Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(1): 1-10; DOI: E-ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956 Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com © 2016 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Original Article Population dynamic parameters of the red mullet Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) in the Arzew Gulf, Algeria Lotfi Bensahla Talet*1, Ahmed Bensahla Talet2, Zitouni Boutiba1 1Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Oran1, Ahmed Benbella, Es-sénia, 31000 Oran, Algeria. 2Laboratoire Aquabior Es-sénia, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Oran1, Ahmed Benbella, 31000 Oran, Algeria. Article history: Received 9 November 2015 Accepted 4 January 2016 Available online 2 5 February 2016 Keywords: Exploitation Fishery Mortality Weight-length relationship Von Bertalanffy Abstract: Population dynamic parameters of red mullet, Mullus barbatus (n=592) caught by trawlers operating in Arzew Gulf (Algeria) in the western Mediterranean were studied. Samples were collected between February 2003 and January 2004. Females ranged from 10.9-23.2 cm in total length and 12-149.2 g in weight whereas males length was comprised between 12.6 and 19.7 cm and weight between 21.3 and 99.9 g. The relationship between length and weight was W=0.00167L2.842 (r²=0.850). Growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation were: L∞=208.9 cm, K=0.66 year-1, and t0=-0.143 year for males, while for females: L∞=250.9 cm, K=0.6 year-1, and t0=-0.015 year. Estimates of total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortalities were: 1.58, 0.8 and 0.79, respectively and the estimated exploitation ratio 0.5 indicating that the resource is being exploited at its limit in this area. The virtual population analysis of M. barbatus by VIT software showed that the number of recruits per year was estimated at 4447304.6 individuals, balanced total biomass was estimated at 168 486 tons, the gains are represented by recruitment 51.71 tons (30.69%) and growth 116.76 tons (69.31%), losses are represented by natural mortality 98.48 tons (58.45%) and fishing mortality 70 tons (41.55%). The current yield per recruit was estimated to Y/R=15.74 g and maximum sustainable yield can be reached by increasing the current fishing effort to stabilize it at MSY=17.91 g. Introduction Red mullet, Mullus barbatus is a demersal fish living on muddy, sandy or gravel bottoms of the continental shelf between 10 to 500 m of depth. It is usually caught by trawlers (Bauchot and Hureau, 1986) and represents one of the economically most important species for trawl fishery at Oranian coasts. Several works have already been made on its biological features in the Mediterranean basin (Ardizzone, 1998; Jukic-Peladic, 1998; Marano et al., 1998; Morey et al. 2003; Gharbi et al., 2004; Ozbilgin et al., 2004; Layachi, 2007; Joksimović et al., 2008; Maximov et al., 2008; Mehanna, 2009; Giacalone et al., 2010; Sieli et al., 2011; Aydın and Karadurmuş, 2013; Cherif, 2014; Çiçek, 2015). Arzew Gulf is located between Stidia and Mostaganem towns in the Algerian shoreline of * Corresponding author: Lotfi Bensahla Talet DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7508/ijab.2016.01.001 E-mail address:btlotfi@yahoo.fr Mediterranean with the geographical coordinates of 35°49'59"N and 00°10'00"W. It constitutes one of the biggest petroleum harbors and many industrial complexes are situated in this area making it an industrial and commercial hub for Algerian economy. Arzew fishery is the second one in the area after Oran town fishery and supplies the surrounding towns in sea products. The aim of this work was to describe some population dynamical parameters of M. barbatus in the Arzew Gulf to ensure the renewal of the resource given that it is under over fishing pressure during these last decades (Bensahla Talet and Boutiba, 2000) similar to benthic species of this Gulf. Also, this study will contribute enriching the available data on growth and fisheries of this species in the Western Mediterranean. 2 Bensahla Talet et al./ Growth and fishery of Mullus barbatus from Arzew Gulf Materials and Methods A total of 594 specimens of M. barbatus were caught by a commercial bottom trawlers, operating in the Gulf of Arzew (Fig. 1) at depths of 150-300 m between February 2003 and January 2004. The total length (L) was measured with an ichtyometer to the nearest 1 mm; total weight (W) was measured with a precision balance to the nearest 0.1 g, and sex of individuals was determined after opening their abdominal cavity. The length-weight relationship (LWR) is generally expressed by the following equation: W = 𝛼*Lb (Ricker, 1973), where W is the total weight (g) and L= total length (cm). The parameters 𝛼 and b were estimated by the method of least squares obtained by logarithmic transformation to correct the nonlinearity of the original curve and the heterogeneity of variances: LogW = b*LogL + Log𝛼 The null hypothesis for the isometric growth (H0: b=3) was analyzed by t-test, using the following statistical formula: ts = (b-3)/Sb, where Sb is the standard deviation of the parameter b, for α=0.05 (Morey et al., 2003). The parameters of the equation of von Bertalanffy growth were estimated using the ELEFAN method (FISAT II Gayanilo et al., 2005): Lt = L∞ [1 –e -k(t –t0)], where Lt is total length in cm at a given age L∞ is asymptotic length, k is growth curve parameter, and t0 is hypothetical age for a length equal to zero. The Jones and Van Zalinge plot (Jones and Van Zalinge, 1981) was used to estimate total mortality using FISAT II (Gayanillo et al., 2005), the natural mortality was calculated using Pauly’s empirical equation (Pauly, 1980) as following: ln(M)=-0.0152-0.279 ln(L∞)+0.6543 ln(K)+0.463 ln(T) Where T is the mean annual habitat temperature (in °C) considered here at 17.5°C, and F the fishing mortality was deducted from the subtraction of M from Z (Z=M+F). The selection length which corresponds to the probability of capture of each individual by the fishing gear was determined by plotting the cumulated catch curve (Pauly, 1984). The exploitation ratio E was estimated from Gulland formula (Gulland, 1971): E=F/Z. (E<0.5 underexploited stock, and E>0.5 overexploited stock). VIT Software (Lleonart and Salat, 1997) was developed initially for assessing Mediterranean fisheries dealing with pseudo-cohorts when information about annual catch at length or age is limited to a short period of individual or few consecutive years (Ratz et al., 2010). The program has as entry data: growth parameters of von Bertalanffy (L, k, t0), LWR, natural mortality (M), fishing mortality (F), and length at first maturity. Also it only requires knowledge of annual catches for a given exploited species (70 tons in the case of this study) instead of a long historical series of ten years (Bouaziz et al., 2010). Results From 594 collected specimens of M. barbatus, 258 were males (43.58%), 318 were females (53.37%) and 18 were unsexed (3.04%). The sex ratio was in favor of females 1:0.81 (Fig. 2) but the χ2 test did not reveal any significant difference (χ2=2.93>χ2t 1,0.05=3.84). The total length of males ranged 12.6- 19.7 cm and their weight 21.3-99.9 g. The total length of females ranged 10.9-23.2 cm and their weight 12-149.2 g. The length frequency distribution of the entire population of M. barbatus is presented in Figure 3. The LWRs are shown in Table 1 and Figure 4a, b, c. Males exhibits a positive allometric growth pattern, while females had a negative allometric Figure 1. Sampling area (Arzew Gulf). 3 Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(1): 1-10 n 𝛂 b se of b r2 Combined 594 0.0172 2.83* 0.015 0.83 Males 258 0.0079 3.11* 0.041 0.84 Females 318 0.0176 2.82* 0.057 0.86 n: number, se of b: standard error of b, *: significative test-t (t-test, P<0.05). Table 1. Parameters of the length-weight relationship of Mullus barbatus caught in Arzew Gulf. Figure 3. Length frequency distribution of Mullus barbatus caught in Arzew Gulf. Figure 2. Sex ratio distribution in relation to length of Mullus barbatus caught in Arzew Gulf. L∞ (mm) K (Yr-1) t0 (Yr) Z M F E Combined 250.9 0.49 -0.185 1.580 0.794 0.786 0.490 Males 208.9 0.66 -0.143 1.560 1.010 0.550 0.350 Females 250.9 0.60 -0.150 1.700 0.906 0.794 0.467 Table 2. Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation, the rates of total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortalities and exploitation ratio (E) of Mullus barbatus caught in Arzew Gulf. Class (cm) Catch in Weight (g) Catch in number Z F VPA parameters Result 10.5 62226.66 4447304.6 0.808 0.008 Total Biomass Balance, D 168.486 t 11.5 163381.13 3971900.97 0.817 0.017 12.5 1354669.35 3513191.49 0.917 0.117 Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) 79.48 t 13.5 2201490.45 3027695.76 0.965 0.165 14.5 6495585.79 2554243.99 1.246 0.446 Stock Mean Age 1.537 year 15.5 8796137.83 2008513.55 1.392 0.592 16.5 13215384.38 1493064.51 1.752 0.952 Stock mean length 13.872 cm 17.5 16378226.85 984290.21 2.265 1.465 18.5 8495328.58 534870.29 1.814 1.014 Virgin stock mean age 1.674 year 19.5 4015651.3 304651.16 1.4 0.6 20.5 3785692.09 182491.4 1.526 0.726 Virgin stock mean length 15 cm 21.5 3353111.66 92335.88 1.813 1.013 22.5 1083359.34 32727.46 1.401 0.601 Biomass/Rercuit 27.681 g 23.5 599754.59 10696.75 1.586 0.786 SSB/Recruit 17.87 g Total 70000000 23157978.02 - Table 3. Virtual population analysis parameters of Mullus barbatus caught in Arzew Gulf obtained by VIT 1.3 software. 4 Bensahla Talet et al./ Growth and fishery of Mullus barbatus from Arzew Gulf growth pattern (t-test, P<0.05). The selection length at which 50% of individual can be captured by the fishing gear was determined graphically (Fig. 5) and was evaluated at 16.08 cm of Lt. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters, mortalities (Fig. 6a, b) and exploitation ratio are shown in Table 2. The exploitation ratio (E=0.49) reflects a fishing situation near the equilibrium concerning the Figure 4. Parameters of the length-weight relationship of Mullus barbatus caught in Arzew Gulf. (a) all individuals, (b) males, and (c) females. Figure 5. Gear selection ogive for Mullus barbatus caught by trawl in Arzew Gulf (codend mesh size of 4 cm). 5 Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(1): 1-10 exploitation of this Mullidae. The virtual population analysis of M. barbatus by VIT software showed that the mean number of M. barbatus specimen in Arzew Gulf is 23.15 106 while the number of recruits per year was estimated at 4447304.6 represented by size class 10.5 cm (Table 3). Individuals between 16.5 and 19.5 are the most affected by the fishing gear deployed (bottom trawl). The average age of the current stock is 1.53 years and the average size 13.87 cm. The total balanced biomass is equal to 168.48 tons with gains mainly represented by growth 116.76 tons (69.31%) and recruitment 51.71 tons (30.69%) and losses are represented by natural mortality 98.48 tons (58.45%) and fishing mortality 70 tons (41.55%). The current yield per recruit was estimated to Y/R=15.74 g (for F=0.79) and maximum sustainable yield can be reached by increasing the current fishing Figure 6. Total mortality of Mullus barbatus fished in Arzew Gulf. (a) males and (b) females. Locality sex n 𝛂 b se of b r2 Author Turkey (Black Sea) C 1435 0.00880 3.03 - - Aydın and Karadurmuş, 2013 Turkey (Iskenderun Bay, Mediterranean) C 212 0.0072 3.1618 - 0.95 Çiçek, 2015 Romania (Black Sea) C 680 0.00842 3.12 - 0.99 Maximov et al., 2008 Montenegro (Adriatic Sea) C - 0.00773 3.09 - - Joksimović et al., 2008 M - 0.00729 3.11 - - F - 0.00767 3.10 - - Italy (Castellammare Gulf) C 18932 0.00820 3.09 0.00 0.98 Giacalone et al., 2010 M 9596 0.00660 3.17 0.01 0.94 F 4730 0.00630 3.19 0.01 0.98 Egypt (Mediterranean) - - 0.00770 3.10 - - Mehenna, 2009 Morocco (Mediterranean) C 0,000009 3,03 - 0.98 Layachi et al., 2007 Algeria (Arzew Gulf) C 594 0.01720 2.83 0.150 0.83 Present study M 258 0.00790 3.11* 0.041 0.84 F 318 0.01760 2.82* 0.057 0.86 n: number, M: males, F: females, C: combined sexes, se of b: standard error of b, and r2: coefficient of regression. Table 4. Length-weight relationship parameters for Mullus barbatus in the previous studies. 6 Bensahla Talet et al./ Growth and fishery of Mullus barbatus from Arzew Gulf effort to stabilize it at MSY=17.91 g (F=1.73). Discussion The growth pattern of M. barbatus in the Arzew Gulf seems to be different between the two sexes. In fact, males of this species grow faster than females as reported by Joksimović et al. (2008) from the Adriatic. Based on the results, females’ asymptotic length is important than that of males due to the fact that males do not attain lager sizes in their natural habitat given that the males (F=1.23) are under a more fishing pressure than females (F=0.79). Furthermore, the females had a negative allometric growth pattern compared to the males (b>3) which confirms that males gain weight faster than length and this was in agreement with the results of Papaconstantinou et al. (1981) for this species in Termaikos Gulf. Growth differences between sexes can be explained by the fact that females undergo significant physiological changes compared to males during their sexual cycle. The positive allometric growth pattern have been reported for this species in some other areas of Mediterranean (Table 4) which is not the case of females caught in Arzew Gulf probably due to weight loss after the spawning period. The growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation differ greatly from one region to another (Table 5) probably due to the biotic and abiotic differences of their habitat. In fact, Magnan (1988), Walker (1997) and Svanbäck (2004) noticed that inter-population variation in LWR parameters are correlated with differences in the availability of resources or by geographical differences in Locality Sex n Lt∞ (mm) K (Yr-1) t0 (Yr) Author Tunisia (Gabes Gulf) C - 267.3 0.51 -0.010 Gharbi et al., 2004 Montenegro (Adriatic Sea) C 671 301.2 0.11 -3.182 Joksimović et al., 2008 M - 178.1 0.28 -3.013 F - 274.7 0.14 -2.688 Romania (Black Sea) C 680 163.2 0.37 -1.390 Maximov et al., 2008 Turkey (Izmir Bay) C 110891 242.6 0.56 -0.305 Ozbilgin et al., 2004 Turkey (Iskenderun Bay) C 212 219.8 0.19 -1.168 Çiçek, 2015 Italy (Castellammare Gulf) F 595 221.2 0.38 -0.940 Sieli et al., 2011 Egypt (Mediterranean) C - 271.0 0.66 - Mehenna, 2009 Morocco (Mediterranean) C - 270.0 0,43 -0.090 Layachi et al., 2007 Algeria (Arzew Gulf) C 594 250.9 0.49 -0.158 Present study M 258 208.9 0.66 -0.143 F 318 250.9 0.60 -0.150 n: number, M: males, F: females, and C: combined sexes. Table 5. Growth parameters of Mullus barbatus given by different authors. Locality Sex n Z M F E Author Montenegro (Adriatic Sea) C 671 0.749 0.342 0.407 0.54 Joksimović et al., 2009 Italy (Adriatic Sea) - - 3.51 0.91 2.60 0.74 Ardizzone, 1998 - - 1.2-1.9 0.43-0.77 0.77-1.13 0.59-0.64 Marano et al., 1998 Croatia (Adriatic Sea) - - 1.48 0.58 0.90 0.6 Vrgoč, 2000 Turkey (Izmir Bay) C 110891 3.85 1.07 - 0.71-0.72 Ozbilgin, 2004 Turkey (Iskenderun Bay) C 212 1.39 0.45 0.93 0.67 Çiçek, 2015 Algeria (Arzew Gulf) C 594 2.86 0.82 2.03 0.71 Present study M 258 - - - F 318 - - - Table 6. Total (Z), natural (M), fishing (F) mortalities and exploitation ratio (E) of Mullus barbatus in different areas. 7 Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(1): 1-10 ecological conditions such as water temperature, salinity, and food supply. The maximum value of the growth constant (k) in the Arzew Gulf reflects fast growth of this species in agreement with findings of Mehenna (2009). This shows the fertility of Algerian waters probably due to entrance of the enriched water with plankton from the Atlantic and coastal upwelling (Taupier-Letage and Millot, 1988). Mortier (1992), Taupier-Letage and Millot (1988), and Salas et al. (2001) found that the Algerian current has a higher nutrient content than the other parts of the Mediterranean being supplied directly from the entering Atlantic current. Furthermore, Bosc et al. (2004) noted that nutrients concentrations are higher in the western Mediterranean basin than the eastern basin allowing the development of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The values of exploitation ratio differ from one region to another (Table 6) depending on the environmental factors affecting the natural mortality and the fishing effort deployed. Conclusion Based on the results, the stock of M. barbatus in Arzew Gulf is exploited at its maximum limit. 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(2016) 4(1): 1-10 E-ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956 Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com © 2016 Iranian Society of Ichthyology چکیده فارسی در خلیج آرزو، الجزایر Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) جمعیت کفال قرمز، شناسیپارامترهای پویایی 1بوتیبة زیتونی، 2ثالث سهلة بن احمد، 1*ثالث سهلة بن لطفی .الجزایر ،0133اوران ،احمدبن بال -1دانشگاه اوران ،زیستیبیعی و طعلوم دانشکده ،شناسی زیست، گروه زیست آزمایشگاه تحقیق و کنترل محیط1 الجزایر. ،0133اوران ،احمدبن بال -1دانشگاه اوران ،زیستیطبیعی و علومدانشکده ،آزمایشگاه آکوابیور، گروه بیوتکنولوژی 2 چکیده: ( الجزایر) آرزو خلیج ( صید شده به وسیله ترال در292)به تعداد Mullus barbatus قرمز، کفال جمعیت شناسیپویایی پارامترهایدر این تحقیق سانتیمتر و 9/13-2/20 ترتیبها بهانجام شد. طول کل و وزن ماده 2332و ژانویه 2330ها بین فوریه برداریشد. نمونه مطالعه در غرب مدیترانه هاوزن نمونه-رابطه طول. بودگرم 0/21-9/99سانتیمتر و 6/12-7/19ترتیب که طول کل و وزن نرها بهحالی گرم بودند، در 2/129-12 222/2L33167/3=W (22/3=2rبدست آمد. پارامترهای رشد معادله وان ) :برتالنفی عبارت بودند ازcm 9/232=∞L ،1-year 66/3 =K و سال 120/3=0t 9/223برای نرها و=∞L ،1-year 6/3 =K 0=312/3 و سالt هابرای ماده. ( مرگ و میر کلZ( طبیعی ،)M و ) صیادی(F ) به ترتیب منطقه در این حد نهاییدر این منبع برداری تخمین زده شد که بیانگر بهره 2/3برداری نیز د و نسبت بهرهشدنتخمین زده 79/3و 2/3، 22/1 باشد، می در سالقطعه 6/2227032به میزان هاه تعداد بازسازینشان داد ک VITافزار توسط نرم M. barbatusباشد. تحلیل مجازی جمعیت گونه می 76/116 به میزان رشد هاسطوهب و درصد( 69/03)تن 71/21میزان ازی بهبازس واسطهبهتوده زیافزایش تن تخمین زده شد، 162226شده باالنستوده کل زی 22/21تن ) 73 میزانبه و میر صیادی مرگ هاسطوهبدرصد( و 22/22تن ) 22/92 میزانبه ه مرگ و میر طبیعیاسطوهب ، تلفاترا نشان داددرصد( 01/69) تن بدست وسیله افزایش تالش صیادیاند بهتومیکه و حداکثر محصول پایدارتخمین زده شد g 72/12=Y/R صورتبه. بازده جاری به بازسازی دارا نشان د درصد( ثابت شود. g 91/17=MSYید باید در حد آ برتالنفی.ناوزن، و-مرگ و میر، رابطه طول ،صیادی ،برداریبهره :کلمات کلیدی