CONTACT : ALPIANI alpiani.pia@gmail.com 104 Abstract This study aims to analyze and examine the exchange rate of labour fishers on Bagan Rambo fishing gear in Barru district, Barru Regency. The fishers' exchange rate is used to measure the basic needs of fishers, which considers the income and expenditure of the households of the Bagan Rambo labourers. This type of research uses instrumental case studies. Analyze the poverty of fishers as an instrument for understanding their lives. The results showed that the exchange rate of fishers (NTN) of Bagan Rambo workers was lower than one hundred (88,49%), which means the Bagan Rambo labour fishers cannot meet their basic needs. ISSN : 2580-2410 eISSN : 2580-2119 The Exchange Rate Of Bagan Rambo Fishermen In Barru District. Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Alpiani Alpiani1*, Andi Nur Apung Massiseng1, Andi Ummung1 1Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cokroaminoto Makassar, Indonesia. Jl Perintis Kemerdekaan KM.11, Makassar Introduction The Makassar Strait has considerable potential for fishery resources, including the marine area of Barru Regency, which has a marine area of around 56,000 ha. These coastal resources are utilized by many people (Fachry et al., 2021), mainly fishermen. The coastal area of Barru Regency is inhabited by people who generally work as fishermen. Popular fishing gear in Barru County is Bagan Rambo. Bagan Rambo is used for pelagic fishing (Daris et al., 2021). The Bagan Rambo fishing gear operation requires many workers, namely nahkoda, machine man, and at least 14 labour fishermen (Ilhamdi & Surahman, 2018). These workers have different social stratification statuses. Nahkoda is the arrest operation leader who has the most percentage of income compared to others. However, Bagan Rambo's efforts are known to be quite successful in Barru County. The lifestyle of the business capital owner Bagan Rambo and his nahkoda is quite luxurious. They have a decent house and some other possessions, and the average vehicle has a vehicle in the form of a private car and a Fisherman Exchange Rate above 100%. However, mo re profoundly, seeing that in the business, there are not only owners of capital and nahkoda but also many labour fishers who deserve to pay attention to their economic conditions. The fishing workers are small-scale fishermen. Small-scale fisheries survive as coastal livelihood activities, although there is a decreasing chance due to the long-term intensification of fisheries exploitation (Fabinyi et al., 2022). OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Applied Biology Keyword Poperty; Labour; Bagan-Rambo; Terms of Trade of Fisherman Article History Received June 14, 2022 Accepted July 7, 2022 International Journal of Applied Biology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(1), 2022 105 Most small-scale fishers belong to the poor category (Yonvitner et al., 2021). This is inseparable from the minimal division of responsibilities and wages, and the most affecting is the season for fishers. If the famine season comes, fishers almost do not go to sea, and fishers have no income during the famine season (Rohayati et al., 2018; Yulianda et al., 2021). Labour fishers are very depressed and have difficulty making ends meet, so that borrow from another person or, in this case, the owner of the Bagan Rambo business (Aqmal & Prastiyo, 2018). This is quite ironic amid the many potential resources such as aquaculture, which has a vast area of land (Zaenab et al., 2021), which can be cultivated by fishers as an alternative livelihood and do not know the famine season. Also, other businesses such as processing catches or utilizing waste resources in coastal environments can improve the economy of fishing households (Fachry & Alpiani, 2021). According to some research results, as stated by Aqmal et al., 2020, fishers' income cannot meet their household needs, and the fisherman's income tends to decrease yearly. Faried et al. (2018) state that fishers living in coastal areas are below the poverty line and have become marginalized. Therefore, the position of the labour fisherman in the Bagan Rambo business is worthy of attention. The first thing that can be done is to examine how the conditions meet the household's needs. Fishers' exchange rates are used to determine and analyze the economy of fishing households, whether the work he is engaged in as a Bagan Rambo fisherman can meet his basic needs or is it the same as other small-scale fishermen living in poverty. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in Sumpang Binangae Village, Barru District, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted from October - to December 2019. Site selection is done intentionally (purposive), considering the location is a village centre for Bagan Rambo labour fishermen who can represent data from Barru Regency. The type of research used in this study is a type of case study research by analyzing the level of meeting the household needs of fishing communities using the Fishermen's Exchange Rate approach. The case study in this study is an instrumental case study where the case of fishermen's households is an instrument in understanding the living conditions of Bagan Rambo fishermen, especially their workers. The total population of Bagan Rambo workers settled down in this study was 155. The sample taken by 30% of the total fishermen of Bagan Rambo labourers was 47 people in Sumpang Binangae Village, Barru District, Barru Regency. The data obtained from the results of observations and interviews were analyzed using the Fishermen's Exchange Rate approach with the following formula (Basuki et al., 2001): NTN = (Yt/Et) x 100 Yt = YFt + YNFt Et = Eft + EKt YFt = Total Fishermen's Receipts from Fisheries Business (Rp) YNFt = Total Fishermen's Receipts from Non-Fisheries (Rp) EFt = Total Fishermen's Expenditure for Fisheries Business (Rp) EKt = Total Fishermen's Expenses for Fishermen's Family Consumption (Rp) t = time (month, year, etc.) International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(1), 2022 106 If income and expenses are the same, then statistically, the figure that appears in the calculation of NTN is 100. This is because the number 100 describes income and expenses equally. Therefore, less than 100 have not been able to meet basic needs, equal to 100 expenses and income equals (there is nothing yet for savings and investments), and more than 100 can meet basic needs. Results and Discussion Description of Bagan Rambo Fishing Gear Bagan Rambo is a fishing gear operated by two vessels. The main ship serves as a chart buffer that does not have a propulsion engine. An introductory ship that serves to pull the Bagan ship from the landing base to the catchment area and from the catchment area to the landing base, escorting Bagan Rambo fishermen from the landing base area to the catchment area and vice versa, taking catches from the Bagan Rambo as well as delivering operational fishing materials. In this study, the ship measuring 30 M with a net fishing gear measuring 30 x 30 M. The machine used for lighting is a Yanmar TF 300 with diesel fuel. Delivery ship measuring 22 M, using a car engine with diesel fuel. Both ships are made of wood with an economic life of 10 – 15 years. The method of determining the location of the arrest is only based on experience and feelings without adequate technology. The capture location is around the Barru area, with a distance of about 2 hours. Bagan Rambo can be operated on as many as 20 - 24 trips a month during the fishing season and in good weather. The delivery boat towed Bagan Rambo to the capture area during the good season and towed back to the landing base during the full moon and western season. The Rambo-chart is usually moved twice to different catchment areas before being pulled to the landing base. It is not uncommon for the Bagan Rambo not to be moved as long as the fish in the catchment area remain numerous. All workers were escorted to the arrest area in the afternoon around 5 pm and picked up in the morning around 5 am. They alternated guarding the Bagan ship daily with about three workers per day. The business of the Bagan Rambo fishermen at the research site is enough to absorb jobs for the natives of Sumpang Binangae and migrant residents. Although, in general, the income of Bagan- Rambo workers can only meet the needs of household consumption for workers who do not play a critical role in the operation of this fishing gear. Bagan rambo is operated by 12-15 workers. There are several levels of the role of workers in the operation of Rambo chart fishing gear, namely punggawa Bagan (leader of fishing operations at sea), machine-builder, delivery man and labour fisherman. Labourers have the lowest wages of all levels of the worker's role, so the wages are also the least. Labour wages for one person are generally only about 1% of the total net profit, with an average monthly wage value ranging from 0-Rp. 1,500,000 (Alpiani, 2019). Exchange Rate of Bagan Rambo Labor Fishermen in Sumpang Binangae Measurement of the level of fulfilment of basic needs is one of the welfare approaches that must be calculated to determine the level of economic development in a region. Fishermen's exchange rate analysis can determine the ability to meet the basic needs of Bagan Rambo labour fishermen in Sumpang Binangae Village. This approach is not only limited to knowing the ability to meet basic needs but also the factors that affect income and expenses in detail so that it can be used as a benchmark for formulating a policy. It can also be seen the factors that affect income and expenditure in detail so that they can be International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(1), 2022 107 used as a benchmark for formulating a policy. The income and expenditure of labour fishermen on the study can be described as follows: Income The source of income seen is the overall source of income, both sources of income from fishery and non-fishery businesses. Below is explained regarding the source of income for Bagan Rambo labour fishermen in Sumpang Binangae Village. Income from Fisheries The source of income for Bagan Rambo labour fishermen is from the results of fishing rods at sea and from wages to become labour fishermen. The income from the fishing netting each time you go to sea is Rp.0 - Rp. 150.000,- and wages to be a labourer for a month from Rp. 0 – Rp. 1.500.000- some fishing products are directly sold at auctions; usually, some are dried by labour fishermen's wives and for consumption. The income of the Bagan-Rambo labour fishermen is minimal, and they will not be able to meet their basic needs. However, they still go to the sea as labourers because they do not have enough fishing capital such as engined boats and fishing gear to catch fish. Free time is used for fishing because the task of labour fishermen only helps to lift the net with the overall working time of only about 2 hours (Alpiani, 2019). For this reason, they use the facilities of Bagan Rambo activities for fishing. It is through this result that they hope to be able to make ends meet. So, working as a Bagan-Rambo labour fisherman is not the main livelihood goal of these fishermen, but only so that they can fish on the high seas by utilizing the facilities of the Bagan Rambo boat. So that minimum wages are not a problem for them. Also, Bagan Rambo workers get security protection from Rambo Bagan boat owners, who increasingly encourage labourer fishermen to work as labourers in the Bagan Rambo business. Income from Non-Fisheries All labour fishermen who were respondents did not have side jobs. The wives of the labour fishermen were only housewives. Labour fishermen are very dependent on fishing activities. When it does not go to sea, then there is no income. Meanwhile, they have to make ends meet. Expense All expenditure forms are calculated to determine the exchange rate of Bagan-Rambo labour fishermen in Sumpang Binangae Village. The expenditures are as follows: Fishery Business Costs The tool needed for fishing is a fishing line along 200 -500 M at around Rp.30,000, up to 6 months of use. And one big fishing rod they got at a price of Rp.5,000 / fishing rod eye. For one month, the fishing rod eyes are usually only 1. In a month began, Rambo labour fishermen needed a fishing capital of Rp.10,000. This depends on the strength of the fishing rod eye bond on the fishing line, so it does not come off quickly when pulling fish. Fishing baits are small fish caught in the Bagan Rambo net. Fish caught by Bagan-Rambo fishermen's fishing rods such as tuna, skipjack tuna, mackerel, redfish and other large fish. The price of fish caught by bagan-rambo fishermen in Sumpang Binangae Village ranges from Rp.20,000 – Rp.50,000/Kg. Household Consumption Household consumption of fishermen of Bagan Rambo workers, namely consumption for daily needs such as rice, instant noodles, sugar, coffee, tea, milk, cooking oil, side dishes, International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(1), 2022 108 fruits, and fuel oil, in this case, all respondents use LPG 3 Kg, kitchen spices, soap, toothpaste, toothbrush and shampoo. The average daily consumption expenditure is rice for Rp. 218,468, instant noodles for Rp. 46,891, sugar for Rp. 48,617, coffee, tea and milk for Rp. 30,914, cooking oil for Rp. 56,808, side dishes for Rp. 128,872, fish, egg and chicken for Rp.128,723, gas refill for Rp. 51,170, kitchen spices for Rp. 106,638, bath soap, detergent and shampoo for Rp. 147,128, as well as cakes/snacks for Rp. 245,766. Cigarettes for Rp.189,191. So the total average for daily consumption is Rp.1,209,000. Cigarettes are not a basic need. However, the perspective of the fishermen of Bagan Rambo considers that cigarettes are a basic need that must be met. School Education Costs Education is a basic human need to be able to knowledgeable and moral. The children of the fishing workers of Bagan Rambo, who are the respondents, send their children to high school. This is because school fees for Elementary School to Senior High School have been freed according to government programs. Education costs include transport and snacks, stationery and books, uniforms, shoes and school bags. The average expenditure on education costs, namely transportation and snacks, is Rp. 183,533, and stationery is worth Rp. 3,285 books worth Rp. 19,318, as well as uniforms, shoes and school bags worth Rp. 35,733. Health As with education, medical expenses are also accessible at the village health centre, especially for the poor. Fishermen who work in Bagan Rambo are a group of people whose medical expenses are free of charge. However, the fishermen's families can buy medicines at the stalls around the house. The average cost of medical treatment for fishermen working in Bagan Rambo in Sumpang Binangae Village is Rp. 1,277. House The house is a basic need as a shelter and rest. The condition and size of the fishermen's housing for the Bagan Rambo workers are elementary. Generally, the housing for fishermen and labourers is made of wood and roofed with zinc. There is also housing for fishermen and labourers whose floors are made of cement, walls and roofs of tin. The household electricity consumption of the fishermen of Bagan Rambo ranges from Rp. 20,000 to Rp. 50,000. Home care is not paid much attention because they focus on meeting food needs. Home maintenance costs around Rp. 0 - 20,000 per month. Clothes At the fisherman level, Bagan Rambo workers in Sumpang Binangae Village, clothes are usually bought only at certain times, such as Eid al-Fitr. Their children's clothes are usually gifts from neighbours, family and friends punggawa (owner of Bagan Rambo business). They buy other types of clothes only when urgent, like torn clothes, and there are no replacements. The average expenditure for clothing for fishing families of Bagan Rambo fishermen in Sumpang Binangae Village per month is Rp. 24,362. The income of labour fishermen is used to meet their basic needs. The percentage of income allocation for fishermen of Bagan Rambo workers in Sumpang Binangae Village is as follows: International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(1), 2022 109 Table 1. Average Percentage of Income Allocation of Fishermen Workers of Bagan Rambo in Sumpang Binangae Village in October – December 2019 No. Output Type Total (Rp.) Percentage (%) 1 Household Consumption 1.398.191 86,55 2 School Education Costs 150.957 9,34 3 Health 1.277 0,08 4 House 40.745 2,52 5 Clothes 24.362 1,51 Total 1.615.532 100 Source: Primary Data after Processing, 2019 All household expenditures for fishing workers of Bagan Rambo in Sumpang Binangae Village are the highest, which is the fulfilment of consumption with a percentage of 86.55%. Engel's theory states that the lower the income level, the more income allocation is focused on consumption (food) needs. The highest fisherman exchange rate is 144.44, with a total income of Rp. 1,300,000 and a total expenditure of Rp.900,000, while the lowest fisherman exchange rate is 46.07 with a total income of Rp.850,000 and a total expenditure of Rp.1.835,000. A total of 16 respondents had a fisherman's exchange rate of more than 100, which was around 100.36 – 144.44 and 31 respondents had a fisherman's exchange rate lower than 100 with a value of 94.71 – 46.07. The fisherman's exchange rate is meagre, with less than 60 as many as eight respondents with a value of 59.70 – 46.07. Of the 47 fisherman respondents working in Bagan Rambo, only 16 respondents were able to meet their subsistence needs. This means that many fishermen who work in Bagan Rambo in Sumpang Binanagae Village have been unable to meet their basic needs. This is also inseparable from the rising prices of necessities and the lower wages of fishermen working in Bagan Rambo as a result of the increase in fuel oil. From the data processing, it was found that the fisherman's exchange rate for fishing labourers of Bagan Rambo in the period October - December was an average of 88.49. This shows that in that period, the household expenditures of the fishermen of Bagan Rambo workers were more significant than the income, where the income had not been able to meet the basic needs of the fishermen of the Bagan Rambo workers. The most influential factor in the size of the exchange rate of fishermen in Bagan Rambo is the number of family members. The greater the number of dependents in the household, the greater the expenditure for household consumption, especially food. Second, the more cigarettes consumed by labour fishermen, the greater the expenditure. Third, the more fishing rods caught by labour fishermen, the higher the level of fulfilment of their essential needs. The results of fishing rods between labour fishermen are different because fishing activities are carried out by each labour fisherman and are not group activities. The last factor is the number of loans to punggawa to meet needs. The costs of education, health, housing and clothing also affect the fisherman's exchange rate, but because the total cost is relatively low, it can be said that it does not have much effect. Therefore, the fisherman's exchange rate is very well used in making policies to reduce poverty compared to income indicators. The fisherman's exchange rate is used to determine the source of income, the types of expenditure and the factors that influence household income and expenditure by radically examining all related matters. The results of the analysis carried out on fishing labourers of Bagan Rambo in Sumpang Binangae Village can be seen as the factors that International Journal of Applied Biology, 6(1), 2022 110 affect the exchange rate of fishermen. Many factors affect the low exchange rate of fishermen as follows. 1. There is no other source of income apart from fishing. When the season is not fishing, then there is no income. Meanwhile, they have to fulfil their substantial needs, especially food needs. 2. Limited knowledge, skill and fishing technology. So the catch is less than optimal. In addition, the government has not been able to distribute information related to fishing activities, such as fishing locations, fishing technology, etc. 3. When the season is not fishing, they are unemployed or can be said to be seasonal unemployment. 4. Lack of income. So there is no savings and investment because they cannot meet their substantial needs alone. 5. There is no processing of the catch. The price decreases when fish are abundant, and many fish go unsold and rot. There is no thought and skill to process fish when the catch is quite a lot, so it generates income from processed products that can cover needs when not at sea. 6. There is no income contribution from the fishers' wives to increase their income even though they have a lot of free time and sufficient energy to work. 7. There is a fisherman's perception that cigarettes are a necessity for their substance and are far more critical than consuming food. Some of these problems are the government's responsibility and those concerned to solve them. The first thing that must be built in the independent awareness of fishermen, especially labour fishermen's families, to increase their income armed with knowledge and skills as well as a strong desire to work in order to produce something that has a selli ng value from their creativity and does not only depend on fishing activities. The government must strive to build awareness of labour fishermen through various ways that can reach changes in the mindset of labour services, both through mass media, environ mental constructs, programs and regulations that are supported by skills training and continuous delivery of information, providing capital in the form of money and goods. And there must be continuous control and sustainable development until finally achieving the goal of independence from fishermen, especially fishermen's families, which are expected to improve their welfare. 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