CONTACT :   MUHAMAD AZMI DWI SUSANTO             muhammadazmidwi@gmail.com 
 

43 

Abstract 
            The Sumur Bumi Punden is a location used for spiritual tourism. The Punde n 
Sumur Bumi area has a stagnant aquatic ecosystem type and a low level of 

disturbance and pollution. Therefore, the Punden Sumur Bumi area has the 
potential to be a natural habitat for dragonflies. This study aims to determine the 
diversity and composition of the dragonfly community in Sumur Bumi Punden.  
This study uses the visual day-flying observation technique modified by the 
transect method. The Punden Sumur Bumi area has a moderate diversity index  
value, with a value of H' = 2.57. In the Sumur Bumi Punden area, 17 species were 
found with a total of 124 individuals, including the species with the highest relative 
abundance, namely Brachythemis contaminata. Meanwhile, the species with the 
lowest relative abundance was Diplacodes trivialis. The composition of dragonflie s 
showed that the swamp location had the highest species richness and abundance  
values, namely 16 species and a total of 79 individuals. Meanwhile, the grassland 

location has the lowest species richness, namely only 5 species.  

ISSN : 2580-2410 
eISSN : 2580-2119 

 
 

Diversity and Composition of Dragonfly (Odonata) at The 

Punden Sumur Bumi Area, Surabaya, East Java 
  
Muhamad Azmi Dwi Susanto1* 
 

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, 
Malang, Indonesia  
   
 

 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  

 
 

Introduction 

Dragonflies are flying insects that in their adult phase live terrestrially (Choong et al., 
2020), while dragonfly eggs and nymphs live aquatically (Kietzka et al., 2021). Before 
becoming terrestrial adults, dragonfly nymphs live aquatically for months to three years 
(Akhtar et al., 2021). Therefore, dragonflies are highly dependent on freshwater ecosystems 
(Akhtar et al., 2021; Thongprem et al., 2021). Dragonflies can be found in various freshwater 
ecosystems such as rivers, ponds, lakes, and swamps (Choong et al., 2020). 

Dragonflies are predatory insects in all phases of their life cycle (nymphs and adults) 
(Thongprem et al., 2021). Dragonflies play an important role in maintaining the food chain in 
ecosystems, namely by controlling small insects, such as Orthoptera (Tephritidae, Acrididae, 
and Gryllidae) and Diptera (Culicidae, Muscidae, Chironomidae, and Tetrigidae) (Dalia & 
Leksono, 2014). Dragonflies also play a role as predators of disease-vectoring insects, such as 
mosquitoes (Samanmali et al., 2018). In addition, the diversity of species and composition of 

dragonflies can also be used as an indicator of the quality of an ecosystem's condition (Aziz & 
Mohamed, 2018). Several dragonfly species are sensitive to changes in environmental quality 

        OPEN ACCESS             International Journal of Applied Biology 

Keyword 
freshwater; 
composition; 
insect; 
Odonata 

Article History 
Received February 24, 2022 
Accepted December 14, 2022 

I nternational Journal of A pplied Biology is lic ensed under a 

C reative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which 
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any 

medium, provided the original work is properly c ited.  

 



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 44 

(Buczyński et al., 2020). Dragonfly diversity can decrease due to anthropogenic impacts such 
as habitat destruction, agriculture, and urbanization (Perez & Bautista, 2020). 

The Punden Sumur Bumi is an area where there are wells or springs used for spiritual 
tourism activities. The Punden Sumur Bumi area is located near the industrial area and quite 
far from residential areas. This location is admini stratively located in Karangpilang District, 
Surabaya City. At the location of the Punden Sumur Bumi area, there are stagnant aquatic 
ecosystems, namely swamps and ponds, which can become dragonflies natural habitat. 
Besides that, there are also meadows, s o the presence of grassy vegetation can provide a 
variety of small insects as dragonfly food. Therefore, the Sumur Bumi Punden area has great 
potential to become a natural dragonfly habitat. But in the Sumur Bumi Punden area, there 
is no research data on dragonflies. so that this research can become a source of new literature 

on the diversity and composition of dragonflies in the Sumur Bumi Punden area.  

Materials and Methods 
Time and Location Study 

The research was conducted in October and November 2021, with two repetitions  

each month. This research was conducted at 8:00–11:00 a.m., which is the active time of 
dragonflies. The research was conducted in the Punden Sumur Bumi area, Warugunung  
Village, Karangpilang District, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The research location was 

divided into three locations; each location has different habitat characteristics. The three 
locations are swamp, pond, and grassland. 

 
Figure 1. The research location, (A) Swamp, (B) Pond, (C) Grassland  

 

A B 

C 



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 45 

Data Collection 

Data collection was carried out using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method. Data 

collection was carried out by recording the diversity of dragonfly species and the number of 
individuals at each predetermined location. The determination of the research path was carried 
out using the transect and belt transect methods. The transect method is an observation method 

by following a straight line (used at grassland location), and the belt transect method is an 
observation method by following a circular line (used at swamp and pond research locations). 

Data collection was carried out by capturing dragonflies using sweeping nets, and then each 
part of the body was documented in detail using a camera. Each individual that has been 
collected is then identified down to the species level. Identification of dragonfly species was 

based on morphological keys, including body color, wing pattern, abdominal color pattern, and 
tuft shape. The identification activity was carried out using a guidebook (Pamungkas, 2016; 

Setiyono et al., 2017). Data collection in this study also took into account abiotic factors 
consisting of air temperature, humidity, and light intensity. The temperature and humid it y 
factors were measured using a thermohygrometer, and the light intensity factor was measured 

using a light meter. 

Data Analysis 

Dragonflies encountered during the study were analyzed using the relative 
abundance, diversity Index, dominance index, and evenness index. The following is a formula 

according to (Magurran, 1988): 

Relative Abundance (RA) 
 

𝑅𝐴 =
𝑛𝑖

𝑁
 x 100% 

 
Information: 
RA  = Relative Abundance 
ni  = Total individuals belonging to the i spesies  
N   = Total individuals of population  

Diversity Index (H’) 
 

H′ = ∑( 𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑛 𝑝𝑖) 
 

Information:  
H’ = Diversity index of Shannon-Wiener  
pi = ni/N 
ni  = Total individuals belonging to the i spesies  
N   = Total individuals of population 
  
 
 
 
 
 

 



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 46 

Dominance Index (D) 
 

D = Σ (pi)2  

 
Information: 
D = Dominance index 
pi = Proportion of each species  
ni  = Total individuals belonging to the i spesies  
N   = Total individuals of population  
 
Evenness Index (E) 

E = H’/ ln S 

 
Information: 

E  = Evennes index 
H’ = Diversity index 

S  = Number of spesies  

The study also used multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the 
relationship between the study location, the biotic index, and abiotic factors. Next is to 

analyze the content of dragonfly compounds between research locations using the UPGMA 
cluster analysis method using the Bray-Curtis index. PCA and UPGMA analyses were 
performed using PAST 4.11 software. 

Results and Discussion  
Based on observations made in the Punden Sumur Bumi area, it was found that the 

diversity of dragonflies amounted to 17 species with a total of 124 individuals from 3 families, 

namely Gomphidae, Libellulidae, and Coenagrionidae (Table 1). Based on the results of 
relative abundance, it appears that the species with the highest value is Brachythemis 
contaminata (Figure 2A), with a value of 25.00% (Table 1). Meanwhi le, the species with the 
lowest relative abundance value was Diplacodes trivialis (Figure 2B), with a value of 0.81% 
(Table 1). 

Based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the 
conservation status of species found in the Punden Sumur Bumi area are 15 species with low 
risk or Learn Concern (LC) status and 2 species with a data deficient conservation status (DD) 
(Table 1). Species that have DD conservation status are Neurothemis feralis and Pseudagrion 
nigrofasciatum. 

The conservation status of least concern (LC) is a low-risk status, namely the status for 

species that are not endangered (Pradana et al., 2019). Least Concern (LC) conservation status 
is the status of an organism when it has been evaluated based on the Red List criteria and 

does not meet the requirements for Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable 
(VU), or Near Threatened (NT) (IUCN, 2021).  Meanwhile, the conservation status of DD is the 

status of lack of data, namely the conservation status of species that do not have sufficient 
information to make an assessment of their extinction risk based on their distribution and 

population status. Species that fall into the DD category need to be studied further to obtain 
precise data on their abundance and distribution (IUCN, 2021). 



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 47 

Table 1. List of dragonfly species and conservation status 

Family Species RA (%) Swamp Pond Grassland Status 

Anisoptera       

Gomphidae Ictinogomphus decoratus 2.42 + - - LC 

Libellulidae Acisoma panorpoides 8.06 + + - LC 

 Brachythemis contaminata 25.00 + + - LC 

 Brachydiplax chalybea 5.65 + + - LC 

 Crocothemis servilia 4.84 + + + LC 

 Diplacodes trivialis 0.81 + - - LC 

 Neurothemis feralis 4.03 - + - DD 
 Orthetrum Sabina 11.29 + + + LC 

 Pantala flavescens 4.03 + - + LC 

 Potamarcha congener 4.03 + + - LC 

 Rhyothemis phyllis 2.42 + + - LC 

 Rhodothemis rufa 5.65 + + - LC 

Zygoptera       

Coenagrionidae Agriocnemis femina 7.26 + - + LC 

 Agriocnemis pygmaea 1.61 + - - LC 

 Ischnura senegalensis 8.87 + + + LC 

 Pseudagrion nigrofasciatum 2.42 + + - DD 

 Pseudagrion rubriceps 1.61 + - - LC 
Informati on: RA = Rel ati ve abundance, (+) pres ent, (-) abs ent. Cons ervati on Status : DD (Data Defi ci ent) & LC 
(Leas t Concern) (IUCN, 2022). 

 

  
Figure 2. Species of Brachythemis contaminata (A) and Diplacodes trivialis (B)  

The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index in the Punden Sumur Bumi area has a value of H' 
= 2.57 (Table 3). These results indicate that the diversity of dragonflies at the location of the 
Punden Sumur Bumi area is classified as medium diversity, so in this study,  it still has a fairly 
good environment and is in accordance with the natural habitat of various types of 
dragonflies. According to (Purnama et al., 2011), the higher the value of diversity in a location, 
the higher the complexity of the community, this is because in a community there will be 
more species interactions. 



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 48 

The evenness index in the Punden Sumur Bumi area shows a value of E = 0.77; this 
result shows that the evenness of dragonflies in the Punden Sumur Bumi area is quite high. 
This is in accordance with (Kelsubun & Warmetan, 2019), which state that if the value of the 
evenness index is greater than 0.6, the evenness is high. The evenness index is an index used 
to measure the balance of the individual components of each community and is used to 
describe the level of variation in the number of species  (Nurafni et al., 2020). The evenness 
index value at a location will be higher if all species found have an even number of individuals  
(Setiadi, 2005). The Dominance Index in the Punden Sumur Bumi area shows a value of D = 
0.10. This result indicates that the dominance of dragonflies in the Punden Sumur Bumi area 
is relatively low. A low dominance index value at a location indicates that the location has a 
fairly high species richness with an even distribution (Purnama et al., 2011). 

The Punden Sumur Bumi area is a suitable location for the natural habitat of various 
types of dragonflies. This is due to the existence of stagnant aquatic ecosystems (swamp and 
pond) where various types of dragonflies are used to continue their life cycle , namely by 
laying eggs and becoming larvae in the waters. This is in accordance with (Laily et al., 2018), 

who reported that the egg and nymph phases of dragonflies live in water. As a result, adult 
dragonflies are rarely far from the water (Paulson, 2009; Pumungkas & Ridwan, 2015; 

Samways, 2008). Most of the life stages of dragonflies are in the water, so most types of 
dragonflies have their main habitat type in the aquatic ecosystem. 

The diversity and abundance of dragonflies found in the swamp at Punden Sumur 
Bumi are mostly species that are commonly found in various types of habitats and have a 
fairly high tolerance for changes in environmental quality. This is because the location of the 
Sumur Bumi Punden Swamp is in an urban area, so the environmental quality is not very good 
but still allows it to be a natural habitat for various species of dragonflies. Therefore, the 
diversity of dragonflies found at the observation site is a type of dragonfly that has adapted 
to the urban environment and has a fairly low sensitivity to changes in environmental quality 

and disturbances from human activities. 

 
Figure 3. Abundance percentage at three research stations 

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Swamp Pond Grassland

A
b

u
n

d
a

n
c

e

Brachythemis contaminata Aciso ma pano rpoides Agriocnemis femina
Brachydiplax chalybea Rhodothemis rufa Ictinogomphus decoratus
Orthetrum sabina Potamarcha congener Ischnura senegalensis
Cro cothemis servilia Rhyothemis phyllis Agriocnemis pygmaea
Pseudagrion rub riceps Diplacod es trivialis Pan tala  flavescen s



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 49 

 
Figure 4. Result of diversity index, evennes index, dominance index, species richness, and 

abundance 

 

 
Figure 5. The results of measurements of light intensity, temperature, and humidity  

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00
D

iv
e

rs
it

y
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Swamp Pond Grassland

0,00

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0,10

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1,00

1,20

Swamp Pond Gra ssland

D
o

m
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a
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c
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 i
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d
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E
v

e
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s
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Evenness Dominance

0

10

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90

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18

Swamp Pond Grassland
A

b
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ss

Species richness Abundance

0

5000

10000

15000

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25000

30000

35000

L
ig

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in
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 (

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)

Swamp Pond Gra ssland

0

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Swamp Pond Grassland

H
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it
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 (
%

)

T
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m
p

e
ra

tu
re

 (
o
C

)

Temperature Humidity



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 50 

 

Figure 6. PCA ordinations of three locations 

The results of PCA analysis regarding the relationship of abiotic and biotic factors to 

the community structure of dragonflies showed that the two main component axes 
contributed a total of 100% (Figure 9). The light intensity and temperature variables (abiotic 

factors) have a negative correlation with the species richness and diversity index variables 
(Figure 9). This indicates that the intensity of sunlight is too high at the study site, causing the 

value of species richness and the diversity index to be low. This can be because, generally, 
dragonflies will choose not to do activities such as sunbathing, flying, a nd looking for food if 

the intensity of sunlight is too high, but there are also certain species that can still carry out 
their activities. 

 

Figure 7. Level of similarity based on the composition of dragonflies 



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 51 

  

Figure 8. Differences in family composition 

Based on the level of similarity of dragonfly composition, pond and swamp locations 
have the same composition (Figure 7). This could be because the two locations have similar 

ecosystem types, namely stagnant waters, so the composition of the dragonflies found also 
has similarities. There are 10 species that can be found in swamp and pond locations, which 
are Acisoma panorpoides, Brachythemis contaminata, Brachydiplax chalybea, Crocothemis 
servilia, Orthetrum Sabina, Potamarcha congener, Rhyothem is phyllis, Rhodothemis rufa, 
Ischnura senegalensis, and Pseudagrion nigrofasciatum. 

The composition of the family at each study site was dominated by the Libellulidae 
family (Figure 8). The Libellulidae family is a very common dragonfly. This is because t he 
Libellulidae family has a high flying ability and is strong in flight (Helmiyetti et al., 2019). The 

species Brachythemis contaminata was the most common species found at the study site. 
Brachythemis contaminata species are found in aquatic plant vegetation. This is in accordance 
with (Helmiyetti et al., 2019), who reported that Brachythemis contaminata species prefer 

waters with lots of vegetation around them. In addition, Brachythemis contaminata species 
can also be found in savannas and rice fields (Setiawan et al., 2019). Brachythemis 

contaminata Species is often found in locations with open canopy types (Susanto et al., 2022), 
and is often found perched on dry tree trunks (Wijayanto et al., 2016), aquatic plants (Susanto 

et al., 2022), ponds and streams in clean to polluted water conditions, so it can be said as a 
dragonfly that is tolerant of all water conditions (Kulkarni & Subramanian, 2013). 

The location of the pond and grassland is a location that only consists of 2 families, 
namely the Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae families. The Swamp location is the research 

location with the most complete family composition compared to the other two research 
sites, which consist of the Libellulidae, Coenagrionidae, and Gomphidae families. There is only 
one species of the Gomphidae family found in the swamp, namely Ictinogomphus decoratus. 
The Ictinogomphus decoratus species at the study site was found in tree vegetation. This is in 
accordance with the study of (Susanto et al., 2022), who reported that the species 
Ictinogomphus decoratus was found on wooden branches near the edge of the canopied 
pond. In addition, Ictinogomphus decoratus species can also be found in rice fields, such as in 
bushes and grass (Ansari et al., 2016). The Ictinogomphus decoratus species is often found in 
locations with clean-flowing waters (Nisita et al., 2020) and is dominated by vegetation.  

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Swamp

Pond

Grassland

Gomphidae Libellulidae Coenagrionidae



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 52 

 

Conclusions 
 The Punden Sumur Bumi area has a moderate diversity index value with a value of H' 
= 2.57. In the Sumur Bumi Punden area, 17 species were found with a total of 124 individuals, 
including the species with the highest relative abundance, namely Brachythemis 
contaminata. Meanwhile, the species with the lowest relative abundance was Diplacodes 
trivialis. The composition of dragonflies showed that the swamp location had the highest 
species richness and abundance values, namely 16 species and a total of 79 individuals. The 
swamp and pond locations have a similar composition of dragonflies, this is because the two 
locations have a similar type of ecosystem, namely stagnant waters, and there are 10 species 
of dragonflies that can be found in both locations. The grassland location has the lowest 
species richness, namely only 5 species, this is because the grassland loc ation has no water, 
and the grassland location has the highest temperature and sunlight intensity.   



International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(2), 2022 

 53 

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