1(2)76-81 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CONTACT&:&AGUS&MUJI&SANTOSO&&&&&&&agusmujisantoso@unpkediri.ac.id! ©!International!Journal!of!Applied!Biology!! 76! Abstract& Soil!pathogen!is!one!of!main!problem!in!Java!ginseng!production!in!tropical! field.!This!study!was!aimed!to!evaluate!the!impact!of!VAM!application!to! Java!ginseng!tuber!production.!Application!of!VAM!was!conducted!in!various! concentrations! (0,! 1,! 2,! and! 3%)! (w/w).! Thin! Layer! Chromatography! was! used!to!detected!saponin!and!spectrophotometry!was!used!to!determine! total!saponin.!Biomass,!the!number!of!rotten!tuber,!and!total!saponin!were! determined!after!eleven!months!under!greenhouse!condition.!Inoculation! 3%!of!VAM!can!enhance!the!number!of!healthy!and!biomass!Java!ginseng! tuber!significantly.!But!the!application!of!VAM!did!not!increase!total!saponin! content.!! ISSN!:!2580T2410! eISSN!:!2580T2119! ! ! ! Talinum(paniculatum((Jacq)&Gaertn&(Java&ginseng)&Production& using&VesicularBArbuscular&Mycorrhizal& ! Sulistiono1,&Alfinda&Novi&Kristanti2&and&Agus&Muji&Santoso1! ! 1!Biology!Education!Department,!Faculty!of!Training!Teacher!and!Education,!University!of! Nusantara!PGRI!Kediri,!East!Java,!Indonesia!! 2!Chemistry!Department,!Faculty!of!Science!and!Technology,!Airlangga!University,!Surabaya,! Indonesia! ! ! & & & & & & & & & & & Introduction& Java!ginseng!(Portulacaceae)!is!an!herbaceous!medicine!of!tropical!plant.!The!plant!is! widely!used!as!active!compounds!source,!such!as!saponins,!flavonoids,!tannins,!triterpenes! or!sterols,!and!polyphenols.!Java!ginseng!has!been!known!for!its!effectiveness!as!inducer!on! spermatogenesis!and!motility!of!sperm,!antiTinflammatory,!androgenic!potency,!and!sperm! viability!(Saroni!et#al.,!1999;!Sumastuti,!1999;!Winarni,!2009;!Rahmi!et#al.,!2011).!Saponins! are!glycosylated!secondary!metabolites!distributed!in!plant!tissues!(Hu!et#al.,!2003).!Santoso! et#al.#(2016)!was!reported!that!Java!ginseng!rich!of!Ginsenosides,!an!important!triterpenoid! saponin!as!well!as!the!other!ginsengs.!Java!ginseng!is!a!potential!medicinal!plant!with!activity! as!good!as!other!medicinal!plants!such!as!Korean!ginseng!or!another!ginseng!from!other! countries.!! There! are! many! previous! studies! revealed! the! efficacy! of! Java! ginseng,! but! its! production!in!Indonesia!has!not!been!optimal!yet.!There!are!some!factors!which!inhibit!Java! ginseng!production!in!Indonesia,!such!as!the!lack!information!of!good!cultivation!techniques! in!field.!Java!ginseng!plantation!in!field!also!has!its!own!some!challenges,!such!as!tuberTeating! nematode!which!attack!the!plant!and!cause!tuber!rotten!as!well!as!soil!pathogens!do.!This! &&&&&&&&OPEN&ACCESS& & & &&&&&&&&&&International&Journal&of&Applied&Biology& Keyword! Saponin! Vesicular.Arbuscular# Mycorrhizal! Soil!Pathogen! Talinum#paniculatum Algae.! Article&History! Received!23!November!2017! Accepted!30!December!2017!! International Journal of Applied Biology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ! International Journal of Applied Biology, p-ISSN : 2580-2410 e-ISSN : 2580-2119. Journal homepage : http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/ijoab International#Journal#of#Applied#Biology,#1(2),#2017# ! 77! case! has! been! recorded! on! Sewon! Bantul! Yogyakarta! and! Plosoklaten! Kediri! (East! Java! Provice)!Indonesia!as!the!central!of!Java!ginseng!production.!! VesicularTArbuscular! Mycorrhizal! (VAM)! is! vesicle! formed! by! fungi! which! have! a! benefit!on!plant!growt!(Sikes,!2010;!Gazey!et#al.,!2004;!AlTKaraki!&!AlTRaddad,!1997)!because! it!can!absorb!phosphor!in!optimum!amount!plants!needed!to!survive!in!drought!condition! (Nurhayati,!2010;!Berta!et#al.,!1995).!It!also!protects!plants!from!pathogens!(Rianto!et#al.,! 2005;!Gazey!et#al.,!2004;!Simanungkalit,!1997).!For!example,!a!Glomus#sp.!fungus!on!VAM!has! capability!in!inhibition!of!several!microbial!pathogens!activity!which!causes!plant!wilting,!such! as!Pseudomonas#solanacearum#(Rianto!et#al.,!2005).!Plant!with!mycorrhizal!roots!can!absorb! Zn!and!S!from!the!ground!faster!than!plant!with!nonTmycorrhizal!root!(RuizTLozano#et#al.,! 1995;!Abbott!et#al.,#1992).!This!means!that!VAM!application!is!promising!in!increasing!the! Java!ginseng!production!in!Indonesia.! One!problem!of!Java!ginseng!tuber!production!in!Indonesia!is!the!lack!information!of! good!planting!techniques.!This!research!is!important!because!the!results!will!help!to!obtain! information!about!good!planting!techniques!which!can!be!applied!by!farmers!to!provide! healthy!tuber!of!Java!ginseng.& & Materials&and&Methods& Application&of&VAM! Java!ginseng!seeds!were!collected!from!field!in!Plosoklaten!Kediri!East!Java!during!dry! season!from!May!to!August!2013.!Java!ginseng!seed!were!obtained!by!cutting!the!dry!flower! panicles.!Seeds!were!germinated!in!tray!and!taken!at!21!days!after!germination.!Germinated! Java!ginseng!then!transferred!into!polyTbags!filled!with!soil!and!sand!(1:1)!and!planted!for!2! weeks.!The!seedlings!then!inoculated!with!VAM!in!some!concentration!(0,!1,!2,!and!3%)!(w/w).! VAM!inoculates!which!used!in!this!research!were!obtained!from!Biotechnology!Center,!Bogor! Agricultural!Institute.!Plants!were!treated!for!8!months!with!liquid!compost!supplementation.! Weeding! and! pest! controlling! were! done! during! the! treatment.! Java! ginseng! roots! were! harvested!by!cutting!the!stem!base!at!3T4!cm!from!the!surface!of!planting!medium.!Planting! medium!with!root!was!given!water!until!saturated!then!the!plastic!bag!was!cut!on!one!side! and!root!can!be!released!slowly.!Furthermore,!ginseng!roots!were!cleaned!from!soil!particles! using! tap! water.! Roots! were! obtained! biomass! under! 70OC! until! constant! condition! (g).! Healthy!tubers!per!plant!was!evaluated!by!counting!of!rotten!bulb!using!this!formula!(rotten! bulb!index!=![NR/NHR];!NR!is!the!number!of!rotten!bulb!of!tuber!per!plant!and!NHR!is!the! number!of!healthy!tuber!per!plant)! & Determination&of&Saponin&Content! Saponin!content!of!air!dried!Java!ginseng!bulbs!were!measured!through!qualitative,! semi!quantitative!and!quantitative!methods!(Santoso,!2012).!One!gram!of!dried!samples!was! grinded!into!fine!powder!in!room!temperature.!Extraction!was!done!by!maceration!using!80%! of!ethanol!for!3!times!then!saturated!in!water!bath!on!80OC!until!shrunk!into!0,1!mL.!Detection! of!Java!ginseng!root!saponin!content!has!been!done!using!Thin!Layer!Chromatography!(TLC)! method!using!propanol!and!water!(14:3).!Chromatograms!then!was!removed,!dried!at!room! temperature,!and!sprayed!with!anisaldehidTH2O2,!followed!by!heating!at!110°C.!The!saponin! existence!will!be!presented!by!dark!green!to!black!spot.!While!quantitative!test!performed!by! spectrophotometer!(365!nm)!with!80%!of!ethanol!which!reacted!with!vanillin!reagent.!TLC! and! quantitative! test! were! calculated! according! to! the! method! as! described! by! Santoso! International#Journal#of#Applied#Biology,#1(2),#2017# ! 78! (2012).!All!chemical!reagents!were!purchase!in!pro!analysis!grade!by!Sigma.! & Data&Analysis& Biomass!and!total!saponin!were!performed!by!oneTway!analysis!of!variance!(ANOVA)! using!the!statistical!software!SPSS!for!Windows.!Duncan’s!multiple!range!tests!were!used!to! evaluate!significant!difference!between!means!at!a!significant!level!(P#