1(1)22-31


CONTACT&:&Haeriah&&&&&&&haeriah564@gmail.com0
©0International0Journal0of0Applied0Biology0 220

Abstract&
Chitosan0can0be0obtained0from0chitin0isolated0from0shrimp0waste0through0

the0process0of0deacetylation0of0chitin.0Chitosan0can0be0used0as0a0patch0base0

material0 because0 of0 its0 biocompatibility0 and0 biodegradability,0 and0 has0

antibacterial0activity.0The0combination0of0Chitosan0and0Aloe%vera0extracts0
may0 be0 useful0 in0 patch0 dosage0 forms0 as0 wound0 dressings0 that0 have0

antiinfective0activity.0The0aims0of0this0research0was0to0obtain0patch0from0

combination0of0Aloe%vera0L.0leaves0extract0and0chitosan0isolated0from0shrimp0
shell0waste0as0antiinfection0agent.0Chitosan0was0obtained0from0shell0waste0

sequentially0 by0 deproteinisation,0 demineralisation,0 and0 deacetylation0

processes,0and0analyzed0its0characteristic,0respectively;0Aloe%vera0gel0was0
extracted0 using0 maceration0 methods0 with0 ethanol0 as0 solvent;0 patch0 was0

formulated0using02%0chitosan0in01.5%0glacial0acetic0acid,001.6%00Aloe%vera0
extracts0 and0 100 %0 glycerin0 and0 evaluated0 its0 physical0 properties,0 0 skin0

iritation0test,0and0antibacterial0 test0against0 S.aureus.&The0results0showed0
that0patch0made0from0the0combination0of0shrimp0waste0chitosan0and0Aloe%
vera0had0good0physical0characteristics0and0effectively0inhibit0the0growth0of0
S.aureus.0So,&the&combination0of0Aloe%vera%leaves0extract0and0chitosan0from0
shrimp0shell0as0patch0can0be0used0as0antiinfection0wound0healing.0&
&

ISSN0:02580Q24100

eISSN0:02580Q21190

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The&Production&of&Chitosan&from&Shrimp&Shell&Waste&and&Its&
Formulation&in&Patch&DosageForm&Combined&with&Aloe%vera&Extract&
as&Antiinfection&Agent&
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Haeriah1,&Muhammad&Rahmatullah1,&Andi&Indardaya1,&Emilia&Utomo1,&Novianti2,&Sartini1&

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10
Faculty0of0Pharmacy,0Hasanuddin0University,0Indonesia0

20
Faculty0of0Mathematics0and0Natural0Sciences,0Hasanuddin0University,0Indonesia0

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Introduction&

The0injury0in0which0skin0is0torn,0cut0or0punctured,0also0called0wound0(Katari0et%al.,2014;0
Varshney0&0Dhyani,02015).0Wound0healing0is0the0process0comprising0of0healing0of0dermal0and0

epidermal0tissues0by0their0regeneration0(Katari0et%al.,02014;0Takeo0et%al.,02015).0It0involves0
consecutive0cascade0of0stages0inflammation,0migration,0proliferation,0and0maturation0(Katari0

et%al.,02014;0Takeo0et%al.,02015).0Skin0itself0repairs0the0wound0but0open0wounds0faces0a0number0
of0 anomalies0 like0 infection0 (sepsis)0 from0 190 air,0 water0 pollutants0 and0 microorganisms,0 its0

spread0to0health0tissues0and0tissue0disruption0(rupture)0and0even0to0others0(Katari0et%al.,02014;0
Devika0&0Koilpillai,02014).0Staphylococcus%aureus%is0one0of0the0most0common0bacteria0caused0
infection0(Choudury0et%al.,02012;0Rajan0et%al.,02016).0Previous0research0showed0that0this0type0

&&&&&&&&OPEN&ACCESS& & & &&&&&&&&&&International&Journal&of&Applied&Biology&

Keyword0
Aloe%vera0L.,0
Chitosan,0

wound0dressing,0

patch,0

shrimp0shell0waste.0

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Article&History0
Received0230June020170

Accepted0190August0201700

0

International Journal of Applied Biology is licensed under a 
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction 
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  

0

International Journal of Applied Biology, p-ISSN : 2580-2410 e-ISSN : 2580-2119. 
Journal homepage : http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/ijoab



International%Journal%of%Applied%Biology,%Vol.%1,%Issue%1,%2017%

0 230

of0bacteria0caused0mild0skin0infections0and0postoperative0wounds0since01880s0(Choudury0et%
al.,02012;0Vijayalakshmi,02015).00
0 One0of0the0most0popular0local0drug0delivery0system0today0is0transdermal0drug0delivery0

system0in0the0form0of0transdermal0patch0(Fathima0et%al.,02017;0Sachan0&0Bajpai,02013).0It0is0
preferred0because0it0has0many0advantages0compared0to0other0preparations0(e.g.0oral0dosage0

form)0(Fathima0et%al.,02017;0Sachan0&0Bajpai,02013).0One0of0the0polymers0used0in0transdermal0
patch0formulation0is0chitosan0(Fathima0et%al.,02017;0Daniel0&0Hamblin,02016).0Chitosan0is0used0
as0 the0 part0 of0 drug0 delivery0 system0 because0 of0 its0 biocompatibility0 and0 biodegradability0

(Fathima0et%al.,02017;0Daniel0&0Hamblin,02016).0
Chitosan0can0be0obtained0from0chitin0that0is0isolated0from0shrimp0shell0waste0by0chitin0

deacetylation0(Alami0&0Permatasari,02016;0Ahing0&0Wid,02016).0Chitin0content0on0shrimp0shell0

waste0is0about015Q20%0of0dry0weight0(Alami0&0Permatasari,02016;0Danujatmiko0et%al.,02014).0
Shrimp0waste0is0its0head0and0shell0that0cause0environmental0pollution0(Alami0&0Permatasari,0

2016;0Ahing0&0Wid,02016).0Therefore,0this0waste0can0be0utilized0as0chitosan0source0(Alami0&0

Permatasari,02016;0Ahing0&0Wid,02016).0Based0on0Bellamkonda0et%al.0(2017)0showed0that0the0
obtained0chitosan0has0antibacterial0activity0against0Staphylococcus%aureus%(Bellamkonda0et%
al.,0 2017).0 Hence,0 chitosan0 in0 patch0 preparation0 has0 two0 functions,0 as0 polymer0 in0 patch0
formulation0and0as0antibacterial0agent.0

One0of0the0natural0materials0that0has0been0known0to0be0used0in0wound0healing0is0Aloe%
vera0L.0(Silva0et%al.,%2013;0Sharma0et%al.,02015).0Aloe%vera0L.0has0an0activity0as0antibacterial,0as0
evidenced0by0the0results0of0a0study0conducted0by0Jothi0et%al.0(2014)0showing0that0Aloe%vera0
can0inhibit0the0growth0of0Staphylococcus%aureus0bacteria0with0a0percentage0of0resistance0of0
61Q66%0(Jothi0et%al.,02014).0Aside0from0being0an0antibacterial,0Aloe%vera0L.0also0has0increased0
collagen0 content0 within0 the0 wound,0 supporting0 faster0 wound0 healing0 (Silva0 et% al.,% 2013;%
Sharma0et%al.,02015).0Aloe%vera0contains0many0active0substances0that0are0essential0for0wound0
healing0(Silva0et%al.,%2013;%Mahor0et%al.,02016).0Based0on0the0results0of0research0conducted0by0
Tudose0et0al.0(2009)0on0NCTC25440cells0showed0that0cells0given0Aloe%vera0extract0experienced0
higher0cell0proliferation0than0control0(Tudose0et%al.,02009).0These0results0suggest0that0Aloe%
vera0can0be0used0as0a0topical0natural0treatment0(Tudose0et%al.,02009;0Mahor,02016).0Both0
activities0possessed0by0Aloe%vera0are0very0useful0in0wound0healing0due0to0its0synergistic0effect0
in0this0research.0This0study0aims0to0obtain0patch0from0Aloe%vera0extract0combination0and0
chitosan0as0wound0dressing.0

&

Materials&and&Methods&
Isolation&of&Chitosan0

Shrimp0shell0was0obtained0from0Kima0industry0in0Makassar.0The0waste0was0then0washed0

and0cleaned0using0running0water,0and0mashed0using0blender.0Next,0the0dried0waste0was0kept0

in0closed0container.0

&
Isolation&of&Chitin&

The0process0of0chitin0isolation0involved0two0steps.0Firstly,0demineralization0which0was0

done0by0soaking0the0dried0waste0in020liters0of03%0hydrochloric0acid0for0160hours0at0room0

temperature.0After0that,0the0residue0was0washed0and0soaked0in0distilled0water0until0netral.0

Secondly,0deproteinization0which0was0done0by0soaking0the0residue0in020liters0of04%0sodium0

hydroxide0solution0for0200hours0at0room0temperature.0

&
&



International%Journal%of%Applied%Biology,%Vol.%1,%Issue%1,%2017%

0 240

Purification&of&Chitosan&(Deacetylation)&
0 The0 residue0 was0 washed0 and0 soaked0 in0 distilled0 water0 until0 netral0 then0 dried.0

Deacetylation0process0was0done0by0soaking0the0residue0in020litres0of060%0sodium0hydroxide0

solution0for0200hours0at065
o
C.0Afterwards,0it0was0washed0using0distilled0water0until0netral.0The0

obtained0residue0was0chitosan0which0was0then0dried0for040hours0at0650±05
o
C0and0ready0to0

characterize.0

0

Analysis&of&Chitosan&
Chitosan0 analysis0 consists0 of0 pharmaceutical0 and0 chemistry0 analysis.0 The0

pharmaceuticals0 analysis0 includes0 pH0 measurement0 of0 chitosan0 solution0 using0 pH0 meter,0

viscosity0measurement0of0chitosan0solution0Brookfield
®
0viscometer,0solubility0test0which0was0

done0by0dissolving00.50g0of0chitosan0with0500ml0of01%0acetic0acid,0stirring0for0300min0and0

observed0solubility,0and0morphology0observation0using0Scanning0Electron0Microscopy.0The0

chemistry0 analysis0 includes0 crystallinity0 detection0 using0 XQRay0 Diffraction0 Spectrometer,0

functional0groups0observation0using0infrared0spectroscopy0in040000–04000cm
Q1
,0and0degree0of0

deacetylation0calculation0based0on0FTQIR0results,0using0the0following0formula:0

0

!!"# % = [(1 − A1655#A3450#0#
1

#1,33 )0#100#]0
0

Extraction&of&Aloe%vera&
Aloe%vera0leaves0was0washed0using0distilled0water0to0remove0the0dirts0and0then0peeled.0

The0gel0of0Aloe%vera0was0cut0into0small0pieces0and0then0mashed.0After0that,0it0was0dried0in0the0
oven0for0240hours0at080

o
C.0The0dried0gel0was0macerated0using0ethanol096%0for0240hours.0The0

solvent0was0evaporated0using0rotary0evaporator0to0obtain0the0viscous0extract.0

&
Analysis&of&Aloe%vera&Extract&
Antibacterial&Test&

Antibacterial0test0was0done0by0using0agar0diffusion0method.0A0total0of0300mg0of0extract0

were0dissolved0in030ml0of0DMSO.0Ten0microlitres0of0Staphylococcus%aureusculture0suspension0
was0added0into0petri0dish0followed0by0150ml0of0MHA0media.0A0total0of0400µl0and0800µl0of0extract0

solution0was0added0into0paper0disc0which0was0placed0on0the0agar0surface.0It0was0incubated0

for010x0240hours0at037
o
C.0The0formed0inhibit0zone0was0then0observed.0

0

Qualitative&Test&of&Acemannan&in&Aloe%vera&Extract&
A0total0of01000mg0extract0was0added0to010ml0of0distilled0water.0After0that,02.50ml0of00.20

M0 sodium0 hydroxide0 solution0 and0 10 ml0 of0 0.00020 M0 congo0 red0 solution0 were0 added0

consecutively.0The0formed0color0was0observed.0

&
Formulation&of&Patch&

Two0percents0of0chitosan0was0dissolved0in01.5%0(v/v)0glacial0acetic0acid.0Afterwards,0

10%0of0glycerin0and01.6%0of0Aloe%vera0extract0were0added0consecutively0while0stirring.0About0
200g0of0the0solution0was0poured0into0petri0dish0and0then0dried0in0the0oven0for0480hours0at040

o
C.0

&
Evaluation&of&Patch&

The0thickness0of0the0patch0was0measured0using0vernier0calipers0at030different0points.0

The0folding0endurance0of0patch0was0measured0manually0by0cutting0the0patch0by010cm
2
0and0



International%Journal%of%Applied%Biology,%Vol.%1,%Issue%1,%2017%

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folded0repeatedly0in0the0same0place0till0broken.0The0number0of0folds0without0fracture0was0the0

value0 of0 folding0 ability.0 Patch0 was0 weighed0 and0 placed0 in0 container0 containing0 1000 ml0

saturated0 solution0 of0 potassium0 chloride.0 After0 240 hours,0 patch0 then0 weighed0 again.0 The0

percentage0of0moisture0uptake0was0measured0using0the0following0formula:0

0

%456789:;#<=75:>865? =#@6?<A#B;6Cℎ8 − E?686<A#B;6Cℎ8E?686<A#B;6Cℎ8 #0#1000
0

Moisture&Content&Measurement&
Patch0was0weighed0accurately0and0placed0in0container0containing0silica0gel.0After0240

hours,0patch0then0weighed0again.0The0percentage0of0moisture0loss0was0calculated0using0the0

formula0below:0

0

%456789:;#A577 =#E?686<A#B;6Cℎ8 − F6?<A#B;6Cℎ8F6?<A#B;6Cℎ8 #0#1000
0

Skin&Irritation&Test&
The0test0used0three0rats0(Rattus%novergicus)0as0test0animals.0The0patch0was0pasted0on0

the0back0of0the0rat0(Rattus%novergicus)0for0240hours.0Erithema0and0edema0were0observed0after0
240hours0treatment.0

0

Antibacterial&Test&&
Antibacterial0 test0 was0 conducted0 using0 Staphylococcus% aureus% culture0 in0 Mueller0

Hilton0Agar0media0and0tetracycline0as0a0positive0control.00.10ml0of0bacteria0suspension0was0

added0in0petri0dish0followed0by0MHA0media.0Circle0shaped0patch0with0diameter05.50mm0was0

placed0on0the0surface0of0the0media.0Twenty0microliters0of0300ppm0tetracycline0solution0in0

paper0disk0was0also0placed0on0the0surface0of0medium.0It0was0then0incubated0for010x0240hours0

at037
o
C.0The0formed0inhibitory0zone0was0observed.0

&

Results&and&discussion&&
Isolation&and&Characterization&of&Chitosan&from&Shrimp&Shell&Waste&

The0percentage0of0yield0of0chitosan0that0obtained0was032.67%.0In0addition,0there0are0

also08%0Q010%0of0calcium0phosphate0of0total0anorganic0substances.0Deproteinization0purpose0

is0to0break0the0bond0between0protein0and0chitins,0by0adding0sodium0hydroxide.0In0its0extracted0

crude0form,0chitin0has0a0highly0ordered0crystalline0structure,0is0translucent,0resilient0and0quite0

tough.0It0has,0however,0poor0solubility0and0low0reactivity0(Abbaas,%2015).0Deacetylation0aims0
to0remove0the0acetyl0group0that0attach0in0chitin.0In0deacetylation0process,0high0concentration0

of0sodium0hydroxide0solution0(400–060%)0is0used0to0obtained0chitosan0from0chitin.0Chitosan0

characterization0results0is0presented0in0Table01.0

0

Table&1.&Characterization&of&Chitosan&Isolated&from&Shrimp&Shell&Waste&
Analysis& Result&

pH0 40

Solubility0in0glacial0acetic0acid0 Soluble0in010%0solution0

Viscosity0 93.330cps0

0



International%Journal%of%Applied%Biology,%Vol.%1,%Issue%1,%2017%

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In0table01,0pH0of0chitosan0was04,0while0the0previous0studies0got08.5.0In0the0extraction0

process,0strong0acid0(hydrochloric0acid)0and0strong0base0(sodium0hydroxide)0were0used,0so0

that0different0volume0or0concentration0that0used0can0affect0the0pH0of0chitosan.0The0solubility0

of0chitosan0in0glacial0acetic0acid0was0one0of0the0parameters0that0can0be0used0as0standard0of0

chitosan0quality.0The0highest0the0solubility,0the0better0chitosan0obtained.0In0this0test,0the0

solubility0of0chitosan0sample0and0chitosan0standard0was0the0same0that010gram0of0chitosan0

dissolved0in01000ml0of0glacial0acetic0acid.0The0measurement0of0viscosity0gave0the0result0of0

93.330cps0of0chitosan0sample0and086.670cps0of0chitosan0standard.0

The0result0of0chitosan0characterization0using0FTQIR0spectroscopy0was0given0in0Figure010

which0was0chitosan0sample0and0chitosan0standard,0respectively.0In0the0analysis0using0FTQIR,0it0

can0be0clearly0seen0that0peak0area0of0chitosan0sample0was0in0the0range0of03724.540–0349.120

nm
Q1
,0while0the0peak0area0of0chitosan0standard0was0in0the0range0of03722.610–0352.970nm

Q1
.0For0

the0deacetylation0degree0calculation0is0obtained030%0and037.7%0for0chitosan0sample0and0

chitosan0 standard,0 respectively.0 It0 indicated0 that0 there0 is0 no0 significant0 characteristic0

differences0between0sample0and0standard.00

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Figure&1.&FTUIR&Spectra&of&Chitosan&
(A.!Chitosan&Sample,&B.0Chitosan&Standard)&

&
In0the0analysis0using0XRD,0theoretically0said0that0the0crystal0of0chitin0will0be0decreased0

after0changed0to0chitosan,0which0the0strongest0reflection0index0was0at0the090–0100degrees0

because0 in0that0area0there0was0an0 incorporation0of0water0molecules0 into0crystal0 lattices.0

Crystallinity0degree0is0depend0on0deacetylation0degree0of0chitosan;0the0higher0the0degree0of0

deacetylation,0the0higher0the0degree0of0crystallinity0(Yuan0et%al.,02011).0This0may0be0caused0by0
the0 fact0 that0 chitosan0 chain0 with0 higher0 deacetylation0 cause0 the0 particles0 become0 more0

A&

B&



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flexible0and0have0less0acetyl0groups.0The0results0of0this0analysis0is0presented0in0Table020and0

Figure02.0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Figure&2.&XURay&Diffraction&Results&
&(A.&Chitosan&Sample,&B.&Chitosan&Standard)&

0

Table&2.&CrI%Value&of&Chitosan&Standard&and&Chitosan&Sample&
0

0

0

0

0
Observation0 of0 chitosan0 structure0 using0 scanning0 electron0 microscopy0 (SEM),0

theoretically0 said0 that0 chitosan0 has0 smooth0 morphology0 with0 minimum0 residue,0 while0

according0to0research0that0is0conducted0by0Islam0et0al.%(2011),0reported0that0chitosan0was0not0
homogen0and0has0a0bit0not0smooth0surface0with0the0presence0of0bond0and0shrinkage0on0the0

surface.0Based0on0that0information,0the0result0that0obtained0were0appropriate0(Figure03).%%
%

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

Figure&3.&Morphology&Observation&Results&Using&SEM&
(A.&Chitosan&Sample,&B.&Chitosan&Standard)&

Types&of&Chitosan&
CrI&

CrI110% CrI020%
Chitosan0Standard0 18.51440 Q101.250

Chitosan0Sample0 18.70480 Q75.200

A& B&

A& B&

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International%Journal%of%Applied%Biology,%Vol.%1,%Issue%1,%2017%

0 280

&Extraction&of&Aloe%vera&Leaves&
The0results0of0Aloe%vera0 leaves0extraction0was0obtained0the0percentage0of0yield0of0

22.73%.0The0qualitative0test0of0acemannan0in0Aloe%vera0extract0gave0positive0result0which0was0
showed0by0red0complex0formed0after0the0addition0of0congo0red0in0an0alkaline0situation.0This0

positive0result0indicated0that0Aloe%vera0extract0contained0acemannan0as0cell0regeneration0
stimulating0agent.0Acemannan0is0a0linear0polysaccharide0composed0by0(1,4)Qlinked0mannosyl0

residues,0with0C20or0C30acetylated0and0some0sideQchains0formed0by0galactose0units0attached0

to0C6.0It0is0aβQ(1,4)QQlinkedpolydispersed,0highly0acetylated0mannan0with0an0average0molecular0

weight0of0approximately010000kDa,0is0obtained0from0the0inner0leaf0of0Aloe%vera.%Acemannan0
has0 shown0 to0 accelerate0 wound0 healing.0 Acemannan0 produces0 immune0 agents0 such0 as0

interferon0and0interleukin0which0help0to0destroy0viruses,0bacteria,0and0tumor0(cancer)0cells
0

(Coche0et%al.,02014).0The0result0of0antibacterial0activity0test0is0shown0in0Table03.0
0

Table&3.&Average&Diameter&of&Inhibitory&Zone&of&Aloe%vera&Extract&(mm)&

Concentration0of0Extract0

Diameter0 of0 Inhibitory0

Zone0 Average0Diameter0

10 20

800µl0(1.6%)0 7.780 8.840 8.310

400µl0(0.8%)0 00 00 00

0

Formulation&and&Evaluation&of&Transdermal&Patch&
The0obtained0chitosan0and0Aloe%vera0extract0were0then0formulated0in0transdermal0

patch0which0evaluation0results0is0shown0in0Table04.0 0

Table&4.&Evaluation&Results&of&Transdermal&Patch%

Tests& Results&

Moisture0Uptake0Test0(%)0 40.030

Moisture0Content0Test0(%)0 23.640

Thickness0Test0(mm)0 0.450

Folding0Endurance0Test0(times)0 1140

Skin0Irritation0Test00 Not0irritating0

%
Prepared0tansdermal0patch0showed0good0physical0characteristic.0As0in0study0by0Jaydatt0

&0Sreenivas0(2013)0showed0that0transdermal0patch0have0good0physical0characteristic0with0

thickness0varies0between00.42Q0.450mm,0folding0endurance0between0102Q1370times0(Jaydatt0

&0Sreenivas,02013)0while0the0higher0percentage0of0moisture0uptake0and0moisture0content0is0

due0to0its0hydrophobic0nature0of0the0polymer0used0(Kumar0et%al.,02012).0
The0antibacterial0activity0test0was0done0using0positive0control0(tetracyline)0in0order0to0

compare0 the0 activity0 of0 patch0 with0 tetracycline.0 Tetracycline0 is0 one0 of0 antibiotic0 which0 is0

commonly0used0to0treat0infection0caused0by0S.%aureus.0The0result0of0antibacterial0activity0test0
showed0that0transdermal0patch0of0chitosan0and0Aloe%vera0extract0has0antibacterial0effect0
against0 Staphylococcus% aureus% with0 the0 average0 diameter0 of0 inhibitory0 zone0 of0 6.39.0 The0
diameter0of0inhibitory0zone0of0positive0control0(tetracycline)0was07.730mm0which0was0not0

significantly0different0from0the0patch.0This0indicated0that0the0ability0of0Aloe%vera%extract0and0
chitosan0 to0 inhibit0 the0 growth0 of0 S.% aureus% was0 not0 much0 different0 with0 tetracyline.0
Arunkumar0&0Mutuselyam0(2009)0showed0that0ethanol0extract0from0Aloe%vera%can0inhibit0S.%
Aureus% (Arunkumar0 &0 Mutuselyam,0 2009),0 and0 Morshed0 et% al.0 (2011)0 showed0 chitosan0



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isolated0from0shrimp0shells0having0activity0against0S.%aureus0bacteria0with0a0100mm0inhibit0
zone0(Morshed0et%al.,%2011).0

The0description0of00results0above0are0supported0by0several0studies,0including:0Rahman0

et% al.0 (2017),0 which0 said0 that0 Aloe% vera% has0 a0 cell0 regeneration0 effect0 of0 acemannan0
compounds0and0the0antibacterial0effects0of0aloin0compounds

0
(Rahman0et%al.,02017).0Another0

study,0 Hong0 et% al.0 (2017),0 said0 that0 chitosan0 is0 a0 polymer0 that0 is0 often0 used0 in0 topical0
preparations0because0of0its0highly0beneficial0mucoadhesive0properties0against0drug0delivery0

to0mucoidQcovered0organ0targets0(Hong0et%al.,02017).0In0addition,0it0has0the0effect0of0wound0
healing0as0well0as0antibacterial.00

Research0 has0 shown0 that0 Aloe% vera0 increases0 the0 collagen0 content0 and0 promotes0
faster0wound0healing.0In0addition,0chitosan0has0been0widely0used0as0a0base0material0in0matrix0

production0for0wound0management0because0of0its0easy0production,0long0shelf0life0and0the0

intrinsic0nature0of0this0polymer0(Silva0et%al.,02013).0Therefore,0it0can0be0said0that0the0results0of0
this0research0has0been0in0accordance0with0existing0theories0and0supported0by0some0previous0

research.0

0

Conclusion&&
0 Combination0 of0 chitosan0 form0 shimp0 shell0 waste0 and0 Aloe% vera0 extract0 can0 be0
formulated0into0patch0dosageform0which0had0antibacterial0activity0against0Staphylococcus%
aureus.%
0

Acknowledgements&
0 This0 research0 was0 supported0 by0 Ditjen0 Belmawa0 Kemenristekdikti0 (Ministry0 of0

Research,0Technology,0and0Higher0Education)0for0Research0Grant02017.0The0authors0would0

like0to0thank0the0supervisor0as0well0as0the0parties0who0have0helped0the0authors0in0completing0

this0research.0

&

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