CONTACT : MAHAMAD SAYAB MIYA sachintimilsina66@gmail.com 130 Abstract Indigenous communities and tribes of Nepal have been using medicinal plants for the treatment of several diseases or ailments since their origin. Various studies were conducted in the Terai region of Nepal regarding the pharmacological, ethnobotanical, and medicinal importance of plant species. This study aims to compile information on ethnomedicinal uses of plants by major ethnic groups in the Terai districts of Nepal. A total of 35 published documents based on ethnomedicinal uses of several medicinal plants in Terai of Nepal till 2020 A.D. were accessed for the study from online portals like Research Gate, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 300 plant species from 98 families were documented which are used for the treatment of 120 diseases or ailments by the 8 ethnic groups of 6 terai districts. Leaf of plants is found to be used for the treatment of maximum number of diseases (72). Plants from families like Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, etc. were used for the treatement of diseases like Diabetes, jaundice, syphilis, gastritis and other wounds, fractures along mental disorders. Indigenous knowledge and ethnomedicinal importance of different plant species must be explored, documented, and passed through different generations which could widen the scope of modern herbal medicine science. ISSN : 2580-2410 eISSN : 2580-2119 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plants by Major Ethnic Tribes in Terai Districts of Nepal Mahamad Sayab Miya, Sachin Timilsina 1*, Asmit Neupane 1 1 Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Pokhara, 33700, Nepal Introduction The Globally, the use of chemicals for the control of pests has continued to increase (Sharma et al., 2019; Al-Kawaz, 2019). These chemicals are also utilized in agriculture due to losses of around 30% initiated by insect attacks and other pest organisms (Das, 2013; Kumar et al., 2016). 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) is a commonly used organophosphate pesticide (OP) in controlling insect pests in residential and agricultural areas; however, its toxicity has gone beyond the target organism, and this chemical is frequently detected in water bodies (Ezike, 2017). The use of plants and their products as a major source of medicine started from the beginning of human civilization and is practicing in recent days too (Bhattarai et al., 2006; Ekor, 2014). Although plants are used as medicine from the beginning of human civilization, the earliest evidence is found in Sanskrit texts Viz. Rigveda was written between 4500 and 1600 BC (Adhikari et al., 2003). The term “ethnobotany” was first given by John Harshberger in 1896 which deals with the study of the relationship between indigenous society and their OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Applied Biology Keyword Diseases; Indigenous groups; Medicinal plants; Treatment Article History Received 05 October 2021 Accepted 30 December 2021 International Journal of Applied Biology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 131 plant environment (Schults, 1962). Ethno-medicine deals with the traditional medicine used by different aboriginal people living in a society (Quinlan, 2011). The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that about 25% of modern medicines are manufactured from traditionally used plant parts; and these plants lead to the discovery of 75% herbal drugs (Mian-Ying et al., 2002). Approximately over 21000 plant species are used for medicinal purposes throughout the world (WHO, 2002). More than 80% of people in developing countries cannot afford the basic medical facilities, drugs, vaccines, and even the richer population in both developed and developing countries depend upon complementary and alternatives medical treatment in the form of herbal medicine. So, its demand is rising day by day (Pandey et al., 2013). Medicinal plants are mostly used due to their fewer side effects, and better patient compliance (Brown et al., 2008). It is estimated that there is one physician for 30000 people but one healer for fewer than 100 people in Nepal (Gillam, 1989). There are 103 ethnic indigenous groups with more than 63 varieties of dialects in Nepal (CBS, 2003). There are about 8.4 million indigenous people of different groups with their own culture, religion, traditional medicine practices. Out of 6653 species of angiosperm plants, 1792 to 2331 were recorded as potential medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal (Rokaya et al., 2010). Out of 1950 species of medicinal plants (Ghimire, 2008), 143 species are categorized as commercial medicinal plants (Bhattarai & Ghimire, 2006) in Nepal. In Nepal, 679 species of medicinal plants are found in the lower sub-tropical region (1000-1500m) (Ghimire et al., 2006). Medicinal plants can be used for the treatment of several diseases (Cragg & Newman, 2003) as they are recognized as key sources of novel biomolecules (Heinrich et al., 1998). In Nepal, modern medicines are not available for a large population (Bhattarai et al., 2009) so, indigenous knowledge about the use of plants as medicine remains the foundation for primary health care in most of the rural areas. This leads to the strong respect of the local population in traditional medicines and traditional medicinal practitioners (Bhattarai et al., 2006). It is estimated that only 15-20% of Nepal’s population living in and around urban areas have access to modern healthcare facilities while the rest of them depends upon traditional medicines (Sharma et al., 2004). Ethnobotanical knowledge remains endemic to certain ethnic groups in Nepal due to the lack of interaction between the indigenous people and the scientific community (Bhattarai et al., 2009). The younger generation has less interest in ethnobotanical knowledge comparing to the old generation that leads to danger to the continued use of local medicinal plants (Kargioglu et al., 2008). Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the communication between indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) and their environment to foster medicinal knowledge for coming generations (Ambu et al., 2020). Miya et al. (2020) has reviewed Ethnomedicinal uses of Plants by Major Ethnic groups in the Hilly districts of Nepal. However, various studies have been performed regarding Ethnomedicinal importance of different plant species in Terai districts. As Terai districts are habitats for many indigenous ethnic groups. This study aims to compile information on Ethnomedicinal uses of plants by major ethnic groups in the Terai districts of Nepal. It aims to provide a list of plants that have ethnomedicinal value in the Terai districts of Nepal. Materials and Methods This paper is entirely based on a desk review of several published sources including research notes and reports, academic papers, journals, and thesis from 1962 to 2020 A.D. International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 132 For the present review, 35 articles (mostly published) based on ethnomedicinal uses of several medicinal plants in the terai of Nepal were reviewed by using online search engines like Google Scholar, Scopus, and Research Gate. We found several papers related to ethno- medicinal uses of plants in the Terai region, and ethnomedicinal importance regarding these plants were overview analytically for rational discussion, conclusion, and recommendation. Different scholarly works, papers, reports, and other pieces of literature were studied collected, analyzed, reviewed, and arranged logically for the preparation of this manuscript. The whole process is detailly explained in Figure 1 with the help of the PRISMA flowchart. Figure 1: PRISMA flowchart for the studies related to Ethnomedicinal uses of Plants by Major Ethnic Tribes in Terai districts of Nepal Results and Discussion Ethnomedicinal knowledge of eight ethnic groups of six Terai districts is described in this paper. The ethnic groups, their inhabited districts from where researches were carried out, numbers of plants used for the treatment of various diseases are listed in Table 1: Table 1. Number of plants to treat different diseases in various districts by different ethnic groups of Hilly region, Nepal S.N. Ethnic tribes Districts (studied) Symbols of districts (for later use) Numbers of plants used for medicinal purpose Number of diseases cured Sources 1. Bantar Morang M 83 58 (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 2. Chepang Chitwan C 124 50 (Rijal, 2011) Total papers downloaded N=273 Total papers included after being reviewed by all authors N=35 Papers excluded after reading the whole text N=29 Papers as per our objective N=64 Papers excluded after reading the title and abstract N= 123 International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 133 34 25 (Sharma et al., 2014) 3. Darai Chitwan C 68 41 (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 4. Kisan Jhapa Jh 37 33 (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 5. Magar Nawalparasi N 3 3 (Nemkul & Shrestha, 2018) 6. Meche Jhapa Jh 53 46 (Rai, 2004) 7. Munda Jhapa Jh 73 55 (Ghimire, 2016) 8. Tharu Parsa Pr 71 50 (Singh, 2020) 47 87 (Singh, 2017) Rupandehi R 26 43 (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) Chitwan C 53 38 (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 45 39 (Meuller- Boeker,1993) The plant species with their uses are listed in Table 2. Abbereviation used on table 2: P.U. = Parts Used, S= Stem, B= Bark, F= Fruit, L= Leaf, R= Root, Fl= Flower, T= Twig, Rh= Rhizome, Tu= Tuber, W= Whole plant, Bu= Bulb, Sd= Seed, Lt= Latex, Bd= Buds, Sp=Sap). Table 2. Plants with their uses S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 1. Abelmoschus moschatus Medik., Bankapas, Malvaceae R Cuts and wounds Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 2. Abrus precatorius L., Rati gedi, Fabaceae Sd Dog bite Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Female sterility Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Fever, stomach disease, eye disease, asthma, and uteral problem Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 3. Abutilon indicum (Link) Sweet, Baliyari, Malvaceae L & S Boils Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 4. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Khayar, Fabaceae B Fracture and Cough Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Night blindness Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 5. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Babul, Fabaceae B Diarrhea and dysentery Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) L Veneral diseases Bantar (Acharya & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 134 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Pokhrel, 2006) 6. Achyranthes aspera L., Datiwan, Amaranthaceae R Relief pain after child birth Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Stop bleeding, fever and headache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Pneumonia Meche (Rai, 2004) Fl Jaundice Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) S Toothache Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Cough Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 7. Acorus calamus L., Bojho, Acoraceae Rh Stomach problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cough Meche (Rai, 2004) Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Fever, tonsillitis and diarrhea Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Chronic cough and sore throat Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Cough, cold, and bronchial problem Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 8. Adhatoda vasica Nees, Asuro, Acanthaceae L Cough and skin problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cough, cold, fever and bronchitis Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) cough and catarrh Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Cough Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 135 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 9. Adiantum philippense L., Walking Maidenhair, Pteridaceae W Night fever Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 10. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Bel, Rutaceae F Dysentery, piles, acute and chronic diarrhea Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017; Singh, 2020) Heat sickness and abdominal disorders Tharu (C), (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Diabetes and constipation Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Diarrhoea and dysentery Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) L Diarrhea Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Diabetes Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) B Intermittent fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 11. Aeschynanthus parviflorus (D. Don) Spreng., Thirjo, Gesneriaceae W Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 12. Aeuria lanata Juss., Julaf, Amaranthaceae L Fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 13. Ageratum conyzoides L., Seto gandhe, Asteraceae L Cuts Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020), Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014). Skin diseases Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 14. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Kalo Siris, Sd Eyesight problem and baldness Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 136 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Fabaceae 15. Allium cepa L., Pyaj, Amaryllidaceae Bu Ear pain Munda (Ghimire, 2016) W Wasp bite Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 16. Allium sativum L., Lasun, Amaryllidaceae Bu Fever, cold, flu and nerve problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Antiseptic Meche (Rai, 2004) Gastritis Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Tonsillitis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 17. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F., Ghiu kumari, Liliaceae L Burns Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Meche (Rai, 2004) Catarrh and cough Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Syphyllis, diabetes, irregular menstruation and high blood pressure Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 18. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Chattiwan, Apocynaceae B Malaria fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Leanness in man Meche (Rai, 2004) Appetizer and increase lactation Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Lt Menopause Chepang (Rijal, 2011) High fever and backache Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Mumps Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 19. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex. DC, Bhiringi jhar, Amaranthaceae W Dysentery Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) L Increase lactation Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) R Stomachache Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 20. Amaranthus viridis L., Latte sag, Amaranthaceae L Eyesight problem and baldness Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) R Wound and Cold Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 21. Amaranthus R Abortion Bantar (Acharya & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 137 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources spinosus L., Kande lundo, Amaranthaceae Pokhrel, 2006) Sd Labour pain Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 22. Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume ex Decne, Kaan, Araceae Bu Piles Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 23. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Bhui Katahar, Bromieliaceae F & R Heat sickness Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 24. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, Kaalmegh, Acanthaceae L Snake bite and intestinal worm Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 25. Andropogon muricatus Retz., Khas, Graminiae R Stomach problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 26. Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Swop, Apiaceae Sd Lactation Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 27. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Rato Chaarpate, Lamiaceae L Stomachache Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 28. Annona squamosa L., Sitaphal, Annonaceae B Fever Meche (Rai, 2004) Headache and fever Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 29. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq., Kadam, Rubiaceae B Eye inflammation Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L Stomachache Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 30. Antidesma acidum Retz., Archal, Phyllanthaceae B Dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 31. Apium graveolens L., Juwano, Apiaceae Sd Fever Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Lactation enhancer and menstrual disorders Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 32. Areca catechu L., Supari, Arecaceae F Scars Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 33. Argemone Mexicana L., Thakal, F& Lt Conjunctivitis and scabies Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 138 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Papaveraceae 34. Arisaema consanguineum (L.) Schott, Kal, Araceae Tu Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 35. Aristolochia indica L., Isharmule, Aristolochiaceae L Scorpion bite Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 36. Artemisia indica Willd., Titepati, Asteraceae L Round worms Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Meche (Rai, 2004) Cuts and wounds Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) R Dysentery, wounds and abdominal pain Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Fl Appetizer, pregnancy disease and lactation Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 37. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Katahar, Moraceae Lt Mumps Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 38. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Badahar, Moraceae B Gastritis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 39. Asparagus racemosus Willd., Kurilo, Asparagaceae Tu Tonic Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Urinary problems, increase lactation and boost immunity Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 40. Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Neem, Meliaceae L Pox, measles and allergy Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Enzema, scabies and blood purifier Meche (Rai, 2004) Wounds Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Urinary tract problem, fever and skin problems Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Anemia, fever, scabies, diabetes, skin allergy and irritation Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Suger Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 139 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources B Antihelmintic and cough Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) Fl Scabies and intestinal worms Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 41. Basella alba L., Poi Saag, Basellaceae T Insomnia Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 42. Barleria cristata L., Bhedekuro, Acanthaceae R Anaemia Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 43. Bauhinia variegata (L.) Benth. Koiralo, Fabaceae B Dysentery Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 44. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., Kuvindo, Cucurbitaceae F Heat sickness Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 45. Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb., Pakhanbed, Saxifragaceae Rh Body pain, diarrhoea, sprain and abdominal spasm Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 46. Betula alnoides Buch-Ham. ex. D. Don, Saur, Betulaceae B Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 47. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) Dc., Lazaiya jhyang, Oxalidaceae W Fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 48. Bixa orellana F Fracture Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 49. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC., Kukure, Asteraceae R Cutaneous infection Meche (Rai, 2004) S Gastric and ulcer Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) L Cuts Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 50. Bombax ceiba L., Simal, Malvaceae B Diarrhea and dysentery Meche (Rai, 2004) Fracture and dysentery Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Urinary disorder, intestine bleeding, and excessive vaginal bleeding Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) B Measles Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 140 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Fl Boils Munda (Ghimire, 2016) R Dysentery and measles Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Urinary problems and menstrual disorders Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Lt Worms and bleeding Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 51. Bonnaya ciliata Link & Otto., Oonmudia, Linderniaceae W Cuts and wounds Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 52. Brassica campestris L., Tori, Brassicaceae Sd Indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 53. Breea arvenis (L.) Less, Gainda Kande, Asteraceae Fl &R Scabies Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 54. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss, Gayo, Phyllanthaceae B Fracture Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 55. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Ajambari, Crassulaceae L Gall bladder stone Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 56. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Kande Jhang, Fabaceae Sd Malaria fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Scalp Meche (Rai, 2004) L Fever and intestinal worms Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 57. Caesulia axillaris Roxb., Thuk Jhar, Asteraceae W Stop bleeding Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 58. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Gunelo, Lamiaceae L Indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Earache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) R Fever and gastric Chepang (Rijal, 2011; Sharma et al., 2014) Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Bronchitis Meche (Rai, 2004) 59. Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton, Lt Sprain, fever, rheumatism and joint pain (Rai, 2004) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 141 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Aank, Apocynaceae Malaria and asthma Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Wounds and fungal infections Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Sprain and fracture Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Rheumatism, joint pain and sprain Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L Earache Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 60. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Chiya, Theaceae Fl High blood pressure Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 61. Cannabis sativa L., Gaanja, Cannabaceae L Cold Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Indigestion Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Piles Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Sd Abdominal disorders Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 62. Capsicum annuum L., Dalle Khursani, Solanaceae Sd Fever and indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) R Typhoid Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 63. Carica papaya L., Mewa, Caricaceae Lt Ring worms Meche (Rai, 2004) Ringworms and scabies Munda (Ghimire, 2016) F Liver swelling Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 64. Caryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw), Balamohani, Lamiaceae L Cold Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Scabies and abdominal pain Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 65. Cassia fistula L., Raj brikshaya, Fabaceae F Diarrhea, vomiting, appetite and constipation Chepang (Rijal, 2011; Sharma et al., 2014) Whopping cough Meche (Rai, 2004) Headache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Sd Throat problems Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 66. Cassia occidentalis (L.) Link, Thulo Tapre, Fabaceae Sd & Fl Skin infections and inflammation Meche (Rai, 2004) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 142 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources R Ring worms Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) L Itch and ring worms Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 67. Cassia tora L., Sano Tapre, Fabaceae L& Sd Itch and ring worms Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 68. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Barhamase ful, Apocynaceae Fl Diabetes Meche (Rai, 2004) 69. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Ghodtapre, Apiaceae W Heat sickness Meche (Rai, 2004) Urine problems Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L Heat sickness and asthma Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Urinary problem and acidity Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Heartburn Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Diarrhea, tonic, headache and appetizer Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Jaundice Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Indigestion, cuts, wounds, skin allergy and irritation Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Tonic, enhance memory, nerve trouble, and skin disease Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) Fever Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 70. Cestrum diurnum L., Jasmine, Solanaceae L Weeping illness in child Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 71. Cheilanthes dalhousiae (Hook.), Ranisinka, Cheilanthoidae L Abdominal spasm and wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 72. Chenopodium album L., Bethe, Chenopodiaceae W Joint pains and stomach disorders Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Constipation, back and body pain Munda (Ghimire, 2016) T Constipation Bantar (Acharya & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 143 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Pokhrel, 2006) 73. Chenopodium murale L., Pahadia Bethe, Chenopodiaceae W Indigestion and gastritis Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 74. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker, Seto musli, Asparagaceae R Impotency Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 75. Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindl.) Baker, Danti Saag, Asparagaceae Tu Hydroccle Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 76. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch-Ham) T. Nees & Eberm., Dalchini, Lauraceae B Cough Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Indigestion and headache Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) L Throat allergy Meche (Rai, 2004) 77. Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq., Paireti, Meliaceae L Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 78. Cissus quadrangularis L., Had jor, Vitaceae S Fracture Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 79. Citrus limon (L.) Osbek, Kagati, Rutaceae F Cholera Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Acidity, vomiting and indigestion Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 80. Citrus medica L., Bimiro, Rutaceae R Dysentery Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Gastric Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 81. Cissampelos pareira L., Batul pate, Menispermaceae S Abdominal disorders Chepang (Rijal, 2011; Sharma et al., 2014) Worms and cuts Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) W Fever and induce abortion Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 82. Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. & L.M., Kyamuno, Myrtaceae L Psynocytis and dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 144 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 83. Cleome viscosa L., Ban Methi, Capparaceae W Cut and wounds Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 84. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Gaertn., Rudilo, Verbenaceae S Fever Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 85. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Bhat, Lamiaceae L High blood pressure and asthma Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Antidote of poison Meche (Rai, 2004) Fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) intestinal worms Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 86. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., kundaru, Cucurbitaceae L Jaundice Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 87. Cochlianthus gracilis Benth., Boksi kanda, Fabaceae B Boils and pimples Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 88. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm., Dhursuli, Lamiaceae L Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Wounds Meche (Rai, 2004) Earache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) R Typhoid, headache, pneumonia, psynocytis and indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 89. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Karkalo, Araceae Lt Cuts Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Tu Lactation Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 90. Combretum roxburghii Spreng., (Dars) Combretaceae B Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 91. Coriaria nepalensis Wall., Machhaino, Coriariaceae R Diarrhoea and dysentery Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 92. Costus speciosus Rh Fever Tharu (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 145 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources (Koeing) Sm., Betlauri, Costaceae (Pr) Burns Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Wounds Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Joint pain Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 93. Crateva unilocularis Buch. –Ham., Silpigaan, Capparaceae L Urinary infection Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) B Liver problem Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 94. Crinum amoenum Ker Gawl. ex Roxb., Himalayan Crinum Lily, Amaryllidaceae Bu Swollen testes Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 95. Crinum asiaticum L., Hade phool, Amaryllidaceae Fl Nasal bleeding and diabetes Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Bu Wounds and burns Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 96. Crotalaria albida Roth., Bhuling, Fabaceae S Indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 97. Crotalaria javanica Jungh., Runche, Fabaceae R Body swelling Meche (Rai, 2004) L Eczema Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 98. Croton bonplandianum Baill., Mirchaiya Jhar, Euphorbiaceae L &R Ulcer and cuts Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 99. Cucumis sativus L., Kankro, Cucurbitaceae Sd Indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Heartburn Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 100. Cucumis melo L. Kharbujo, Cucurbitaceae R Dysentery Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 101. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Pharsi, Cucurbitaceae) Sd Indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) F Jaundice Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 102. Curcuma longa L. Besar, Zingiberaceae Rh Allergy and bone fracture Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 103. Curcuma Rh Cough Tharu (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 146 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources angustifolia Roxb., Kalo haledo, Zingiberaceae (Pr) Cuts and wounds Meche (Rai, 2004) 104. Curcuma caesia Roxb., Haledo, Zingiberaceae Rh Appetizer Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 105. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Aakash beli, Convolvulaceae W Jaundice Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Tharu(C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Meche (Rai, 2004) Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Tonsillitis and swelling Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 106. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Dubo, Poaceae W Indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Pneumonia and fever Munda (Ghimire, 2016) R Burns, cuts and wounds Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Kidney problems Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) L Hair struck on neck Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Cuts, wounds, scabies, and haematuria Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 107. Cyperus compressus L., Mothe, Cyperaceae W Cuts and scabies Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 108. Cyperus rotundus L., Mothe, Cyperaceae R Stomachache Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Intestinal worms Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Obesity and rheumatism Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 109. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Sissoo, Fabaceae L &B Scabies and diarrhea Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) L Anemia and gonorrhea Munda (Ghimire, International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 147 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 2016) 110. Datura stramonium L., Dhaturo, Solanaceae Sd Scabies Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Meche (Rai, 2004) Bronchitis Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Burns Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 111. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Gambie, Choya Bans, Poeceae Bd Purgative Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 112. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Kaban Bans, Poaceae Sp Enuresis Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 113. Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.) H. Ohashi, Sandan, Fabaceae S Cuts and wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 114. Desmotrichum plicatile Lindl., Jiwanti, Orchidaceae Bu Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 115. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb., Tantari, Dilleniaceae B Diarrhea and to relief pain after child birth Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Tick bite Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 116. Dioscorea alata L., Pangnang, Dioscoreaceae Tu Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 117. Dioscorea bulbifera L., Githa, Dioscoreaceae Tu Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Appetizer and high blood pressure Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 118. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb., Bhyakur, Dioscoreaceae Tu Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) F Stomach pain Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 119. Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill, Jyar, Dioscoreaceae Tu Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 120. Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. F Tonic Chepang (Rijal, 2011) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 148 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Jefferey, Saawaa, Cucurbitaceae 121. Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam, Chiuri, Sapotaceae Sd Herpes zoster Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 122. Dolichos lablab (L.) Sweet, Simi, Fabaceae L Dandruff Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 123. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult., Abhijalo, Caryophyllaceae L Cutaneous infections Meche (Rai, 2004) 124. Drymeria cordta subsp. Diandra (Sw.) J.A. Duke., Abhijalo, Caryophyllaceae L Wormicide and psynocytis Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Headache and sinusitis Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Sinusitis, cuts and wounds Munda (Ghimire, 2016) W Gastritis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 125. Dryoathyrium boryanum (Willd.) Ching, Kali neuro, Pteridaceae Rh Abdominal spasm Chepang (Rijal, 2011) R Diarrhoea and dysentery Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 126. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem., Vui kafal, Rosaceae L Heat sickness, marasmus, kwashiorkor and fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) W Urinary disorders and fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 127. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Jire jhaar, Asteraceae L Fever and indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Scabies and cuts Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Cuts and wounds Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) W Eye problem and chapped skin between toe Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 128. Elephantopus scaber L., Sahasrabuti, Asteraceae L Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) muscular pain Meche (Rai, 2004) 129. Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman, Ban kera, Musaceae Tu Heat sickness and urine infections Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 130. Entada F Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 149 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources phaseoloides (L.) Merr., Pangra, Fabaceae W Poison and worms Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 131. Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher, Sime Jhar, Equisetaceae W Fracture Meche (Rai, 2004) B Gastric, cuts and wounds Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 132. Erythrina stricta Roxb., Phaledo, Fabaceae B Typhoid, heat sickness, abdominal disorder, pneumonia and fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 133. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng., Banmara, Asteraceae L Antiseptic, cut and wound Meche (Rai, 2004) R Cuts and wounds Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 134. Euphorbia hirta L., Dudhe jhaar, Euphorbiaceae Lt Wound, Cold and Cough Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Pimples and wounds Meche (Rai, 2004) W Piles Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Rheumatism Munda (Ghimire, 2016) R Lactation Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 135. Euphorbia royleana Boiss., Siudi, Euphorbiaceae Lt Swelling Meche (Rai, 2004) Leprosy, whooping cough, irritation and skin allergy Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L Dysentery Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 136. Ficus benghalensis L. Bar, Moraceae L Dysentery and skin problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Gastritis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) R Female sterility Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Diarrhoea Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Lt Heel crack, cataract and veneral diseases Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Rheumatism and carbuncles Munda (Ghimire, 2016) B Diarrhoea, dysentery, and diabetes Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 137. Ficus hispida L., L Ear ache and hearing weakness Tharu (C) (Dangol & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 150 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Thotne, Moraceae Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 138. Ficus religiosa L., Pipal, Moraceae B Irregular menstuaration and ear ache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) L Ear ache Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Jaundice Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) F Constipation Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 139. Ficus semicordata Buch-Ham. ex Sm. Khanyu, Moraceae Sp Heat sickness Chepang (Rijal, 2011) L Earache Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) R Headache and fever Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) S Fever and fracture Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 140. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl, Summer fimbry, Cyperaceae Tu Appetizer Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 141. Fogopyrum esculentum Moench, Phapar, Polygonaceae Sd Typhoid Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 142. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst., Jali Chyau, Fomitopsidaceae W Snake bite Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 143. Gardenia Jasminoides J. Ellis, Indrakamal, Rubiaceae F Blood purifier Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Sd Rheumatoid arthritis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 144. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall., Dhasingre, Ericaceae L Massage to get relief from par of head, hands and legs Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 145. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis, Chalne sisno, Urticaceae R Snake bite and tonic Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Pain Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 146. Grewia pumile Ham. W Dysentery Tharu (C) (Dangol & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 151 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources -Ham ex D. Don, Phusre, Tiliaceae Gurung, 1991) 147. Hedyotis corymbosa L., Piringo Jhar, Rubiaceae W Acidity Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 148. Helicteres isora L., Kapaase, Malvaceae R Worm infection Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 149. Heliotropium indicum L., Hattisude, Boraginaceae L Cuts and tongue infections Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 150. Hibiscus rosa- sinensis L., Ghanti phool, Malvaceae Fl High blood pressure Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Liver disorders and high blood pressure Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) B Abortion Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L& Fl Headache Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 151. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Belchandan, Malvaceae L Foot wounds caused by muddy water during rainy season Meche (Rai, 2004) 152. Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don, Khirro, Apocynaceae L Dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Stomachache and rheumatism Tharu(C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Heat sicknesss Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Dysentery, febrifuge, diarrhoea, worms, and seed-astringent Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) Amobic dysentery, piles, chest infections, and toothache Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 153. Hydrangea anomala D. Don, Bahuni kath, Hydrangeaceae W Kidney stone Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) R Malaria, kidney and bladder stone Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) B Wounds or burns Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 154. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Tarpurin, Araliaceae W Urinary disorders and fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) L Asthma Meche (Rai, 2004) 155. Hygrophila auriculata R Eczema Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 152 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Schumach., Tal Makhan, Acanthaceae 156. Hypericum cordifolium Choisy, Areli, Hypericaceae B Rheumatism Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 157. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv., Siru, Poaceae R Cholera Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Wounds Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Skin softener Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 158. Inula cappa (Buch- Ham. ex D. Don) DC, Gaitihare, Asteraceae R Headache, fever, disorder arise due to meat Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 159. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Karmi Sag, Convolvulaceae S Lactation Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 160. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Sakharkhand, Convolvulaceae T Lactation Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 161. Jatropha curcas L., Sajjiwan), Euphorbiaceae Sp Burn Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Teeth infections Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Teeth infections Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Constipation Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Bleeding gums, gingivitis and bad breath Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Lt Toothache and swelling testes Meche (Rai, 2004) Burns, gum infections, chapped skin and wounds Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Sd Burn injury and wounds Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 162. Juglans regia L., Okhar, Juglandaceae F Typhoid Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 163. Lagerstroemia parviflora L., Bot L Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) L Pneumonia and typhoid Magar (Nemkul & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 153 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Dhaiyaro, Lythraceae &B Shrestha, 2018) 164. Lantana camara L., Banmara, Verbenaceae W Tetanus Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L Fever Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 165. Lawsonia inermis L., Mehandi, Lythraceae L Fungal infection Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Mud infection and heel cracks Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Wounds Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Mouth ulcer Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 166. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Gummaa, Lamiaceae L &R Ringworms Tharu (c) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 167. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng., Dronpuspi, Lamiaceae Fl Sinusitis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Sinusitis Meche (Rai, 2004) Ringworms Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Cough and cold Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) T Malarial fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 168. Leucas indica (L.) Vatke, Dulphe Jhar, Lamiaceae T Body pain Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 169. Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz, Siltimur, Lauraceae F Cholera, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 170. Luffa cylindrica M. Roem., Gheraula, Cucurbitaceae Sd Chicken pox Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 171. Luffa echinata Roxb., Jungali Gheraula, Cucurbitaceae Sd Malaria, headache and sinusitis Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 172. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) L Ringworms Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 154 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Sw., Janai Lahara, Lygodiaceae Eczema, ringworm and wounds Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) Sd Kidney and urinary problems Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) T Diuretic Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 173. Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel., Mahuwa, Sapotaceae Fl Increase milk in lactating mothers Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) Sd Diabetes, skin disease, rheumatism, headache, arthritis, insulin production and control blood glucose level Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) B Bleeding and spongy gum, pharyngitis, and chronic tonsillitis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 174. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg., Sindhure, Euphorbiaceae S Anti-helminthic Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Diarrhea and dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Gastritis Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) L Dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) F Abdominal spasm Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Diarrhoea, dysentery, and bronchitis Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) R &F Flatulence, cough, ulcers, wounds, and constipation (Singh, 2017). Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 175. Mangifera indica L., Aanp, Anacardiaceae L Burns Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Diabetes Munda (Ghimire, 2016) B Diarrhea Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Dysentery Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Dysentery and diarrhea Munda (Ghimire, 2016) F Stomachache Meche (Rai, 2004) Typhoid Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) Sd Hairfall Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 176. Matricaria chamomilla L., Fl Stomach problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 155 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Daminiful, Asteraceae Sore stomach, laxative, and irritable bowel syndrome Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 177. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod., Neuro, Onocleaceae L Blood in stool and diarrhoea Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 178. Melia azedarach L., Bakaino, Meliaceae F Anthelmintic, vomiting, urinary discharge, and blood impurities Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) L Pyrexia, piles, gonorrhea, and gingivitis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 179. Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn., Ban Kakro, Cucurbitaceae F Hydrocele Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 180. Mentha spicata L., Pudina, Lamiaceae L Vomiting Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cough Meche (Rai, 2004) Stomachace and gastritis Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 181. Michelia champaca L., Champ, Magnoliaceae Fl Eye problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Fever, nausea, and dyspepsia Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) B Fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 182. Mikania micarantha Kunth, Lahare Banmara, Asteraceae L Cuts and wounds Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 183. Mimosa pudica L., Lajjawati, Fabaceae L Hairfall and dandruff Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Gland tumor, sinus disorderneurological problems, diarrhoea, and dysentery Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) indigestion and piles Munda (Ghimire, 2016) R Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Scabies Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Boils and diarrhea Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Gastritis Darai (Poudel & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 156 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Singh, 2016) Diabetes and diarrhea Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Cold, cough, and remove stone from different parts of body Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 184. Mimosa rubicaulis Lam., Bokshi Ghas, Fabaceae R Abdominal spasm, sprain and wound Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 185. Mirabilis jalapa L., Malatiphool, Nyctaginaceae Fl Nose bleeding Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 186. Momordica charantia L., Tite karela, Cucurbitaceae F Diabetes Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Piles Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) High blood pressure Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 187. Moringa oleifera Lam., Shitalchini, Moringaceae W Dental care Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) B Leprosy Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Rheumatism Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Fl High blood pressure Meche (Rai, 2004) Tonic Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 188. Mucuna monosperma Wall., Baldhangro, Fabaceae F Tonic Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 189. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., Mitho Neem, Rutaceae L Diabetes Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Hairfall and dandruff Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Dysentery and diarrhoea Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) Snake bite, liver, and dysentery Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) R Stomach problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 190. Musa balbisiana Colla, Athiya kera, R &F Cholera Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 157 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Musaceae 191. Musa paradisiaca L., kera, Musaceae Fl Chest pain Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 192. Mussaenda macrophylla Wall., Dhobini, Rubiaceae L Indigestion, cold and fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) R Typhoid and fever Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 193. Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham. ex D. Don, Kafal, Myricaceae B Malnourishment Chepang (Rijal, 2011) F Abdominal pain Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 194. Nephrolepsis cordifolia (L.) K. Presl, Pani amala, Nephrolepidaceae Tu Heat sickness Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Stomach ulcer, cough, and intestinal disorders Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) L Bleeding Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 195. Nicotiana tobacum L., Tambakhu, Solanaceae L Toothache Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Wormicide Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Remove lice Meche (Rai, 2004) Ear problem Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 196. Nyctanthes arbor- tristis L. Parijat, Oleaceae L Heat sickness Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Digestive, laxative, tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, antidote to reptile venoms Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) R Spleen enlargement Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) S &B Expectorant, malaria, and rheumatic joint pain Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 197. Ocimum basilicum L., Babari, Lamiaceae L Fever Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Irritation and skin allergy Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 198. Ocimum gratissimum L., Bantulsi, Lamiaceae L Chest pain and respiratory problem Meche (Rai, 2004) 199. Ocimum sanctum L., Tulasi, Lamiaceae L Cough, ring worm infection, bronchial asthma and headache Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cough and cold Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Skin allergy and irritation Meche (Rai, 2004) Cough and catarrh Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 158 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Fever, cough and tonsilitis Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Tonsillitis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Cough, cold, dermatitis and sore throat Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Itching, snake bite, rashes in skin, reduce acne, pimples and scars, stress reduce Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) R& Fl Sexual disorders Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Sd Premature ejaculation, increase semen quantity, reduce blood sugar and blood cholesterol Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) Fl Cough and colds Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 200. Odina wodier Roxb., Hallunde, Anacardiaceae B Nose bleeding Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 201. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw., Paate Siudi, Cactaceae W Burns Munda (Ghimire, 2016) R Obesity and diabetes Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 202. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Tatelo, Bignoniaceae Sd Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Pneumonia Meche (Rai, 2004) Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Typhoid Magar (Nemkul & Shrestha, 2018) B Wounds Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Jaundice and chronic wounds Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Infective wounds Magar (Nemkul & Shrestha, 2018) Tumors, cut injury, and wounds Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) L Joint pain Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 159 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources R & B Mouth ulcer, appetite, intestinal problems, wounds and tonic Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 203. Osbeckia stellata Buch-Ham. ex K. Gawle, Angeri, Melastomataceae R Abdominal disorders Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 204. Oxalis corniculata L., Chariamilo, Oxalidaceae L Stomachace Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Earache Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Acidity Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Fever, influenza, diarrhoea, snake bite, hook worms, anthelmintic, and urinary tract infection Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) W Fever, brushes and nose bleeding Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991; Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Fever, dysentery, and diarrhoea Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 205. Paederia foetida L., Bire Lahara, Rubiaceae S Teeth infection Chepang (Rijal, 2011) R Snake bite Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 206. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult., Mission Grass, Poaceae R Abdominal pain Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 207. Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara, Bish, Polygonaceae L Ring worms Meche (Rai, 2004) W Swollen body Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 208. Phoenix humilis Royle. ex Becc., Thakal, Arecaceae Sd Itch Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Sp Stomachache and diarrhoea Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 209. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Jal pippali, Verbenaceae W Ulcers and stomachache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 210. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., L Diabetes Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) R Menorrhagia Tharu (Singh, 2017) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 160 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Bhuinamala, Phyllanthaceae (Pr) W Wounds, ulcers, and intermittent fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 211. Phyllanthus emblica L., Amla, Phyllanthaceae F Anemia Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cold Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Scalp, dysentery and diarrhea Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Sore throat inflammation Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) Fl Mental disorders and blood purifier Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) L Burns Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Scalp Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) F& Sd Gastritis, diuretic, cooling, and laxative source of vitamin C Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 212. Physalis minima L., Isamgoli, Solanaceae L Menstruation disorders and eye infection Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 213. Physalis peruviana L., Rasbhari, Solanaceae R Jaundice Meche (Rai, 2004) Piles Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 214. Pilea symmeria Wedd., Aailanata, Urticaceae B Diarrhea Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Fl Wounds Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014)) 215. Piper longum L., Pipala, Piperaceae L Dry cough Meche (Rai, 2004) Mouth refreshment, indigestion, easing urination, cough, and cold Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) F Asthma, cough and chest pain Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Tuberculosis Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Cough and digestion Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) Indigestion Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) R Pneumonia Meche (Rai, 2004) 216. Piper nigrum L., Marich, Piperaceae Sd Cough Munda (Ghimire, 2016) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 161 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 217. Pistia stratios L., Kumbhika, Araceae W Swelling Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 218. Plumeria alba L., Galaichi, Apocynaceae Fl Fever Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 219. Plumbago zeylanica L., Chitu, Plumbaginaceae B Baldness Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Baldness Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) R Digestion, appetite, ulcer, scabie, and several skin diseases Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) 220. Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntz, Rudilo, Lamiaceae L Cold, indgestion, cough, kwashiorkor and marasmus Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Sinusitis and typhoid Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) L & R Headache and typhoid Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) W Fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 221. Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn., Ban Paate, Urticaceae W Ring worms and wounds of fingers and toes Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 222. Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer, Gineri, Lamiaceae L Urine infection and heat sickness Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 223. Primula umbellate (Lour.) Merr., Umbelled Rock Jasmine, Primulaceae L & Fl Insomnia and diarrhea Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 224. Psidium guajava L., Amba, Myrtaceae L Dysentery and diarrhea Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Dysentery and diarrhea Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Urinary problems and mental disorders Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Fever Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Diarrhoea Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Sd Cough Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Diarrhoea and dysentery Chepang (Sharma et al., International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 162 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 2014) Diarrhea Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Diarrhea Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Fl Headache Munda (Ghimire, 2016) F Diarrhea and dysentery Meche (Rai, 2004) 225. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., Birali Lahara, Fabaceae Sp Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 226. Punica granatum L., Anar, Punicaceae F Eye problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Sd & Fl Piles and tonic Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 227. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Sarpagandha, Apocynaceae R High blood pressure Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Malaria Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Fever and snake bite Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Stomach problem and fever Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, uterine contraction during childbirth, snake bite, and malarial fever Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2017) L Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Pneumonia Meche (Rai, 2004) Mental disorders Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Snake bite Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) F Reduce blood pressure, dysentery, and hypotonic Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 228. Rhododendron arboreum Sm., Laligurans, Ericaceae Fl Dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Bone prick Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 229. Ricinus communis L Mumps and increase lactation Tharu (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 163 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources L., Arandi, Euphorbiaceae (Pr) Sd Cracking heels Meche (Rai, 2004) Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 230. Rorippa benghalensis (DC.) H. Hara, Tori Ghas, Brassicaceae L Malaria and headache Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 231. Rotala rotundifolia (Buch-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne, Sim Jhar, Lythraceae L Hemicranias Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 232. Rubus ellipticus Sm., Ainselu, Rosaceae R Dysentery Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 233. Rungia parviflora (Retz) Nees, Runchejhar, Acanthaceae W Cuts and wounds Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 234. Saccharum officinarum L., Ukhu, Poaceae S Jaundice Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 235. Saccharum spontaneoum L., Kans, Poaceae Fl Cuts Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 236. Sansevieria frifasciata Prain, Snake plant Asparagaceae L Ulcers Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 237. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Ritha, Sapindaceae Sd Tonsillitis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 238. Saraca indica L., Ashoka, Fabaceae B Irregular menstruation Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 239. Saussurea graminifolia Wall. ex DC., Saw-wort, Asteraceae L Cough Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 240. Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Hams, Kursiulo, Araliaceae L Irregular menstruation and fever Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 164 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources 241. Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth., Chilaune, Theaceae B Burn, abdominal pain, taenia pedis, snake bite, wormicide and malnourishment Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 242. Scindapsus officinalis Schott, Kanchiro, Araceae R Abortion and fracture Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Bodyache and backache Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 243. Scoparia dulcis L., Mitha jhar, Scrophulariaceae L Cough Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Fever Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Veneral diseases and stomachache Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 244. Semecarpus anacardium L. f., Bhalayo, Anacardiaceae F Headache Meche (Rai, 2004) Acute rheumatism, asthma, and dysentery Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 245. Sesamum orientale L., Til, Pedaliaceae Sd Sunburn and ringworms Meche (Rai, 2004) 246. Shorea robusta Roth, Sal, Dipterocarpaceae Lt & B Diarrhea and dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Diarrhea and dysentery Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) F Diarrhea and dysentery Munda (Ghimire, 2016) Wounds Munda (Ghimire, 2016) T Gingivitis Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Fracture Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Appetizer Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 247. Sida cordifolia L., balu, Malvaceae L Boils Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 248. Sida rhombifolia L., Sano Chilya, Malvaceae L Wounds Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Wounds Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 249. Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq., Kantakari, Solanceae F Fever and toothache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Sd Teeth germs Meche (Rai, 2004) R Scabies Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 250. Solanum anguivi R Scabies Bantar (Acharya & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 165 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Lam., Bihi, Solanaceae Pokhrel, 2006) 251. Solanum indicum L., Kande bihi, Solanaceae F Blood purifier and pneumonia Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 252. Solanum melongena L., Bhanta, Solanaceae R Placenta retention Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 253. Solanum nigrum L. Jungali bihi, Solanaceae R Intermittent fever and easy child delivery Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 254. Solanum tuberosum L., Aalu, Solanaceae Tu Burns Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 255. Sonchus arvensis L., Dudhi, Asteraceae R Typhoid Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 256. Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze, Sal Lahara, Fabaceae B Diarrhea Chepang (Rijal, 2011) R Menstrual disorders Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 257. Sphaeranthus indicus L., Gorakhmundi, Asteraceae R Stomachache and fever Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 258. Spilanthes calva DC., Morathi, Asteraceae L Cuts and mun infections Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 259. Spondias pinnata L. f. Kurz, Amaro, Anacardiaceae L Dysentery, pox and measles Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) B rheumatic arthritis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 260. Stephania elegans Hook. f. & Thomson, Taro Lahara, Menispermaceae L Blood dysentery and boils Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 261. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, Badalpaate, Menispermaceae R Scorpion bite and abdominal spasm Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Gastric and indigestion Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 262. Stereospermum cheloniodes Dc., Patala, Bignoniaceae B Leprosy Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) Sd Migraine headache Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 263. Streblus asper Lour., L Toothache Tharu (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 166 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Bedulla, Moraceae (Pr) 264. Swertia angustifolia Buch-Ham. ex D. Don, Goru tite, Gentianaceae S Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Vomiting and stomachache Munda (Ghimire, 2016) R Fever Munda (Ghimire, 2016) W Anthelmintic, diarrhoea, fever, headache and stomach ache Newar (Balami, 2004) 265. Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst, Chiraito, Gentianaceae L& S Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 266. Syzygium aromaticum L., Lwang, Myrtaceae F Tonsillitis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Sd & Bu Toothache Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 267. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Jamun, Myrtaceae B Diabetes Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Dysentery Meche (Rai, 2004) Dysentery and diarrhea Munda (Ghimire, 2016) F Diarrhea Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Diarrhea Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Indigestion Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Constipation and diabetes Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 268. Tagetes erecta L., Sayapatri, Asteraceae L Cut injury Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cut injury Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Pneumonia and chest pain Meche (Rai, 2004) Fever, cuts, and wounds Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 269. Tamarindus indica L., Imali, Fabaceae F High blood pressure Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Sd Stomachache Meche (Rai, 2004) Fl Piles Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 270. Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb., F Bronchial asthma Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 167 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Barro, Combretaceae Chest pain and cough Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Constipation Meche (Rai, 2004) Gastritis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Cough and eye disease Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 271. Terminalia catappa L., Kathe badam, Combretaceae Sd Anemia Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 272. Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz., Harro, Combretaceae B Tonsilities Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) F Chest pain and cough Chepang (C) (Rijal, 2011) Gastric Meche (Rai, 2004) Chest pain and bronchitis Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Gastritis Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Gastritis Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) 273. Terminalia elliptica Willd., Asna, Combretaceae B Dysentery Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Abdominal pain, fracture, diarrhea, cuts and dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Wounds and inflammation Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 274. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell & A. Gibson, Ban kapas, Malvaceae R Fever, indigestion, typhoid, dysentery and hangover of alcohol Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Sd Constipation Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 275. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum., Kaner, Apocynaceae F Ear infection Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) L Wounds Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 276. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze, Amriso, Poaceae R Fever and indigestion Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Antihelmintic Newar (Balami, 2004) Tharu (R) (Acharya & Acharya, 2009) L Typhoid Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 277. Tinospora cordifolia S Diabetes, stomach problem Tharu (Singh, 2020) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 168 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources (Thunb.) Miers, Gurjo, Menispermaceae (Pr) Heat sickness Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Veneral diseases Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) Earache Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 278. Trachyspermum copticum Link, Jwano, Apiaceae W Cold, pimples, rashes, sore throat, wounds and pneumonia Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Sd Gastritis Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 279. Trewia nudiflora L., Bhelar, Euphorbiaceae F Ringworm Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) 280. Tribulus terrestris L., Gokhur, Zygophyllaceae R Miscarriage and body pain Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Abdominal spasm Chepang (Rijal, 2011) 281. Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br., Kanike Kuro, Boraginaceae W Headache Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 282. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb., Parbal, Cucurbitaceae F Heat sickness Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 283. Tridax procumbens L., Kurkure, Asteraceae L Cuts and wounds Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 284. Trigonella foenum- graceum L., Methi, Fabaceae Sd Cold and running nose Kisan (Rajbanshi & Thapa, 2019) Cough Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 285. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq, Ballu Kuro, Malvaceae L Boils Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 286. Urena lobata L., Dalle Kuro, Malvaceae L Eczema and skin infections Meche (Rai, 2004) Boils Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 287. Urtica dioica L., Sisnoo, Urticaceae R Snake and scorpion bite Chepang (Rijal, 2011) S Fever Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Blood pressure Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 288. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., Sd Mental disorders Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 169 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources Aankura, Fabaceae 289. Viscum album L., Hadchur, Santalaceae B Sprain and fracture Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Cut injury and wounds Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) W Fracture Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) Fracture Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 290. Vitex negundo L., Simali, Verbenaceae L Stomach problem Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Constipation Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) R Rheumatic arthritis Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) 291. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Aswogandha, Solanaceae L Abdominal disorders Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) 293. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurtz, Dhiero, Lythraceae Fl Diarrhoea and dysentery Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B &R Diarrhoea Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 294. Xanthium strumarium L., Bhende Kuro, Asteraceae L Eczema Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 295. Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay, Main kanda, Rubiaceae F Sbdominal spasm Chepang (Rijal, 2011) B Leprosy Tharu (C) (Dangol & Gurung, 1991) 296. Xeromphis uliginosa (Retz.) Maheshw, Pidar, Rubiaceae F Diarrhea Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) 297. Youngia japonica (L.) DC., Dulla jhar, Asteraceae W Appetizer, blood purifier, constipation and boils Bantar (Acharya & Pokhrel, 2006) 298. Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Timur, Rutaceae F Oedema, abdominal spasm, teeth infection and cholera Chepang (Rijal, 2011) Sd Indigestion Chepang (Sharma et al., 2014) 299. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Aduwa, Zingiberaceae Rh Cough Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Cold Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Cough, cold, hair fall and Kisan (Rajbanshi & International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 170 S.N. Scientific names, Vernacular names and Family Names P. U. Diseases treated Ethnic groups Sources sinusitis Thapa, 2019) Vomiting and cough Munda (Ghimire, 2016) 300. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bayer, Rhamnaceae B Dysentery and diarrhea Tharu (Pr) (Singh, 2020) Sd Chicken pox Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) Abdominal pain Munda (Ghimire, 2016) L Heart burn Tharu (C) (Mueller- Boeker, 1993) F Cough Darai (Poudel & Singh, 2016) The figure 2 shows the number of diseases treated by ethnic tribeal groups of Terai region using different parts of plant body or whole plant body where it is clear that maximum number of diseases are treated using leaf (72) of plants then, by the use of bark (55) followed by root (48). Buds of plant (1) is least used for the treatment of diseases by ethnic tribal people of Terai. Figure 2. Bar graph showing number of diseases treated by using different parts of plant body or whole plant body. 27 55 38 72 48 25 9 12 14 12 29 25 1 5 41 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 N u m b e r o f D is e a se s T re a te d Parts of Plant used International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(2), 2021 171 Conclusions and Recommendation This study provides ethnomedicinal information about the plant species used by major ethnic tribes of the Terai region of Nepal. A total of 300 plant species from 98 families are documented in this study. The maximum number of plants used by the tribal group of Terai is from Fabaceae (26.53%) family followed by Asteraceae (19.38%), and then Lamiaceae (14.29%). These plant species are used in the treatement of 120 types of diseases and ailments by 8 ethnic groups residing in six Terai districts, namely Chitwan, Parsa, Nawalparasi, Rupandhehi, Jhapa, and Morang. Many parts of a plant or whole plant body are found to be used by the tribal people among which leaf is used for the treatment of a maximun number of diseases (72) and bud is the least used body part (1). Many ethnic and indigenous knowledge about plant species, their identification, collection process, and treatment of diseases must be documented and passed on from generation to generation. This continuity of ethnic tribal knowledge on medicinal plants and their pharmacological values could widen the scope and importance of herbal medicine science. Moreover, ethnomedicinal knowledge ensures the cure of the diseases and ailments locally which ultimately saves time, money and prevents extreme situations. Researches and explorations should be carried out about the phytochemical as well as pharmacological values of medicinal plants and the knowledge must be utilized for future medical endeavors. Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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