1(1)14-21 CONTACT&:&Magdalena&Litaay&&&&&&&mlitaay@fmipa.unhas.ac.id1 ©1International1Journal1of1Applied1Biology1 1 141 Abstract& Research1 on1 the1 diversity1 of1 invertebrate1 epifaunas1 associating1 with1 mangroves1 in1 the1 Balangdatu1 village1 of1 Tanakeke1 regency,1 Takalar1 district,1 South1 Sulawesi,1 has1 been1 conducted1 from1 September1 to1 December12016.1The1objective1of1this1research1was1to1know1the1diversity1 of1 invertebrate1 epifaunas1 associating1 with1 mangrove1 in1 Balangdatu1 Village1 of1 Tanakeke1 Islands.1 Sample1 collection1 was1 done1 by1 using1 explorative1 quantitatively1 plot1 methods1 with1 size1 21 x1 21 m,1 applied1 at1 three1different1stations.1Data1analysis1includes1calculation1of1Absolute1 density,1 Uniformity1 Index1 (ShannonOwiener),1 Dominance1 Index,1 and1 Distribution1Index.1The1results1showed1that1there1were1131species1of1epi1 fauna1of191tribes,1namely1Littoraria1sp11,1Cerithidea-cingulata,1Littoraria1 sp12,1Littoraria-pallescens,1Episesarma-sp,1Saccostrea-cucullata,1Pagurus1 sp,1 Terebralia- sulcata,1 Cerithidea- sp,1 Nerita- planospira,1 Nisto- histrio,1 Littoraria-scabra,1and1Cassidula-vespertilionis.1The1highest1density1was1 found1in1Littoraria-scabra1with1a1density1of10.721ind/m 2 .1Diversity1indices1 are1low1which1indicate1depressed1environmental1conditions.1Distribution1 Index1values1across1stations1<11indicating1that1the1pattern1of1individual1 dispersion1tends1to1be1uniform.1 & ISSN1:12580O24101 eISSN1:12580O21191 1 1 1 Diversity&of&Invertebrate&Epifaunas&Associating&with&Mangrove&In& Balangdatu&Village&Tanakeke&Islands&of&South&Sulawesi& 1 Crisnawati,&Magdalena&Litaay,&Dody&Prisambodo,&and&Slamet&Santoso& 1 Department1of1Biology,1Faculty1of1Mathematics1and1Natural1Sciences,1Hasanuddin1 University,1Makassar,1Indonesia1 1 1 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Introduction& Mangrove1ecosystem1is1an1ecosystem1that1is1strongly1influenced1by1water1conditions1 that1 change1 at1 any1 time.1 It1 has1 an1 effect1 on1 the1 living1 water1 biota1 associated1 with1 the1 mangrove1 ecosystem.1 Yuniarti1 (2007)1 stated1 that1 coastal1 areas1 are1 productive1 maritime1 environment1 that1 can1 be1 used1 directly1 or1 indirectly.1 Potential1 mangroves1 as1 a1 source1 of1 nutrients1for1biota1living1is1as1a1residence,1feeding1ground,1nursery1ground1and1spawning1 ground.1Adamy1(2009),1states1that1many1benthic1faunas1are1associated1in1mangrove1forests,1 of1which1has1important1economic1value.1 Mangrove1ecosystems1provide1a1good1habitat1for1the1colonization1of1various1fauna1 such1 as1 shade,1 moist1 basic1 substrate,1 tree1 as1 a1 sticking1 point1 and1 most1 importantly1 the1 &&&&&&&&OPEN&ACCESS& & & &&&&&&&&&&International&Journal&of&Applied&Biology& Keyword1 Diversity,1Marine1 Invertebrates,1 Mangrove,11 Balangdatu,11 Tanakeke.1 Article&History1 Received151May120171 Accepted1151July1201711 1 International Journal of Applied Biology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 International Journal of Applied Biology, p-ISSN : 2580-2410 e-ISSN : 2580-2119. Journal homepage : http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/ijoab International-Journal-of-Applied-Biology,-1(1),-2017- 1 151 abundance1of1organic1detritus1as1food1source1(Rangan,12010).1Thus,1the1mangrove1ecosystem1 has1very1big1influence1for1the1survival1of1every1mangrove1fauna.1 Many1living1fauna1attach1themselves1to1mangrove1plants,1but1the1attachment1can1 cause1serious1problems1because1it1can1inhibit1the1survival1of1mangroves.1The1invertebrate1 epifaunas1are1barnacles,1oysters,1crabs1and1other1invertebrate1groups.1Barnacle1can1be1a1big1 problem1for1mangroves1because1barnacles1release1the1sticking1liquid1that1can1be1bad1for1 mangrove.1 Barnacle1 can1 create1 stress1 of1 mangrove1 plants1 that1 hamper1 the1 process1 of1 photosynthesis1which1should1be1a1source1of1food1for1all1living1creatures1(Tapilatu1and1Pelasula,1 2012).11 Information1on1the1ecology1of1invertebrate1epifaunas1in1mangrove1forests,1especially1 Tanakeke1 Island1 is1 indispensable1 in1 efforts1 to1 manage1 mangrove1 biological1 resources.1 However,1the1availability1of1this1information1is1still1very1limited.1Therefore,1a1research1is1done1 entitled1the1diversity1of1invertebrate1epifaunas1that1is1associated1with1mangrove1in1the1coastal1 area1of1Balangdatu1village1of1Tanakeke1Islands,1Takalar1Regency,1South1Sulawesi.1 & Materials&and&Methods& Tools&and&Materials& The1tools1used1in1this1research1are1nylon1rope,1chisel,1scissors,1plastic1sample,1roller1 meter,1 stationery,1 digital1 camera,1 underwater1 camera,1 plot1 size1 21 x1 21 m,1 thermometer,1 bootish,1 permanent1 marker,1 loop1 (magnifying1 glass),1 Box,1 identification1 book,1 Global1 Positioning1System1(GPS),1hand1refractometer,1DOOMeter,1pHOMeter.1Materials1used1in1this1 study1including170%1alcohol1substrate,1label1paper1and1sample1of1invertebrate1epifaunas.1 1 Research&Methods& The1research1method1used1is1the1transect1method1combination1plot.1Data1collection1 was1done1by1purposive1sampling1method1using1quadratic1transect.1 1 Description&of&Research&Location& The1 research1 area1 was1 located1 in1 Balangdatu1 Village,1 Mappakasunggu1 District,1 Tanakeke1 Islands,1 Takalar1 District,1 South1 Sulawesi.1 Geomorphologicaly,1 Tanakeke1 is1 an1 archipelago1consisting1of1several1islands1linked1to1the1expanse1of1mangrove1forest,1the1total1 land1area1of1Tanakeke1Islands1reaches18.371km 2 1(Nurdin,12014).1The1sampling1point1consists1 of131(three)1stations1(Figure11).1Station1(1)1one1located1in1the1urban1area1of1Cambangloe1 located1near1the1residential1population1with1sandy1mud1substrate.1Station121(two)1is1located1 in1Balangloe1urban1area1located1near1pond1with1mangrove1condition1which1partially1logged.1 Station1 31 (three)1 is1 located1 in1 Bungung1 lompoa1 urban1 area1 which1 is1 close1 to1 seaweed1 cultivation1with1mangrove1condition1that1there1is1planting1activity.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Figure&1.&Map&of&Tanakeke&Island,&Takalar&District,&South&Sulawesi.& (Source:&Google&Earth,&2016)& International-Journal-of-Applied-Biology,-1(1),-2017- 1 161 Work&Procedures& The1data1were1collected1by1purposive1sampling1method1(transect1quadrate)1at1three1 stations1by1hand1on1plot1size121x121m1with1transect1length11001m.1The1samples1of1encapsulated1 epifauna1were1inserted1into1plastic1clip1differentiated1between1those1found1in1roots,1stems,1 and1Mangrove1leaves.1The1samples1were1then1washed1and1preserved1using170%1alcohol1then1 taken1to1the1laboratory1for1identification1and1analysis.1 1 Sample&Identification& The1samples,1that1had1been1preserved1using170%1alcohol,1were1then1identified1by1 observing1 morphological1 characteristics1 based1 on1 Dharma1 reference1 (2005).1 The1 identification1 was1 conducted1 at1 the1 Laboratory1 of1 Environmental1 and1 Marine1 Sciences,1 Department1of1Biology,1Faculty1of1Mathematics1and1Natural1Sciences,1Hasanuddin1University.1 1 Oceanographic&Parameters& Environmental1parameters1included1temperature,1salinity,1pH,1Dissolved1Oxygen1(DO)1 and1substrate1were1recorded1during1field1campaign.1 1 Data&Analysis& The1 collected1 species1 of1 invertebrate1 epifaunas1 were1 identified1 by1 using1 an1 identification1book1according1to1Dharma,12005.1Data1of1invertebrate1epifaunas1were1then1 analyzed1 by1 using1 absolute1 density1 formula,1 index1 of1 species1 diversity,1 uniformity1 index,1 dominance1index,1and1distribution1index/distribution1type.1 & Results&and&Discussion&& The1 identification1 of1 invertebrate1 epifaunas1 revealed1 that1 there1 are1 131 species1 of1 91 families1consisting1of1two1phylum1namely1phylum1molluska1and1arthropoda.1The1species1of1 invertebrate1epifaunas1found1in1the1three1research1stations1are1generally1gastropod1species,1 only1a1few1species1of1crustaceans1and1bivalves,1a1total1of1131species1found1among1them1are1in1 station11,1as1many1as1121species,1in1station121are1111species1and1at1station131are171Types1(Table1 1).1 Table&1.&Species&Composition&of&Invertebrate&Epifaunas&Found&in&Balangdatu&Waters& Note:&O1=1absent11√1=1present1 No& Species& ST&1& ST&2& ST&3& Total&No&of& Ind/Species& 11 Littoraria-sp11- √1 √1 O1 441 21 Cerithidea-cingulata- √1 √1 O1 501 31 Littoraria1sp12- √1 √1 O1 191 41 Littoraria-pallescens- √1 √1 √1 751 51 Episesarma-sp- √1 √1 √1 481 61 Saccostrea-cucullata- √1 O1 √1 221 71 Pagurus1sp- √1 O1 O1 381 81 Terebralia-sulcata- √1 √1 √1 221 91 Cerithidea-sp- √1 √1 √1 1191 101 Nerita-planospira- √1 √1 √1 161 111 Nerita-histrio- √1 √1 O1 181 121 Littoraria-scabra- √1 √1 √1 1891 131 Cassidula-vespertilionis- O1 √1 O1 41 International-Journal-of-Applied-Biology,-1(1),-2017- 1 171 Absolute&Density& The1observations1showed1absolute1density1with1different1ranges1in1Station1I1with1the1 number1of1fauna1species1observed1attached1to1the1 2 nd1root,1721ind/m 2 1on1stem10.961ind/m 2 1 and1 on1 leaves1 0.491 ind/m 2 .1 Meanwhile,1 in1 the1 station1 II,1 the1 number1 of1 observed1 fauna1 attached1at1the1root1is11.791ind/m 2 ,1on1the1stalk1is10.781ind/m 2 1and1on1leaves1is10.291ind/m 2 1 and1at1station1III1with1the1number1of1individuals1attached1to1the1roots1is11.431ind/m 2 ,1on1stem1 is10.171ind/m 2 ,1and1on1leaves1is10.401ind/m 2 .1Based1on1these1data1the1number1of1epifauna1 found1more1in1the1roots1and1stems1of1mangrove1plants1compared1to1the1leaves.1The1absolute1 density1 data1 found1 in1 each1 station1 research1 area1 was1 3.351 ind/m 2 ,1 while1 the1 number1 of1 individual1with1the1lowest1densities1was1found1in1station131with1the1density1of12.131ind/m 2 .1 & Index&of&species&diversity&(H')& The1results1showed1that1the1diversity1of1epi1fauna1species1is1low1due1to1the1ecosystem1 condition1has1been1disturbed1by1the1existence1of1human1activities1in1the1area,1such1as1logging1 conducted1in1mangrove1forests1to1be1used1as1firewood,1waste1is1thrown1into1the1waters,1so1 that1the1research1station1obtained1the1number1of1species1diversity1ranged1Between11.331to1 1.87.1This1result1corresponds1to1Abbas,1A.A.'s1observations.1(2015),1states1that1the1value1of1 low1biodiversity1is1due1to1the1influence1of1human1activities1in1the1study1sites.1Furthermore,1 Arbi1(2008),1states1that1the1high1value1of1species1diversity1can1be1caused1by1the1number1of1 species1or1individual1fauna1obtained1in1abundant1amounts1than1other1types.1Three1important1 ecosystems1in1coastal1areas1are1sea1grass1beds,1coral1reefs1and1mangrove1forests1that1are1the1 main1habitat1of1almost1all1aquatic1fauna.1 According1to1Brower1et-al.1(1990),1all1computed1values1have1a1biodiversity1value1of1less1 than121(H1<2).1This1condition1shows1low1species1diversity1which1means1low1community1stability1 and1water1conditions1have1been1disrupted.1 1 Uniformity&Index&(E)& The1results1showed1stable1category1with1index1values1ranging1from10.571to10.751stable1 community1means1that1the1spread1of1individual1fauna1is1relatively1same1or1uniform1although1 the1type1of1gastropod1is1greater1than1the1other1types.1The1existence1of1relatively1uniform1 environmental1conditions1allows1balance1distribution1of1epi1fauna1species1primarily1in1the1 mangrove1ecosystem1Balangdatu1village.1In1the1research1of1Yulianti1(2013),1in1Marabombang1 waters1of1Pinrang1regency1of1South1Sulawesi1stated1that1the1result1of1data1analysis1of1epi1fauna1 from1gastropod1type1ranged1from10.37O0.56.1Moreover,1Pratiwi1(2009),1reported1that1in1the1 mangrove1area1of1Delta1Mahakam,1East1Kalimantan1the1value1of1uniform1index1of1type1of1epi1 fauna1of1crustaceans1species1ranged1from10.53O2.021which1illustrated1that1the1distribution1of1 epi1fauna1in1the1area1was1relatively1the1same1or1evenly1distributed.1 & Index&of&Dominance&(C)& The1result1of1data1analysis1on1epi1fauna1shows1the1value1of1dominance1index1ranged1 from10,19O0,34.1This1index1value1belongs1to1low1category1and1shows1that1at1research1station1 there1is1no1dominance1of1certain1type1of1epi1fauna1or1community1in1stable1condition1so1that1 there1is1no1certain1species1which1has1a1high1number1of1indiv.1Based1on1the1results1of1research1 Nurrudin1(2015),1in1the1village1of1Tungkal1I1Tanjung1Jabung1West,1the1dominance1index1(C)1in1 each1study1location1ranged1from10.121to10.221indicating1that1there1is1no1type1which1dominates1 in1the1area1although1the1type1of1Gastropoda1much1more1but1not1dominate.1In1contrast1to1the1 results1 of1 research1 Gladys1 (2013),1 in1 the1 area1 Tongkeina1 Manado1 which1 has1 a1 value1 of1 International-Journal-of-Applied-Biology,-1(1),-2017- 1 181 dominance1index1ranged1from10.157O0.3501which1means1that1there1are1almost1no1species1in1 this1community.1 & Index&of&Distribution/Distribution&Type&(Id)& The1result1of1data1analysis1showed1that1the1pattern1of1dispersion1of1epi1fauna1species1 in1mangrove1plants1in1general1can1be1categorized1uniformly,1with1the1index1value1in1each1 research1 station1 ranged1 from1 0,52O0,81,1 in1 contrast1 to1 research1 of1 Fitriana1 (2006),1 which1 stated1index1value1of1spread1in1forest1Mangrove1Ngurah1Rai1Bali1Forest1Park1especially1in1 research1station1has1the1pattern1of1spreading1(>11)1that1is1ranged1between11,584O1,869.1This1 indicates1the1presence1of1resources1to1support1organisms1that1are1clumped1and1unevenly1 distribute1across1all1observation1sites.1 According1to1Brower1et-al.1(1998),1if1the1spread1index1is1less1than1one1(Id1<1)1then1the1 dispersion1pattern1is1uniform1distribution1pattern,1if1spread1index1is1equal1to1one1(Id1=11),1then1 the1dispersion1pattern1is1random,1whereas1if1the1spread1index1is1more1than1one1(Id>11),1then1 the1dispersion1pattern1formed1is1clustered.1 Thus1it1can1be1concluded1that1the1pattern1of1epifauna1distribution1in1mangrove1plants,1 especially1 in1 the1 research1 station1 located1 in1 Balangdatu1 village1 tend1 to1 be1 uniform.1 This1 pattern1of1uniform1distribution1according1to1(Odum11993),1occurs1because1of1the1existence1of1 individual1fauna1are1having1competition1so1that1it1encourages1the1division1of1space1evenly.1 1 Environmental&Parameters& The1result1of1measurement1of1environmental1parameters1in1study1area1is1described1 in1Table12.1 1 Temperature& The1 results1 of1 the1 measurement1 and1 analysis1 of1 water1 samples1 at1 the1 study1 sites1 showed1 a1 temperature1 range1 between1 30O32 o C,1 this1 range1 is1 still1 feasible1 for1 the1 life1 of1 epifauna1which1can1generally1live1in1a1wide1temperature1range.1According1to1the1Ministerial1 Decree1No.1511year120041air1quality1/1air1temperature1in1mangrove1area1with1natural1category1 ranged1 between1 28O32 o C.1 While1 based1 on1 research1 conducted1 by1 Litaay1 et1 al.1 (2014)1 conducted1in1mangrove1area1of1Bontolebang1waters1of1Selayar1regency1of1South1Sulawesi,1the1 result1of1temperature1measurement1at1each1station1showed1the1same1range1ranging1from131O 38 o C1the1range1is1still1feasible1for1the1life1of1the1sticking1fauna1such1as1molluscs1this1is1due1to1 the1morphological1form1of1the1epi1fauna1that1has1the1shell.1 1 Salinity& The1result1of1measurement1of1water1samples1at1each1research1station1obtained1salinity1 range1between125O30º/oo,1salinity1range1in1mangrove1area1in1each1research1station1is1good1for1 mangrove1growth1and1organism1living1in1the1area.1This1is1in1accordance1with1the1Decree1of1 the1Ministerial1Decree1No.1511year12004,1which1stated1salinity1in1mangrove1area1with1natural1 category1ranged1from130O341º/oo.1While1the1results1of1research1conducted1by1Muhsin1(2016),1 salinity1value1in1the1mangrove1area1of11Kendari1gulf,1especially1at1the1research1station1that1 range1from129.5O301º/oo.1 1 Degree&of&Acidity&(pH)& The1result1of1data1analysis1of1pH1value1showed1at1all1stations1ranged1from17,9O8,3.1The1 value1is1categorized1appropriate1and1it1still1supports1the1life1of1organism,1especially1epifauna1 International-Journal-of-Applied-Biology,-1(1),-2017- 1 191 at1research1location1in1mangrove1area1of1Balang1Village1of1Tanakeke1archipelago1of1Takalar1 Regency.1Ennawati1et1al.,1(2013)1reported1that1pH1value1in1mangrove1forest1of1TongkeOTongke1 village,1Sinjai1Regency1ranged1between17,40O8,08.1 1 Dissolved&Oxygen&(DO)& The1result1of1dissolved1oxygen1(DO)1concentration1in1each1station1is1quite1high1(>151 mg/L)1which1is1between17,7O8,21so1that1it1can1support1the1life1of1the1aquatic1organism.1This1is1 in1accordance1with1the1Regulation1of1the1Minister1of1Environment1No.1511year12004,1dissolved1 oxygen1content1in1mangrove1area1with1natural1category1that1is1more1than1five1(>151mg/L).1 While1 research1 conducted1 by1 Adamy1 (2009)1 the1 average1 Dissolved1 oxygen1 of1 waters1 in1 Panimbang1coastal1mangrove1habitat1ranged1between17,13O7,361mg/L.1 1 Substrate&Characteristics& Substrate1conditions1at1research1stations1in1three1locations1consisting1of1Cambangloe,1 Balangloe1and1Bungunglompoa1have1substrate1quality1of1sandy1mud1in1the1bottom1of1the1sea.1 This1indicates1that1the1basic1substrates1present1in1the1three1research1stations1can1still1support1 the1mangrove1growth1activity1and1biota1life1that1exist1on1the1island,1in1accordance1with1the1 statement1of1Bengen1(2004),1mangrove1generally1grown1in1intertidal1areas1of1muddy,1clay1and1 sandy1soils.1 Based1on1research1conducted1by1Kamalia.M1(2014),1substrate1type1found1at1research1 station1is1mud1and1sandy1mud1found1many1number1of1gastropod1species1so1that1it1can1be1said1 that1type1of1substrate1is1very1good1for1life1of1gastropod1type1living1in1that1area.1 1 Table&2.&Value&of&Environmental&Parameter& & Station& Environmental&Parameter&& Temperature& (ºC)& Salinity& (º/oo)&& pH& DO& (Mg/L)& Substrate& Characteristics&& Water& Air& A11 321 281 251 8,31 8,01 Muddy1sand11 A21 311 281 251 8,31 8,01 Muddy1sand11 A31 311 261 251 8,31 7,91 Muddy1sand11 B11 321 271 291 8,21 7,81 Muddy1sand11 B21 321 291 281 8,21 8,01 Muddy1sand11 B31 311 281 301 8,21 7,71 Muddy1sand11 C11 311 291 281 7,91 8,21 Muddy1sand11 C21 321 291 281 7,91 8,21 Muddy1sand11 C31 301 281 271 7,91 8,21 Muddy1sand11 1 Conclusions& The1study1concludes1that1there1are1131species1of1invertebrate1epifaunas1which1belongs1 to191families1are1living1on1mangrove1area1of1Balangdatu1village1of1Tanakeke1archipelago1of1 Takalar1regency1of1South1Sulawesi.1The1index1of1species1diversity1in1the1biological1index1of1 each1station1is1low1ranging1from11.331to11.881reveals1that1the1mangrove1area1of1Balangdatu1 village1can1be1categorized1as1disturbed.1 & International-Journal-of-Applied-Biology,-1(1),-2017- 1 201 References& Abbas.A.A.,12015.1Biodiversity1of1Gastropoda1Epifauna1in1Mangrove1Area1Bontolebang1Waters1 of1Selayar1Island1Regency,1South1Sulawesi.1Journal1Department1of1Biology.1Faculty1of1 Mathematics1and1Natural1Sciences.1Hasanuddin1University,1Makassar.1 Adamy,1K.M.T.,12009.1Association1of1Pelecypoda1and1Mangrove1Communities1in1Coastal1Area1 Panimbang1 Pandeglang1 Banten1 Regency.1 Skripsi.1 Undergraduate1 Program1 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