IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CONCEPT IN REDESIGNING
ZONE-ARRANGEMENT OF BANYUWEDANG

HOT SPRINGS ARCHITECTURE

I Kadek Merta Wijaya1, Ni Wayan Nurwarsih2
1,2Department of Architecture, Universitas Warmadewa, Indonesia

email: 1amritavijaya@gmail.com, 2niwyn.nurwarsih@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Architecture and tourism are two things that have mutual connection to each other in
terms of spatial arrangement and sustainable resources management. Architectural
form in tourism accommodation support concerns on many sustainable aspects in
community’s social-economy, environment, and culture. Banyuwedang Hot Spring as
tourist attraction has many potential, such as hot spring sources, mangrove forest,
and a temple with its own architectural form called “Pura Mas Beji Banyuwedang”
and “Pura Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang”. The management system of this tourist
attraction is self-management by some group of local people. The issue that emerge
on site was zone setting and activities that looks unorganized and not fit-based on
function embedded to it, and also didn’t concerned about activities impact on
mangrove forest. On average, 50% of main and support facilities not properly-used.
On Average of tourist visit is 60 person a day and the system of waste management
was not well-organized and well-made. The purpose of this research is to rearrange
architectural zonation arrangement of Banyuwedang Hot Spring using sustainable
tourism concept (economy, social, and environment). Using naturalistic qualitative
research method by searching for problems that has sensual empiric, native’s
viewpoints, researcher’s viewpoint base logic, and trancendental charasteristic. Zone
arrangement that resulting from this research are recreative and conservative zone
that have mutally connected to each other in terms hot spring tourism spatial. Those
zone arrangements formed based on (1) potentials owned as a toursm object; (2)
Economic aspects such as operational cost and local people income; (3) social
aspects from the creation of social space between visitors; (4) environmental
aspects, by the mangrove forest and hot spring sustainability preservation; and (5)
cultural aspect, by the preservation of religious ritual and ritual attraction as one hot
spring space.

Keywords: hot spring architecture, redesign, sustainable tourism, zone arrangement.

INTRODUCTION

Sustainability perspective in using ressources as tourism potentials must be a

holistic embeded planning. It means that in terms of tourist attraction planning, we

need some paradigm in terms of social, economy, and environment that need to be

concerned and considered in defending the sustainability of tourism support

potentials. The involvement of all tourism stakeholders such as government, private

sector, and local people must be equally arrange and must support each other in

creating a sustainability (between tourism and social-economy and environment)

mailto:1amritavijaya@gmail.com
mailto:niwyn.nurwarsih@gmail.com

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

(Pradapa, 2004). In line with that, sustainable tourism concept in Sustainability

Tourism Charter (1995) mentioned that development emphasized on allignment

concept and integrated between ecological aspect, worth in terms of economy, and

social through resources arrangement and resources utilization on sustain terms.

Tourist attraction is often used by community, and therefore becomes public

asset. It is encompasses river, water spring, open space and park, roads and other

rural capitals. The development of tourism potentially reduces public access to the

common public resources. The intensive uses of resources by tourist led to the

scarcity of natural resources, such as land and water (Normelani et al., 2016). In the

developing countries with rich natural resources, the diversity of flora, fauna, and

landscapes is the ultimate natural resources for tourism development. In some part,

cultural resources have been promoted as a tourist attraction. Since every part has

its own culture background, the cultural aspect of community often diverse in

developing countries. This is become the advantages among developing countries

with its huge cultural resources to be cultural tourism destination (McKercher and

Cros, 2012).

Development in phisycal context in tourism facility architecture need to use

sustainable architectural concept. Sustainable architecture concept is an architecture

that attempt to minimize negative impact on built environment with efficiency and

moderation in using material, energy, and development space, and also ecosystem

in extensively (Ragheb, El-Shimy and Ragheb, 2016). Sustainable architecture is not

just seeing through physical aspect of building to environment but also as a whole

(holistic) considering local people involvement in supporting sustainable

development. In sustainable architecture concept, besides environmental aspects

and cultural aspects which become parameter there are also local people

involvement as a very important aspectthat needs to be consider. Just like what

Sidiq & Resnawaty (2017) said, ressources and local community uniqueness

(tradition and culture) are the main leading elements of tourism main actitivity and

become ecology system that interconnected. According to Dewi, Fandeli, & Baiquni

(2013), main potency in local people-based tourism are human, nature, and culture.

That 3 elements contained in tourism village concept that according to Nuryanti

(1999) was a form of integration between attraction, accommodation, and facilities

that served in organizational structure of local people life in form of procedures and

traditions that applied. Those things can be met on Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourist

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

Attraction, that is the people of Pejarakan Village as the organization which lead it,

hot spring sources and mangrove forest as natural potency and religious rituals in

form of Mas Beji Banyuwedang Temple and Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang

Temple.

The characteristic of Banyuwedang Hot Spring is the hot water sources which

located on the edge of mangrove forest. This potency used by local people

(Pejarakan Village) for healing ritual of any kinds of skin diseases. In line with the

development of nature tourism concept, then Banyuwedang Hot Spring was made as

one of tourist attraction by Buleleng District Government on year 1982. As a tourism

destination, it needs to accommodate supporting facilities which buildon that area in

form of public bathing pool for secular activities, private bathing chambers,

accommodation such as food stall/food court, toilet and others supporting facilities.

From year 1984 until now, management of it has been taken over by Pejarakan

Village because didn’t show increasing number of tourist visit.

In management of tourist attraction it needs to consider sustainable aspect

potencies (nature and cultural) which will become attractiveness. Sustainability in

this context was a attempt in preserving natural ecosystem and cultural order either

physically or metaphysically for the next generation. Nature and culture potencies

are vital sources that needs to be conserved, but brings good impact (economy and

welfare) to local people. That Concept became the eyeglasses in seeing

management phenomenon of Banyuwedang Hot Spring, which contains some things

that can give sustainability disadvantageous to local nature and culture.

Banyuwedang Hot Spring as tourism destination has hot springs (kelebutan)

as sorces of tourism bathing activities and Mas Beji Banyuwedang Temple and Dang

Kahyangan Banyuwedang Temple as Hindu’s Religious Architecture. Beside all that,

in this region also has mangrove forest which can be considered as plus mark in

terms of tourism attractiveness. Accordings to grand tour, we found that existing

zone arrangement consist of 3 zones, that has following conditions : zone 1 : Not-

well functioned facilities which should be function as private bathing chambers,

public bathing chambers, food stall/food court, toilet, and changing room; zone 2:

There weren’t any supporting facilities such as managerial office and adequate

parking area; zone 3: zone arrangement looks unclear/unfinished in terms of

groupings such as private and public bathing chambers inside the temple zone, food

stall zone spreaded and bathing chambers for healing located near the springs

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

(kelebutan); and zone 4: waste disposal management looks not well-organized, it

can be meet on soap waste and grey water didn’t filtered before streamed to natural

environment, there were still garbage scaterred, even between mangrove roots.

Those images showed that sustainability concept still weak in terms of full-

governancy by people of Pejarakan Village.

Besides all that, local people which represented by Banyuwedang Hot Spring

tourist attraction manager delivering the plan for tourist attraction development

through arrangement and adding some support and services facilities. Parking area

arrangement which today looks not well organized, visitor parked their vehicles on

any space available, adding gazebo facilities, bridge construction or jetty for tour

around mangrove forest and adding souvenir shop buildings. Local people desire in

thi tourist attraction arrangement needs a direction and planning that lead to the

sustainability of it’s potencies.

In arrangement of this Banyuwedang Hot Spring, we need a sustainable way

of approach. This approach considering “recreational” aspect and “conservational”

aspect integrated in Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourism Destination. Recreational

aspects are the availability bathing tourism facilities and other facilities that support

it. Conservation aspects are the preservation natural environment, ritual activities,

and local people involvement in managing the object. Environmental conservation

related to hot spring and mangrove forest which are the potencies of these tourist

attraction, Ritual activities are the existence of ritual activities and temple

architecture (Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang Temple and Mas Beji Banyuwedang

Temple) as tourism attractiveness, and the involvement of local people by the

existence of traditional village (Pejarakan Village) in managing the area.

This research purpose is to redesign zone arrangement of Banyuwedang Hot

Spring Tourist Attraction through sustainability tourism approach by combination

between “recreational” and “conservational” concept. The redesign of the zoning

system is based on the following issues: (1) recreational facilities such as open pool,

private pool, public showers, playground, visitors lockers, toilets and locker rooms,

and zoning kiosks still spread and unstructured; (2) the irregularity of the zoning

arrangement creates an unclear circulation between the circulation of visitors and the

community performing prayers; (3) there are many facilities that have been

physically damaged and unfit for use as well as lack of other supporting facilities in

increasing the number of tourist visits to Banyuwedang Hot Springs.

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

In this redesign design is divided into two major zonation namely recreation

and conservation zones. Recreational zone are bathing facilities and supporting

facilities, and conservational zone are hot spring, mangrove forest, and ritual

activities. Early zone arrangement redesigned through sustainability approaches, so

it can produce an integrated zone arrangement concept between conservation and

tourism attraction. Method that used is qualitative naturalistic which focus on

empirical studies about tourism activities phenomenon, preserving environment and

culture around it. The results will become a consideration in rearrangement of the

tourist attraction through holistic approach.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research method that used is qualitative naturalistic through sustainable

tourism approaches by approach on economical aspect (equity in people income

through direct involvement in managing the tourist attraction), social aspect

(preserving social space extension between visitors and local people) and

environment (mangrove forest and hot spring) and also culture (Pura Mas Beji’s and

Pura Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang’s architecture). That aspects need to be put as

foundation in redesigning sustainability zone arrangement in Banyuwedang Hot

Spring Tourist Attraction. Step by step of this research are: (1) survey related to early

phenomenon which are activity system, available facilities and utility system through

direct involvement as visitors; (2) zone arrangement identification related to the

object; (3) doing an unstructurized interview with visitors and the tourist attraction

manager; (4) discussing an empiric studies with sustainable tourism concepts and

local approaches; and (5) draw a conclusion in form of redesigning zone

arrangement of Banyuwedang Hot Spring.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

General Image of Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourist Attraction

Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourist Attraction was one of natural tourism

destination in Buleleng District with its main potency such as hot spring and

mangrove forest. Total amounts of tourist visit to the object still on minimum level

that is more or less 70 to 100 person a day. It happens because of facilities and

promotion management still not fully supported recreational activities in the object.

Operational time of this tourist attraction opened at 08:00 am until 18:00 pm on

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

Monday until Friday, but in Sunday opened at 08:00am to 20:00pm. Total amounts of

tourist to the tourist attraction can be seen on the following Figure 1 below:

Figure 1.
Total Amount Graphic of Tourist visit to Banyuwedang Hot Spring

(Banyuwedang Hot Spring Management, 2018)

Activities that did by tourist in the object are recreation and spiritual.

Recreation by do bathing in hot spring that available on open pool and pool

chambers. Spiritual activity that held here is a healing type, and also in this object

there are healing pool especially used by visitors that got skin disseases. This hot

spring came from kelebutan (spring) which located on north side of the site and

brackish water.

Banyuwedang hot spring got 2 function, recreation and spiritual. Recreational

function can be seen from hot spring that can be used for bathing and spiritual

function (skin disseases cure). Those potencies already functioned from long ago

before the object became tourism destination. With majority of users was the local

people. Now, the object has been developed for public hot spring bathing.

Potencies that already on the object are natural potency and spiritual potency.

Natural potency (1) Hot Spring (kelebutan) that keep on flowing with large amount of

water discharge formed a hot spring bathing pool, this spring is functioned for

flowing the water to the open bathing pool or bathing chambers; (2) View of Bali’s

northern beach and an overlay of mangrove forest increasing the beautifulness of

this tourist attraction, visitors can enjoy the view while bathing; and (3) Air that still

fresh and natural that created by green elements of mangrove forest and also this

place located far away from people settlement which crowded.

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IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

Besides natural potency that become the attractiveness value of this object,

there are also spiritual potential that marked by the existence of 2 great temple (Mas

Beji Banyuwedang Temple dan Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang Temple). Spiritual

tourism that did by visitors is healing ritual on healing-pool bathing chambers and

Pura Mas Beji Banyuwedang. Before visitors doing the healing ritual, they have to

pray for permission to used the hot spring in honour for niskala elements around the

objects, and then continue to do bathing in the pool that available. Healing pool

positioned different from normal pool that only used for recreational purpose which

located near hot spring (kelebutan).

Cultural potencies also increasing the attractiveness of the object. On

ceremonial day, Hindu, Muslim, and Catholic doing their courteous in this object.

The value of religion tolerance between people also can be seen as one of cultural

attractiveness.

The Image of Banyuwedang Hot Spring existing can be seen on the following

Figure 2.

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

Figure 2.
Banyuwedang Hot Spring Existing

(source: survey result, 2018).

Redesigning Zone Arrangement of Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourist Attraction

(1) Recreation Zone

In this zone arrangement there are area for tourism attraction activities in form

of opened hot spring bathing facilities, chambers or bathing for healing purposes.

Open-Bathing zone in form of hot spring bathing used in public located on middle

area of the others attraction facilities and close to hot spring sources. The zone

arrangement concept are (1) public pool or opened located on the middle and

become the core orientation of bathing chambers; (2) Bathing chambers located in

the south side of the bathing pool with orientation to building masses in the north or

to the opened bathing pool; (3) While healing pool located not far from hot spring

sources. These zone arrangement done based on distance consideration between

opened bathing pool, bathing chambers, or healing chambers that closed enough to

the hot spring sources. This means that hot spring water distribution doesn’t need

more power sources to flowing the hot water from it sources. Beside that, the

creation public spaces as social space from visitors who do recreation on the object.

Bathing chambers zone also located on the area that easy to monitor from all

negative things.

Other Recreational zone which is “tour around mangrove” is a trip through

mangrove forest via wooden jetty. That jetty has been planned to stop near edge

area of mangrove forest, so that not destroying the mangrove trees to much. Visitors

can go around mangrove forest which located on the north of the site while enjoying

fresh air that comes from the forest and also beautifulness of northern buleleng

district open seas. End of the trip is returning to the hot spring bathing area.

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

Zone arrangement of this recreation supporting facilities also planned with

approaches to environmental conservation. That facilities are deposit box area and

changing room, shower room, and toilet. The most considered things on that facility

are waste disposal management; toilet; and also plastic garbage disposal system.

Waste in form of soap and detergent will flow through filtration process before it

flowed to open nature. This system filtered the rest of bad molecule from soap or

detergent and that liquid waste, so it detached from the molecul and flowed to open

nature.

Other zone arrangement that support the recreational activities in the

Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourist Attraction are (1) Management Office; (2)

restaurant; (3) Souvenir Shop; (4) Parking area, and (5) Medical Clinic. Facilities that

located in southern zone of the site and located in eastern side of Pura Dang

Kahyangan Banyuwedang zone. In the beginning, this zone is an empty land and

functioned as parking area for visitors, but according to more strcuturized zone

concept, then some facilities which located on the same zone as bathing pool zone

has been moved to supporting zone. Beside that also for adding comfortness and

safetiness of all visitors then function such as medical clinic and SPA need to be

added.

Block Plan of Redesigning Zone Banyuwedang Hot Springs can be seen on

the following Figure 3 below:

Figure 3.
Block Plan of Redesigning Zone Banyuwedang Hot Springs

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

(source: analysis result, 2018)

According to description above and discussed with sustainability concept

(economic, social, environment). Economic sustainability seen from open-bathing

pool zone and closed (chambers) which located as closed to hot spring sources.

Efficiencies in energy-draw power sources or hot water distribution from it’s sources

to all pool are minimizing energy needs concept. Besides that also, bathing pool

zonation placement near the hot spring sources, keeps water quality so it’s

temperature will not easily drop. Zone arrangement related to building masses that

oriented to the centre (open-bathing pool) produce activities pattern settings that

creates social spaces between visitors. People that came from all regions of Bali and

outside Bali can know each other well through that. The management of waste

disposal system from activities in bathing pool, shower room, and bathroom are

using filtration system that flowed away all liquid waste (detergent and soap) from all

activities to open nature. That filtration concept can help to preserved nature around

the object (mangrove forest) from liquid waste pollution by bathing pool, shower

room, and bathroom. Sustainability environmental concept also described from

zonation arrangement of supporting facilities such as: (1) management office; (2)

restaurant; (3) souvenir shop; (4) parking area; and (5) medical clinic which the

zonation located far away from hot spring sources to keep a good nature

environmental quality.

(2) Conservative Zone

There is other potencies in Banyuwedang Hot Spring Bathing which is the

existence of Pura Mas Beji Banyuwedang and Pura Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang

architecture. Pura Mas Beji got interconnection with the Banyuwedang hot spring

sources, because the temple existence was a form of respect to the spring in Hindu-

Balinese religion context in general and especially for banyuwedang people.

According to Wijaya (2015) stated that Balinese people perceive that springs are a

source of life and need to be managed sustainable it by spasial system. The spasial

system are Balinese people do ritual activities at the source of the spring as an effort

to respect the water source in an niskala (ritual) by establishing a temple (holy place)

around the place. The people who do healing activities through hot spring media,

must first do praying at Pura Mas Beji Banyuwedang. The existence of those

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

temples certainly have social activities setting that do prayers (pamedek). There are

two main activities in Banyuwedang hot spring as tourist attraction which are

recreation and ritual. These things means that 2 activities and rituals spaces

(recreation & ritual) have been well preserved in terms of their existence related to

preserving sustainability of those two in one tourist attraction region.

Zone arrangement of those temple arranged with preservation of its existence

but blend in spatial on one tourist attraction. Distance between Pura Mas Beji

Banyuwedang arranged with border line of a park with 1 metre width from the temple

outer wall border. Kinds of plant which will be used such as mini yellow bamboo or

red shoot flower. This borderline concept separating 2 zones not absolutely but

separation made through harmonization in those two zones. Because of the

existence of Pura Mas Beji was a part of this object. Same concept also applied in

Pura Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang. But, the borderline width is 2 metre because

of these temple complex much bigger than Pura Mas Beji Banyuwedang. So,

conservation of those two temples still preserved in one tourism region with it’s

secularity. Transition Zone between Recreative Zone (Secular Zone) and

Conservative Zone (Sacral Zone) can be seen on the following Figure 4.

Figure 4.
Transition Zone between Recreative Zone (Secular Zone)

and Conservative Zone (Sacral Zone)
(source: analysis result, 2018).

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

Figure 4 illustrates the boundary between recreation zones and conservative

zones is space in the form of a planter box. The transition space maintains the

continuity between the two zones (recreational and conservative). In the context of

architecture, the transition space becomes the middle boundary that divides the two

opposing spaces to create harmony. Besides that, the existence of transition space

(planter box) as an acoustic (silencer) of recreational activities conducted by visitors.

Therefore, visitors who do secular activities in the recreation zone can enjoy the

potential of freshness of mangrove forest and also the potential in the form of a

temple architecture that is still maintained its existence. While people who do praying

can quietly perform ritual activities without disturbed by recreation activities. So the

sustainability of the temple architecture as a cultural potential in Banyuwedang Hot

Springs still maintained its existence as the spirit of place.

Other conservative zone is the mangrove forest. In redesigning the zone

arrangement of the object, mangrove forest existence preserved. Zonation of bathing

chambers, food stall, and bathing shower for healing resetting by consideration that

activities on that zone have negative impact on mangrove forest sustainability. There

are plastic garbages from food from food wrappig and detergent in western zone of

Pura Mas as activities result on those spaces. Bathing chambers and healing shower

rearranged to be one area with open bathing pool, and the existence of food stalls

relocated to southern of the toursim object with quite far distance from conservative

sone (mangrove forest and spring).

Arrangement concepts on top were sustainability concept in environemntal

and cultural context. The sustainability of mangrove forest ecosystem preserved

through space and activities governance that doesn’t cause environmental pollution.

Those pollution came from plastic garbages from activitis in food stall, bathroom, and

bathing pool. Because of it, spaces and activity setting on those spaces moved to

zone that not directly or indirectly touch vital conservation zone (mangrove forest and

hot spring sources). Sustainability in cultural context which is the existence of

religious ritual on both temple in this Bayuwedang Hot Spring Tourist Attraction keep

on going through zones that accommodate ritual activities at a time also become

local cultural attraction in supporting tourism potencies. The intended result is a

summary of the results of the analysis of the data, not the research results in the

form of raw data.The results of the analysis of the data from the statistical data

IJASTE – International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events Vol.3 No.1 June 2019

processing software, presented by re-typing in the table which is adapted to needs,

not by means of cut output results analysis.

CONCLUSION

Redesigning zone arrangement of Banyuwedang Hot Spring based on

sustainability concept through “recreative and conservative” spaces zone

arrangement. It consist of: recreative zone arrangement based on activities character

as spaces for bathing and it’s supporting spaces. Conservative zone as potency that

gives value on bathing place there are hot spring sources, mangrove forest, and

Pura Mas Beji and Pura Dang Kahyangan Banyuwedang Temple.Those two zones

existence preserved in one unity of sustainable tourism region. The separation of

those two zone through consideration on economic sustainability concep, social

sustainability, environmental sustainability, and cultural sustainability. Minimizing

power use with the placement setting of bathing pool near hot sprng sources, social

interaction spaces through centered mass pattern on public activities in one spaces,

preserving mangrove forest and hot spring sources from pollution of plastic garbages

and liquid waste with space zonation not located on those vital area. Do not reducing

ritual activities existence and supportive ritual with those spaces arrangement in one

unity of toursim spaces. The results of this study are expected to be a consideration

or guide lines in the construction and structuring of facilities at the Banyuwedang Hot

Spring Tourist Attraction by focusing on sustainable development. Consider the

potential of the natural environment and local cultural wisdom (ritual aspects and

temple architecture) as a very important potential in sustainable development in

Banyuwedang Hot Spring Tourist Attraction.

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