Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 69-79; DOI:
ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956
Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com
© 2016 Iranian Society of Ichthyology
Original Article
Loktak Lake, Manipur, northeast India: a Ramsar site with rich rotifer (Rotifera: Eurotatoria)
diversity and its meta-analysis
Bhushan Kumar Sharma*,1Telsing Paongam Haokip, Sumita Sharma
Freshwater Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793 022, Meghalaya, India.
Article history:
Received 9 November 2015
Accepted 4 January 2016
Available online 2 5 April 2016
Keywords:
Composition
Distribution
Interesting species
New records
Richness
Wetland
Abstract: A total of 162 species (S) of Rotifera belonging to 40 genera and 20 families examined
from Loktak Lake, an important floodplain lake of northeast India (NEI) that is one of the richest
assemblages of the taxon known from the Indian sub-region. It merits biodiversity value as ~40.0%
and ~62.0% of species recorded from India and NEI, respectively. One species is new to India, 23
species are new to Manipur and 14 species are new to Loktak basin. Biogeographically interesting
elements included three Australasian, five Oriental, ten palaeotropical and one cosmo-subtropical
species. Lecanidae > Lepadellidae > Brachionidae > Trichocercidae collectively comprised 65.4%
of S; Lecane > Lepadella > Trichocerca are diverse genera; and paucity of Brachionus spp. is distinct.
Loktak Rotifera indicated importance of cosmopolitan, the littoral-periphytonic and small-sized
species, and ‘tropical character’. ANOVA recorded significant variations of the rotifer richness
amongst three sampling sites of Loktak during June 2010–May 2012 survey. The richness followed
osscillaring monthly variations and indicated lack of significant influence of any individual abiotic
parameter at all three stations.
Introduction
Segers et al. (1993) hypothesized tropical and
subtropical floodplain lakes to be globally rich
habitats for the rotifer diversity. Sharma and Sharma
(2014a, 2014b) extended this hypothesis to the
floodplains lakes (beels) of the Brahmaputra river
basin of northeast India (NEI) with Deepor beel, a
Ramsar site and an important wetland of this basin,
as one of the globally interesting Rotifera habitat
(Sharma and Sharma, 2015).
Realizing biodiversity value of the floodplain
lakes of NEI vis-a-vis the role of extensive sampling,
we undertook meta-analysis of Rotifera diversity of
Loktak Lake, a Ramsar site of India and another
important floodplain lake of NEI, based on recent
collections and our earlier reports (Sharma, 2007,
2009a). An inventory of 162 species recorded till
date from this floodplain lake (pat) of Manipur is
presented and interesting species are illustrated. The
* Corresponding author: Bhushan Kumar Sharma DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7508/ijab.2016.02.001
E-mail address: profbksharma@gmail.com
nature and composition of the rotifer diversity are
discussed with remarks on richness, new records and
species of global and regional distribution value.
This study merits importance for ecosystem
diversity, biogeography and for following meta-
analysis of the rotifer diversity of this second well
sampled freshwater ecosystem of India.
Materials and Methods
The present study is a part of limnological survey
undertaken (June 2010 - May 2012) and collections
on several occasions during 2013-2015 from Loktak
Lake (93°46'–93º55'E, 24º25'–24º42'N; area: 286
km2; max. depth: 4.58 m, mean depth: 2.07 m)
located in Bishnupur / Imphal districts of Manipur
state (NEI). This wetland is characterized by floating
mats of vegetation called “Phumdi” which are
inhabited by an endangered brow-antlered deer
(Rucervus eldi eldi). The common aquatic plants of
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Sharma et al./ Rotifer diversity of Loktak Lake, Manipur, northeast India
this Ramsar site included Ceratophyllum demersum,
Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia
cucullata, Savinia natans, Euryale ferox, Hydrilla
verticillata, Nymphoides cristatum, Trapa natans,
Potamogeton crispus, Alternanthera philoxeroides,
Rumex nepalensis, Ipomoea arguta, Polygonum
pulchrum, Utricularia sp., Valllissnaria sp., Oryza
rufipegon, Spiranthus sinesis and Nelumbo nucifera.
Water samples and qualitative plankton were
collected, at regular monthly intervals during June
2010 - May 2012 limnological survey, at three
sampling sites namely Loktak A (93°45'56.3''E;
24°32'13.5''N; alt. 726 m ASL), Loktak B
(93°47'58.1''E; 24°30'39.1''N; alt. 714 m ASL) and
Loktak Barrage (93°45'43.5''E; 24°32'46.9''N; alt.
718 m ASL). In addition, qualitative plankton
samples were collected from different parts of
Loktak basin during the study period. Water
temperature, specific conductivity and pH were
recorded with field probes; dissolved oxygen was
estimated by Winkler’s method; and total alkalinity,
total hardness, calcium and chloride were analyzed
following APHA (1992).
The plankton samples were collected by towing a
nylobolt plankton net (#50 μm) and preserved in 5%
formalin; aquatic vegetation was disturbed before
each sampling to facilitate collection of planktonic
and semi-planktonic rotifers. Individual collections
were screened with a Wild stereoscopic binocular
microscope; the rotifers were isolated and mounted
in Polyvinyl alcohol-lactophenol, and observed with
Leica (DM 1000) stereoscopic phase contrast
microscope fitted with an image analyzer. The
measurements were given in micrometers (μm). The
rotifer taxa were identified following Koste (1978),
Segers (1995), Sharma (1983, 1998a), Sharma and
Sharma (1997, 1999, 2000, 2008, 2013). The rotifer
community similarities were calculated vide
Sørensen’s index (Sørensen, 1948) and Two-way
ANOVA was used to analyze the significance of
temporal variations of richness. Ecological
relationships between abiotic factors and the rotifer
richness were determined by Pearson’s correlation
coefficients (r); P values were calculated vide
http://faculty.vassar.edu/ lowry/tabs.html and signi-
ficance was ascertained after use of Bonferroni
corrections.
Results
The variations (ranges, mean ±SD) of the recorded
abiotic factors are presented in Table 1 in
comparison with the report of Sharma (2009a).
Water temperature at three sampling stations of
Loktak Lake varied between 22.6±3.2 – 23.4±3.4°C,
pH ranged between 6.8±0.2 – 7.0±0.3 and specific
conductivity varied between 80.9±21.7 – 113.1±24.1
µS cm-1 while dissolved oxygen and free carbon
dioxide fluctuated between 4.6±2.0 – 6.0±2.7 mg l-1
and 8.8±3.1 - 13.5±5.6 mg l-1, respectively. Total
alkalinity, total hardness, calcium and chloride
ranged between 65.2±16.5–72.8±24.7 mg l-1; 51.0±
12.8 - 73.1±17.9 mg l-1; 33.7±9.8 - 38.1±9.6 mg l-1
and 19.3±5.5 - 23.7±6.2 mg l-1 between three
sampling stations of Loktak, respectively.
We report a total of 162 species spread over 40
genera and 20 families from Loktak Lake (Appendix
June 2010 – May 2012 (Present study) Sharma (2009a)
Parameters↓ Stations→ Loktak A Loktak B Loktak Barrage Nov. 2002-Oct. 03
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Water temperature (°C) 23.1±3.0 22.6±3.2 23.4±3.4 21.4 ± 4.0
pH 6.9±0.3 6.8±0.2 7.0±0.3 6.38 ± 0.23
Specific Conductivity (µS cm-1) 80.9±21.7 86.1±21.7 113.1±24.1 98.9 ± 19.7
Free Carbon dioxide (mg l
-1) 10.6±4.3 13.5±5.6 8.8±3.1 9.5 ± 2.1
Dissolved oxygen (mg l-1) 5.2±1.6 4.6±2.0 6.0±2.7 6.2 ± 1.1
Total Alkalinity (mg l-1) 65.2±16.5 72.8±24.7 72.6±12.3 16.0 ± 4.4
Total Hardness (mg l-1) 51.0±12.8 59.2±18.4 73.1±17.9 38.1 ± 8.2
Calcium (mg l-1) 33.7±9.8 37.4±18.9 38.1±9.6 8.9 ± 3.0
Chloride (mg l-1) 23.7±6.2 23.4±7.8 19.3±5.5 14.9 ± 3.1
Table 1. Variations in certain abiotic factors of Loktak Lake.
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Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 69-79
1) and interesting taxa are illustrated; of these, 152
species are observed in 2010-2015 collections.
Further, 135 species are observed at three sampling
stations namely Loktak A, Loktak B and Loktak
Barrage during June 2010 - May 2012 survey. The
rotifer richness (Figs. 1, 2) ranged between 44-79
(60±8), 46-72 (58±7) and 39-67 (50±8) species at
three stations, respectively and recorded 73.2-78.5%
community similarities vide Sørensen’s index. Peak
richness is observed during December 2011,
November 2011 and January 2012 at Loktak A,
Loktak B and Loktak Barrage, respectively.
Mytilina lobata (Fig. 3a) is a new record to the
Indian Rotifera. Brachionus caudatus, B. durgae,
B. kostei (Fig. 3b), E. meneta, Keratella tecta,
Lecane aspasia (Fig. 3c), L. bifurca, L. rhenana (Fig.
3d), L. rhytida (Fig. 3e), L. undulata, Lepadella
minuta, L. quadricarinata (Fig. 3f), L.
quinquecostata (Fig. 3g), Mytilina acanthophora
(Fig. 3h), M. michelangellii (Fig. 3i), Trichocerca
edmondsoni (Fig. 3j), T. hollaerti (Fig. 3k), T. maior
(Fig. 3l), T. scipio, T. weberi (Fig. 3m), Sinantherina
Figure 1. Species richness of Loktak Rotifera (2010-2011).
Figure 2. Species richness of Loktak Rotifera (2011-2012).
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Sharma et al./ Rotifer diversity of Loktak Lake, Manipur, northeast India
semibullata, Testudinella amphora (Fig. 3n) and
Wolga spinifera (Fig. 3o) are new records from
Manipur. Brachionus bidentatus, Epiphanes
brachionus, E. incisa, K. lenzi, Lecane aeganea,
L. arcula, L. bulla diabolica, L. haliclysta, L. pusilla,
L. thienemanni, Lepadella desmeti, L. triba, Platyias
leloupi and Trochosphaera aequatorialis are new
records from Loktak Lake. Euchlanis semicarinata,
Figure 3. (a) Mytilina lobata Pourriot (lateral view), (b) Brachionus bennini Leissling (dorsal view), (c) Lecane aspasia Myers (dorsal view), (d)
Lecane rhenana Hauer (dorsal view), (e) Lecene rhytida Harring & Myers (dorsal view), (f) Lepadella quadricarinata (Stenroos) (ventral view),
(g) Lepadella quinquecostata (Lucks) (dorsal view), (h) Mytilina acanthophora Hauer (lateral view), (i) Mytilina michelangellii Reid & Turner
(lateral view), (j) Trichocerca edmondsoni (Myers) (ventral view), (k) Trichocerca hollaerti De Smet (lateral view), (l) Trichocerca maior Hauer
(lateral view), (m) Trichocerca weberi (Jennings) (lateral view); (n) Testudinella amphora Hauer (dorsal view), and (o) Wolga spinifera
(Western) (dorsal view) .
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Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 69-79
Filinia brachiata, Floscularia ringens, Habrotrocha
angusticollis, Lecane acanthinula and L. solfatara,
Macrochaetus danneelae, Rotaria macroceros and
R. tardigrada are not observed in 2010-2015
collections.
Discussion
Water temperature affirmed sub-tropical nature of
Loktak Lake concurrent with its location. The
slightly acidic-slightly alkaline, marginally hard and
calcium-poor waters are characterized by low ionic
concentration as indicated by specific conductivity at
all three sampling stations; the latter warranted their
inclusion under ‘Class I’ category of trophic
classification vide Talling and Talling (1965). This
study indicated well-oxygenated waters, low free
CO2 and low chloride content. Our report differed in
pH, alkalinity, hardness and marginal increase in
calcium and chloride values than an earlier report
(Sharma, 2009a) based on sampling at one station
(Sendra).
The present collections revealed a total of 152
rotifer species, including one species new to India,
23 species new to Manipur and 14 species new to
Loktak basin. This is in contrast to an earlier report
of 120 species from this wetland (Sharma, 2009a)
with ~82% community similarity between two lists.
Our report raised total richness (S) known to date
from this Ramsar site to 162 species which, in turn,
is one of the richest Rotifera assemblage known from
any freshwater ecosystem of the Indian sub-region
following the report of 171 species from Deepor beel
(Sharma and Sharma, 2015) - another Ramsar site of
India. The rotifer fauna of Loktak reflected 78.7%
community similarity with the latter because of
common occurrence of several cosmopolitan,
cosmotropical and pantropical species. Total
richness (S) merits biodiversity value as ~ 40.0% and
~ 62.0% of species of Rotifera known from India and
NEI, respectively. The report of 40 genera and 20
families from Loktak Lake reflected rich higher
diversity as compared with 50 genera and 23 families
as well as 65 genera and 25 families of this phylum
known from NEI (Sharma and Sharma, 2014a) and
India (BKS, unpublished), respectively while it
broadly concurred with 38 genera and 20 families
known from Deepor Beel (Sharma and Sharma,
2015). The rich and diverse assemblage of Loktak
Rotifera, affirming biodiversity value of this ‘hot-
spot’, is hypothesized to habitat diversity and
environmental heterogeneity of this Ramsar site.
This generalization supported hypothesis of Segers
et al. (1993) indicating (sub) tropical floodplains to
be the world’s rotifer rich habitats and also concurred
with reports from the floodplains of Argentina (Jose
De Paggi, 1993, 2001), Brazil (Bonecker et al.,
1998), Australia (Shiel et al., 1998), and the
Brahmaputra river basin of India (Sharma and
Sharma, 2014b).
Mytilina lobata is a new addition to the Indian
Rotifera. Known from Neotropical region (Segers,
2007), the present report extended its distributional
limit to the Oriental region. Twenty-three species are
new records from Manipur. Besides, this study
extended distribution of fourteen species to Loktak
Lake basin (Appendix 1).
A total of nineteen globally interesting elements
(~12.0% of S) now known from Loktak Lake is of
biogeography value than twelve species listed by
Sharma (2009a). These included the Australasian
Brachionus kostei, Macrochaetus danneelae and
Notommata spinata; five Oriental endemics, namely
Filinia camasecla, Lecane acanthinula, Lecane bulla
diabolica and L. niwati and L. solfatara; the
palaeotropical Euchlanis semicarinata, Lecane
lateralis, L. simonneae, L. unguitata, Lepadella
bicornis, L. discoidea, L. vandenbrandei,
Testudinella brevicaudata, Trichocerca abilioi and
T. hollaerti are palaeotropical species; and
Brachionus durgae is a cosmo (sub) tropical species.
Of these, Brachionus kostei, Euchlanis semicarinata,
Notommata spinata, Lecane niwati, L. solfatara
Lepadella vandenbrandei, Notommata spinata,
Testudinella brevicaudata, Trichocerca abilioi and
T. hollaerti are interestingly restricted in their
distribution in India exclusively to NEI.
Ascomorpha ecaudis, Brachionus mirabilis,
Filinia brachiata, F. saltator, Keratella lenzi, Lecane
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Sharma et al./ Rotifer diversity of Loktak Lake, Manipur, northeast India
aeganea, L. aspasia, L. bifurca, L. doryssa,
L. elegans, L. haliclysta, L. rhenana, L. rhytida,
L. simonneae, L. pusilla, L. tenuiseta,
L. thienemanni, Lepadella benjamini, L. bicornis,
L. costatoides, L. dactyliseta, L. desmeti,
L. elongata, L. quadricarinata, L. quinquecostata,
Lophocharis salpina, Mytilina acanthophora,
M. bisulcata, M. michelangellii, Macrochaetus
longipes, Platyias leloupi, Testudinella amphora,
T. parva, T. emarginula, T. tridentata, Trichocerca
bicristata, T. edmondsoni, T. insignis, T. flagellata,
T. maior, T. scipio, T. tenuior, T. weberi,
Tripleuchlanis plicata and Trochosphaera
aequatorialis are examples of regional distributional
importance in the Indian sub-continent. Of these,
Testudinella amphora is a recently reported from
India from Assam (Sharma et al. 2015); Lecane
aeganea, Trichocerca hollaerti and T. maior are new
additions to the Indian Rotifera from Mizoram state
of NEI (Sharma and Sharma 2015).
Our present tally of 152 species of Loktak
Rotifera reflected its diverse nature than the reports
of 111 species from the floodplains of Argentina
(Jose De Paggi, 1993); 124 species (lake) and 136
species from Oguta and Iyi-Efi lakes, respectively of
the Niger delta (Segers et al., 1993); 130 species
from Lake Guarana, Brazil (Bonecker et al., 1994);
106 taxa from Thale-Noi Lake, a Ramsar site in
Thailand (Segers and Pholpunthin, 1997); 104
species from Laguana Bufeos, Bolivia (Segers et al.,
1998); and 114 taxa examined from the Rio
Pilcomayo National park (a Ramsar site), Argentina
(Jose De Paggi, 2001). The richness is higher than
67-103 species (Sharma, 2005), 69-93 species
(Sharma and Sharma, 2008) and 60-100 species
(Sharma et al., 2015) examined from various beels
of the Brahmaputra river basin, Assam; and 62-73
species reported from 14 floodplain lakes (pats) of
Manipur (Sharma, 2009b). We caution on over-
emphasis on comparisons of richness as it was likely
to be influenced by sampling intensity (Dumont and
Segers, 1996). We attribute high richness of Rotifera
of Loktak to the rotiferologist effect following
Fontaneto et al. (2012) though our biodiversity
update is also the result of the sampling intensity.
Loktak Rotifera is characterized by diverse
Lecanidae (47 species) > Lepadellidae (27 species)
> Brachionidae (17 species) > Trichocercidae (15
species) which collectively formed 65.4% of S. It
differed from the importance of Lecanidae >
Lepadellidae > Trichocercidae > Brachionidae listed
earlier from this Ramsar site (Sharma, 2009a) with
distinct increase in the richness of the first two
families in our recent collections. Nevertheless,
marginal increase in the brachionid diversity
deserved caution due to their yet restricted
occurrence and of Brachionus spp. in particular. This
feature differed from high Brachionidae richness (28
species) reported from Deepor beel (Sharma and
Sharma, 2015). Notommatidae = Euchlanidae >
Testudinellidae = Trochosphaeridae = Mytilinidae,
other diverse families (~20.0% of S), deserved
attention in Loktak Lake.
The littoral-periphytonic Lecane (47 species) >
Lepadella (22 species) > Trichocerca (17 species),
together, included ~52.0% of S of Loktak Rotifera
and thus supported hypothesis of Green (2003) on
the possibility of assemblage rules for the periphytic
community. Interestingly, their significance broadly
concurred with the reports from the floodplains of
Niger delta (Segers et al., 1993), Broa reservoir,
Brazil (Segers and Dumont, 1995), River Nan,
Thailand (Sanoamuang, 1998), Bolivia (Segers et al.,
1998) and Okavango Delta of South Africa (Green,
2003); it also concurred with the report from Deepor
beel (Sharma and Sharma, 2015).
The rich diversity of ‘tropic-centered’ Lecane,
more cosmopolitan species (~60% of S), and
collective importance (~24% of S) of cosmotropical
and pantropical species assigned ‘tropical character’
to Loktak Rotifera. This conclusion is concurrent
with several tropical faunas (Green, 1972; Pejler,
1977; Fernando, 1980; Dussart et al., 1984; Segers,
1996, 2001) globally as well as from India (Sharma,
1996, 1998b, 2005; Sharma and Sharma, 2008;
2014a, 2014b, 2015). These remarks are supported
by relative paucity of ‘temperate-centered’ Keratella
in our collections.
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Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 69-79
High richness of the littoral-periphytonic and
fewer euplanktonic species in Loktak are
hypothesized to paucity of definite limnetic habitats
(De Manuel, 1994). The occurrence of both non-
planktonic species and planktonic taxa in the littoral
weedy margin of this Ramsar site affirmed
occupation of different niches as hypothesized by
Bonecker et al. (1998). These features concurred
with the reports from Deepor beel (Sharma and
Sharma, 2013, 2015) and other floodplain lakes of
the Brahmaputra river basin (Sharma and Sharma,
2014b). Loktak Rotifera is notable for large number
of small-sized species particularly of Lecane,
Lepadella, Trichocerca and Colurella. This feature is
hypothesized to predation by juvenile fish and
invertebrates (Baumgartner et al., 1997) but specific
observations are desired to confirm predation effect.
Our June 2010 - May 2012 limnological survey
registered significant variations of the rotifer
richness amongst three Loktak stations during the
study period (F2, 46=11.473, P=9.07E-05) as well as
during two successive years (F 2, 22=4.327, P=0.026;
F2, 22=7.051, P=0.004) as against insignificant variat-
ions reported earlier (Sharma, 2009a). Further, it
recorded significant monthly variations at two
sampling sites: Loktak B (F1, 11=3.536, P=0.023) and
Loktak Barrage (F1, 11=6.618, P=0.002) and follow-
ed osscillaring variations with maxima during
December 2011, November 2011 and January 2012
at Loktak A, Loktak B and Loktak Barrage,
respectively. This study indicated lack of significant
influence of any individual abiotic factor on the
richness in contrast to inverse correlation with
rainfall, pH, hardness, nitrate, chloride and total
dissolved solids and positive correlation with
dissolved oxygen recorded vide Sharma (2009a).
The differences suggested that the rotifers are
generalists in terms of abiotic factors vs. their
occurrence with factors associated with microhabitat
being more important.
To sum up, the specious and diverse Rotifer
assemblage of Loktak Lake, with various new
records and species of global and regional interest,
imparted biodiversity and biogeography merit to our
meta-analysis. With our bias towards inclusion of
monogonont plankton and semi-plankton taxa, this
study suggested scope for further up-date of the
rotifer inventory of this ‘hot-spot’ based on specific
sampling of periphytic, sessile, colonial and benthic
communities. We estimate the report of 220+ species
from this Ramsar site while analysis of the ‘rotifer-
macrophytes associations’ merits biodiversity
interest due to lack of such studies in India.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Head, Department of Zoology, North-
Eastern Hill University, Shillong for laboratory
facilities. The samples for this study were collected
by TPH. The authors have no conflict of interests.
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Sharma et al./ Rotifer diversity of Loktak Lake, Manipur, northeast India
Class: Monogononta
Order: Ploimida
Family: Brachionidae
1. Anuraeopsis fissa Gosse, 1851
2. Brachionus angularis Gosse, 1851
3. B. bidentatus Anderson, 1889 ***
4. B. calyciflorus Pallas, 1766
5. B. caudatus Barrois & Daday, 1894 **
6. B. falcatus Zacharias, 1898
7. B. durgae Dhanapathi, 1974 **
8. B. kostei Shiel, 1983 **
9. B. mirabilis Daday, 1897
10. B. quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
11. Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851)
12. K. lenzi Hauer, 1953 ***
13. K. tropica (Apstein, 1907)
14. K. tecta (Gosse, 1851) **
15. Platyias leloupi (Gillard, 1967) ***
16. P. quadricornis (Ehrenberg, 1832)
17. Plationus patulus (O.F. Müller, 1786)
Family: Epiphanidae
18. Epiphanes brachionus (Ehrenberg, 1837) ***
Family: Euchlanidae
19. Beauchampiella eudactylota (Gosse, 1886)
20. Dipleuchlanis propatula (Gosse, 1886)
21. Euchlanis dilatata Ehrenberg, 1832
22. E. incisa Carlin, 1939 ***
23. E. meneta Myers, 1930 **
24. E. semicarinata Segers, 1993 #
25. E. triquetra Ehrenberg, 1838
26. Tripleuchlanis plicata (Levande, 1894)
Family: Mytilinidae
27. Lophocharis salpina (Ehrenberg, 1834)
28. Mytilina acanthophora Hauer, 1938 **
29. M. bisulcata (Lucks, 1912)
30. M. lobata Pourriot, 1996 *
31. M. michelangellii Reid & Turner, 1988 **
32. M. ventralis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Family: Trichotriidae
33. Macrochaetus danneelae Koste & Shiel, 1983 #
34. M. longipes Myers, 1934)
35. M. sericus (Thorpe, 1893)
36. Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
37. Wolga spinifera (Western, 1894) **
Family: Lepadellidae
38. Colurella adriatica (Ehrenberg, 1837)
39. C. obtusa (Gosse, 1886)
40. C. sulcata (Stenroos, 1898)
41. C. uncinata (O. F. Müller, 1773)
42. Lepadella acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1834)
43. L. apsicora Myers, 1934
44. L. apsida Harring, 1916
45. L. bicornis Vasisht & Battish, 1971
46. L. benjamini Harring, 1916
47. L. costatoides Segers, 1992
48. L. dactyliseta (Stenroos, 1898)
49. L. desmeti Segers & Chittapun, 2001 ***
50. L. discoidea Segers, 1993
51. L. eurysterna Myers, 1942
52. L. ehrenbergi (Perty, 1850)
53. L. heterostyla (Murray, 1913)
54. L. lindaui Koste, 1981
55. L. minuta (Weber & Montet, 1918) **
56. L. ovalis (O.F. Müller, 1786)
57. L. patella (O.F. Müller, 1773)
58. L. quadricarinata (Stenroos, 1898) **
59. L. quinquecostata (Lucks, 1912) **
60. L. rhomboides (Gosse, 1886)
61. L. triba Myers, 1934 ***
62. L. triptera Ehrenberg, 1832
63. L. vandenbrandei Gillard, 1952
64. Squatinella mutica (Ehrenberg, 1832)
Family: Lecanidae
65. Lecane acanthinula (Hauer, 1938) #
66. L. aculeata (Jakubski, 1912)
67. L. aeganea Harring, 1914 ***
68. L. arcula Harring, 1914 ***
69. L. aspasia Myers, 1917 **
70. L. bifurca (Bryce, 1892) **
71. L blachei Berzins, 1973
72. L. bulla (Gosse, 1851)
L. bulla diabolica (Hauer, 1936) ***
73. L. closterocerca (Schmarda, 1859)
74. L. crepida Harring, 1914
75. L. curvicornis (Murray, 1913)
76. L. decipiens (Murray, 1913)
77. L. doryssa Harring, 1914
78. L. elegans Harring, 1914
79. L. flexilis (Gosse, 1886)
80. L. furcata (Murray, 1913)
81. L. haliclysta Harring & Myers, 1926 ***
82. L. hamata (Stokes, 1896)
83. L. hornemanni (Ehrenberg, 1834)
84. L. inermis (Bryce, 1892)
85. L. inopinata Harring & Myers, 1926
86. L. lateralis Sharma, 1978
87. L. leontina (Turner, 1892)
88. L. ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883)
89. L. luna (O.F. Müller, 1776)
90. L. lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832)
91. L. monostyla (Daday, 1897)
Appendix 1: Systematic list of Rotifera recorded from Loktak
Phylum: Rotifera
Super-class: Eurotatoria
79
Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 69-79
92. L. nitida (Murray, 1913)
93. L. niwati Segers, Kothetip & Sanoamuang, 2004
94. L. obtusa (Murray, 1913)
95. L. ohioensis (Herrick, 1885)
96. L. papuana (Murray, 1913)
97. L. ploenensis (Voigt, 1902)
98. L. pusilla Harring, 1914 ***
99. L. quadridentata (Ehrenberg, 1830)
100. L. rhenana Hauer, 1929 **
101. L. rhytida Harring & Myers, 1926 **
102. L. ruttneri Hauer, 1938
103. L. signifera (Jennings, 1896)
104. L. simonneae Segers, 1993
105. L. solfatara (Hauer, 1938) #
106. L. stenroosi (Meissner, 1908)
107. L. tenuiseta Harring, 1914
108. L. thienemanni (Hauer, 1938) ***
109. L. undulata Hauer, 1938 **
110. L. unguitata (Fadeev, 1925)
111. L. ungulata (Gosse, 1887)
Family: Notommatidae
112. Cephalodella forficula (Ehrenberg, 1830)
113. C. gibba (Ehrenberg, 1830)
114. C. mucronata Myers, 1924
115. Monommata longiseta (O.F. Müller, 1786)
116. M. maculata Harring & Myers, 1930
117. Monommata sp.
118. Notommata spinata Koste & Shiel, 1991
Family: Scaridiidae
119. Scaridium longicaudum (O.F. Müller, 1786)
Family: Gastropodidae
120. Ascomorpha ecaudis Perty, 1850
Family: Trichocercidae
121. Trichocerca abilioi Segers & Sarma, 1993 #
122. T. bicristata (Gosse, 1887)
123. T. cylindrica (Imhof, 1891)
124. T. edmondsoni (Myers, 1936) **
125. T. elongata (Gosse, 1886)
126. T. flagellata Hauer, 1938
127. T. hollaerti De Smet, 1990 **
128. T. insignis (Herrick, 1885)
129. T. longiseta (Schrank, 1802)
130. T. maior Hauer, 1936 **
131. T. rattus (O.F. Müller, 1776)
132. T. scipio (Gosse, 1886) **
133. T. similis (Wierzejski, 1893)
134. T. tenuior (Gosse, 1886)
135. T. weberi (Jennings, 1903) **
Family: Asplanchnidae
136. Asplanchna priodonta Gosse, 1850
Family: Synchaetidae
136. Ploesoma lenticulare Herrick, 1855
137. Polyarthra vulgaris Carlin, 1943
138. Synchaeta pectinata Ehrenberg, 1832
Family: Dicranophoridae
139. Dicranophoroides caudatus (Ehrenberg, 1834)
140. Dicranophorus forcipatus (O.F. Müller, 1786)
Order: Flosculariaceae
Family: Flosculariidae
141. Floscularia ringens (Linnaeus, 1758) #
142. S. semibullata (Thorpe, 1893) **
143. Sinantherina spinosa (Thorpe, 1893)
144. S. socialis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Conochilidae
145. Conochilus unicornis Rousselet, 1892
Family: Trochosphaeridae
146. Filinia brachiata (Rousselet, 1901) #
147. F. camasecla Myers, 1938
148. F. longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834)
149. F. opoliensis (Zacharias, 1898)
150. F. saltator (Gosse, 1886)
151. Trochosphaera aequatorialis Semper, 1872 ***
Family: Testudinellidae
152. Testudinella amphora Hauer, 1938 **
153. T. brevicaudata Yamamoto, 1951
154. T. emarginula (Stenroos, 1898)
155. T. parva (Ternetz, 1892)
156. T. patina (Hermann, 1783)
157. T. tridentata Smirnov, 1931
Class: Bdelloidea
Order: Philodinida
Family: Philodinidae
158. Philodina citrina Ehrenberg, 1832
159. Rotaria macroceros (Gosse, 1851) #
160. R. neptunia (Ehrenberg, 1830)
161. R. tardigrada (Ehrenberg, 1832) #
Family: Habrotrochidae
162. Habrotrocha angusticollis (Murray, 1905) #
* New record from India; **New record from Manipur state; *** New record from Loktak; # not observed in present
collections