INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA IIUM (INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA) ENGINEERING JOURNAL CHIEF EDITOR Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia. TECHNICAL EDITOR Md. Noor Bin Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia. EXECUTIVE EDITOR Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia. ASSOCIATE EDITOR Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia. LANGUAGE EDITOR Israd Hakim Jaafar, IIUM, Malaysia. COPY EDITOR Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS A.K.M Nurul Amin, IIUM, Malaysia Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Luis Le Moyne, University of Burgundy, France Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohammed Konneh, IIUM, Malaysia Mohammad S. Alam, University of South Alabama, United States Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nurul Fadzlin Hasbullah, IIUM, Malaysia Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (no page charge). Book reviews, reports of and/or call for papers of conferences, symposia and meetings, and advances in research equipment could also be published in IIUM Engineering Journal with minimum charges. REFEREES’ NETWORK All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments. SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website: www.eng.iium.edu.my/ejournal. Further correspondence on the status of the paper could be done through the journal website and the e-mail addresses of the Executive Editor: waqar@iium.edu.my Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), P.O. Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: (603) 6196 4482, Fax: (603) 6196 4853. http://www.eng.iium.edu.my/ejournal mailto:waqar@iium.edu.my IIUM (INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA) ENGINEERING JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Tibor Czigany Yiu- Wing Mai Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States A Anwar, United States Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hany Ammar, United States Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria K.B. Ramachandran, India Kunzu Abdella, Canada M Mujtaba, United Kingdom Mohamed AI-Rubei,, Ireland Mohamed B Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, University of South Alabama, United States M. Nazmul Karim, United States Syed Kamrul Islam, United States Published by: IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6196-5014, Fax: (+603) 6196-6298 Website: http://iiumpress.iium.edu.my/bookshop Printed by: Perniagaan Normahs No 3, 5 & 7, Jalan 12/10, Taman Koperasi Polis Fasa 1, 68100 Mukim Batu, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement.