: Kock, Christian title: Dialectical Obligations in Political Debate date: 2008-02-28 words: 7023 flesch: 48 summary: Such a model of deliberative argumentation is of little help in describing how we actually use and evaluate deliberative arguments. Keywords: Political debate, dialectical obligations, rhetoric, deliberative argumentation, proposition, proposal, consensus, dissensus, value pluralism, incompatibility, incommensurability, multidimensionality, subjectivity, conductive argument, pragma- dialectics, Jürgen Habermas, Isaiah Berlin, Douglas Walton, Carl Wellman, Trudy Govier, Joseph Raz, Charles Larmore Political debate is a distinctive domain in argumentation, characterized by these features: it is about proposals for action, not about propositions that may have a truth value; there may be good arguments on both sides; neither the proposal nor its rejection follows by necessity or inference; the pros and the cons generally cannot, being multidimensional and hence incommen- surable, be aggregated in an objective way; each audience member must subjectively compare and balance arguments on the two sides; eventual consensus between the debaters is not a reasonable requirement. keywords: action; argumentation; arguments; consensus; debate; obligations; policy; press; proposal; university; values cache: il-483.pdf plain text: il-483.txt item: #814 of 1009 id: il-4831 author: Johnson, Ralph H. title: Wohlrapp on the Criterial Side of Validity: Some Comments date: 2017-09-11 words: 2778 flesch: 61 summary: © Ralph H Johnson, Informal Logic, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2017), pp. 223-229. 224 2. Validity Wohlrapp notes that the key elements of his notion of validity are justification, absence of open objections, understanding, fo- rum and new orientation. O3 The absence of open objections is not so much a criterion for validity as an indication of a research monopoly. keywords: argument; objection; thesis; validity; wohlrapp cache: il-4831.pdf plain text: il-4831.txt item: #815 of 1009 id: il-4832 author: Govier, Trudy title: Issues of Logicism and Objectivity date: 2017-09-11 words: 5094 flesch: 61 summary: Though initially intrigued by my efforts to describe and explore conductive argument, Harald Wohlrapp later concluded that my treatments were seriously flawed and that an alternative approach can serve to replace that problematic and much con- Trudy Govier © Trudy Govier, Informal Logic, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2017), pp. 211-222. This situation struck many philosophers as highly unsatisfactory, providing some with a reason to deny that such arguments existed at all, insist- ing that they be recast in some other way—perhaps as a series of arguments that could be shown to be deductively valid if suita- ble premises were added to the stated ones. keywords: account; argument; govier; logic; premises; trudy; wohlrapp cache: il-4832.pdf plain text: il-4832.txt item: #816 of 1009 id: il-484 author: Jansen, Henrike title: Refuting a Standpoint by Appealing to Its Outcomes: Reductio ad Absurdum vs. Argument from Consequences date: 2008-02-28 words: 8411 flesch: 57 summary: The application to the RAA of the Pragma-Dialectical classification of argument types enables me to (1) give a characterisation of the RAA and (2) distinguish it from the Argument from Consequences. This holds especially for simple cases of weak RAA argumentation, in which the absurd consequence is more or less presented as a direct result of the attacked viewpoint, not needing extra steps before ending up with this consequence, since these can be reconstructed in a way that exhibits modus tollens. keywords: argument; argumentation; causal; consequences; form; jansen; premise; raa; reasoning; standpoint; types cache: il-484.pdf plain text: il-484.txt item: #817 of 1009 id: il-4849 author: Rapanta, Chrysi title: Teaching as Abductive Reasoning: The Role of Argumentation date: 2018-06-01 words: 6382 flesch: 59 summary: According to Peirce (1878), only the second way, which is called abduction or abductive reasoning, may produce new knowledge, and thus may be related to scientific reasoning. For these reasons, abductive reasoning has been highly valued as a different type of reasoning which: May be used as a general umbrella for all types of plausible inferences when it comes to arriving at the best explanation for a phenomenon or event, may produce novel knowledge, and may represent scientific reasoning at least when it comes to the discovery phase (Josephson and Josephson 1996; Peirce 1931; Walton 2005). keywords: abductive; argumentation; chrysi; classroom; learning; rapanta; reasoning; science; students; teaching; walton cache: il-4849.pdf plain text: il-4849.txt item: #818 of 1009 id: il-485 author: Godden, David; Walton, Douglas title: Advances in the Theory of Argumentation Schemes and Critical Questions date: 2008-02-28 words: 12141 flesch: 50 summary: Since the normativity of argument schemes and valid argument forms stand or fall together 276 David Godden and Douglas Walton on Pinto’s argument, argumentation schemes can remain “formal pragmatic structure[s] that … [are] the counterpart[s] to logical forms of inference in semantics” (Walton, 1996, p. x; cited in Pinto, 2001a, p. 100) despite Pinto’s criticisms. Perhaps the best way to think about argument schemes is to think of them as the counterparts to informal fallacies. keywords: argument; argumentation; argumentation schemes; blair; burden; evaluation; proof; questions; reasoning; role; schematic; schemes; walton cache: il-485.pdf plain text: il-485.txt item: #819 of 1009 id: il-486 author: Goddu, G.C. title: Mark Vorobej - A Theory of Argument date: 2008-02-28 words: 3945 flesch: 48 summary: Given this normality assumption and the desire to represent arguments as conceived by their authors, Vorobej argues that it is appropriate to interpret argument strength in terms of argument cogency. On standard textbook accounts of argument microstructure there are five sorts of arguments, viz., convergent, linked, single, divergent, and serial (Walton 2006). keywords: argument; conclusion; logic; premises; vorobej cache: il-486.pdf plain text: il-486.txt item: #820 of 1009 id: il-487 author: Hansen, Hans V. title: Harry J. Gensler - Historical Dictionary of Logic date: 2008-02-28 words: 2150 flesch: 55 summary: Finally, the entry for informal logic must be understood against the background of Gensler’s distinction between logic in the narrow and the wide sense. So, informal logic is part of logic in the wide sense, not the narrow sense. keywords: dictionary; entries; gensler; logic cache: il-487.pdf plain text: il-487.txt item: #821 of 1009 id: il-488 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: W.C. Booth - The Rhetoric of Rhetoric: The Quest for Effective Communication date: 2008-02-28 words: 801 flesch: 62 summary: Booth complements this with some neologisms for concepts that help us triangulate in on just what his sense of rhetoric is. This form breaks down in five aspects which range from the (a) purist, which Booth calls rhetorology and I refer to as heuristic, (b) the Rhetor who tries to deal with the dogmatist, (c) the strategic Rhetor who hopes listening may improve her chances, (d) the Rhetor who THE RHETORIC OF RHETORIC: keywords: book; rhetoric cache: il-488.pdf plain text: il-488.txt item: #822 of 1009 id: il-489 author: none title: Information for Authors, Subscribers & Users date: 2008-02-28 words: 365 flesch: 40 summary: FAX: (1)519.971.3671 WEBSITE: http://www.informallogic.ca EDITORIAL POLICY: INFORMAL LOGIC publishes articles in reasoning and argu- mentation theory and practice. Primary criteria for articles with a theoretical focus. keywords: logic cache: il-489.pdf plain text: il-489.txt item: #823 of 1009 id: il-490 author: none title: Forthcoming date: 2008-02-28 words: 129 flesch: 21 summary: Henrike Jansen Damiano Canale & Giovanni Tuzet On the Contrary: Inferential Analysis and Ontological Assumptions of the A Contrario Argument John Woods Beyond Reasonable Doubt: An Abductive Dilemma in Criminal Law Edited by Eveline Feteris Considering the Scope and Soundness of A Contrario Reasoning Topics in Contemporary Legal Argumentation: keywords: argumentation cache: il-490.pdf plain text: il-490.txt item: #824 of 1009 id: il-491 author: Kock, Christian title: Houtlosser and van Rees (Eds.) - Considering pragmadialectics: A festschrift for Frans H. van Eemeren on the occasion of his 60th birthday date: 2008-02-28 words: 3886 flesch: 41 summary: László Komlósi calls for more integration of linguistic pragmatics and argumentation theory, which would be good idea. A number of articles discuss aspects of argumentation theory and pragma-dialectics in ways that look like polite understatements of more substantive criticism. keywords: analysis; argumentation; dialectics; discussion; eemeren; pragma; rules; theory; van cache: il-491.pdf plain text: il-491.txt item: #825 of 1009 id: il-492 author: none title: Notice about Informal Logic becoming an open-access on-line journal date: 2008-02-28 words: 311 flesch: 57 summary: This change has been brought on by several factors, including: changes in criteria for funding academic journals in Canada; availability of free (to us) excellent open-access on-line software; increased costs of printing and postage; the goal of wider circulation; the goal of accessibility to scholars and libraries unable to afford journal subscriptions; shorter turn-around time between submission and publication; ability to publish longer articles; ease of production; availability of back-issues (free) on- line. Issues will appear on-line on March 1st, June 1st, September 1st and December 1st each year. keywords: journal cache: il-492.pdf plain text: il-492.txt item: #826 of 1009 id: il-4925 author: Hyra, Curtis; Scott, Blake; Tindale, Christopher W. title: Rethinking Rhetorical Theory, Criticism, and Pedagogy: The Living Art of Michael C. Leff date: 2017-06-03 words: 3597 flesch: 56 summary: Moreover, the In- troduction makes mention of an accompanying website on which other Leff essays will be available. : CURTIS HYRA Argumentation Studies BLAKE SCOTT Department of Philosophy CHRISTOPHER W. TINDALE Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, ON Canada N9B 3P4 Keywords: Argument, audience, decorum, Leff, rhetoric Michael Leff’s prominence in the fields of rhetoric, communica- tion, and argumentation has been appropriately recognized in this recent publication. keywords: argument; hyra; leff; practice; rhetoric; theory cache: il-4925.pdf plain text: il-4925.txt item: #827 of 1009 id: il-4936 author: Allen, Derek title: Wohlrapp's concept of justification date: 2017-09-11 words: 5444 flesch: 54 summary: A fortiori, if there is an essential differ- ence between Wohlrapp’s concept of justification and Bonjour’s concept of epistemic justification, then Wohlrapp’s concept isn't reconcilable with Bonjour’s. My principal focus was on a claim Wohlrapp makes about the extent to which his concept of justification is reconcilable with the views of current philosophers about justifications. keywords: account; argument; concept; justification; knowledge; wohlrapp cache: il-4936.pdf plain text: il-4936.txt item: #828 of 1009 id: il-4940 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: The Appraisal of Conductions date: 2019-06-05 words: 8586 flesch: 50 summary: Accord- ing to this definition, most everyday reasoning and arguing would be conductive: “although they expect sacher cake for tea, it’s quite difficult to make; let’s bake muffins instead”, “she said she was com- ing, but it’s rush hour; so, maybe she’s just late”, “this is a party, cheer up!”… Wellman took conductive arguments to be typical of moral rea- soning and argumentation, and he pointed at the need of having spe- cific models for their analysis and appraisal. Conductive inferences, conductive arguments, conductive reasoning and conductive argumentation Within argumentation theory, arguments are commonly character- ized as ‘the product of argumentation’. keywords: act; appraisal; argumentation; arguments; conclusion; conductions; inference; logic; type cache: il-4940.pdf plain text: il-4940.txt item: #829 of 1009 id: il-4952 author: Hundleby, Catherine E. title: Arguing with People date: 2017-09-11 words: 2054 flesch: 52 summary: CDN$19.95 Reviewed by CATHERINE E. HUNDLEBY Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, ON Canada N9B 3P4 hundleby@uwindsor.ca Keywords: argument, argumentation theory, coalescence, critical thinking, familiars, goals, multi-modal, people, pragma-dialectics, value Michael Gilbert directly informs his readers from the outset that Arguing with People is not a critical reasoning textbook, in the sense that it will not teach about premises and conclusions. [and] a plethora of people you see regu- larly, such as doctors, storekeepers, mechanics, and other people with whom you interact periodically” (p. 50). keywords: argumentation; gilbert; hundleby; people cache: il-4952.pdf plain text: il-4952.txt item: #830 of 1009 id: il-4954 author: Groarke, Leo title: Auditory Arguments: The Logic of 'Sound' Arguments date: 2018-09-14 words: 9873 flesch: 61 summary: It argues that auditory arguments are not reducible to verbal arguments but have a similar structure and can be evaluated by extending standard infor- mal logic accounts of good argument. Je conclus que la compréhension des éléments auditifs d’un argument peut étendre utilement la portée de la logique non formelle et de la théorie de l'argumentation. Keywords: auditory argument; informal logic; prosody; multimodal argument; visual argument 1. keywords: argumentation; arguments; conclusion; evidence; example; groarke; leo; logic; non; sounds; verbal; vol; way cache: il-4954.pdf plain text: il-4954.txt item: #831 of 1009 id: il-4959 author: Stevens, Katharina title: Trump, Snakes and the Power of Fables date: 2018-03-15 words: 12276 flesch: 67 summary: Fables are slimmed down, semi-abstract narratives, well suited for directing the audience's attention. Keywords: analogy, Donald Trump, fables, narrative argument 1. keywords: analogue; analogy; arguments; fable; immigrants; katharina; logic; no.1; snake; source; stevens; trump; use; vol cache: il-4959.pdf plain text: il-4959.txt item: #832 of 1009 id: il-4963 author: Editors, The title: Editors' Introduction date: 2017-09-11 words: 260 flesch: 47 summary: The December issue of Informal Logic will carry a full response from Professor Wohlrapp, which will further add to the understanding of his important work. Microsoft Word - Editors' Introduction.docx Editors’ Introduction One of the major recent events in our field has been the 2014 publication of The Concept of Argument: A Philosophical Foundation (Springer), an English translation of Professor Har- ald Wohlrapp’s Der Begriff des Arguments (2008). keywords: argument cache: il-4963.pdf plain text: il-4963.txt item: #833 of 1009 id: il-4966 author: Lougheed, Kirk title: The Epistemic Value of Deep Disagreements date: 2018-06-01 words: 11246 flesch: 58 summary: For those interested in the epistemology of disagreement who recognize that deep disagreements sometimes occur a pressing question becomes: what’s the appropriate rational response when an agent who believes P discovers epistemic peer disagreement about P, and further discovers that the disagreement about P is deep? Some hold that equal weight should be given to her epistemic peer and hence she should suspend judgment about whether P. Others hold that she needs to lower her credence that P. Regardless of the specific revision requirements all conciliationists agree that peer disagreement constitutes a defeater (if only partial) to the agent’s rational belief that P. Non- conciliationists (anti-revisionists, non-conformists), on the other hand, believe that the agent need not revise her belief that P when she becomes aware of epistemic peer disagreement (Bergmann 2009, Elgin 2010, Kelly 2005, van Inwagen 1996). keywords: argument; benefits; disagreement; fogelin; framework; inquiry; kirk; logic; lougheed; peer; reasons; research; vol cache: il-4966.pdf plain text: il-4966.txt item: #834 of 1009 id: il-497 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-02-26 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-497.pdf plain text: il-497.txt item: #835 of 1009 id: il-5001 author: Tindale, Christopher W.; Blair, J. Anthony title: From the Editors date: 2017-12-06 words: 280 flesch: 37 summary: It  marked  the  occasion  with  an  inaugural  lecture  by   Frans  H.  van  Eemeren,  the  founding  professor  of  the  famed   doctoral  program  in  argumentation  at  the  University  of  Am-­‐ sterdam  and  co-­‐originator  of  the  pragma-­‐dialectical  theory   of  argumentation.   In  September  of  2017  the  University  of  Windsor  launched   its   new   interdisciplinary   PhD   program   in   Argumentation   Studies.   keywords: argumentation cache: il-5001.pdf plain text: il-5001.txt item: #836 of 1009 id: il-5002 author: van Eemeren, Frans H. title: Argumentation Theory and Argumentative Practices: A Vital but Complex Relationship date: 2017-12-06 words: 8392 flesch: 40 summary: Conducting argumentative discourse in agreement with the specific demands of the communicative activity type concerned results in different kinds of argumentative patterns in the vari- ous communicative domains. Since argumentative discourse is not a theoretical construction but a phenomenon from real life, the research programme also needs to include an empirical component concentrating on the factors and processes playing a part in actual argumentative discourse. keywords: activity; argumentative; discourse; f.h; logic; patterns; practices; theory; van eemeren; vol cache: il-5002.pdf plain text: il-5002.txt item: #837 of 1009 id: il-5004 author: Wohlrapp, Harald R. title: Replies to Commentators on The Concept of Argument: Clarifying Themes, Answering Questions, Settling Objections date: 2017-12-06 words: 26356 flesch: 60 summary: Informal Logic, Vol. 37, No. 4 (2017), pp. 247-321. Replies to Commentators on The Concept of Argument: Clarifying Themes, Answering Questions, Settling Objections HARALD R. WOHLRAPP Universität Hamburg Philosophisches Seminar Von-Melle-Park 6 20146 Hamburg Germany wohlrapp@uni-hamburg.de Abstract: The paper provides a series of responses to the papers published in Vol. 37, No. 3, of this journal that explored the ideas in Harald Wohlrapp’s The Concept of Argument (2014), where arguing is understood as the theoretical or theory-forming activity that can be found in research of all kinds. Informal Logic, Vol. 37, No. 4 (2017), pp. 247-321.   248 Introduction When I began to study argumentation, I was fascinated by the enigmatic relations between different paradigms as they appear, e.g., in the history of science and in the confrontation of cul- tures. keywords: answer; argument; argumentation; concept; harald; harald r.wohlrapp; johnson; justification; knowledge; logic; objections; opponent; orientation; r.wohlrapp; theory; thesis; validity; view; vol cache: il-5004.pdf plain text: il-5004.txt item: #838 of 1009 id: il-5029 author: Greco, Sara; Perret-Clermont, Anne-Nelly; Iannaccone, Antonio; Rocci, Andrea; Convertini, Josephine; Schär, Rebecca Gabriela title: The Analysis of Implicit Premises within Children’s Argumentative Inferences date: 2018-12-18 words: 11223 flesch: 59 summary: By pragmatic integrity, we mean that children’s argumentative contributions should not be considered as “isolated” argumentative productions to be evaluated independently from the interaction with other children and adults, or from the 445 Greco et. Our findings reveal that sources of misun- derstandings are, more often than not, due to misalignments of implicit premises between adults and children; these misalignments concern material premises rather than the inferential- procedural level. keywords: adult; analysis; argumentation; children; discussion; example; greco; greco et; inferences; logic; material; premises; researcher; sara; sara greco; vol cache: il-5029.pdf plain text: il-5029.txt item: #839 of 1009 id: il-5040 author: Barris, Jeremy title: Deep Disagreement and the Virtues of Argumentative and Epistemic Incapacity date: 2018-09-14 words: 15373 flesch: 55 summary: What is being said to us genuinely does not make sense in the context of all the criteria that legitimately constitute relevant sense in our framework. Because the failure of relevant sense is comprehensive, it applies to the sense or meaning of the failure of sense itself. keywords: barris; context; criteria; disagreement; failure; fogelin; framework; jeremy; logic; meaning; propositions; sense; vol cache: il-5040.pdf plain text: il-5040.txt item: #840 of 1009 id: il-5050 author: Moldovan, Andrei title: On Appeals to Nature and their Use in the Public Controversy over Genetically Modified Organisms date: 2018-09-14 words: 11476 flesch: 59 summary: Thus, consumers’ desires for natural food and appeals on the natu- ralness of food should not be ignored as fundamentally senseless and irrelevant. As the referee points out, “ideographs” is the term coined in rhetoric studies for such words. keywords: andrei; appeals; argument; food; gmos; logic; meaning; moldovan; nature; premise; sense; use; vol; word cache: il-5050.pdf plain text: il-5050.txt item: #841 of 1009 id: il-5052 author: Santibáñez, Cristián title: Arguing with Images as Extended Cognition date: 2018-12-18 words: 6640 flesch: 50 summary: If it weren’t for images, we would not have had such an overwhelming variety in visual objects. The variety of visual objects, signs, artifacts we have created and used throughout history manifest general cognitive strategies to deal with our environment—earlier than the documented evidence of the use of words (Corballis, 2018)—to represent and communi- cate actions, rules, desires, etc. keywords: argumentative; cognition; cristián; example; images; logic; mind; santibáñez; use; visual; vol; way cache: il-5052.pdf plain text: il-5052.txt item: #842 of 1009 id: il-5065 author: Botting, David title: Two Types of Argument from Position to Know date: 2018-12-18 words: 12488 flesch: 62 summary: (1) Arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments unless the fact that expert E says that p makes it significantly more likely that p is true. Failure to appreciate this point under- cuts Mizrahi’s (2013b) claim that arguments from expert opinion are weak. keywords: argument; botting; evidence; expert; logic; mizrahi; opinion; position cache: il-5065.pdf plain text: il-5065.txt item: #843 of 1009 id: il-5066 author: Baumtrog, Michael D. title: Introduction to the Special Issue date: 2018-03-15 words: 4316 flesch: 58 summary: When moving to the social domain, however, where political arguments, primarily addressed to the voting public start to travel, notions of topical and material rele- vance become much harder to track. Making Truth a necessary component of a good argument would unnecessarily exclude a large number of good arguments from receiving a positive evaluation. keywords: arguments; baumtrog; issue; logic; media; michael; news cache: il-5066.pdf plain text: il-5066.txt item: #844 of 1009 id: il-5067 author: Kristiansen, Lars J.; Kaussler, Bernd title: The Bullshit Doctrine: Fabrications, Lies, and Nonsense in the Age of Trump date: 2018-03-15 words: 14289 flesch: 59 summary: Appearances, one might con- clude, matter a great deal more to President Trump than does accuracy. With frequent admonitions that even respectable news organizations like CNN and the New York Times are peddling “fake news”, President Trump is hard at work trying to ensure that unquestioned assumptions and personal opin- ions are elevated to the level of proof by undermining the very concept of objective knowledge. keywords: 2015; 2017; august; bernd; bernd kaussler; bullshit; foreign; frankfurt; june; kaussler; kristiansen; lars; lies; logic; nonsense; para; policy; president; trump; truth; u.s; vol cache: il-5067.pdf plain text: il-5067.txt item: #845 of 1009 id: il-5068 author: Gelfert, Axel title: Fake News: A Definition date: 2018-03-15 words: 11164 flesch: 59 summary: Fake news, if it is not directly equated with false news (Oremus 2017), is thought to consist of stories “invented en- tirely from thin air”, to be “completely fabricated”, to transmit “new content [that] is 100% false”, and to have “no factual basis”.4 Third, an element of deliberateness is imputed to the creation and circulation of fake news, which in turn is deemed “deliberately misleading” and involving “intentionally or knowingly false statements of fact”, “deliberate spread of misinformation”, along with the “intention to deceive”. In particular, I argue that online social media have enabled purveyors of fake news to target specific audiences and exploit well-documented cognitive biases and heuristics in an attempt to mislead consumers into propagating fake news claims even further. keywords: axel; axel gelfert; claims; definition; fake; gelfert; information; logic; media; news; news media; no.1; sources; vol; way cache: il-5068.pdf plain text: il-5068.txt item: #846 of 1009 id: il-5069 author: Sullivan, Stephen title: Donald Trump as a Critical-Thinking Teaching Assistant date: 2018-03-15 words: 5525 flesch: 64 summary: Its relevance to Trump’s rhetoric is explained clearly by Dan Zak in “Whataboutism: The Cold War Tactic, Thawed by Putin, is Brandished by Donald Trump” (Zak 2017). Limits to the use of Trump examples Donald Trump has been at least as much of a godsend to comedi- ans as to critical-thinking teachers: for them he is (to vary the metaphor) the gift that never stops giving. keywords: course; donald; examples; logic; news; president; stephen; sullivan; teaching; thinking; trump cache: il-5069.pdf plain text: il-5069.txt item: #847 of 1009 id: il-5070 author: Goddu, Geoff C. title: Critical Review: On Reasoning and Argument date: 2018-03-15 words: 6314 flesch: 54 summary: Keywords: Reasoning, argument, Hitchcock, informal logic, Toulmin model I Throughout his long career, David Hitchcock has published 51 journal articles or book chapters and 27 contributions to proceed- ings of varying kinds along with numerous commentaries and reviews. In Postscript III, Hitchcock ex- plores more recent work on argumentation schemes, such as an- swering Blair’s general questions concerning presumptive argu- ment schemes, and on practical reasoning, some of which is his own subsequent work. keywords: argument; background; covering; generalization; goddu; hitchcock; logic; papers cache: il-5070.pdf plain text: il-5070.txt item: #848 of 1009 id: il-5071 author: Olmos, Paula title: The Social Nature of Argumentative Practices: The Philosophy of Argument and Audience Reception date: 2018-03-15 words: 12466 flesch: 45 summary: Moreover, in his search for useful suggestions and convergent viewpoints, Tindale also reverts, in his really unprejudiced inquiry, to other kinds of reflections not directly focused on argumentation but exploring diverse aspects of its linguistic, cognitive and social infrastructures. When, in the final chapters of his book (Ch. 10-Ch.12), Tindale faces the task of using his crammed conceptual toolbox to respond to certain theoretical problems posed by argumentative practices, he will start by claiming that all these branches of scholarly re- search have recently taken a common and convergent social turn: “a shift of perspective to the concerns of the social” (p. 181). keywords: argument; argumentative; audience; logic; olmos; paula; paula olmos; reasons; reception; tindale; vol cache: il-5071.pdf plain text: il-5071.txt item: #849 of 1009 id: il-5077 author: Shecaira, Fábio Perin title: The Value of Methodological Deductivism in Argument Construction date: 2018-12-18 words: 10798 flesch: 55 summary: Deductive argument in contemporary legal theory It may come as a surprise to informal logicians that many legal theorists assign to deductive argument a central role in legal rea- soning. Keywords: deductive argument, methodological deductivism, legal reasoning 472 Shecaira © Fabio Shecaira. keywords: argument; deductive; deductivism; fabio; jones; logic; mdi; premises; reasoning; shecaira; vol cache: il-5077.pdf plain text: il-5077.txt item: #850 of 1009 id: il-5080 author: Yu, Shiyang; Zenker, Frank title: A Dialectical View on Conduction: Reasons, Warrants, and Normal Suasory Inclinations date: 2019-03-15 words: 11798 flesch: 61 summary: In response to Adler (2013) challenging the possibility of conductive argument, Blair (2016) observes that “Adler’s dismissal of conductive arguments relies on a misreading of the term ‘non-conclusive;’” and that “as a result, his refutation fails” (ibid., 109). With notable exception (e.g., Johnson, 2011; van Laar, 2014; Wohlrapp, 1998; 2008), most scholars have adopted a product view on conductive argument (e.g., Blair, 2011, 2016; Fisher, 2011; Free- man, 1991; Govier, 1999; 2010; Hansen, 2010; Hitchcock, 1983; 2007; Jin, 2011; Walton, 2011; Zenker, 2010). keywords: argument; conclusion; conduction; counter; ibid; logic; premises; reasons; shiyang; view; vol; wellman; zenker cache: il-5080.pdf plain text: il-5080.txt item: #851 of 1009 id: il-5082 author: Alvargonzález, David title: Proposal of a Classification of Analogies date: 2020-02-28 words: 10379 flesch: 51 summary: Indeed, certain analogies and thought experiments have become so familiar that they have shaped our thinking and significantly struc- tured our discourse on relevant issues in science (Brown 1991). While I subscribe to Itkonen’s proposal, my argument for the existence of analogies of procedures implies a different idea: the materials being compared proportionally in certain analogies are operations or behaviors of humans and other animals. keywords: alvargonzález; analogies; analogy; cases; classification; david; domain; gentner; juthe; logic; operations; relationship; similarity; structure; vol cache: il-5082.pdf plain text: il-5082.txt item: #852 of 1009 id: il-509 author: Feteris, Eveline title: Introduction: Models for the Analysis of Legal Argumentation date: 2008-02-28 words: 2360 flesch: 25 summary: In his contribution, 'Topics in contemporary legal argumentation: Some remarks on the topical nature of legal argumentation in the continental law tradition,' Günther Kreuzbauer discusses the topical model of argumentation as it has been developed in classical and modern approaches and he addresses the relevance of topics for modern legal argumentation. The various contributions address topics that are central in recent discussions mailto:e.t.feteris@uva.nl Eveline T. Feteris 2 about the quality of legal justification: the defeasibility of legal reasoning, criteria and use of abduction in legal reasoning, the ontological status and the standards for a correct use of forms of legal reasoning such as a contrario, analogy, etc., norms for weighing and balancing as a specific form of legal reasoning, the role of topics in legal reasoning and legal argumentation. keywords: analysis; argumentation; case; reasoning cache: il-509.pdf plain text: il-509.txt item: #853 of 1009 id: il-510 author: Godden, David; Walton, Douglas title: Defeasibility in Judicial Opinion: Logical or Procedural? date: 2008-02-28 words: 6327 flesch: 50 summary: In this way, legal arguments may be rebutted (Pollock, 1970) or overridden (Pinto, 2001) by stronger arguments for opposite conclusions. In this way, legal arguments may be undercut (Pollock, 1970) or undermined (Pinto, 2001) by operative facts which defeat the inference at work in the argument. keywords: appeal; arguments; defeasibility; dialogue; law; opinion; reasoning; trial cache: il-510.pdf plain text: il-510.txt item: #854 of 1009 id: il-5100 author: Montanari, Elisabetta title: Educating Students to Consistency via Argumentation date: 2019-09-30 words: 8810 flesch: 54 summary: Mixing in some way the absolutist and multiplist stages of epistemological de- velopment described in Kuhn (2005), there were students— Educating Students to Consistency 281 © Elisabetta Montanari. Educating Students to Consistency via Argumentation © Elisabetta Montanari. keywords: absurdum; argumentation; assessment; consistency; contradiction; elisabetta; logic; montanari; reasons; reductio; students; vol cache: il-5100.pdf plain text: il-5100.txt item: #855 of 1009 id: il-5101 author: Dedrick, Don title: Is an Appeal to Popularity a Fallacy of Popularity? date: 2019-06-05 words: 7898 flesch: 61 summary: The application of these three concepts to appeals to popularity provide a more fine-grained critical strategy for argument evaluation and, also, allow us to see the real problems that often arise with such appeals more clearly. Yet the problem with such appeals is not merely logical. keywords: appeal; argument; binary; claim; competence; dedrick; don; fallacy; logic; popularity; right cache: il-5101.pdf plain text: il-5101.txt item: #856 of 1009 id: il-511 author: Feteris, Eveline title: Weighing and Balancing in the Justification of Judicial Decisions date: 2008-02-28 words: 4901 flesch: 53 summary: The justification on the basis of teleological-evaluative considerations as a form of weighing and balancing To establish what the burden of proof in the context of a weighing on the basis of teleological-evaluative considerations exactly amounts to, first it is important to determine what the rationale is for the use of goals in the application and interpretation of legal rules and how a justification on the basis of these considerations can be conceived as a form of weighing and balancing. Eveline T. Feteris 22 2.1 The rationale for the use of goals in the application and interpretation of legal rules The rationale for justifying a decision by referring to the goal or purpose of the rule can be found in considering legal rules as an instrument for realizing certain legal, social and economic goals. keywords: application; argumentation; case; goal; judge; rule; weighing cache: il-511.pdf plain text: il-511.txt item: #857 of 1009 id: il-5114 author: Blair, J. Anthony title: Announcement: New Policy date: 2018-06-01 words: 278 flesch: 69 summary: A reader may apply to the editors to pub- lish a critical review of a book on the list, and the editors may from time to time commission critical reviews of books on the list. NOTA BENE: After the presently commissioned reviews will have been published, the journal will no longer print descrip- tive book reviews. keywords: notice cache: il-5114.pdf plain text: il-5114.txt item: #858 of 1009 id: il-5116 author: Rapanta, Chrysi title: Argumentation As Critically Oriented Pedagogical Dialogue date: 2019-03-15 words: 9598 flesch: 60 summary: The question of quality of argumentation dialogue is crucial in general, and also in educational contexts in particular (Keefer, Zeitz, and Resnick 2000). 1–31 pedagogical dialogue, is possible through the application of a main identifier of argumentation dialogue, namely criticality. keywords: 1–31; argumentation; chrysi; dialogue; discourse; education; example; knowledge; logic; rapanta; reasoning; students; teacher; thinking; vol cache: il-5116.pdf plain text: il-5116.txt item: #859 of 1009 id: il-512 author: Canale, Damiano; Tuzet, Giovanni title: On the Contrary: Inferential Analysis and Ontological Assumptions of the A Contrario Argument date: 2008-02-28 words: 6334 flesch: 54 summary: An utterance of (3) is an instance of strong pragmatic negation. Keywords: A Contrario argument, exchange of reasons, gaps in the law, incompatibility relations, inferentialism, legal argumentation, legal reasoning, negation, ontological assumptions. keywords: aca; argument; benefit; case; law; negation; sentence; state; use cache: il-512.pdf plain text: il-512.txt item: #860 of 1009 id: il-5120 author: Eckstein, Justin title: Response to Groarke : Figuring Sound date: 2018-09-14 words: 1619 flesch: 65 summary: Sound figures, or sound-as-representation, supplement Groarke’s “auditory argument.” Sound figures in a film can include a score to represent a mood, the hum to repre- sent a lightsaber, the screech of tires to represent a car. keywords: cause; eckstein; figures; sound cache: il-5120.pdf plain text: il-5120.txt item: #861 of 1009 id: il-513 author: Jansen, Henrike title: In view of an express regulation: Considering the scope and soundness of a contrario reasoning date: 2008-02-28 words: 7539 flesch: 58 summary: A critical account of legal argument. Most often this line of reasoning is used as a method for the interpretation of legal rules. keywords: appeal; argument; argumentation; contrario; contrario argument; differences; het; interpretation; linguistic; reasoning; rule; scope; situation; van cache: il-513.pdf plain text: il-513.txt item: #862 of 1009 id: il-514 author: Woods, John title: Beyond Reasonable Doubt: An Abductive Dilemma in Criminal Law date: 2008-02-28 words: 5258 flesch: 60 summary: Keywords: abduction, circumstantial evidence, evidence, evidence-filtrations, guessing, ignorance-preserving inference, inference to the best explanation, hypothesis of the case, reasonable doubt, reasonable hypothesis, theory of the case, theory of the evidence. John Woods 62 The first half of the purported dilemma arises most naturally in the context of cases that are based solely on circumstantial evidence. keywords: case; doubt; evidence; hypothesis; juror; law; problem; rival; standard; theory cache: il-514.pdf plain text: il-514.txt item: #863 of 1009 id: il-515 author: Kreuzbauer, Guenther title: Topics in Contemporary Legal Argumentation: Some Remarks on the Topical Nature of Legal Argumentation in the Continental Law Tradition date: 2008-02-28 words: 6239 flesch: 57 summary: There are topoi unique to particular subjects, and Viehweg finds many legal topoi in the digesta (Viehweg 1974, 56). Most of Struck’s topoi are professional legal topoi (some are topoi of human life) and all of them fulfil our definition of “topos” (see above). keywords: argumentation; aristotle; discourse; premises; reasoning; sense; struck; topics; topik; topoi; und; viehweg cache: il-515.pdf plain text: il-515.txt item: #864 of 1009 id: il-5169 author: Kakas, Antonis title: Informalizing Formal Logic date: 2019-06-05 words: 12757 flesch: 50 summary: Section 2 presents the basic notions for constructing logical arguments concentrating in the details on the case of formal propositional logic (PL). Hence modus ponens is seen as a general argument scheme for con- structing logical arguments, i.e., arguments whose link between premises and supported position can indeed be validated through a precise logical proof in some formal logical system such as classical logic.1 keywords: antonis; argumentation; arguments; c. kakas; kakas; logic; premises; proof; reasoning; schemes; vol cache: il-5169.pdf plain text: il-5169.txt item: #865 of 1009 id: il-5223 author: Kisicek, Gabrijela title: Can we translate sounds into words? A response to Leo Groarke`'s "Auditory Arguments: The Logic of ‘Sound’ Arguments": A response to Leo Groarke`s: Auditory Arguments: The Logic of ‘Sound’ Arguments date: 2018-09-14 words: 4537 flesch: 58 summary: Groarke writes: We could analyse and assess auditory arguments by looking for a way to turn them into verbal arguments which can then be analysed and assessed as verbal arguments. Keywords: auditory argument; auditory dictionary; prosodic features; visual images 1. keywords: argument; gabrijela; kišiček; logic; sound; verbal; vocal; voice; vol; words cache: il-5223.pdf plain text: il-5223.txt item: #866 of 1009 id: il-5325 author: Groarke, Leo title: Where Do Sounds Fit Within Informal Logic? date: 2018-09-14 words: 2343 flesch: 60 summary: LEO GROARKE Department of Philosophy Trent University Peterborough, ON leogroarke@trentu.ca Abstract: In response to commentaries by Eckstein and Kišiček, I argue that the study of auditory arguments is very much in keeping with the critical think- ing (and epistemological) ideals that motivate informal logic. In the process I support further research on sound fig- ures and the meaning of sound (and a possible “auditory dictionary”) that would enhance our ability to analyze auditory arguments. keywords: argument; groarke; logic; sounds cache: il-5325.pdf plain text: il-5325.txt item: #867 of 1009 id: il-5328 author: Hyra, Curtis title: From the Editors date: 2018-09-14 words: 159 flesch: 53 summary: Finally, the publishers of Informal Logic take this occasion to announce the appointment of Katharina Stevens as a third coeditor of the journal, effective immediately. Working out of the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Dr. Stevens’ addition helps ensure the continued health and relevance of Informal Logic and represents a vital investment in our future. keywords: nature cache: il-5328.pdf plain text: il-5328.txt item: #868 of 1009 id: il-5337 author: Hyra, Curtis title: Notice of Books Received date: 2018-09-14 words: 1284 flesch: 46 summary: Arguing with People brings developments from the field of Argumentation Theory to bear on critical thinking in a clear and accessible way. Notice of Books Received As previously announced, with this issue we adopt a policy of providing brief notifications of books received in the last four years. keywords: arguing; argumentation; theory cache: il-5337.pdf plain text: il-5337.txt item: #869 of 1009 id: il-5340 author: Barris, Jeremy title: Rhetoric and Logical Reasoning as Engagement with Being date: 2019-03-15 words: 15046 flesch: 55 summary: As the debates about simultaneously grasping incommen- surable frameworks mentioned in the previous section illustrate (at the very least because they exist as, arguably, meaningful debates about this issue), it is arguable that we can meaningfully talk about reflect- ing on sense frameworks as a whole, and so in some sense about being at a distance from a sense framework as a whole. (I discuss the legitimacy of this conception of “sameness” across incompatible sense frameworks further in sec- tion 5 below.) keywords: barris; framework; incoherence; jeremy; logic; new; process; rhetoric; sense; structure; truth; vol cache: il-5340.pdf plain text: il-5340.txt item: #870 of 1009 id: il-541 author: Phillips, Dana title: Investigating the Shared Background Required for Argument: A Critique of Fogelin’s Thesis on Deep Disagreement date: 2008-06-05 words: 7639 flesch: 49 summary: I refute Fogelin’s claim by investigating more thoroughly the shared background required for productive argument. However, the implication of Fogelin’s claim depends on what exactly the common background required for productive argument (argument leading to a rational resolution of the issue at hand) consists in, a matter about which he is quite vague. keywords: argument; background; beliefs; competence; disagreement; fogelin; interlocutors; order; reasoning cache: il-541.pdf plain text: il-541.txt item: #871 of 1009 id: il-542 author: Macagno, Fabrizio title: Dialectical Relevance and Dialogical Context in Walton’s Pragmatic Theory date: 2008-06-05 words: 11250 flesch: 48 summary: A communicative model of dialogue Common ground, conversational and institutional context, and the fundamental role of participants’ communicative purposes are pivotal elements in the development of dialogue type theory into a communicative approach to dialogical argumentation in which inter- subjectivity plays a fundamental role. In particular, if we examine Walton’s latter works on dialogue theory, we can notice how the dialogical framework, originally constituted by dialectical rules and abstract entities called “agents” or “participants”, is expanded to include factors such as the interlocutors, conceived as individuals belonging to a given culture, their role, and their position in the interaction. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; context; dialogue; dialogue theory; goal; instance; purpose; relevance; rules; theory; types; walton cache: il-542.pdf plain text: il-542.txt item: #872 of 1009 id: il-543 author: Aikin, Scott F. title: Tu Quoque Arguments and the Significance of Hypocrisy date: 2008-06-05 words: 6594 flesch: 68 summary: However, one may feel a gut feeling there is something right about tu quoque arguments in that the acceptability of the view proposed is challenged.3 Take the following: Grootendorst (2004, 177), Fogelin and Sinnott Armstrong (2005, 381), Moore and Parker (2007, 177), and Vaughn (2008, 178). The division here between cognitive and hypocritical inconsistency recapitulates Woods and Walton’s (1976) fourfold distinction of tu quoque arguments into logical and assertional (here both termed cognitive) and praxiological and praxiological-deontic (here both termed practical-hypocritical). keywords: arguments; authority; basis; gore; hypocrisy; quoque; tq2 cache: il-543.pdf plain text: il-543.txt item: #873 of 1009 id: il-544 author: Paglieri, Fabio title: Hansen & Pinto: Reason Reclaimed date: 2008-06-05 words: 11732 flesch: 36 summary: In this chapter, Gilbert seems to oscillate between the weaker and the stronger version of his basic claim on the relevance of intersectionality: on the one hand, he is careful in specifying that certain “laws of thought” appear to be fairly universal (e.g., “I do not intend to prove that anyone walks around believing both P and ~P in any robust manner,” p. 232); on the other hand, he repeatedly suggests that the standards for argument analysis and evaluation are themselves liable to cultural influence, and in his conclusion puts a lot of emphasis on the following statement: “If the very rules of argument preclude the free transfer of communications, then they must be changed” (p. 240). In contrast with both these claims, Groarke argues in favor of the value and autonomy of visual arguments with respect to their verbal counterparts, both on rhetorical and, much more to the point, logical grounds. keywords: analysis; argument; argumentation; blair; evidence; fallacy; johnson; objections; probability; questions; reason; truth; use cache: il-544.pdf plain text: il-544.txt item: #874 of 1009 id: il-545 author: Woods, John title: Finocchiaro: Arguments About Arguments date: 2008-06-09 words: 4746 flesch: 54 summary: Thus was born one of Finocchiaro’s signature themes, the idea that the broad tent must make room for something that he came to call empirical logic. One might suppose that these words apply equally as a description of Finocchiaro’s own approach to logic. keywords: approach; argument; case; finocchiaro; logic; reasoning; science; theory cache: il-545.pdf plain text: il-545.txt item: #875 of 1009 id: il-547 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-06-05 words: 234 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Daniel Cohen Colby College Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-547.pdf plain text: il-547.txt item: #876 of 1009 id: il-5493 author: Macagno, Fabrizio; Walton, Douglas title: Emotive Meaning in Political Argumentation date: 2019-09-30 words: 10897 flesch: 57 summary: However, it does not take into account the other dimension of emotive meaning, namely, the impact of a (po- tential) emotive reaction to the use of emotive words in emotive ut- terances. The manipulative risks underly- ing the misuse and the redefinition of emotive words are accounted for in terms of presuppositions and implicit modifications of the interlocutors’ commitments. keywords: douglas; douglas walton; emotions; fabrizio; fabrizio macagno; logic; macagno; meaning; press; state; trump; university; use; vol; walton; words cache: il-5493.pdf plain text: il-5493.txt item: #877 of 1009 id: il-550 author: Walton, Douglas title: Arguing from Definition to Verbal Classification: The Case of Redefining 'Planet' to Exclude Pluto date: 2008-06-09 words: 11215 flesch: 53 summary: This problem posing stage led to a proliferation of new definitions being considered. Keywords: scientific definition; classification; decisions about definitions; competing definitions; argumentation schemes; arguments based on classifications; defeasible ontologies; artificial intelligence. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; classification; conclusion; definition; example; figure; iau; new; planet; pluto; scheme cache: il-550.pdf plain text: il-550.txt item: #878 of 1009 id: il-5580 author: Castro, Diego title: Argumentation and Persistent Disagreement date: 2021-06-01 words: 12842 flesch: 62 summary: In this paper, then, I want to focus on cases like 1.B. I will call such cases persistent disagreements (Elgin 2010). This paper proceeds as follows: I will begin, in section 2, by characterizing persistent disagreement as the type of disagreement that is usually resistant to persuasive resolution and will distin- guish four different categories. keywords: argumentation; castro; dialogue; diego; disagreement; example; goal; logic; negotiation; parties; persuasion; vol cache: il-5580.pdf plain text: il-5580.txt item: #879 of 1009 id: il-5685 author: Hyra, Curtis title: Notice of Books Received date: 2018-12-18 words: 1848 flesch: 46 summary: Arguing with People brings developments from the field of Argumentation Theory to bear on critical thinking in a clear and accessible way. This volume reflects the development and theoretical foundation of a new paradigm for critical thinking based on inquiry. keywords: argumentation; book; theory; thinking cache: il-5685.pdf plain text: il-5685.txt item: #880 of 1009 id: il-5719 author: Mizrahi, Moti title: You Will Respect My Authoritah!? A Reply to Botting date: 2019-03-15 words: 6276 flesch: 71 summary: Melbourne, FL 32901 USA mmizrahi@fit.edu Abstract: In Mizrahi (2013a) and (2016a), I argue that arguments from expert opinion are weak. To appeal to expert opinion is to take an expert’s judgment that p is the case as (defea- sible) evidence for p. Appeals to expert opinion are weak because the fact that an expert judges that p doesn’t make it significantly more likely that p is true. keywords: argument; evidence; expert; logic; mizrahi; opinion; premise cache: il-5719.pdf plain text: il-5719.txt item: #881 of 1009 id: il-5739 author: van Laar, Jan Albert; Krabbe, Erik C. W. title: Pressure and Argumentation in Public Controversies: A Dialogical Perspective date: 2019-09-30 words: 9167 flesch: 59 summary: Negotiation dialogues admit a certain degree of pressure, but, then, the kind and degree of admissible pressure depend on the kind of negotiation dialogue. Keywords: argumentation, fallacies, negotiation dialogue, persuasion dialogue, pressure, public controversy 1. keywords: dialogue; krabbe; laar; negotiation; offer; persuasion; pressure; van; van laar cache: il-5739.pdf plain text: il-5739.txt item: #882 of 1009 id: il-593 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-09-02 words: 235 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Daniel H. Cohen Colby College Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-593.pdf plain text: il-593.txt item: #883 of 1009 id: il-5930 author: Mebane, Waleed title: Notice of Books Received date: 2019-06-05 words: 2012 flesch: 44 summary: Critical thinking deserves both imaginative teaching and serious theoretical attention. Besides five exercises teachers may copy or adapt, by Derek Allen, Tracy Bowell, Justine Kingsbury, Jan Albert van Laar, Sharon Bailin and Mark Battersby, there are chapters on: what critical thinking is, the nature of argument, definition, using the web, evaluation, argument schemes, abduction, generalizing, fallaciousness, logic and critical thinking, computer-aided argument mapping, and more—by such illustrious scholars as John Woods, Douglas Walton, Sally Jackson, Dale Hample, Robert Ennis, Beth Innocenti, David Hitchcock, Christopher Tindale, G. C. Goddu, Alec Fisher, Michael Scriven, Martin Davies, Ashley Barnett, Tim van Gelder and Mark Battersby. keywords: argumentation; book; logic; theory; thinking cache: il-5930.pdf plain text: il-5930.txt item: #884 of 1009 id: il-594 author: Macagno, Fabrizio; Walton, Douglas title: Persuasive Definitions: Values, Meanings and Implicit Disagreements date: 2008-09-02 words: 10128 flesch: 60 summary: Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the relationship between persuasive definition and common know- ledge (propositions generally accepted and not subject to dispute in a discussion). We interpret the gap between common knowledge and persuasive definition (PD) in terms of potential disagreements: PDs are conceived as implicit arguments to win a potential conflict. keywords: argumentation; case; conflict; definition; dialogue; disagreement; good; meaning; stevenson; term; types; values; walton cache: il-594.pdf plain text: il-594.txt item: #885 of 1009 id: il-595 author: Gamboa, Steven title: In Defense of Analogical Reasoning date: 2008-09-02 words: 5245 flesch: 41 summary: This result constitutes an existence proof for a class of analogical models that escape Agassi’s dilemma. Proponents of the representational account contend that, while analogical models may prove useful heuristically, they provide no real epistemic justification for the hypotheses they are meant to support. keywords: animal; argument; differences; human; inference; models; non; reasoning; studies; target cache: il-595.pdf plain text: il-595.txt item: #886 of 1009 id: il-596 author: Jacquette, Dale title: Mathematical Proof and Discovery Reductio ad Absurdum date: 2008-09-02 words: 8417 flesch: 46 summary: It is precisely in the activity of seeking a distinctively reductio-style proof, more or less experimentally, to determine if an appropriate hypothesis Dale Jacquette 260 supporting a contradiction can be identified, that the kinds of mathematical intuitions Schopenhauer regards as standing in opposition to proof by contradiction reductio ad absurdum, can often most efficiently be gained.6 References Bonola, Roberto. The discussion to follow explains the logical structure and illustrates the utility of reductio arguments in mathematics. keywords: absurdum; argument; assumption; contradiction; hypothesis; inference; number; proof; reasoning; reductio cache: il-596.pdf plain text: il-596.txt item: #887 of 1009 id: il-5969 author: Casey, John title: Adversariality and Argumentation date: 2020-02-28 words: 12359 flesch: 59 summary: As a conse- quence, I argue, the question of adversarial argument has not been well understood. One thing that is noteworthy is that the prevalence of the adversarial conception of argument in everyday discourse stands in marked contrast to its place in argumentation theory; few scholars of ar- gumentation defend it, and, what is more, introductory texts on argumentation typically take great pains to distinguish agonistic quarrels from arguments, usually in the very first pages.2 While what argument theorists reject about adversarial argument varies according to the theorist, we can distinguish three main strains of objection. keywords: 77–108; adversariality; argument; argumentation; beliefs; casey; disagreement; govier; interaction; john; logic; people; sense; view; vol cache: il-5969.pdf plain text: il-5969.txt item: #888 of 1009 id: il-597 author: Kvernbekk, Tone title: Johnson, MacIntyre, and the Practice of Argumentation date: 2008-09-02 words: 7185 flesch: 58 summary: Keywords: Argumentation practice, features/properties, internal goods, Johnson, MacIntyre, poiesis, practice, purposive practice, teleology 1. I shall not inquire into whether these are or should be the (most) salient features of the practice of argumentation, or whether taken together they cover all or most examples of argumentation practice. keywords: activity; argumentation; concept; goods; johnson; macintyre; practice; teaching cache: il-597.pdf plain text: il-597.txt item: #889 of 1009 id: il-598 author: Vorobej, Mark title: Cogency, Compactness and Microstructure date: 2008-09-02 words: 1380 flesch: 49 summary: My book defends an account of argument cogency according to which a person P ought to be persuaded by an argument A just in case it’s rational for P to believe that (i) each of A’s premises is true, (ii) A’s premise set S is relevant to A’s conclusion, (iii) S provides enough evidence to justify belief in (i.e. to ground) But if we’re also interested in understanding argumentative failure—the various ways in which and reasons why arguments fail to be cogent— then there’s a world of difference between an argument that fails the G condition because it fails the R condition, and an argument that fails the G condition despite the fact that it passes the R condition. keywords: argument; conclusion cache: il-598.pdf plain text: il-598.txt item: #890 of 1009 id: il-5984 author: Barnes, Ralph; Neumann, Zoë ; Draznin-Nagy, Samuel title: Source Related Argumentation Found in Science Websites : a quantitative study date: 2020-08-29 words: 10486 flesch: 60 summary: One might argue that our choice of source documents will be unlikely to provide us with many examples of personal attacks. In web documents dealing with all four topics, we found that appeals to negative source qualities were more common than appeals to positive source qualities and that authors were more likely to describe the characteristics of the sources than to describe their actions. keywords: 0(0; appeals; barnes; claim; data; documents; draznin; logic; nagy; neumann; qualities; ralph; samuel; science; source; vol cache: il-5984.pdf plain text: il-5984.txt item: #891 of 1009 id: il-5994 author: Wu, Jingjing title: Justifying Particular Reasoning in a Legal Context: On Neil MacCormick's ‘Universalisable Particular Thesis’ date: 2020-08-29 words: 6977 flesch: 51 summary: [16 point font] Justifying Particular Reasoning in a Legal Context: On Neil MacCormick’s ‘Universalizable Particular Thesis’ JINGJING WU David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon, Hong Kong, China j.j.wu@outlook.com Abstract: Particular reasoning is arguably the most common type of legal reasoning. Keywords: analogy, legal reasoning, particular reasoning, pilot-judgement procedure, universal particular thesis mailto:j.j.wu@outlook.com 424 Wu keywords: context; logic; particulars; reasoning; rights; rule; thesis; universal cache: il-5994.pdf plain text: il-5994.txt item: #892 of 1009 id: il-5997 author: Walton, Douglas title: Profiles of Dialogue for Amphiboly date: 2020-02-28 words: 16059 flesch: 62 summary: Engel noted that ambiguous sentences of this kind are a frequent cause of error, because an unintended interpretation of the ambiguous sentence can be misleading. The latter tool is a dialec- tical technique that has been applied to other fallacies (Krabbe 1992). keywords: ambiguity; amphiboly; argument; dialogue; evidence; example; fallacy; interpretation; logic; profiles; sentence; syntactic; walton cache: il-5997.pdf plain text: il-5997.txt item: #893 of 1009 id: il-6002 author: Novak, Marko title: Rooting Gilbert's Multi-Modal Argumentation in Jung, and Its Extension to Law date: 2020-08-29 words: 14938 flesch: 55 summary: This makes life more colorful and richer, however, emotions are generally not the most appropriate ways of communication and argumentation in law and legal pro- cedures, which tend to be rational, objective, and impartial—at least when seen from a judicial perspective, which is one of the most important points of view in law.18 Frankly, legal procedures not being such is not only a problem for the emotional mode but also for other non-legal modes such as intuitive and sensory modes. In such decisions, there are several possible solutions, which all need to be in accordance with the law, and alternate non-legal modes can also influence the understanding of legal premises. keywords: 383–421; argumentation; arguments; emotions; gilbert; jung; law; logic; marko; modal; modes; multi; novak; theory; vol cache: il-6002.pdf plain text: il-6002.txt item: #894 of 1009 id: il-6012 author: Editors, The title: Robert Pinto date: 2019-09-30 words: 341 flesch: 59 summary: He spent his career at the University of Windsor, starting in 1963 and ending in retirement in 1999, as a hugely popular teacher and an admired colleague with friends and acquaintances in virtually every faculty and school of the University, and from the University President to the clerks in the mail room. He created a computer program for the faculty to record and calculate students’ grades, “Class Record”, that was adopted by the University. keywords: university cache: il-6012.pdf plain text: il-6012.txt item: #895 of 1009 id: il-6014 author: Publishers, The title: New Board Members date: 2019-09-30 words: 156 flesch: 50 summary: We are fortunate that two respected informal logic scholars are available and have agreed to take on the role of promot- ing informal logic scholarship and its publication in their countries: in China, Yun Xie of the Institute of Logic and Cognition at Sun Yat- Sen University in Guangzhou, and in Japan, Takuzo Konishi of Showa Women’s University in Tokyo. Informal Logic wishes to support this research by welcoming submissions from scholars in the Pacific region no less than from those elsewhere in the world. keywords: logic cache: il-6014.pdf plain text: il-6014.txt item: #896 of 1009 id: il-6015 author: Mebane, Waleed title: Notice of Books Received date: 2019-09-30 words: 2359 flesch: 49 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are pre- sumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory over- view of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; theory; thinking cache: il-6015.pdf plain text: il-6015.txt item: #897 of 1009 id: il-6024 author: Dacey, Austin title: Come Now, Let Us Reason Together: Cognitive Bias, Individualism, and Interactionism in Critical Thinking Education date: 2020-02-28 words: 10975 flesch: 49 summary: The interactionist challenge to critical thinking education, then, is the risk that by increasing the quality of individual reasoning, we will diminish the quality of group reasoning, and by promoting the quality of group reasoning, we will undermine the pedagogical goal of mitigating bias in individual reasoning. Maynes glosses these reasoning features as “ecologically rational heuristics” (2017, p. 118) and observes that the pedagogical aim of mitigating them is in tension with the aim of preserving the value of their con- tributions to group reasoning. keywords: 47–76; agent; arguments; austin; bias; cognitive; dacey; dialogic; group; individual; logic; myside; reasoning; thinking; vol cache: il-6024.pdf plain text: il-6024.txt item: #898 of 1009 id: il-6028 author: Hannken-Illjes, Kati; Bose, Ines title: Frozen: Children in Argumentation Between the Agonistic and Cooperation date: 2019-12-11 words: 9603 flesch: 59 summary: 465–495 Keywords: dissensus, agonism, child argumentation, stasis, multimodality, oral argumentation, cooperative argumentation 1. It is established, we argue, through verbal as well as non-verbal means, and the ago- nistic and cooperativity can be indicators for the space argumentation has in child- child interaction. keywords: analysis; argumentation; bose; children; dissensus; hannken; illjes; ines; ines bose; interaction; kati; line; logic; nathanel; onno; play; study; und; vol cache: il-6028.pdf plain text: il-6028.txt item: #899 of 1009 id: il-6033 author: Paternoster, Annick title: Emotive Figures as "Shown" Emotion in Italian Post-Unification Conduct Books (1860-1900) date: 2019-12-16 words: 10565 flesch: 65 summary: The analysis consists in two text mining tasks: classification, which identifies emotive figures using the 13 catego- ries, and clustering, which identifies groups, i.e. clusters where emotive figures co-occur. Keywords: “Argued” emotion, conduct books, emotive figures, exclamation, Italy, nineteenth century, Lausberg, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, “shown” emotion, values mailto:annick.paternoster@usi.ch 434 Paternoster keywords: analysis; annick; annick paternoster; annotation; books; century; che; cluster; conduct; corpus; del; emotion; figures; galateo; logic; micheli; non; paternoster; politeness; question; reader; rhetoric; text; topics; values; vol; work cache: il-6033.pdf plain text: il-6033.txt item: #900 of 1009 id: il-6034 author: Song, Yi; Chao, Szu-Fu; Attali, Yigal title: Exploring the Effect of a Scaffolding Design on Students’ Argument Critique Skills date: 2020-12-18 words: 7191 flesch: 59 summary: Conclusion In this study, we examined the effect of scaffolding on student performance on argument critique tasks. The study results showed a small positive impact of the scaffolding on student performance on one controversial issue, but not the other, indicating that student skills of writing critiques could be affected by the topic and argument content. keywords: arguments; attali; ban; cash; chao; critique; phase; scaffolding; scores; song; students; task cache: il-6034.pdf plain text: il-6034.txt item: #901 of 1009 id: il-6035 author: Cigada, Sara title: Emotions in Argumentative Narration: The Case of the Charlie Hebdo Attack date: 2019-12-17 words: 11160 flesch: 55 summary: The choice is appropriate for the purposes of the analysis because the AMT is particularly suited to the semantic analysis of micro-excerpts in which linguistic structures displaying emotions (more precisely lexicon in the case of emotion terms) convey explicit and implicit information and work together with the other linguistic structures to rationally support a standpoint (Palmieri 2014). In any case, emotion terms convey information that forms a coherent part of the discourse meaning. keywords: 2019; argumentation; attack; charlie; cigada; discourse; emotion; hebdo; logic; martine; rigotti; sara; school; situation; terms; vol cache: il-6035.pdf plain text: il-6035.txt item: #902 of 1009 id: il-6036 author: Balbo, Andrea title: Old Delivery and Modern Demagogy: How Ancient Oratorical Style and Delivery can Help us to Understand Modern Populist Speakers date: 2019-12-14 words: 6052 flesch: 56 summary: Analysing political speeches: rhetoric, discourse and metaphor. This is not, however, a specific feature of populist speeches, although it is a common feature of many speeches of the last century, as we find it widely employed in many important speeches, like, for example, Martin Luther King’s Lincoln Memorial discourse. keywords: andrea; balbo; bce; delivery; logic; modern; oratory; orf; people; popularis; populist; press; speech; style; trump; vol cache: il-6036.pdf plain text: il-6036.txt item: #903 of 1009 id: il-6037 author: van Haaften, Ton title: Argumentative Strategies and Stylistic Devices date: 2019-12-14 words: 9447 flesch: 54 summary: 36-39 and chapter 3) and Stukker & Verhagen (2019, pp. 59-87) for a more detailed discussion of the methodology for using a linguistic checklist in stylistic analysis of fictional and non-fictional discourse. It is necessary to apply a systematic method of stylistic analysis for the identification and analysis of argumentative strategies. keywords: analysis; argumentative; devices; discourse; discussion; eemeren; etc; logic; strategies; ton; use; van; van eemeren; van haaften; vol cache: il-6037.pdf plain text: il-6037.txt item: #904 of 1009 id: il-6041 author: Herman, Thierry; Serafis, Dimitris title: Emotions, Argumentation and Argumentativity : Insights from an Analysis of Newspapers Headlines in the Context of the Greek Crisis date: 2019-12-14 words: 9664 flesch: 51 summary: Informal Logic, Vol. 39, No. 4 (2019), pp. 373– Keywords: argumentativity, argued emotions, argumentum model of topics (AMT), Greece, Greek crisis, newspapers, print media discourse 1. Arguing emotions. keywords: amossy; analysis; argumentation; argumentativity; dimitris; discourse; emotions; greek; headlines; herman; logic; meaning; serafis; thierry; vol cache: il-6041.pdf plain text: il-6041.txt item: #905 of 1009 id: il-6043 author: Plantin, Christian title: Tense Arguments : Questions, Exclamations, Emotions date: 2019-12-14 words: 8389 flesch: 60 summary: The reconstruction materializes in emotion sentences mentioning the following elements: 1) the emotion, (E); 2) the experiencer (Exp) of the emotion; 3) the situation as the source (S) of the emotion; and 4) the allocator (A) of the emotion (emotions can be self-allocated as in: “I'm sad,” or hetero-allocated as in “Peter is sad”). We will then conclude that such a strong appeal to fallacious emotions is not surprising in an anti-Semitic text. keywords: answer; argument; argumentative; case; christian; emotions; france; logic; plantin; questions; shoah; tension; victims; vol cache: il-6043.pdf plain text: il-6043.txt item: #906 of 1009 id: il-6046 author: Mazzali-Lurati, Sabrina; Pollaroli, Chiara; Marcantonio, Daniela title: The Rhetorical and Argumentative Relevance of "Extreme Consequence" in Advertising date: 2019-12-14 words: 9367 flesch: 57 summary: Abstract: The “extreme conse- quence” is a very common pattern in advertising messages that presents an odd, even negative, situation resulting from the use of the advertised product as a good reason to buy it. What role does hyperbole play in advertising messages fea- turing the EC pattern? keywords: argumentative; effect; et al; logic; lurati; lurati et; mazzali; pollaroli; product; sabrina; sabrina mazzali; situation; vol cache: il-6046.pdf plain text: il-6046.txt item: #907 of 1009 id: il-6047 author: Pollaroli, Chiara; Greco, Sara; Oswald, Steve; Miecznikowski-Fuenfschilling, Johanna; Rocci, Andrea title: Preface date: 2019-12-11 words: 4685 flesch: 51 summary: Moving to a different context, but remaining within the realm of rhetorical argumentation, the interplay of different semiotic modes is at work in the advertisements and commercials analyzed in the paper “The rhetorical and argumentative relevance of ‘ex- treme consequence’ in advertising” by Sabrina Mazzali-Lurati, Chiara Pollaroli & Daniela Marcantonio. These authors often work on political or public discourse (see for example Cigada 2008 on public speeches that contributed to the foundation of a united European community after WWII), highlighting the importance of emotions in argumentative discourse and their reasonableness (Plantin 1988); they also draw a distinction between emotions that are linguistically expressed and emotions that are implied or ar- gued for (Micheli 2014). keywords: argumentation; audience; chiara; discourse; emotions; logic; pollaroli; vol cache: il-6047.pdf plain text: il-6047.txt item: #908 of 1009 id: il-6070 author: Gascón, José Ángel title: Putting Reasons in their Place date: 2020-12-18 words: 6698 flesch: 58 summary: Kornblith is aware that if we remove the assumption that reasons are causes, then his criticisms do not show that we should Putting Reasons in their Place 597 © José Ángel Gascón. As Mercier and Sperber (Ibid., p. 255) explain: This common phenomenon is known as reason-based choice: when people have weak or conflicting intuitions, reason drives them toward the decision for which it is easiest to find reasons— the decisions that they can best justify. keywords: beliefs; causes; gascón; knowledge; kornblith; reasons; reflection cache: il-6070.pdf plain text: il-6070.txt item: #909 of 1009 id: il-6071 author: Ward, Erin title: Notice of Books Received date: 2019-12-12 words: 2277 flesch: 45 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are presumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory overview of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; theory; thinking cache: il-6071.pdf plain text: il-6071.txt item: #910 of 1009 id: il-6159 author: Zarefsky, David H. title: Review of Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective date: 2020-02-28 words: 2726 flesch: 43 summary: The book achieves the goal set out in the Preface: to provide “a general introduction into argumentation theory” but to “explain the Review of Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective 141 © David Zarefsky. Keywords: Argument structures, argumentation theory, communicative activity types, critical discussion, pragma-dialectics, rhetorical argumentation, strategic maneuvering, theory-building The most robust approach to argumentation theory today, without question, is pragma-dialectics, formulated over a period of forty years by Frans van Eemeren and his collea gues at the University of Amsterdam. keywords: argumentation; chapter; eemeren; pragma; theory cache: il-6159.pdf plain text: il-6159.txt item: #911 of 1009 id: il-6160 author: Plumer, Gilbert title: Review of Truth in Fiction: Rethinking its Logic date: 2020-02-28 words: 4050 flesch: 66 summary: Rethinking its Logic By John Woods Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. Keywords: abstract objects, fictional objects, fictionality, formal methods, inference, Law of Noncontradiction, paradox of fiction John Woods is an international treasure. keywords: fiction; holmes; logic; woods; world cache: il-6160.pdf plain text: il-6160.txt item: #912 of 1009 id: il-6172 author: Henderson, Leah title: Resolution of Deep Disagreement: Not Simply Consensus date: 2020-08-29 words: 8403 flesch: 60 summary: Robert Fogelin has argued for the rather pessimistic conclusion that deep disa- greements cannot be resolved by rational arguments (Fogelin 1985). This point of view is shared by several other authors who have explored in detail the question of whether there is a way to interpret frame- work propositions such that they present a compelling obstacle to rational argument (Lynch 2010; Siegel 2013; Pritchard 2018; Ranalli 2018b, 2018a; Siegel 2019). keywords: argument; disagreement; feldman; fogelin; ground; henderson; propositions; resolution cache: il-6172.pdf plain text: il-6172.txt item: #913 of 1009 id: il-6179 author: Logic, Informal title: Notice of Books Received date: 2020-02-28 words: 2749 flesch: 49 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are presumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory over- view of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; theory; thinking cache: il-6179.pdf plain text: il-6179.txt item: #914 of 1009 id: il-6180 author: Tindale, Christopher title: In Memoriam: Douglas Walton 1942-2020 date: 2020-02-29 words: 877 flesch: 54 summary: At the University of Windsor, Doug had been University Chair of Ar- gumentation Studies at affiliated Assumption University (2008-2013), an Adjunct Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Distinguished Senior Research Fellow of the Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argu- mentation and Rhetoric (CRRAR, 2008-2020). In spite of his quiet demeanour, Doug Walton was also capable of some quite contentious claims. keywords: university; work cache: il-6180.pdf plain text: il-6180.txt item: #915 of 1009 id: il-6205 author: Oliveira de Sousa, Felipe title: Other-Regarding Virtues and Their Place in Virtue Argumentation Theory date: 2020-08-29 words: 16025 flesch: 52 summary: Whereas some virtues are clearly self-regarding (e.g., fortitude, prudence), other virtues are clearly other-regarding (e.g., justice, charity, benevolence). Other virtues seem to have both an important self-regarding and an important other-regarding aspect (e.g., loyalty, honesty, trustworthiness). keywords: arguers; argumentation; argumentation theory; argumentative virtues; arguments; good; oliveira; self; theory; virtues; virtuous cache: il-6205.pdf plain text: il-6205.txt item: #916 of 1009 id: il-6214 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian title: What is Wrong with Deductivism? date: 2020-08-31 words: 8126 flesch: 54 summary: 295–316 paper accommodates this standard in a certain way without imply- ing that deductive inferences are the only inferences that can be taken to be good. Thus, my next step is to present a theory of inference that is able to make sense of the two intuitions behind D and D’—namely, that we build arguments to represent the inferences that we make in arguing and reasoning, and that not all deductive inferences are valid— and still also able to relieve us from the obligation to re- construct natural language argumentation and reasoning as deduc- tive in order to properly represent what individuals mean when they aim at making good inferences. keywords: argumentation; bermejo; conclusion; deductive; deductivism; inference; lnma; logic cache: il-6214.pdf plain text: il-6214.txt item: #917 of 1009 id: il-6221 author: Santibáñez, Cristián title: Decoupling Representations and the Chain of Arguments date: 2021-06-01 words: 6939 flesch: 53 summary: From the cogni- tive perspective, the notion of decoupling has to do with represen- tations that detach themselves from their precedent uses but inside 3 I am thankful to the critical reviewers who asked for more examples to clarify the basic functioning of decoupled representations. Decoupled representations may well have had their origin in social maps” (2003, p. 76). keywords: action; agent; argument; argumentative; chain; cristián; decoupling; logic; reasoning; representations; santibáñez; vol cache: il-6221.pdf plain text: il-6221.txt item: #918 of 1009 id: il-6233 author: Tomic, Taeda title: The Distinction Between False Dilemma and False Disjunctive Syllogism date: 2021-12-07 words: 8593 flesch: 55 summary: As previously pointed out, false disjunctive syllogism explores the valid schemas of disjunctive syllogism (Figure 15). A ¬B (A Ú B) Ù ¬ (A Ù B) B ¬A Disjunctive syllogism with in- cluding disjunction Disjunctive syllogism with in- cluding disjunction Disjunctive syllogism with excluding dis- junction Disjunctive syllo- gism with excluding disjunction Figure 15: Valid argument schemas for disjunctive syllogism (provided that there is relevance between A and B) keywords: argument; criticism; dilemma; disjuncts; logic; premise; syllogism; tomić cache: il-6233.pdf plain text: il-6233.txt item: #919 of 1009 id: il-6243 author: Possin, Kevin title: CAT Scan: A Critical Review of the Critical-Thinking Assessment Test date: 2020-08-29 words: 7865 flesch: 59 summary: Stein, Haynes, and Redding even admit that “Most faculty have little training in developing classroom assessment that promotes the development of critical thinking skills” (2016, p. 2). Targeting critical thinking skills in a first-year under- graduate research course. keywords: assessment; cat; faculty; haynes; learning; possin; skills; stein; test; thinking; validity cache: il-6243.pdf plain text: il-6243.txt item: #920 of 1009 id: il-6249 author: Olmos, Paula title: Metaphilosophy and Argument: The Case of the Justification of Abduction date: 2021-06-01 words: 11158 flesch: 51 summary: some of which (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) simply demand normative re- strictions that are rather compatible with the usual critical assess- ment of particular abductive arguments (represented by the critical questions assigned to its argumentative scheme), while others (3.5) try to reach a deeper level of discussion in which the very grounds of “what constitutes a reason for what” are directly confronted. Josephson makes and uses a distinction between abductive argument and abductive reasoning (2000, p. 35; 2001, pp. 1624-1632) that I have also emphasized elsewhere (Olmos 2019b) and carefully examines how abductive arguments get dialogically evaluated by a series of considerations that question the strength of their justification. keywords: abduction; argument; argumentative; data; explanation; hypothesis; josephson; logic; olmos; paula; philosophy; reason; vol cache: il-6249.pdf plain text: il-6249.txt item: #921 of 1009 id: il-6294 author: Lemanek, Kamil title: An Unlikely Source of (Absurd and Effective) Case Studies for Introductory Informal Logic date: 2020-08-29 words: 4644 flesch: 61 summary: The televised material associated with that idea is rife with questionable argumentation and transparent fallacies, which is the perfect basis for engaging case studies that can be 1 Of course, Walton elaborated a more technical understanding of case studies and their place in argumentation (e.g., Walton 1993; cf. 1984). Abstract: This short work presents a popular fringe theory as a source of case studies for use in teaching informal logic in an introductory course. keywords: case; episode; lemanek; logic; material; source; students; studies; vol cache: il-6294.pdf plain text: il-6294.txt item: #922 of 1009 id: il-6309 author: Dosser, Max title: Review of Narration as Argument, edited by Paula Olmos date: 2020-08-29 words: 4343 flesch: 53 summary: Narration as Argument, however, provides multiple case studies ranging from parables to war propaganda to essays written by practicing surgeons to make the study of narrative arguments seem less counterintuitive, and more routine and productive. Here, the scholars engage with early critiques of narrative arguments largely stemming from scholars of argumentation theory. keywords: argument; argumentation; chapter; dosser; logic; narration; narrative; olmos cache: il-6309.pdf plain text: il-6309.txt item: #923 of 1009 id: il-6310 author: Cummings, Louise title: Good and Bad Reasoning about COVID-19 date: 2020-12-18 words: 8539 flesch: 60 summary: Within public health agencies, I include any gov- ernment department or independent agency whose role it is to monitor public health and to institute measures that protect public Good and Bad Reasoning about COVID-19 533 © Louise Cummings. This article will also analyse rationally warranted reasoning about COVID-19 employed by public health agencies. keywords: agencies; covid-19; cummings; health; logic; louise; people; public; reasoning; sars; transmission; virus; vol; world cache: il-6310.pdf plain text: il-6310.txt item: #924 of 1009 id: il-6311 author: Anthony Blair title: Title of the Paper [16 point font] date: 2020-12-18 words: 13949 flesch: 50 summary: Furthermore, the Delphi Report offers an account of critical thinking that neither explicitly engages any expertise from outside of the Western tradition, nor consults in depth with scholars working in traditions outside of the West on dialectic and debate when generating a conception of critical thinking skills, and the relation between the cognitive and affective dimensions of critical thinking. The Skill View holds that critical thinking is exhausted by the acquisition and proper deployment of critical thinking skills. keywords: argument; context; course; education; emotion; good; meditation; mindfulness; mindfulness meditation; performance; reasoning; regulation; self; skill; stereotype; thinking; threat cache: il-6311.doc plain text: il-6311.txt item: #925 of 1009 id: il-6312 author: Bodlović, Petar title: On Presumptions, Burdens of Proof, and Explanations date: 2020-07-06 words: 14756 flesch: 57 summary: If presumptions allocate the burden of proof on the opponent, then they allocate it in two distinct senses: cognitive presumptions allocate a general burden of rea- soning (the opponents are obliged to produce any kind of reason), and practical presumptions allocate a more specific burden of arguing (i.e., the opponents are obliged to produce dialectically adequate reasons). Here, “John is innocent” has a status of practical presumption since (1) there is a legal pressure to decide whether to convict John; (2) this decision depends on whether John is innocent or guilty; (3) it is evidentially uncertain whether John is innocent or guilty; but (4) acting as if John is inno- cent and letting him free (when, in fact, John is guilty) is treated as a lesser evil than acting as if John is guilty and convicting him (when, in fact, John is inno- cent). keywords: bodlović; burden; cognitive; earth; explanation; john; logic; opponent; party; presumptions; proof; reasons; vol cache: il-6312.pdf plain text: il-6312.txt item: #926 of 1009 id: il-6327 author: Goodwin, Jean title: Should Climate Scientists Fly? : A Case Study of Arguments at the System Level date: 2020-07-06 words: 16777 flesch: 57 summary: [16 point font] Should Climate Scientists Fly? I will take for a case study the arguments swirling around the question of whether climate scientists should fly. keywords: action; arguers; argument; argumentation; change; climate; climate scientists; controversy; corpus; fly; flying; flyless; goodwin; hypocrisy; jean; jean goodwin; logic; making; scientists; skeptics; system; theory; vol cache: il-6327.pdf plain text: il-6327.txt item: #927 of 1009 id: il-6328 author: Dutilh Novaes, Catarina title: The Role of Trust in Argumentation date: 2020-07-06 words: 11705 flesch: 55 summary: The key idea is that argumentation can be seen as a form of epistemic exchange, and so the findings from social exchange theory concern- ing exchanges in general should also be relevant for a special kind of exchange, namely epistemic exchange, and in particular for ar- gumentation as one modality (among others) of epistemic exchange. Thus, on the basis of a conceptualization of argumenta- tion as epistemic exchange, I argue that trust does indeed play a more significant role in argumentation than is usually recognized in the literature: arguers will tend to be wary of engaging in argumen- tation with interlocutors whom they do not trust sufficiently. keywords: argumentation; arguments; catarina; dutilh; dutilh novaes; exchange; logic; novaes; receiver; role; social; testimony; theory; trust; vol cache: il-6328.pdf plain text: il-6328.txt item: #928 of 1009 id: il-6329 author: Allen, Derek title: Evidence, Persuasion and Diversity date: 2020-07-06 words: 6528 flesch: 62 summary: This process requires a court to not only 'peer beyond recorded history' but also to set aside some closely held beliefs about the reliability of oral history evidence (para. 133). On this conception, legal evidence is that which counts as evidence in law. keywords: allen; canada; case; court; evidence; mclachlin; para; section; title cache: il-6329.pdf plain text: il-6329.txt item: #929 of 1009 id: il-6330 author: Informal Logic title: Books Received date: 2020-07-06 words: 2995 flesch: 50 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are pre- sumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory over- view of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; theory; thinking cache: il-6330.pdf plain text: il-6330.txt item: #930 of 1009 id: il-6338 author: Leal, Fernando title: Argumentation Ab Homine in Philosophy date: 2021-06-01 words: 9836 flesch: 69 summary: I was not trying to show that my examples of ab homine argumentation are exam- ples of good arguments (whatever those may be) but only to show that they are a real phenomenon that has so far escaped attention. Most philosophical arguments, God forbid, are not like that.” keywords: argument; argumentation; descartes; fernando; hegel; homine; leal; logic; moulines; paper; philosophy; readers; vol; way cache: il-6338.pdf plain text: il-6338.txt item: #931 of 1009 id: il-635 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2008-12-01 words: 234 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Daniel Cohen Colby College Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-635.pdf plain text: il-635.txt item: #932 of 1009 id: il-6351 author: Kreider, A.J. title: Argumentative Hyperbole as Fallacy date: 2022-06-10 words: 7588 flesch: 64 summary: This is a similarity that fallacious hyperbole has with false dilemma. As above, inductive hyperbole involves looking at one study and giving the results in the study outsized dispositive authority in settling a matter in question. keywords: a.j; argument; change; claim; climate; exaggeration; fallacy; hyperbole; kreider; logic; people; use; vol cache: il-6351.pdf plain text: il-6351.txt item: #933 of 1009 id: il-6506 author: Bubikova-Moan, Jarmila title: Credible as Evidence? Multilayered Audience Reception of Narrative Arguments date: 2021-06-01 words: 10233 flesch: 50 summary: Taking as my vantage point Tindale’s (2017) dynamic view of narrative argument where the concept of audience is key and a dynamic view of “a living narra- tive” (Ochs and Capps 2001) occasioned in specific contexts and thus situationally contingent, I will draw specifically on Bam- berg’s insights into speaker positioning in narrative discourse. Abstract: Building on a view of both narration and argumentation as dynamic concepts, this paper consid- ers ways of assessing the credibility of narrative arguments constructed in empirical examples of conversational discourse. keywords: argument; argumentative; audience; bubikova; discourse; jarmila; logic; moan; mother; narrative; olmos; story; vol cache: il-6506.pdf plain text: il-6506.txt item: #934 of 1009 id: il-657 author: Walton, Douglas; Macagno, Fabrizio title: Quotations and Presumptions: Dialogical Effects of Misquotations date: 2011-03-11 words: 11703 flesch: 60 summary: Strategies in quotations In order to see how quotation can be a prior step in setting up various fallacious moves in argumentation, the best place to begin is to study how quotations can be used as parts of different kinds of argumentation strategies. Quotations and Presumptions: Dialogical Effects of Misquotations DOUGLAS WALTON Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, ON Canada N9B 3P4 dwalton@uwindsor.ca FABRIZIO MACAGNO Institute of Philosophy of Language (IFL) Universidade Nova de Lisboa Edifício I&D - 4 andar Avenida de Berna 26 1069-061 Lisbon Portugal fabrizio.macagno@fcsh.unl.pt Abstract: Manipulation of quotation is shown to be a common argu- mentation tactic in this paper, but is also shown to be associated with fallacies like wrenching from context, hasty generalization, equivocation, and the straw man fallacy. keywords: act; argument; attack; burden; case; commitments; dialogue; effects; following; interlocutor; man; misquotations; proof; quotations; speaker; speech; walton; words cache: il-657.pdf plain text: il-657.txt item: #935 of 1009 id: il-6571 author: Logic, Informal title: Notice of Books Received date: 2022-05-05 words: 2993 flesch: 50 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are pre- sumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory over- view of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; theory; thinking cache: il-6571.pdf plain text: il-6571.txt item: #936 of 1009 id: il-6662 author: Hinton, Martin title: On Appeals to Non-existent Authorities as Arguments from Analogy date: 2021-12-07 words: 10298 flesch: 62 summary: Certain considerations which have direct impact on the discussion of arguments from non-existent authorities, the central concern of this paper, must, however, be examined. Non-existent authorities & arguments from analogy 583 © Martin Hinton. keywords: argument; authorities; authority; existent; expert; future; hinton; logic; martin; non; person; proposition; source; vol cache: il-6662.pdf plain text: il-6662.txt item: #937 of 1009 id: il-6671 author: Goddu, Geoff title: A Simple Theory of Argument Schemes date: 2021-12-07 words: 14538 flesch: 60 summary: What are argument schemes? According to Douglas Walton, Chris Reed, and Fabrizio Macagno, in their book, Argumentation Schemes: A simple theory of argument schemes 541 © G.C Goddu. keywords: argument; argument schemes; argumentation; goddu; logic; propositional; questions; schemes; theory cache: il-6671.pdf plain text: il-6671.txt item: #938 of 1009 id: il-6686 author: Hundleby, Catherine title: Argument and Social Justice and "Reasoning for Change" date: 2021-03-02 words: 5249 flesch: 52 summary: In light of the pivotal role of Govier’s 1999 book in the development of feminist argument theory, femi- nist scholars may find it fruitful to explore her earlier book, Prob- lems in Argument Analysis and Evaluation (1988) that was out of print for many years but is now available open access through Windsor Studies in Argumentation.2 Argument theory and feminist theory are both interdisciplinary, and feminist argument research from rhetorical studies and com- munications studies crystalizes with Palczewski’s volume on “Argumentation and Feminisms” (1996) and with the initial pro- posal by Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin (1995) of the project of “invitational rhetoric” that challenges the typical assumption in rhetorical studies that persuasion provides the guiding norms for argument. As editors of that volume, Phyllis Rooney and I hoped to breathe fresh life into the project and to draw in new voices to develop the “rhetori- cal space” (Code 1995), connecting feminist philosophy to infor- mal logic, the philosophical study of argument.1 Now, ten years later, feminist argument theory has a greater academic presence and continues to involve new perspectives. keywords: argument; argumentation; catherine; feminist; hundleby; justice; logic; new; philosophy; reasoning; theory; vol cache: il-6686.pdf plain text: il-6686.txt item: #939 of 1009 id: il-6687 author: Henning, Tempest title: “I Said What I Said”—Black Women and Argumentative Politeness Norms date: 2021-03-02 words: 8790 flesch: 57 summary: I urge philosophers and theorists delineating the norms of argumen- tation to consider alternative norms and argumentative practices. Here, I aim to show that the two previously mentioned norms within argumentation ob- scure and misrepresent many argumentative practices within Afri- can American Vernacular English (AAVE)—or Ebonics, specifi- cally the art of signifying. keywords: argumentative; deborah; discourse; henning; language; logic; norms; practices; sherry; signifying; tempest; vol cache: il-6687.pdf plain text: il-6687.txt item: #940 of 1009 id: il-6688 author: Peach, Harmony title: Picturing a Thousand Unspoken Words: Visual Arguments and Controlling Force date: 2021-03-02 words: 8079 flesch: 58 summary: While the main point of this paper is that inflecting or capturing empathy in certain visual arguments can interrupt the bias that taints our verbal arguments long enough to correctly control their force, I also suggest it can help to direct visual arguments that have the potential to go awry as well. Indeed, people who hold unconscious biases can also unconsciously inflect those into visual arguments either in their creation or interpreta- tion. keywords: arguments; audience; force; harmony; image; kurdi; logic; peach; verbal; visual; vol cache: il-6688.pdf plain text: il-6688.txt item: #941 of 1009 id: il-6689 author: Phillips, Kathryn title: Deep Disagreement and Patience as an Argumentative Virtue date: 2021-03-02 words: 8765 flesch: 50 summary: While patience may seem like a strange focus at this moment, our current circumstances make it a particularly compel- ling time to talk about deep disagreement—cases in which some have argued that no rational resolution is available—and I will argue that patience has an important role to play when we encoun- ter deep disagreements. Deep disagreement There are competing accounts of the conditions that constitute an authentically deep disagreement, how they might be resolvable, and also a variety of concepts that are similar to, though distinct from, deep disagreement as it was initially defined, such as persis- tent (Amenábar 2018) or recalcitrant disagreements (Kloster 2018). keywords: 107–130; argumentative; disagreement; injustice; kathryn; logic; patience; phillips; time; understand; virtue; vol cache: il-6689.pdf plain text: il-6689.txt item: #942 of 1009 id: il-6690 author: Bowell, Tracy title: Some Limits to Arguing Virtuously date: 2021-03-02 words: 9837 flesch: 54 summary: 81–106 Cases such as this in which the victims of denier discourses confront the denial argument and show the falsity of denial claims demonstrate the enormous effort, emotional load, and expense that is often required to achieve that end.13 Such cases do not seem to me to be attempts to engage directly with the denying agent in an effort to change their mind. Such cases present opportu- nities to influence attitudes and standpoints for the better and to 15 Barrett Emerick (2016) offers a sensitive and insightful discussion of how we ought to interact with the problematic opinions and inner lives of those we love. keywords: arguing; argumentation; bowell; cases; claims; engagement; evidence; good; limits; logic; position; thinking; tracy; virtue; vol cache: il-6690.pdf plain text: il-6690.txt item: #943 of 1009 id: il-6691 author: Baumtrog, Michael title: Youth Voting, Rational Competency, and Epistemic Injustice date: 2021-03-02 words: 5560 flesch: 57 summary: Young adults with at least several years of college 2 One could argue that we need only measure against the competency of the lowest common denominator in the voting citizenry. In an excellent doc- toral dissertation, Schär (2019) has pointed out that the literature on youth reasoning and argumentation tends to fall into two broad streams. keywords: adults; age; baumtrog; children; competency; injustice; people; social; voting; youth cache: il-6691.pdf plain text: il-6691.txt item: #944 of 1009 id: il-6692 author: Logic, Informal title: Notice of Books Received date: 2021-03-02 words: 3353 flesch: 48 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are pre- sumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory over- view of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking cache: il-6692.pdf plain text: il-6692.txt item: #945 of 1009 id: il-6696 author: Bowell, Tracy title: Editor's Note date: 2021-03-02 words: 290 flesch: 66 summary: First, as Catherine Hundleby mentions in her introduction, this volume has its genesis in a panel on argument and social justice at the 2019 European Conference on Argumentation (ECA) hosted by the University of Groningen. Thanks, of course, to those who have contributed work here and those who reviewed the papers. keywords: volume cache: il-6696.pdf plain text: il-6696.txt item: #946 of 1009 id: il-6765 author: Gallhofer, Irmtraud; Saris, Willem title: Discovering Warrants in Political Argumentation date: 2021-12-07 words: 11527 flesch: 64 summary: Study of a sample of decision arguments of the Dutch govern- ment We drew a sample of 136 of the Dutch government’s decision prob- lems concerning foreign policy4 in the 20th century, between 1900 and 1955 to determine which arguments justify these decisions5. People´s recognition of political decision arguments. keywords: argumentation; arguments; consequences; decision; gallhofer; logic; probabilities; rule; saris; strategy; utilities; warrants cache: il-6765.pdf plain text: il-6765.txt item: #947 of 1009 id: il-682 author: Goddu, G.C. title: What is a “Real” Argument? date: 2009-02-27 words: 5874 flesch: 52 summary: Option 1: Real arguments are genuine arguments as opposed to non-genuine arguments. For example, Leo Groarke writes, “In keeping with the emphasis on real argument, I will discuss musical argument in the context of examples of actual argument” (Groarke 2003a, p. 419). keywords: arguments; distinction; everyday; johnson; logic; non; theory cache: il-682.pdf plain text: il-682.txt item: #948 of 1009 id: il-6828 author: Logic, Informal title: Notice of Books Received date: 2021-06-01 words: 3353 flesch: 48 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are pre- sumptions and burdens of proof. The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory over- view of the crucial components of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking cache: il-6828.pdf plain text: il-6828.txt item: #949 of 1009 id: il-683 author: O'Halloran, Kieran title: Implicit dialogical premises, explanation as argument: A corpus-based reconstruction date: 2009-02-27 words: 14236 flesch: 58 summary: Keywords: Argument, corpus-based analysis, corpus comparative statistical keyword, cultural keyword, explanation; implicit dialogical premise recovery; plausible fuzzy reasoning 1. The difference from Williams is that Stubbs’ investigation of cultural keywords is done in the main synchronically and is informed by corpus-based methods. keywords: april; argument; britain; corpus; eastern; explanation; immigration; keywords; new; o’halloran; premises; readers; strategies; strategy; sun; text; work cache: il-683.pdf plain text: il-683.txt item: #950 of 1009 id: il-6836 author: Romero, Esther; Soria, Belén title: Metaphorical Argumentation date: 2021-09-09 words: 9767 flesch: 57 summary: 391–419. tion of metaphorical argumentation, from which it follows that it is not possible to argue by means of metaphorical utterances because they do not communicate metaphorical propositions. Cognitive account of metaphorical argumentation According to Black, metaphorical utterances can only be explained if it is admitted that the properties of a concept in one domain can be projected upon another domain. keywords: argumentation; belén; domain; island; logic; man; meaning; romero; soria; target; type; utterances cache: il-6836.pdf plain text: il-6836.txt item: #951 of 1009 id: il-6838 author: Gascón, José Ángel title: Argumentative Bullshit date: 2021-09-09 words: 7560 flesch: 62 summary: As we will see in the next section, this requires sustaining the notion that bullshit arguments are not used as they are meant to be used, just as bullshit assertions are not used with a concern for truth. 289–308. believe they can be useful to detect bullshit assertions. keywords: argumentative; arguments; assertions; bullshit; gascón; logic; reasons; speech; truth cache: il-6838.pdf plain text: il-6838.txt item: #952 of 1009 id: il-684 author: Walton, Douglas title: Dialectical Shifts Underlying Arguments from Consequences date: 2009-02-27 words: 13725 flesch: 55 summary: The examples are used to show that argument from Dialectical Shifts Underlying Arguments from Consequences 55 negative consequences, including argument from threat, are sometimes quite reasonable, but that, in some instances, both can be used as deceptive sophistical strategies.1 The problems are (a) to put in place normative structures that can be used to analyze and evaluate these arguments, and (b) to use this methodology as a basis for determining whether a given instance is fallacious or not. To critically analyze an ad baculum argument used in such a case, or other type of argument coming under Dialectical Shifts Underlying Arguments from Consequences 77 the heading of argument from consequences, we have to adopt a backwards or retrospective viewpoint, starting with the bottom box in Figure 3. keywords: argument; argumentation; case; consequences; dialectical; dialog; example; persuasion dialog; shift; threat; walton; war cache: il-684.pdf plain text: il-684.txt item: #953 of 1009 id: il-6840 author: Dickman, Nathan title: The Hermeneutic Priority of Which Question? A Speech Act Clarification of Interlocutionary Acts date: 2021-09-09 words: 8967 flesch: 63 summary: Asking this kind of question shows that we are listen- The Hermeneutic Priority of Which Question? Questions and question asking in verbal dis- course: a cross-disciplinary review, Journal of Psycholinguistic Re- search 5(4): 355-375. keywords: act; answer; dickman; eric; gadamer; logic; nathan; person; priority; questioning; questions; speech cache: il-6840.pdf plain text: il-6840.txt item: #954 of 1009 id: il-6842 author: Sierra-Catalán, Guillermo title: Argumentation and Fiction: Types of overlaps and their functions date: 2021-09-09 words: 9671 flesch: 59 summary: In this way, our proposed classification is based on the anal- ysis of the roles played by argumentative speech acts in fictional texts, on the one hand, and by fictionalizing speech-acts in argu- mentative texts, on the other hand. There is also an overlap between fiction and argumentation when a fictional narrative text includes argumentative speech acts performed by the narrator of the story. keywords: act; arguing; argumentation; catalán; fiction; order; sierra; speech; speech act; story; text cache: il-6842.pdf plain text: il-6842.txt item: #955 of 1009 id: il-6844 author: Mckeon, Matthew William title: Inference Claims as Assertions date: 2021-09-09 words: 12220 flesch: 60 summary: So, if statements of arguments convey inference claims as conventional implicatures, then they must contain, explicitly or otherwise, an illative expression. Keywords: arguments, arguing for a conclusion, assertion, inference claims, implicature 1. keywords: arguing; argument; claim; conclusion; inference; inference claim; logic; pro; statement cache: il-6844.pdf plain text: il-6844.txt item: #956 of 1009 id: il-685 author: none title: Editors & Editorial Board date: 2009-02-27 words: 234 flesch: -7 summary: Practice Editors J. Anthony Blair University of Windsor Ralph H. Johnson University of Windsor Christopher W. Tindale University of Windsor Hans V. Hansen University Windsor Editorial Board Jonathan Adler City University of New York Ruth Amossy Tel-Aviv University Richard Andrews University of London Sharon Bailin Simon Fraser University Daniel Cohen Colby College Frans H. van Eemeren University of Amsterdam Robert Ennis University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Maurice Finocchiaro University of Nevada - Las Vegas James B. Freeman City College of New York Michael A. Gilbert York University Geoff Goddu University of Richmond Jean Goodwin Iowa State University Trudy Govier University of Lethbridge Leo Groarke Wilfrid Laurier University Dale Hample University of Maryland David Hitchcock McMaster University Sally Jackson University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign Fred J. Kauffeld Edgewood College Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Lenore Langsdorf University of Southern Illinois Christoph Lumer University of Siena Robert C. Pinto University of Windsor Chris Reed St. Andrews University Nicholas Rescher University of Pittsburgh Lance Rips Northwestern University Merrilee Salmon University of Pittsburgh Michael Scriven Claremont Graduate University Harvey Siegel University of Miami Christina Slade Macquarie University Francisca Snoeck Henkemans University of Amsterdam John Woods University of British Columbia & King's College London Douglas Walton University of Winnipeg Larry Wright University of California at Riverside David Zarefski Northwestern University Microsoft Word - EditorialBoard.docx INFORMAL LOGIC Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and keywords: college; illinois; university; windsor cache: il-685.pdf plain text: il-685.txt item: #957 of 1009 id: il-6851 author: Butterworth, John title: Act or Object : A Time for Argument Theory Differentiation date: 2021-09-09 words: 9299 flesch: 64 summary: From another angle, arguments are viewed as products of argument acts or processes; or, to use Ralph Johnson’s colourful metaphor, they are “the distil- late of the practice of argumentation” (Johnson 2000, p. 168). It starts by assuming that ‘argument’ refers— simultaneously and independently— to two different things, making space between them for a theory of argu- ment based on the then necessary externality of the relation between them. keywords: act; argument; butterworth; claim; john; logic; object; propositions; reason; sense; vol cache: il-6851.pdf plain text: il-6851.txt item: #958 of 1009 id: il-6854 author: Corredor, Cristina title: Illocutionary Performance and Objective Assessment in the Speech Act of Arguing date: 2021-09-09 words: 11863 flesch: 51 summary: 453–483. Illocutionary Performance and Objective Assessment in The Speech Act of Arguing CRISTINA CORREDOR Department of Logic, History and Philosophy of Science UNED Paseo de Senda del Rey s/n, Madrid Spain ccorredor@fsof.uned.es Abstract: This paper endorses a view of argumentation and arguments that relates both to a special type of speech action, namely, the perfor- mance of speech acts of arguing. It is performed through speech acts of arguing, which consist of adducing reasons to justify a claim and, when required, assessing those very acts. keywords: act; acts; arguing; argumentation; claim; corredor; illocutionary; logic; objective; reason; speech; speech act cache: il-6854.pdf plain text: il-6854.txt item: #959 of 1009 id: il-6855 author: Lewinski, Marcin title: Speech Act Pluralism in Argumentative Polylogues date: 2021-09-09 words: 11335 flesch: 55 summary: In their view, a simple rule-governed level of analysis that under- stands argumentative speech acts in terms of structural units of conversation, and even a more sophisticated approach of the early speech act theory that views them as conventionally recognized, functional entities, should give way to the analysis focused on what they call a rational level of discourse organization, oriented precisely to speakers’ complex plans organized via practical rea- soning in a given context of activity (Jacobs and Jackson 1989; Jacobs 1989; Jackson 1992). Curiously, these ingredients them- selves can be, and have been, analyzed as speech acts. keywords: act; acts; argumentation; discussion; eemeren; illocutionary; lewiński; logic; marcin; pluralism; polylogues; speech; speech act; theory; vol cache: il-6855.pdf plain text: il-6855.txt item: #960 of 1009 id: il-6873 author: Bermejo-Luque, Lilian; Moldovan, Andrei title: Introduction to the Special Issue on Speech Acts and Argumentation date: 2021-09-09 words: 2432 flesch: 45 summary: He reviews an extensive bibliography on the topic, pertaining to argumentation theory, philosophy of language and philosophy of logic, and shows that different theoretical approaches (such as formal logic, informal logic, pragma-dialectics, speech act theory etc.) employ different but complementary notions of argument, depending on their theo- retical and explanatory purposes. The paper engages with a vast range of literature both in argumentation theory and philosophy of language, espe- cially concerning speech act theory. keywords: acts; argumentation; luque; speech; theory cache: il-6873.pdf plain text: il-6873.txt item: #961 of 1009 id: il-6876 author: Govier, Trudy title: Reflections on Minimal Adversariality date: 2021-12-07 words: 5667 flesch: 58 summary: Philosophy, adversarial argument, and embattled reason. Aikin maintains that such adversariality can be min- imal and need not involve hostility. keywords: account; adversariality; argument; claim; cohen; dialogue; govier; logic; trudy cache: il-6876.pdf plain text: il-6876.txt item: #962 of 1009 id: il-6877 author: Pyon, Sung-Jun; Ri, Yong-Sok title: A Network of Argumentation Schemes and Critical Questions date: 2022-12-13 words: 17728 flesch: 60 summary: As a prototype, we build a potential net- work of argumentation schemes and critical questions with a practical reasoning scheme at its center. Keywords: argumentation scheme, critical question, complex argument, formal argumentation mailto:phil2@ryongnamsan.edu.kp mailto:ys.ri@ryongnamsan.edu.kp 788 Sung-Jun Pyon and Yong-Sok Ri © Sung-Jun Pyon and Yong-Sok Ri. keywords: answer; argument; argumentation; argumentation schemes; jun; logic; nascq; pyon; question; schemes; sok; sung; thesis; walton; yong cache: il-6877.pdf plain text: il-6877.txt item: #963 of 1009 id: il-6901 author: Informal Logic title: Notice of Books Received date: 2021-09-09 words: 3543 flesch: 46 summary: Microsoft Word - Books+received+updated+2021-09-03.docx © Informal Logic, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2021), pp. 509-521 BOOKS RECEIVED Notice of BOOKS RECEIVED Policy Informal Logic no longer invites descriptive book reviews. The proposals of criteria and guidelines implicitly address theoretical issues and are illustrated by definitions of 166 510 Books Received © Informal Logic, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2021), pp. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-6901.pdf plain text: il-6901.txt item: #964 of 1009 id: il-692 author: Walton, Douglas; Macagno, Fabrizio title: Defeasible Classifications and Inferences from Definitions date: 2010-03-19 words: 10055 flesch: 54 summary: From a logical perspective, it is apparent from the examples above how different definitions have different logical properties. The relationship between definiens and definiendum represented in such definitions is different from the kind of semantic identity expressed by a traditional definition, of the kind that we can find on dictionaries. keywords: argument; case; classification; conclusion; definition; entity; heuristic; object; premise; reasoning; semantic; type; walton cache: il-692.pdf plain text: il-692.txt item: #965 of 1009 id: il-6974 author: Svačinová, Iva title: Characterizing Reflective Diary Writing as an Argumentative Activity Type date: 2022-12-13 words: 15651 flesch: 53 summary: The cur- rent study of the character of reflective diary writing can also serve as a starting point for the characterization (and potentially also comparison) of other forms of diary writing as well as other forms of internal dialogue and research into their argumentative charac- ter. First, I intend to show that internal dialogue externalized through reflective diary writing can be conceived of as an argu- mentative discourse from the point of view of pragma-dialectics. keywords: activity; argumentative; dialogue; diaries; diarist; diary; diary writing; eemeren; experience; iva; logic; positions; practice; pragma; research; self; standpoint; svačinová; type; van; vol; writing cache: il-6974.pdf plain text: il-6974.txt item: #966 of 1009 id: il-7005 author: Mukerji, Nikil; Mannino, Adriano title: Deeper into Argumentative Bullshit date: 2022-06-10 words: 12809 flesch: 62 summary: Similarly, Gascón argues, the hallmark of argumentative bullshit should be viewed as a lack of concern for whether the reasons that are adduced for a claim genuinely support that claim. In particular, Gascón’s account fails to accommodate non-Frankfurtian forms of argumentative bullshit. keywords: argumentative; argumentative bullshit; bullshit; bullshitter; case; frankfurtian; gascón; logic; mannino; mukerji; nikil; truth cache: il-7005.pdf plain text: il-7005.txt item: #967 of 1009 id: il-7020 author: de Grefte, Job title: A Modal Criterion for Epistemic Argumentation date: 2022-06-10 words: 10609 flesch: 57 summary: Let us call argumentation aimed at knowledge epistemic argumentation. Keywords: epistemic argumentation, safety, persistent interlocutor 390 de Grefte © Job de Grefte. keywords: argumentation; belief; error; grefte; knowledge; logic; reasons; safety; vol cache: il-7020.pdf plain text: il-7020.txt item: #968 of 1009 id: il-7049 author: Informal Logic title: Notice of Books Received date: 2021-12-07 words: 3861 flesch: 51 summary: The book then explores reason, passion and violence in polemical discourse by means of cases involving confrontations between secular and ultra-orthodox circles, controversies about the 678 Books Received © Informal Logic, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2021), pp. © Informal Logic, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2021), pp. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-7049.pdf plain text: il-7049.txt item: #969 of 1009 id: il-7062 author: Jackson, Sally title: In Memoriam: Charles Arthur Willard 1945-2021 date: 2021-12-07 words: 995 flesch: 33 summary: He assumed that the main task for argumentation theory was not to provide universal standards for the evaluation of individual arguments but to understand how argument functions within its many varied communication contexts. Willard ranks as one of the foremost influences on the rise of contemporary argumentation theory, both intellectually and so- cially. keywords: argumentation; theory; willard cache: il-7062.pdf plain text: il-7062.txt item: #970 of 1009 id: il-7073 author: Oruç, Rahmi; Üzelgün, Mehmet Ali; Sadek, Karim title: Sequencing Critical Moves for Ethical Argumentation Practice: Munāẓara and the Interdependence of Procedure and Agent date: 2023-03-28 words: 9779 flesch: 52 summary: Sequencing Critical Moves for an Ethical Argumentation Practice 115 © Oruç et al. ‘Ādāb,’ ‘baḥth,’ and ‘munāẓara’ connote agent- based, product-based, and procedure-based norms respectively: ‘ādāb’ Sequencing Critical Moves for an Ethical Argumentation Practice 117 © Oruç et al. keywords: antagonist; argument; argumentation; moves; munāẓara; objection; oruç; protagonist; sequence; sequencing; values cache: il-7073.pdf plain text: il-7073.txt item: #971 of 1009 id: il-7076 author: Hoffmann, Michael; Catrambone, Richard title: Bad Arguments and Objectively Bad Arguments date: 2023-03-28 words: 23159 flesch: 60 summary: Keywords: argument appraisal, argument assessment, argument evaluation, argument mapping, argument quality, ARS criteria, bad arguments, critical thinking, good arguments, RSA criteria 24 Hoffmann and Catrambone Moreover, when we teach the basics of argument assessment, we should provide a clear set of quality criteria that are useful for learners. keywords: argument; argumentation; assessment; catrambone; conclusion; criteria; example; figure; hoffmann; logic; michael; michael hoffmann; premises; reason; relevance; richard; richard catrambone; vol cache: il-7076.pdf plain text: il-7076.txt item: #972 of 1009 id: il-7133 author: Yu, Shiyang; Zenker, Frank title: Identifying Linked and Convergent Argument Structures: A Problem Unsolved date: 2022-06-10 words: 8658 flesch: 58 summary: Though Walton (1996, p. 113), who characterizes T3 as ‘the Freeman test’, claims that this test uses only premise dependence based on strength variation (see our Sect. 4.1), Freeman here distinguishes linked from convergent argument structures by considering relevance besides dependence. 363–387. is at all valuable.2 Our goal is rather to demonstrate that state-of-the- art methods by which to draw this distinction are ineffective because the definition of argument structure and its types is defective. keywords: argument; argumentation; conclusion; convergent; premises; structure; support; test; zenker cache: il-7133.pdf plain text: il-7133.txt item: #973 of 1009 id: il-7143 author: Alhambra, José title: Argumentation by Analogy and Weighing of Reasons date: 2022-12-13 words: 13387 flesch: 56 summary: The standard practice is to take the classical trichotomy as a starting point and distin- guish three approaches: rhetoric, which conceives of argumenta- tive exchanges as communicative processes focused on the pur- poses of the arguer; dialectics, which studies argumentation as a procedure subject to a series of rules aimed at achieving the goal shared by the discussants; and logic or argument theory, which studies the products of argumentation—that is, arguments, and their relations (see Wenzel 2006). In this paper, I will adopt a fundamentally logical approach and study analogy from the per- spective of argument theory. keywords: alhambra; analogy; argument; argumentation; case; conclusion; josé; logic; reasons; relations; target; vol; weighing cache: il-7143.pdf plain text: il-7143.txt item: #974 of 1009 id: il-7165 author: Cohen, Daniel H. title: You Cannot Judge an Argument by its Closure date: 2022-12-13 words: 5599 flesch: 63 summary: The operative concept of argument has its roots in the distinction between arguments1 and argument2 from O’Keefe (1977) and arguments as product, process, or procedure from Wenzel (1980), as well as the emphasis on agents in, say, Aberdein (2014) but critiqued in Godden (2016). 5 Arguer satisfaction, with this liberal sense of who counts as an arguer, was proposed as a criterion for good arguments in Cohen (2008), but I now think the hypothesis is not quite right: it cannot work as a sufficient condition, and it can be a necessary condition only for a special class of “exemplary” arguments (Cohen 2022a). keywords: arguers; argument; argumentation; cohen; conclusion; daniel; logic; vol cache: il-7165.pdf plain text: il-7165.txt item: #975 of 1009 id: il-7171 author: Conces, Rory J.; Walters, Matthias J. title: Something Called the ‘False Dilemma Fallacy’ (FDF): A Return to Formalization Just This Time date: 2023-06-15 words: 3456 flesch: 63 summary: Others who have explored disjunctive fallacies in great detail have differentiated the FDF from other fallacies—such as the unsound disjunctive syllogism and the false dichotomy—and in the process created a typology of false dilemmas (Tomić 2013, 2021). Keywords: false dilemma fallacy, fallacies, disjunctive syllogism mailto:rconces@unomaha.edu mailto:matthiaswalters@unomaha.edu Something Called the ‘False Dilemma Fallacy’ (FDF) 281 © Rory J. Conces and Matthias Walters. keywords: f t; fallacies; fallacy; fdf; logic; t t cache: il-7171.pdf plain text: il-7171.txt item: #976 of 1009 id: il-7175 author: Andone, Corina title: On Numerical Arguments in Policymaking date: 2022-12-13 words: 7152 flesch: 50 summary: But numerical arguments and their quality and potential persua- sive role in the specific institutional context of policymaking have re- ceived little treatment within argu- mentation theory. This paper endeav- ours to explain the forms, functions, and quality of numerical arguments in policymaking. keywords: 2017; andone; arguments; corina; evidence; logic; numbers; policy; policymaking; vol cache: il-7175.pdf plain text: il-7175.txt item: #977 of 1009 id: il-7210 author: Macagno, Fabrizio; Toniolo, Alice title: Introduction to the Special Issue date: 2022-03-16 words: 7579 flesch: 54 summary: His pragmatic classification of dialogue elements such as argument schemes (Walton et al. 2008) and dialogue types (Walton and Krabbe 1995) makes it particularly suitable to formalization and automation. The fourth and fifth articles are devoted to the influence of Walton’s dialogue and argument theory in education. keywords: 1–23; alice; argumentation; arguments; dialogue; douglas; fabrizio; logic; macagno; schemes; theory; toniolo; vol; walton cache: il-7210.pdf plain text: il-7210.txt item: #978 of 1009 id: il-7211 author: Pruś, Jakub; Aberdein, Andrew title: Is Every Definition Persuasive? Douglas Walton on Persuasiveness of Definition date: 2022-03-16 words: 8182 flesch: 61 summary: We present this pragmatic account and provide rules for analysing and evaluating persuasive definition—a promising direction for further re- search. Keywords: definition, essentialism, persuasive definition, pragmatism, seman- tic arguments, Charles Stevenson, Douglas Walton 26 keywords: aberdein; andrew; definition; jakub; logic; meaning; pruś; term; walton cache: il-7211.pdf plain text: il-7211.txt item: #979 of 1009 id: il-7212 author: Koszowy, Marcin; Oswald, Steve; Budzynska, Katarzyna ; Konat, Barbara; Gygax, Pascal title: A Pragmatic Account of Rephrase in Argumentation: Linguistic and Cognitive Evidence date: 2022-03-16 words: 10973 flesch: 53 summary: For this purpose, we combine two interrelated methods of inquiry into the variety of uses of rephrase as a persuasive device: (i) the annotation of rephrase types to identify locutionary and illocutionary aspects of rephrase, (ii) the crowd–sourced examination of rephrase types to investigate their perlocutionary effects. Keywords: pragmatics of rephrase, rephrase types, linguistic evidence, corpus study, cognitive evidence, crowd–source experiments 50 Koszowy et al. keywords: argumentation; corpus; et al; koszowy; koszowy et; logic; man; marcin; rephrase; segment; straw; study; vol; walton cache: il-7212.pdf plain text: il-7212.txt item: #980 of 1009 id: il-7215 author: Macagno, Fabrizio title: Argumentation Profiles: A Tool for Analyzing Argumentative Strategies date: 2022-03-16 words: 17899 flesch: 55 summary: However, to capture these dimensions of the argumentation profile of a speaker, it is necessary to go beyond the analysis of argument types and paralogisms and consider three distinct dimen- sions: 1) the types of argument, 2) the use of evidence and the fallacies committed (revealing a manipulation of the common ground), 3) the emotive or evaluative language used, and their use to evoke emotions (pathos) or assessments of the speaker (ethos). The identification of argument types through argumentations schemes helps reconstruct the implicit premises defended in the text and bring to light different ways a viewpoint is argued for or against. keywords: 83–138; analysis; argument; argumentation; argumentation profiles; conclusion; dialogue; dimension; discourse; douglas; evidence; example; fabrizio; fabrizio macagno; fallacies; logic; macagno; media; press; profiles; salvini; schemes; speaker; types; university; use; vol; walton; word cache: il-7215.pdf plain text: il-7215.txt item: #981 of 1009 id: il-7222 author: Rapanta, Chrysi title: Douglas Walton’s Contributions in Education: A Synthesis of Theoretical and Empirical Research date: 2022-03-16 words: 10231 flesch: 54 summary: Douglas Walton’s theoretical contributions in the argumentation field, such as the argumentation schemes, the critical questions, and the types of argument dialogues, have been proven “handy” tools for educa- tional research to use, as the overview presented above showed. Two things are further worthy of our attention here: first, the expert uses undercutters corresponding to a variety of argument schemes, whereas the non-expert student does not (this is more visible from the whole excerpt found in Macagno et al. 2015, p. 532); second, the critical questions used as undercutters by the expert have a mod- elling effect on similar strategies gradually appropriated by the stu- dent. keywords: argumentation; arguments; chrysti; dialogue; douglas; education; evidence; logic; questions; rapanta; reasoning; research; schemes; science; students; vol; walton cache: il-7222.pdf plain text: il-7222.txt item: #982 of 1009 id: il-7223 author: Felton, Mark; Crowell, Amanda title: Argumentation as a Collaborative Enterprise: A Study of Dialogic Purpose and Dialectical Relevance in Novice and Experienced Arguers date: 2022-03-16 words: 8711 flesch: 48 summary: Deliberative dialogue and its potential for learning Educational research into one particular form of argumentation, deliberative dialogue, has linked this collaborative, consensus- based form of reasoning to greater learning outcomes when com- pared to persuasive dialogue (Asterhan and Schwarz 2016; Felton, Garcia-Mila and Gilabert 2009; Berland and Lee 2012; Nussbaum 2008). While argumentative dialogue can prompt students to collaboratively test the strength and coherence of their ideas, it can also have the opposite effect, triggering cognitive biases that increase their commitment to their prior knowledge in ways that undermine learning (Felton, Crowell and Liu 2015; Felton, Garcia-Mila, Villarroel and Gilabert 2015; Nussbaum and Edwards 2011). keywords: amanda; argumentative; arguments; crowell; dialogue; felton; learning; logic; mark; partner; relevance; vol cache: il-7223.pdf plain text: il-7223.txt item: #983 of 1009 id: il-7224 author: Lumer, Christoph title: An Epistemological Appraisal of Walton’s Argument Schemes date: 2022-03-16 words: 34203 flesch: 53 summary: Because of the wide margin offered by the definition of ‘argument scheme,’ namely that at least one substantive term and at least one unbound variable must appear in argument schemes, but the other contentual ele- ments can be conserved or be replaced by a variable, argument schemes can be very differently abstract in that very few or very many concepts have been replaced by variables. Four characteristics of Walton’s approach are presented: 1. Argument schemes provide normative requirements. keywords: addressee; approach; argument schemes; argumentation; argumentation schemes; arguments; christoph; christoph lumer; conclusion; conditions; dialogue; form; justification; logic; lumer; premises; questions; theory; thesis; truth; validity; vol; walton cache: il-7224.pdf plain text: il-7224.txt item: #984 of 1009 id: il-7225 author: Godden, David ; Wells, Simon title: Burdens of Proposing: On the Burden of Proof in Deliberation Dialogues date: 2022-03-16 words: 20150 flesch: 57 summary: p. 1) argue that “burden of proof [BoP] of the kind present in persuasion does not apply to deliberation,”2 and that “in contrast [to an inquiry, in which burden of proof, they claim, is characteristically set at a high standard], there is no burden of proof in deliberation dialogue, only a burden 1 And subsequently published as “Burdens of proof in deliberation dialogues” in Argumentation in multi-agent systems ed. Keywords: argumentation, burden of proof, deliberation, deliberation dialogue, persuasion dialogue, probative burdens 292 Godden & Wells keywords: burden; david; deliberation; dialogue; godden; logic; persuasion; proof; proposal; proposing; simon; vol; walton; wells cache: il-7225.pdf plain text: il-7225.txt item: #985 of 1009 id: il-7226 author: Informal Logic title: Notice of Books Received date: 2022-03-16 words: 4432 flesch: 50 summary: Because of this, the primary focus of the field has been on informal arguments rather than formal rea- soning. From the point of view of argumentation theory, the essays focus on concrete illus- trations and clarifications of the following concepts and principles: interpretation vs. evaluation, simple vs. complex structure, meta-ar- gumentation, fallacy, conductive argument, charity, open-minded- ness, fair-mindedness, and judiciousness. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; essays; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-7226.pdf plain text: il-7226.txt item: #986 of 1009 id: il-7227 author: Hample, Dale title: In Memoriam: Joseph W. Wenzel 1933-2021 date: 2022-03-16 words: 937 flesch: 46 summary: Microsoft Word - In Memoriam.docx In Memoriam Joseph W. Wenzel 1933-2021 On December 30, 2021, Joseph W. Wenzel passed away, in the company of his wife and two children. This tripled perspective grew from Wenzel’s classically-ori- ented education dealing with rhetoric, logic, and dialectic; his re- spect for Wayne Brockriede’s work; and his early interest in Haber- mas’ theories about rationality and communication. keywords: argumentation; u.s; wenzel cache: il-7227.pdf plain text: il-7227.txt item: #987 of 1009 id: il-7249 author: Baumtrog, Michael David title: The Basic Components of Agreement date: 2023-06-15 words: 8645 flesch: 60 summary: Agreement is disagreement’s closest and furthest concept because it seems to be the yin to the yang of disagreement, tucked in right beside it, in some ways its opposite but while also sharing symmetrical features.1 A secondary goal of this paper is thus also to comment on the nature of the relationship between agreement and disagreement including what if any space lays between. As he admits, however, he only offers one characterization of a sufficient condition for agreement, and more can and should be said. Aikin and Casey Most recently, Scott Aikin and John Casey have begun discussing what they see to be the “Problem of Agreement.” keywords: agreement; argumentation; baumtrog; disagreement; example; logic; michael; vol cache: il-7249.pdf plain text: il-7249.txt item: #988 of 1009 id: il-7304 author: Bowell, Tracy title: Whataboutisms: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly date: 2023-03-28 words: 8899 flesch: 55 summary: Some varieties of whataboutism Identifying whataboutist arguments as a form of tu quoque does not provide a full picture of the different guises under which they appear. For example, perhaps Rowan worked over a previous weekend and pulled out of a sports obligation to do so.2 While many whataboutist arguments are not strictly speaking instances of the tu quoque fallacy, drawing attention to alleged hypocrisy remains a principal motivation for whataboutism. keywords: 91–112; arguments; attention; bias; bowell; case; logic; pandemic; response; tracy; vol; whataboutist cache: il-7304.pdf plain text: il-7304.txt item: #989 of 1009 id: il-7384 author: Informal Logic title: Notice of Books Received date: 2022-06-10 words: 4058 flesch: 52 summary: This open access book addresses communicative aspects of the cur- rent COVID-19 pandemic as well as the epidemic of misinfor- mation from the perspective of argumentation theory. Ideas have been nuanced, developed, and revised, but still the outline of argumentation theory has been rec- ognizable for centuries, or so it has seemed to Western scholars. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; discourse; logic; springer; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-7384.pdf plain text: il-7384.txt item: #990 of 1009 id: il-7496 author: Informal Logic title: From the Editors date: 2022-09-07 words: 380 flesch: 49 summary: That thesis, put forward in “Multi-modal argumentation” (Gilbert 1994), and developed within the parameters of informal logic in Coalescent argumentation (Gil- bert 1997), announced the theory of multi-modal argumentation (with the hyphen). In this context, the Summer Institute held after the Ontario Soci- ety for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA) Conference in 2020 took multi-modal argumentation as its theme. keywords: argumentation cache: il-7496.pdf plain text: il-7496.txt item: #991 of 1009 id: il-7497 author: Gilbert, Michael A. title: Multi-Modal 2020: Multi-Modal Argumentation 30 Years Later date: 2022-09-07 words: 7863 flesch: 64 summary: Yet in many kisceral arguments this is not the case; in those cases, the experience of discovery is the same as the justification. The kisceral mode Recently I have been thinking about the role of kisceral arguments (Gilbert 2010). keywords: argument; argumentation; communication; context; gilbert; logic; michael; modal; mode; multi; theory; vol cache: il-7497.pdf plain text: il-7497.txt item: #992 of 1009 id: il-7498 author: Groarke, Leo title: Gilbert as Disrupter: Modes (of Many Sorts) in the Theory of Argument date: 2022-09-07 words: 5215 flesch: 58 summary: Sometimes commentators on emotional argument write as though the emotional mode is a material mode, suggesting that emotions are the material from which emotional arguments are constructed. In interpersonal arguing, the importance of non-verbal modes in emotional arguments is evident in visual and auditory cues which purposefully or instinctively convey or elicit emotions. keywords: arguing; argument; argumentation; gilbert; groarke; logic; modes; multimodal cache: il-7498.pdf plain text: il-7498.txt item: #993 of 1009 id: il-7499 author: Godden, David title: Logics for “Non-Logical” Argumentation: A “Neo-Logicist” Defense of the Primacy of the “Logical” Mode of Argument in Gilbert’s Multi-modal Theory of Argumentation date: 2022-09-07 words: 16087 flesch: 53 summary: … If the only response to non-logical argumentation, to argumentation as it occurs in the other modes, is that it is fallacious, or ought to be eliminated, or is really beside the point, then it will never be properly studied. Gilbert would have us specify the “rules for non-logical argumentation” so that we might have “procedures designed to foster good, constructive, coalescent argumentation,” in order that we might better “regulate” our argumentative undertakings in those modes. keywords: arguing; argumentation; david; gilbert; godden; logic; modal; mode; multi; non; reasons; view; vol cache: il-7499.pdf plain text: il-7499.txt item: #994 of 1009 id: il-7500 author: Carozza, Linda title: Amenable Argumentation Approach: Accommodating Emotional Arguments date: 2022-09-07 words: 6996 flesch: 46 summary: Emotional arguments and normativity When it comes to elaborating on emotional arguments, the multi- modal model of argumentation is essential for two main reasons. From there the author shifts from a descriptive account of emotional arguments to a discussion about a normative frame- work. keywords: approach; argument; argumentation; carozza; complainant; emotion; gilbert; logic; mode; respondent; vol cache: il-7500.pdf plain text: il-7500.txt item: #995 of 1009 id: il-7501 author: Tindale, Christopher title: On the Kisceral Mode of Argumentation date: 2022-09-07 words: 7051 flesch: 63 summary: Having provided an account of kisceral arguments and their operation, the discussion turns to the even more challenging issue of how such arguments should be evaluated. Keywords: informal logic, intuition, kisceral argument, multi-modal argumen- tation, mysticism “There are, indeed, things that cannot be put into words. keywords: argumentation; christopher; experience; gilbert; james; kisceral; logic; mode; socrates; tindale; vol cache: il-7501.pdf plain text: il-7501.txt item: #996 of 1009 id: il-7502 author: Duran, Claudio title: Reflections on the Physical or Visceral Mode of Argumentation in Michael Gilbert’s Theory of Multi-Modal Argumentation and its Relation to Gesture Studies and The Embodied Mind date: 2022-09-07 words: 7284 flesch: 62 summary: Physical arguments are those in which the main thrust of the arguments is constituted by physical expressions. If we relate this notion of physical arguments to the research on gesture and speech, especially as articulated in 600 Duran © Claudio Duran. keywords: argumentation; body; duran; gesture; gilbert; logic; mind; mode; physical cache: il-7502.pdf plain text: il-7502.txt item: #997 of 1009 id: il-7503 author: Novak, Marko title: Kisceral Argumentation in Law: Past and Present, Here and There date: 2022-09-07 words: 11540 flesch: 58 summary: 623–652. model is feasible enough to justify such legal cases, being the easiest ones in a legal system. Accordingly, in unclear legal cases, what is important are also judges’ inner (personal)6 values perceived to an important extent through their intuition. keywords: argumentation; arguments; cases; court; judges; kisceral; law; logic; marko; model; novak; premises; values; vol cache: il-7503.pdf plain text: il-7503.txt item: #998 of 1009 id: il-7504 author: Informal Logic title: Notice of Books Received date: 2022-09-07 words: 4453 flesch: 51 summary: Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are pre- 662 Books Received © Informal Logic, Vol. 42, No. 3 (2022), pp. This open access book addresses communicative aspects of the cur- rent COVID-19 pandemic as well as the epidemic of misinfor- mation from the perspective of argumentation theory. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; discourse; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-7504.pdf plain text: il-7504.txt item: #999 of 1009 id: il-7639 author: Kuhn, Deanna; Modrek, Anahid title: The Broad Reach of Multivariable Thinking date: 2023-03-28 words: 7231 flesch: 56 summary: With respect to causal explanations, most phenomena are in fact the outcome of multiple contributing causes. This is the question we explore here by comparing causal explanations to another noncausal kind of explanation we have here labeled as a justificatory explanation. keywords: anahid; causal; explanation; kuhn; logic; modrek; position; reasoning; task; thinking; vol cache: il-7639.pdf plain text: il-7639.txt item: #1000 of 1009 id: il-7686 author: Marraud, Hubert title: Group Identity in Public Deliberation date: 2023-06-15 words: 11403 flesch: 46 summary: Prototypical features of deliberative groups A condition of success for group deliberation is that the partici- pants recognize each other and act in the transaction as members of the same group. Luis Vega largely agrees with Kock regarding the distinctive features of public deliberation, even if he does not dismiss reaching consensus as the proper goal of this argumentative practice (Vega 2013, p. 122, 2018, p. 4). keywords: agency; argumentation; deliberation; dialogue; group; hubert; identity; logic; marraud; members; negotiation; participants; public; reasons; vol cache: il-7686.pdf plain text: il-7686.txt item: #1001 of 1009 id: il-7783 author: Informal Logic title: Books Received date: 2022-12-13 words: 4594 flesch: 51 summary: This open access book addresses communicative aspects of the cur- rent COVID-19 pandemic as well as the epidemic of misinfor- mation from the perspective of argumentation theory. Ideas have been nuanced, developed, and 838 Books Received © Informal Logic, Vol. 42, No. 4 (2022), pp. 835-850. revised, but still the outline of argumentation theory has been rec- ognizable for centuries, or so it has seemed to Western scholars. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; discourse; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-7783.pdf plain text: il-7783.txt item: #1002 of 1009 id: il-7835 author: Groarke, Leo A. title: Review of How Philosophers Argue: An Adversarial Collaboration on the Russell-Copleston Debate date: 2023-03-28 words: 3596 flesch: 50 summary: Within Marraud’s account of argument dialectics, an ‘argumenta- tive operation’ is “a process by which two or more arguments are inte- grated into a single, more complex argument” (p. 297). This book’s account of argument dialectics convincingly expands the scope of classical logic, broadening it to make room for a much richer collection of logical operators and operations. keywords: argumentation; arguments; debate; dialectics; logic cache: il-7835.pdf plain text: il-7835.txt item: #1003 of 1009 id: il-7926 author: Informal Logic title: Books Received date: 2023-03-28 words: 4752 flesch: 50 summary: This open access book addresses communicative aspects of the cur- rent COVID-19 pandemic as well as the epidemic of misinfor- mation from the perspective of argumentation theory. Ideas have been nuanced, developed, and re- vised, but still the outline of argumentation theory has been recog- nizable for centuries, or so it has seemed to Western scholars. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; discourse; essays; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-7926.pdf plain text: il-7926.txt item: #1004 of 1009 id: il-8007 author: Siegel, Harvey title: Rational Thinking and Intellectually Virtuous Thinking: Identical, Extensionally Equivalent, or Substantively Different? date: 2023-06-15 words: 7354 flesch: 55 summary: So understood, critical thinking is a sort of good thinking, so the notion of critical thinking is fundamentally a normative one. A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abili- ties. keywords: components; dispositions; ivs; siegel; thinking cache: il-8007.pdf plain text: il-8007.txt item: #1005 of 1009 id: il-8008 author: Baehr, Jason title: Educating for Good Thinking: Virtues, Skills, or Both? date: 2023-06-15 words: 11963 flesch: 56 summary: (3) The only way teachers can provide students with oppor- tunities to practice intellectual virtues is by modeling and exposing them to exemplars of intellectual virtue. I conclude that prem- ise (3), which again says that the only way teachers can provide students with opportunities to practice intellectual virtues is by modeling and exposing students to exemplars of intellectual virtue, is wide of the mark. keywords: approach; baehr; component; jason; logic; person; students; thinking; virtues; vol cache: il-8008.pdf plain text: il-8008.txt item: #1006 of 1009 id: il-8012 author: Ferkany, Matt; McKeon, Matt; Godden, David title: Intellectual Virtue in Critical Thinking and Its Instruction : Introduction to a Symposium date: 2023-06-15 words: 2104 flesch: 41 summary: Abstract: How is intellectual virtue related to critical thinking? How should our answers to these questions inform the instruction of critical thinking? keywords: matt; siegel; thinking; virtue cache: il-8012.pdf plain text: il-8012.txt item: #1007 of 1009 id: il-8057 author: Informal Logic title: In Memoriam: Derek Allen date: 2023-06-15 words: 181 flesch: 65 summary: He was a frequent contributor to Informal Logic, with papers distributed over more than three decades. In Memoriam Derek Allen 1947-2023 So often we hear the phrase “a gentleman and a scholar,” but so rarely do we know someone who truly deserves that title. keywords: derek cache: il-8057.pdf plain text: il-8057.txt item: #1008 of 1009 id: il-8058 author: Informal Logic title: From the Editors date: 2023-06-15 words: 35 flesch: 51 summary: From the Editors After founding this journal, with Ralph Johnson, and serving as its co-editor for 39 years, Tony Blair is stepping down. He continues to be an active participant-observer of argumentation scholarship. keywords: scholarship cache: il-8058.pdf plain text: il-8058.txt item: #1009 of 1009 id: il-8059 author: Informal Logic title: Notice of Books Received date: 2023-06-15 words: 4890 flesch: 50 summary: This open access book addresses communicative aspects of the cur- rent COVID-19 pandemic as well as the epidemic of misinfor- mation from the perspective of argumentation theory. Ideas have been nuanced, developed, and re- 294 Books Received © Informal Logic, Vol. 43, No. 2 (2023), pp. 290-306. vised, but still the outline of argumentation theory has been recog- nizable for centuries, or so it has seemed to Western scholars. keywords: argumentation; arguments; book; discourse; logic; springer; studies; theory; thinking; vol cache: il-8059.pdf plain text: il-8059.txt