CONTACT : HARI KUMAR PRASAI hkprasai60@gmail.com 46 Abstract Lentil and chickpea are important winter legumes of Nepal. The experiments were carried out to evaluate the agronomic performance of lentil and chickpea genotypes at research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bhagetada, Doti, Nepal during winter seasons of 2012 and 2013. The 16 lentil genotypes were evaluated in both years whereas 20 and 14 genotypes of chickpea were evaluated in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that both lentil and chickpea genotypes indicated differences for their morphological traits namely plant height, flowering, maturity, pods/plant and grain yield. The combined analysis of trials over years showed that lentil genotype namely Black Masuro produced the highest grain yield (790 kg/ha) followed by LG 12 (746 kg/ha) and ILL 3111 (747 kg/ha), respectively. Similarly, chickpea genotypes namely ICCX 840508- 31 produced the highest grain yield (953 kg/ha) followed by ICCX 840508-40 (911 kg/ha) and BG 372 (850 kg/ha), respectively. It is suggested that the superior genotypes derived from these experiments could be further evaluated in farmers’ fields before making recommendation for general cultivation. ISSN : 2580-2410 eISSN : 2580-2119 Performance evaluation of lentil and chickpea genotypes in Doti district of Nepal Hari Kumar Prasai1*, Subarna Sharma1, Ujjwal Kumar Singh Kushwaha2, Bishnu Prasad Joshi1, & Jiban Shrestha2 1Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bhagetada, Dipayal, Doti, Nepal. 2Agriculture Botany division, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Introduction Grain legumes (Pulses) are an important component of cropping system of Nepal. In the mountains and hills, grain legumes are primarily for home consumption, while in the terai and also in some warmer valleys, they are grown both for home consumption and market. The bulk of production in the terai and inner terai is from the winter grain legumes such as lentil, chickpea, field peas and grasspea and in the summer from pigeon pea (Neupane and Shrestha, 2015). Lentil locally known as Masuro is one of the major pulse crop of Nepal accounting 62% area and 64% production of the total legume (MOAD, 2013). In Nepal, during 2016/17 lentil was cultivated in the total area of 206,969 ha and the total production was 254,308 t with productivity of 1,229 kg/ha (MoALD, 2017). Lentil is either grown as relay crop OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Applied Biology Keyword Chickpea, Lentil, Grain yield. Article History Received 31 October 2019 Accepted 29 December 2019 International Journal of Applied Biology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 47 (no till, seed broadcasted 1-2 weeks prior to paddy to harvest) or after rice harvest and land cultivated (post-rice system), and to a smaller extent grown mixed with wheat, tori, mustard, linseed and field pea. Inclusion of lentil in cereal based cropping systems helps in sustainable productivity by improving fertility status of soil, and thereby reducing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Lentils are grown in terai, inner terai and mid hills of the country. The cultivation of lentil has been increased because of increasing preference for its internal consumption and potential for export market. Nepalese lentils have greater demand in the international market. Bangladesh, Singapore, SriLanka, Germany, Korea, UK, Indonesia are the major importers. Lentil is recognized as one of the major agricultural product with high export potential and medium socio-economic impacts by Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) (MOCS, 2010). Lentil shares about 3.1% of the total lentil export in the world (USAID, 2011). Chickpea is an important winter legume grown mainly in the rainfed area of Nepal, mainly in the rice or maize based ecosystem either as a sole or mixed crop with other winter crops. It is an important legume to the population, as it is the primary protein source for nearly 2 million Nepalese people (Pande et al., 2005).Chickpea is an excellent source of protein, especially when compared to other legume pulses. It is high in unsaturated fatty acids and minerals, including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium (Jukanti, 2012). Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption as well as for feeding animals. It is used as ‘Dal’ in split form. Whole fried or boiled seeds of chickpea are also eaten. Husk and bits of ‘Dal’ are used as nutritious feed for animals. Green leaves of chickpea are used as vegetable (sag). Grains are also used as vegetable (chhole). Flour is used in the preparation of various sweets. It is also mixed with wheat flour for ‘chapati’ making. Chickpea can also be used as green fodder. Its straw is an excellent fodder for animals.In Nepal, during 2016/17 chickpea was cultivated in the total area of 9,933 ha and total production was 10,969 t with productivity of 1,104 kg/ha (MoALD, 2017). Far western hills have only 10 ha cultivated area of chickpea with the average productivity of 453 kg/ha which is 54.28% lower than the national average productivity. The information on varietal suitability of lentil and chickpea for far western hills of Nepal was not sufficient so with the objective of identifying high yielding and agronomically superior lentil and chickpea genotypes for this regions, these experiments were carried out at RARS, Bhagetada, Doti, Nepal. Materials and Methods Description of the experimental site These experiments were carried out in the research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bhagetada, Dipayal, Doti district during winter seasons of 2012 and 2013. The site is located at the latitude of N 29°15'16.4" and longitude of E 80°55'59.3". This research station is situated at the bank of Seti River with the altitude of 546 meter above sea level. (Prasai et al., 2018). The soil was light texture, low organic matter (1-2%) and acidic in nature containing pH 6 (RARS, 2015). Plant Materials Total sixteen lentil genotypes namely ILL 7715, ILL 6467, LG 124, ILL 7537, ILL 1, PL-4, ILL 3111, ILL 6256, ILL 3490, ILL7979, WBL 77, HG 57, ILL9926, Black Masuro, Shital and Sagun were included in these experiments for 2012. Similarly, sixteen genotypes namely ILL International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 48 6467,LG 12, LN 0136, ILL 7715, ILL 7163, PL 4, RL 4, ILL 6819, WBL 77, ILL 3111, ILL 3490, ILL 7979, Black Masuro, HG 57, Shital and Sagun were included in the experiments for 2013. Twenty genotypes of chickpea, namely ICCX 840508-40, ICCX 840508-44, ICCX 840508-33, ICCX 840508-38, ICCV 98933, ICCX 840508-41, KWR 108, BG 1206, KPG-59, ICCX 840508-32, ICCV 98909, BG 372, ICCV 98937, ICCX 840508-31, ICCX 840508-21, KPG 173-4, ICCV 87312, ICCX 840508-36, Tara and Dhanush were included in the experiment for 2012. Similarly, fourteen genotypes namely ICCV 87312, ICCV 98937, ICCX 840508-31, ICCX 840508-38, ICCX 840508-40, ICCX 840508-41, ICCX 840508-44, KWR 108, ICCV 98933, ICCV 98909,KPG 59, BG 372, Tara and Dhanush were included in the experiments for 2013. Experimental design and field management The experiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in both years. For lentil the plot size of 4.5 m2 was maintained in both years. For chickpwa, plot size was of 7.2 m2 in both the years. The chemical fertilizers was applied by the rate of 20:40:20 NPK kg/ha. The cultural practices and plant protection measures were applied as per recommendations made by Grain Legume Research Program, Khajura, Banke. Data Analysis The traits namely days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods/plant, seed/pod, and grain yield were recorded. Analysis of variance for agronomic traits of grain legumes were analyzed with MSTATC software (Russel & Eisensmith, 1983). Genotypes were compared using the F-test. The treatment means were compared by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% level (Gomez & Gomez, 1984; Shrestha, 2019). Results and Discussion Results Lentil Among the lentil genotypes evaluated in 2012, ILL-3111 produced the highest grain yield (764 kg/ha) followed by LG 124 (688 kg/ha) and ILL 6467 (626 kg/ha), respectively. Statistically, grain yield and days to flowering showed significant differences among the genotypes (Table 1). The genotypes ILL-3111, LG 124 and ILL 6467 produced 46.08, 31.54 and 19.69% higher grain yield than the standard check variety (Shital). Total 16 genotypes of lentil were included in the experiments in 2013. Among them, LG 12 producedd the highest grain yield (1050 kg/ha) followed by Black Masuro (983 kg/ha) and IL 3111 (879 kg/ha), respectively. Differences for flowering days and maturity was found highly significant and grain yield was found significant among genotypes (Table 2). Table 1. Gain yield and growth traits of lentil genotypes at RARS Bhagetada, Doti during winter season of 2012 S. N. Genotype Flowering day Maturity day Plant height (cm) Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 ILL 7715 104 137 25.00 79 593 2 ILL 6467 103 138 22.25 93 626 3 LG 124 103 137 23.50 71 688 International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 49 4 ILL 7537 105 138 23.00 68 420 5 ILL-1 101 149 22.75 68 595 6 PL-4 104 139 23.50 67 484 7 ILL-3111 100 137 26.50 87 764 8 ILL 6256 106 138 18.50 58 372 9 ILL 3490 104 137 22.50 78 604 10 ILL 7979 105 138 21.75 60 428 11 WBL-77 104 139 22.75 74 432 12 HG 57 104 138 22.75 79 578 13 ILL 9926 101 134 21.75 57 386 14 Black Masuro 107 139 23.00 87 484 15 Shital 102 134 24.50 65 523 16 Sagun 105 138 24.00 77 542 F-test ** ns ns ns * CV % 2.16 5.82 13.12 14.62 20.97 SEm (±) 0.52 0.829 0.43 2.67 27.9 *,**, Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. ns, non-significant Table 2. Gain yield and growth traits of lentil genotypes evaluated at RARS Bhagetada, Doti during winter season of 2013 S. N Genotype Flowering day Maturity day Plant height (cm) Pods/plant Seeds/pod Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 ILL 6467 102 146 21.73 28 1 509 2 LG 12 101 146 22.27 37 2 1050 3 LN 0136 105 148 20.20 32 2 799 4 ILL 7715 104 147 19.60 28 2 754 5 ILL 7163 101 146 26.80 51 2 637 6 PL 4 106 149 24.00 31 2 638 7 RL 4 106 148 22.27 39 2 727 8 ILL 6819 100 145 21.20 33 2 675 9 WBL 77 107 149 23.20 28 2 697 10 ILL 3111 104 147 25.00 56 2 879 11 ILL 3490 101 145 22.03 33 2 633 International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 50 12 ILL 7979 104 147 26.07 26 2 550 13 Black 106 149 21.87 54 2 983 Masuro 14 HG 57 104 147 25.27 44 2 824 15 Shital 102 146 25.47 32 2 593 16 Sagun 104 147 25.67 34 2 718 F-test ** ** ns ns ns * CV% 0.66 0.35 17.71 26.23 16.13 20.43 SEm (±) 0.541 0.314 0.553 2.4 0.0441 37.2 *,**, Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. ns, non-significant The genotypes LG 12, Black Masuro and IL 3111 produced 77.06, 65.76 and 48.22% higher grain yield respectively than standard check variety (Shital). Combined analysis over years (2012 and 2013) showed that the genotypes namely Black Masuro (789 kg/ha), LG 12 (746 kg/ha) and ILL 3111(747 kg/ha) were found high yielding genotypes that produced 53.20, 44.85 and 45.04% higher grain yield, respectively than check variety (Shital). Statistically, genotypic variance and variance due to interaction between genotype and year (G ×Y) for grain yield were found significant. Flowering days and maturity also revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes (Table 3). Chickpea A total of 20 genotypes of chickpea were included in experiments in 2012.Among them, KPG 173-4 produced the highest grain yield (687 kg/ha) followed by ICCX 840508-40 (514 kg/ha) and BG 1206 (501 kg/ha), respectively. The genotypes KPG 173-4 produced the 29.37% higher grain yield than check variety (Tara). All the characters except plant height and grain yield showed non-significant differences due to genotypes. The genotypic variance was significant for grain yield and highly significant for plant height (Table 4). Similarly, 14 genotypes of chickpea were included experiments in 2013. Among them, ICCX 840508-31 produced the highest grain yield (1463 kg/ha) followed by BG 372 (1208 kg/ha) and ICCV 87312 (1197 kg/ha) respectively. The genotypes ICCX 840508-31, BG 372 and ICCV 87312 produced 70.31, 40.62 and 39.34% higher yield respectivley than check variety (Tara). Statistically, days to flowering and maturity showed highly significant difference due to genotypes, whereas grain yield due to genotypes was found significant (Table 5). The chickpea genotypes namely ICCX 840508-31 (953 kg/ha), ICCX 840508-40 (911 kg/ha) and BG 372 (850 kg/ha) found high yielding genotypes from combined analysis over years (2012-2013). These promising namely ICCX 840508-31, ICCX 840508-40 and BG 372 produced 37.12, 31.07 and 22.30% higher yield than the check variety (Tara).Statistically, effect of the genotypes for grain yield was significant. Similarly the interaction between genotypes and years (G×Y) for grain yield was also found highly significant (Table 6). International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 51 Table 3. Combined analysis (over years; 2012 and 2013) of lentil genotypes for grain yield and growth traits at RARS, Bhagetada, Doti during winter seasons S. N. Genotype Flowering day Maturity day Plant height (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 ILL 3464 103 142 20.76 474 2 LG 12 103 142 21.47 746 3 IL 7715 104 142 21.80 632 4 PL-4 105 144 24.10 545 5 WBL 77 106 145 21.93 465 6 ILL 3111 103 142 24.33 747 7 ILL 3490 103 141 22.02 516 8 ILL 7979 105 143 23.37 591 9 Black Masuro 107 144 22.10 789 10 HG 57 105 143 23.30 646 11 Shital 102 141 24.73 515 12 Sagun 104 143 24.83 619 F-test Genotype (G) ** ** ns * Year (Y) ns ** ns ** G ×Y ns ns ns ns CV % 1.56 1.18 16.19 20.97 SEm (±) 0.423 0.355 0.400 31.746 *,**, Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. ns, non-significant Table 4. Gain yield and growth traits of chickpea genotypes at RARS Bhagetada, Doti during winter season of 2012 S. N. Genotype Flowering day Maturity day Plant height (cm) Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 ICCX 840508-40 109 146 37.67 26 514 2 ICCX 840508-44 108 152 33.00 24 463 3 ICCX 840508-33 108 152 43.33 23 464 4 ICCX 840508-38 108 155 46.00 26 321 5 ICCV 98933 108 152 42.00 25 456 6 ICCX 840508-41 108 162 37.33 21 383 International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 52 7 KWR 108 108 153 40.00 21 488 8 BG 1206 108 151 46.00 24 501 9 KPG-59 109 151 41.00 16 418 10 ICCX 840508-32 109 149 38.67 25 342 11 ICCV 98909 108 150 43.67 25 396 12 BG 372 109 150 38.00 30 459 13 ICCV 98437 108 149 39.67 22 439 14 ICCX 840508-31 109 151 35.00 14 442 15 ICCX 840508-21 112 152 31.33 27 341 16 KG 173-4 111 151 47.00 23 687 17 ICCV 87312 108 153 34.67 27 394 18 ICCX 840508-36 109 152 37.67 17 374 19 Tara 104 150 32.33 21 531 20 Dhanush 106 150 32.33 28 453 F-test ns ns ** ns * CV % 2.1 3.14 10.82 17.46 19.05 SEm (±) 0.338 0.709 1.08 0.918 19.4 *,**, Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. ns, non-significant Table 5. Gain yield and growth traits of chickpea genotypes at RARS Bhagetada, Doti during winter season of 2013 S. N. Genotype Flowering day Maturity day Plant height (cm) Pods/plant Seeds/pod Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 ICCV 87312 105 159 43.6 35 2 1197 2 ICCV 98937 108 159 50.73 41 2 921 3 ICCX 840508-31 105 159 49.6 28 2 1463 4 ICCX 840508-38 101 154 53.2 39 2 1124 5 ICCX 840508-40 102 155 49.4 46 2 1359 6 ICCX 840508-41 100 153 49.2 33 1 864 7 ICCX 840508-44 101 152 50 26 2 611 8 KWR 108 102 154 51.6 32 2 1062 9 ICCV 98933 100 153 53.53 24 2 833 10 ICCV 98909 101 151 47.07 36 2 1088 International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 53 11 KPG 59 105 156 48.73 42 2 661 12 BG 372 97 153 49.8 28 2 1208 13 Tara 104 156 51.73 35 2 859 14 Dhanush 103 154 38.87 33 2 1187 F-test ** ** ns ns ns * CV% 2.6 0.28 7.85 18.74 20.24 24.24 SEm (±) 0.711 0.702 1.03 1.71 0.034 66.8 *,**, Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. ns, non-significant Table 6. Combined analysis (over years; 2012 and 2013) of chickpea genotypes for grain yield and growth traits at RARS Bhagetada, Doti during winter seasons S. N. Genotype Flowering day Maturity day Plant height (cm) Pods/plant Seeds/pod Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 ICCV 87312 107 156 39.13 29 2 795 2 ICCV 98937 108 154 45.20 31 1 679 3 ICCX 840508-31 107 155 42.30 25 2 953 4 ICCX 840508-38 105 155 48.77 32 1 722 5 ICCX 840508-40 105 154 41.20 35 1 911 6 ICCX 840508-41 104 153 43.27 27 1 622 7 ICCX 840508-44 105 153 43.87 26 2 462 8 KWR 108 105 154 45.80 27 2 775 9 ICCV 98933 104 153 47.77 23 1 644 10 ICCV 98909 104 151 45.37 30 2 741 11 KPG-59 107 153 45.27 28 2 465 12 BG 372 103 152 43.90 29 2 850 13 Tara 104 153 42.03 28 1 695 14 Dhanush 104 152 35.60 30 2 820 F-test Genotype (G) ** ** ** ns ns * Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ** ** G × Y ** ** ns ns ns ** CV% 0.86 0.6 10.4 11.05 18.42 20.1 International Journal of Applied Biology, 3(2), 2019 54 SEm (±) 0.372 0.383 0.913 0.847 0.028 38.9 *,**, Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. ns, non-significant Discussion In these experiments, variation was observed in agromorphological traits among lentil and chickpea genotypes in both years. The variation on days to flowering in lentil was reported by Neupane (2013), Dugassa et al. (2014), Yadav et al. (2016) and Darai et al. (2017). The researchers Singh et al. (2006), Yadav et al. (2016) and Darai et al. (2017) have reported significant difference on this trait among evaluated lentil genotypes. These results showed the presence of inherent genetic variability among the genotypes which gives an opportunity for legume breeders to select most promising genotypes or improve those traits for variety development through selection and hybridization. Significant difference on lentil yield and yield attributing traits were also reported by Neupane (2013), Dugassa et al.(2014), Nath et al. (2014), and Kumar et al. (2016). A wide range of variation was observed for all traits under study suggesting variability among the cultivars for these traits. Results of the present experiments are in conformity with Ramanappa et al. (2013). The estimates of variability revealed that genetic variability was significant among the cultivars under study. The present findings were in accordance with Parameshwarappa et al. (2012) for plant height and days to fifty percent flowering. Therefore selection has to be precisely made based on the perse performance of the cultivars under replicated trails (Akanksha et al., 2016). Similarly, previous studies on chickpea landraces indicated significant variations for traits like plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, and grain yield (Tesfamickael et al., 2014). Conclusions The lentil genotypes namely Black Masuro, LG 12 and ILL 3111 produced 53.20, 44.85 and 45.04% higher yield than the check variety (Shital). Similarly chickpea genotypes namely ICCX 840508-31, ICCX 840508-40 and BG 372 were identified as high yielding genotypes that produced 37.12, 31.07 and 22.30% higher yield respectively than the check variety (Tara) at Bhagetada, Doti, Nepal. 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