Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2017) 5(4): 236-245; DOI:
ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956
Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com
© 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology
Original Article
Responses of beluga (Huso huso) to salinity exposure: a laboratory evaluation of the effect of
field-based salinity levels on osmoregulatory characteristics and growth performance
Ali Jalali1, 2, 3*, Mohammad Sudagar1, Seyed Mostafa Aghilinejhad1, 3, Hamed Kolangi Miandare1
1Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
3Sturgeon Affairs Management of Golestan Province, Gorgan, Iran.
Article history:
Received 6 March 2017
Accepted 24 July 2017
Available online 2 5 August 2017
Keywords:
Blood biochemistry
Juvenile sturgeon
Osmoregulation
Acclimation
Sturgeon rearing
Abstract: There is a need for a better understanding of how sturgeon, especially hatchery reared
juveniles, respond to salinity challenges. Therefore, here we examined the effects of different field-
based salinities (Freshwater [FW] (0.5), 3, 6, 9 and 12 ppt) on osmoregulatory characteristics and
growth performance of juvenile beluga sturgeon, Huso huso, (22.1±1.1 g body weight) over a 60-
day period. Survival rate was relatively high in all treatments although there was a sign of adverse
effects of salinity on the survival as fish at 12 ppt salinity. Growth performance was better in fish
reared at 3 ppt, followed by 6, 9 and 12 ppt. Overall, an increase in plasma sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium and glucose levels was found in association with the increase of salinity, while
the FW control group maintained basal levels. Haematocrit levels were also affected by the salinity
and the observed levels in FW, 3 and 6 ppt salinities were lower than other salinity concentrations.
The results indicated that the beluga sturgeon juveniles are able to survive and acclimate to moderate
salinities. Here, we also discussed the importance of evaluating and comparing specific mechanisms
of acclimation in populations across brackish waters of the southern Caspian Sea as such
investigations may aid and improve aquaculture strategies.
Introduction
Sturgeons are migratory species that occur in major
river systems of the northern hemisphere (Bemis and
Kynard, 1997; Grande and Bemis, 1991), especially in
the Caspian Sea basin. Most sturgeon species have
been listed on the IUCN red list of endangered species
due to the drastic declines in their wild populations
(Birstein, 1993; Birstein et al., 1997; IUCN, 2012),
and many are unfortunately at the brink of extinction.
Overfishing, poaching, pollution and habitat
degradation are the major threats to sturgeon longevity
and sustainability (Pourkazemi, 2006; Ruban and
Khodorevskaya, 2011). Many efforts have been made,
especially in the past decade, to protect sturgeons, and
aquaculture plans for restoration, conservation and
commercial purposes have received the most attempt
and attention. In Iran, Fisheries Organization has
widely been involved in breeding programs to develop
*Corresponding author: Ali Jalali DOI: https://doi.org/10.22034/ijab.v5i4.285
E-mail address: jalalifc@gmail.com
sturgeon aquaculture and restock sturgeon popul-
ations, so that thousands of sturgeon fingerlings are
released into the Caspian Sea annually or kept for
sturgeon rearing to meet meat and caviar demands.
Acipenseriformes are similar to teleosts with
respect to the main features of their osmoregulation
(Potts and Rudy, 1972; Krayushkina et al., 1995). Fish
challenged with an altered environmental salinity
must maintain their body osmolality and ionic
balance. Therefore, it is necessary for both sturgeons
and teleosts to maintain rather tight control of serum
water and ion concentration for efficient physiological
function when they move between fresh water and salt
water (Natochin et al., 1985; Krayushkina et al.,
1995). This is mainly accomplished by profound
morphological and physiological changes, such as
drinking rate (Tytler and Blaxter, 1988; Ura et al.,
1996; Miyazaki et al., 1998), stress hormone levels,
237
Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2017) 5(4): 236-245
which can disturb hydromineral balance and blood
parameters such as haematocrit (Woo and Chung,
1995; Wendelaar Bonga, 1997; Brown et al., 2001)
and functions of the osmoregulatory surfaces (Hwang
and Hirano, 1985; Hwang et al., 1989; Arai et al.,
1997; Perry, 1998; Kelly and Woo, 1999).
There are a variety of studies assessing osmo-
regulatory mechanisms and salinity tolerance in
sturgeon species, and it has been documented that
many sturgeons species are able to adapt different
salinity ranges (McEnroe and Cech, 1985;
Krayushkina, 1996; Krayushkina, 1998; Altinok et al.,
1998; Martinz Alvarez et al., 2002; Jarvis and
Ballantyne, 2003; Allen and Cech, 2007; He et al.,
2009; Zhao et al., 2010). However, exposure length,
fish size and age appear to play key roles in adaptation
capacity as salinity tolerance may decrease especially
when fish in smaller sizes are subjected to high
salinities. It has previously been suggested that
salinity can also affect fish growth, and an interaction
between growth and salinity has been demonstrated in
several fish species (Altinok and Grizzle, 2001; Wada
et al., 2004; Martinez-Palácios et al., 2004; Tibblin et
al., 2012). In tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, its
rearing in sea water is resulted in an improved growth
performance compared to freshwater (Kuwaye et al.,
1993; Riley et al., 2003). Improved growth at
intermediate salinity may be explained by a reduction
of the metabolic cost for osmoregulation, whereas
appetite and/or the endocrine system may also play a
role (Boeuf and Payan, 2001). Sardella and Kultz
(2009) demonstrated that green sturgeon, Acipenser
medirostris, with a mean weight of 121 g were able to
survive and acclimate following a salinity transfer and
they observed minimal osmotic stress in the exposed
fish. Juvenile Atlantic sturgeon, A. oxyrinchus, with a
mean weight of 440 g were reared under three salinity
conditions (0, 10, or 33 ppt) for 6 months and it was
found that fish in 0 and 10 ppt grew more than those
of 33 ppt (Allen et al., 2014). In contrast, after 30 days
rearing, Zhao et al. (2010) did not observe significant
effect of salinity exposure (up to 25 ppt) on the growth
of 5-month-old Amur sturgeon, A. schrenckii, with a
mean initial body weight of 106.8 g. However, growth
performance in sturgeons under different saline
environments appears to be species dependent and can
also be impacted by the size of fish (Allen and Cech,
2007).
There are few studies on the effects of salinity on
the Caspian Sea sturgeons, especially beluga sturgeon.
Although previous studies have shown that sturgeons
are capable of adopting different salinities, however,
it has also been indicated that adaptation capacity in
small juveniles reduces as they may not be able to
tolerate even brackish waters (Jalali et al., 2008).
Thus, detailed information regarding the salinity
effects and during a various exposure times can
provide a better understanding of sturgeon responses
to environmental challenges. It can also be a useful
method for aiding aquaculture programs especially
when the fish are kept for coastal-based-rearing and
aquaculture purposes. Sea-cage-based and pen culture
of sturgeons have recently been considered in the
Iranian part of the Caspian Sea as it can provide an
alternative to wild stocks and for supply of sturgeon
meat and caviar. Thus, in this study we selected filed-
based salinity doses of freshwater (FW), 3, 6, 9 and 12
ppt representing salinity ranges that the beluga are
likely to encounter in the Iranian part of the Caspian
Sea. We then aimed to assess osmoregulatory
characteristics (including sodium, potassium, calcium
and magnesium concentrations), survival and growth
performance of beluga (Huso huso) juveniles to these
salinities over two months, a relatively long
experimental period.
Materials and Methods
Fish rearing conditions: Five months old beluga with
a mean body weight of 22.1±1.1 g (mean±SD) were
obtained from the Shahid Marjani Sturgeon
Propagation Center (Aq Qala, Golestan Province,
Iran). Fish were transferred to the Aquaculture
Research Centre at the University of Gorgan, then
stocked in five groups with triplicate per group (200 L
tanks with a stocking density of 15 fish per tank), and
cultured in FW (0.5), 3, 6, 9 and 12 ppt for 60 days.
Acclimation to salinity was performed by increasing
water salinity at an approximate rate of 3 ppt per day
238
Jalali et al./ Growth performance and physiological parameters of beluga in response to salinity
until reaching 12 ppt. Salinity levels were obtained by
mixing dechlorinated tap water with salt, and
measured by water checker (HORIBA U-10, Japan).
Temperature was kept at 21°C, and supplemental
aeration was also provided to maintain dissolved
oxygen levels near saturation. The photoperiod was
maintained at 13 h light /11 h dark. During the
experiment, the fish were fed three times a day with
the same commercial pellet diet (approximately 3% of
body weight/day; 54% protein, 18% lipid, 11% ash
and 0.3% fiber; Biomar Company). The amount of
feed offered was daily recorded for food conversion
ratio calculation. The tanks were siphoned daily to
remove uneaten feed and feces. In each tank, half the
water volume was renewed every day to assure water
quality. It was tried to minimize any other stress
during the entire period of the experiment.
Sampling and data analysis: At the end of the
experiment, feeding was discontinued 24 hrs prior to
measurements and all fish were weighed and growth
parameters were calculated: specific growth rate ({[Ln
final body weight-Ln initial body weight] × 100}/total
days), feed conversion ratio (dry feed fed/body weight
gain) and condition factor ({[body weight/body length
(cm3)] × 100}) (Lugert et al., 2014; Shalaby et al.,
2006). Percent of survival were also calculated.
In order to evaluate the haematocrit (% PCV), ions
(sodium [Na+], potassium [K
+], calcium [Ca
2+] and
magnesium [Mg2+]) and glucose concentrations, the
blood was collected from the caudal vein of individual
fish employing heparinized syringes. Blood samples
were centrifuged at 16000 g for 5 min in a clinical
centrifuge (Hettich-D7200, Tuttlingen, Germany) for
haematocrit evaluation. The blood plasma was
decanted and pipetted into Eppendorf tubes and
preserved at -20°C. In order to evaluate how different
salinities impact plasma ion concentrations, sodium
(Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations were
measured with flame photometer (Corning 405C:
IRI). Magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and glucose
concentrations were measured with an absorption
spectrophotometer (UNICO 3115233: USA) (Hoseini
et al., 2011).
Statistical analysis: Data were initially checked for
normality and homogeneity of variance (using Bartlett
and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests) and then salinity was
considered as the independent variable and fish
haematological, biochemical and growth parameters
as the dependent variables. Data were analyzed by
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with
Duncan’s new multiple range tests (SPSS software
version 18). Statistical values are expressed as
mean±SD. The values of P<0.05 were considered
significantly different.
Results
Biochemical and haematological variables: The blood
plasma electrolytes, including sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium and glucose concentrations were
affected by increasing the salinity, and significant
differences were observed among treatments
(P<0.05). Plasma sodium concentration was higher in
the fish reared at 9 and 12 ppt salinities and there was
a decline in the levels of this parameter with decrease
in salinity (Fig. 1a). Plasma potassium was also higher
in the fish exposed to 9 and 12 ppt salinities (Fig. 1b).
Plasma calcium and magnesium levels showed a
relatively similar patterns, with high concentrations in
the fish reared at 6, 9 and 12 ppt salinities (Fig. 1c-d).
Glucose level in fish exposed to FW (0.5 ppt) , and 3
and 6 ppt salinities was lower compared to other
treatments, and it raised at higher salinities (Fig. 1e).
Haematocrit levels of fish reared at salinities of 0.5, 3
and 6 ppt were lower than those of 9 and 12 ppt
salinities (Fig. 1f).
Survival and growth performance: Although survival
was relatively high in all groups, there were some
significant differences among salinity treatments in
term of survival rate (Fig. 2), and fish subjected to 12
ppt salinity had lower survival compared to the fish
exposed to other salinity levels (P<0.05). There was
no significant difference in survival rate between
salinities of 3, 6 ppt and 9 ppt. Growth parameters
were significantly different between treatments
(P<0.05; Table 1). Fish reared at lower salinities (FW,
3 and 6 ppt) showed higher final weight, final length
and specific growth rates compared to the fish reared
at higher salinities (Table 1, P<0.05). Condition factor
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Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2017) 5(4): 236-245
Figure 1. Trends in the levels of (a) sodium [Na+], (b) potassium [K+], (c) calcium [Ca2+], (d) magnesium [Mg2+], (e) glucose and (f) haematocrit
in the blood samples of beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) on the 0th day and 60th day of the experiment. Data are presented as mean (±SD). Groups
having different letters are significantly different (P<0.05).
Table 1. Growth parameters of juvenile beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) after a 60-day rearing period at various salinities.
Parameters Treatments
Freshwater (0.5) Salinity 3 Salinity 6 Salinity 9 Salinity 12
Initial weight (g/fish) 22.3±1.0a 22.0±1.0a 21.9±1.0 a 22.2±1.2 a 22.2±1.3a
Final weight (g/fish) 102.2±3.7a 105.5±2.6b 103.3±3.6a 97.8±3.1c 97.0±2.7c
Initial length (cm) 19.7±0.4a 19.8±0.3a 19.8±0.2a 19.9±0.2a 19.8±0.1a
Final length (cm) 31.0±1.1a 32.3±1.1b 30.9±1.7a 28.8±1.7c 28.5±1.4 c
SGR1 2.53±0.01a 2.61±0.02b 2.57±0.01b 2.46±0.03c 2.45±0.01c
FCR2 1.7±0.10a 1.61±0.07a 1.71±0.12a 1.88±0.07b 1.95±0.05b
CF3 0.33±0.005a 0.30±0.01b 0.34±0.005a 0.40±0.01c 0.41±0.01c
Note: 1Specific growth rate, 2food conversion ratio and 3condition factor; Means in the same row with different superscripts
are significantly different (P<0.05); Data are presented as mean ±SD
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Jalali et al./ Growth performance and physiological parameters of beluga in response to salinity
in the fish exposed to 9 and 12 ppt salinities was higher
than those of lower salinities (P<0.05). In addition,
food conversion ratio increased when fish were
subjected to 9 and 12 ppt (P<0.05).
Discussion
The results of the present study showed how juvenile
beluga sturgeon respond when exposed to brackish
water in terms of osmoregulatory ion concentrations,
survival, and growth. Fish were acclimated to several
salinity ranges (FW (0.5) to 12 ppt) by increasing
water salinity at a rate of 3 ppt per day. These doses
and rate of increase were chosen on the basis of
conditions that juvenile beluga sturgeon may
encounter in the Iranian part of the Caspian Sea
especially if they are kept for pen- and cage-based
culture. Although fish at low salinities showed a
greater survival rate, the difference in survival
between the lowest (FW) and the highest (12 ppt)
salinities was 6.3% after 60 days. Thus, it appears that
five-month-old juvenile beluga sturgeon is able to
acclimate to brackish water with salinity doses close
to the concentrations observed in the southern Caspian
Sea. In this regard, previous studies also indicated that
salinity tolerance in sturgeons is improved after
acclimation to different salinity levels (McEnroe and
Cech, 1985; Altinok et al., 1998; McKenzie et al.,
2001). Such acclimation is probably needed to initiate
enzymatic and cellular osmoregulatory changes
necessary for withstanding osmotic challenge
(Morgan et al., 1997; Morgan and Iwama, 1999).
Nonetheless, fish body size appear to largely
influence the process of successful acclimation to
salinity changes. Several studies have indicated that
osmoregulatory abilities are positively correlated with
fish size and larger fish show less sensitivity due to the
structural and physiological developments during
their ontogeny (McEnroe and Cech, 1987; Altinok et
al., 1998; LeBreton and Beamish 1998; Cataldi et al.,
1999; Allen and Cech, 2007; Jalali et al., 2010; Allen
et al., 2011). These mechanisms, however, relatively
differ amongst sturgeon species due mainly to the
species specific osmoregulatory characteristics and
life history. For example, juvenile green sturgeon,
A. medirostris, are capable of surviving seawater (34
ppt) and near brackish water (15 ppt) concentrations
even following an immediate transfer (Sardella and
Kultz, 2009; Allen et al. 2011). But according to the
previous investigation, abrupt transfer to such
concentrations would lead a serious osmotic shock
and catastrophic mortality in juvenile beluga sturgeon
especially at small and fingerling range sizes (Jalali et
al., 2010). This is probably related to the species
evolutionary history. Green sturgeons move between
oceanic waters and freshwater encountering an
extended salinity ranges (0 to 35 ppt) within their
habitats. In contrast, average salinity recorded in the
northern and southern Caspian Sea respectively fall
around 9 and 13 ppt (near an isosmotic medium),
about a third salinity of most seawater. Therefore,
compared to other sturgeon species rearing at higher
salinities or migrating to oceans, Caspian Sea sturgeon
including beluga sturgeon habitats occur within
relatively limited salinity ranges and this is likely to
affect Caspian sturgeon’s salinity tolerance. However,
it has generally been said that salt tolerance is poor for
early life history stages of sturgeon. Therefore, more
detailed assessment of how tolerance to a salinity
gradient evolves in sturgeons could provide a better
understanding of species and environmental
associations. In addition, this would help successful
aquaculture plans in producing sturgeon meat
considering that high potential exist along the Caspian
Sea to develop sturgeon aquaculture.
Figure 2. The beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) survival (%) exposed to
different salinities over a 60-day experimental period. Data are
presented as mean (±SD). Groups having different letters are
significantly different (P<0.05).
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Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2017) 5(4): 236-245
There are numerous similarities in osmoregulatory
mechanisms between sturgeon and teleosts such as the
composition of the blood parameters (i.e. plasma
osmolality and electrolyte concentrations) in both
fresh water and sea water. They are hyperosmotic with
respect to fresh water and hyposmotic with respect to
salt water (Holmes and Donaldson, 1969). In this
experiment, we detected an increase in electrolyte
concentrations with enhance in salinity. Our results
indicated an elevation in haematocrit levels after 60
days exposure especially to 12 ppt salinity whereas
these levels were low in the fish reared at lower
salinities. A previous study indicated that haematocrit
levels rose in juvenile shortnose sturgeon,
A. brevirostrum, after 10 weeks in hyperosmotic
conditions (Jarvis and Ballantyne, 2003). On the other
hand, the haematocrit levels were not different
between long-term fresh water and salt water-
acclimated juvenile Adriatic sturgeon, A. naccarii, and
Gulf sturgeons, A. oxyrinchus (Altinok et al., 1998;
Martinez-Alvarez et al., 2002). It has been shown that
stressful conditions can lead to alterations in
haematocrit levels and an elevated haematocrit level
can reflect a stress response in fish (Soivio and
Nikinmaa, 1981; Maxime et al., 1990; Franklin et al.,
1992). It may also reflect haemo-concentration or
demand of fish to oxygen because of the increased
respiratory demand caused by salinity exposure,
although there is no evidence for this theory as this
study did not evaluate oxygen demands in the exposed
fish and such demand could also be species-dependent
(Ern et al., 2014).
The results indicated that plasma sodium,
potassium, calcium and magnesium contents
increased when the fish were reared in brackish water,
and ion concentrations were higher at 9 and 12 ppt
treatments. These alternations can be due to changes
in the water content in the blood, resulted from the
change in environmental salinity as indicated in other
salt water-exposed sturgeons (Plaut, 1998;
Krayushkina, 1998; McKenzie et al., 1999; Martınez-
Alvarez et al., 2002; He et al., 2009). Sturgeons hatch
and grow at least initially in fresh water and thus, they
regulate at elevated ion homeostasis levels in
hyperosmotic salinities (McEnroe and Cech, 1987;
Altinok et al., 1998; Krayushkina, 1998; Rodriguez et
al., 2002). Changes in blood and osmotic parameters
have been shown to be time-dependent as the levels
return to steady state during the acclimation period
when the fish remain at a constant salinity and reach
homeostasis. When fish is exposed to the concentrated
environment, it loses water and the content of the
elements in the blood increases. Fish would
consequently tend to ingest more water to dilute the
level of the blood parameters (He et al., 2009; Allen
and Cech, 2007). At the end, the contents of these
parameters reach the constant levels as a consequence
of the rest of the osmoregulatory mechanisms, which
act to re-establish the extracellular volume salinity
(Martınez-Alvarez et al., 2002; He et al., 2009).
Glucose is an essential fuel for various tissues and its
level in plasma was also higher in the fish-kept at 9
and 12 ppt treatments. It has previously been indicated
that glucose showed both a rise (Bashamohideen and
Parvatheswararao, 1972; Assem and Hanke, 1979)
and a fall (Soengas et al., 1991; Krumschnabel and
Lackner, 1993; Allen and Cech, 2007) during
seawater adaptation. The plasma glucose proliferation
can be affected by cortisol changes though cortisol
level was not evaluated here. Nonetheless, there
appears to be a high glucose demand to supply the
energy by osmoregulatory mechanisms (Krum-
schnabel and Lackner, 1993; Plaut, 1998), where upon
glyconeogenesis even increases (Jürss and Bittorf,
1990).
Growth performance and food conversion ratio in
the fish reared at low salinities (FW, 3 and 6 ppt) were
significantly higher than those of fish reared at higher
salinities. In the case of marine teleost fish, several
authors reported better performance at intermediate
salinities. Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, larvae reared
at 7, 14 and 28 ppt, showed higher growth rates at the
intermediate salinity (14 ppt), possibly due to a more
efficient conversion ratio (Lambert et al., 1994).
Whitefish larvae, Chirostoma estor estor, exhibited
greater specific growth rates at 10 and 15 ppt,
compared to those at 0 and 5 ppt, but net production,
based on survival and growth, was clearly superior at
242
Jalali et al./ Growth performance and physiological parameters of beluga in response to salinity
10 ppt, with a very low response at 0 ppt (Martinez-
Palácios et al., 2004). Wada et al. (2004) found that
growth rates in spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus,
juveniles kept at 8 and 16 ppt were higher than fish
kept at 32 ppt (control) and at 4 ppt. Specific growth
rates in Gulf sturgeon, A. oxyrinchus, were higher at
3 and 9 ppt compared to those of fresh water (Altinok
and Grizzle, 2001). Jarvis et al. (2001) found that
weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in juvenile
shortnose sturgeon was the highest in fresh water, and
the lowest at 20 ppt, the highest salinity tested.
Juvenile Adriatic sturgeon, A. naccarii, had lower
specific growth rates and food conversion efficiencies
at 20 than 0 ppt (McKenzie et al., 1999) and lower
specific growth rates at 11 than 0 ppt (McKenzie et al.,
2001). A recent study by Allen et al. (2014) indicated
that growth rate in Atlantic sturgeon was greater at 0
and 10 ppt than in seawater (33 ppt). The beluga
sturgeon in this study also grew better in near
freshwater and lower salinity medium. Physiological
and structural changes in fish following exposure to
higher salinities require energy which may negatively
impact the growth due to an increased osmoregulatory
costs. Although juveniles of many fish species grow
optimally in intermediate salinities (Boeuf and Payan,
2001), the results obtained from sturgeon species vary
probably due to life history, age/body size differences,
species-specific morphophysiological mechanisms
and osmoregulatory ability.
It can be concluded that juvenile beluga sturgeon
are capable to acclimate, grow and survive in brackish
water. This capability can lead the selection of beluga
sturgeon as a good candidate for pen and cage culture
in brackish water of the Iranian area of the Caspian
Sea. Nonetheless, it should be noted that initial salinity
adaptation plays a key role in survivorship and growth
rates in saline environments.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Shahid Marjani Sturgeon
Center for their assistance in providing specimens. We
are also grateful to the aquaculture research center and
the laboratory of biology at Gorgan University of
Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
(GUASNR) for accessing their equipment and
facilities. The project was supported by financial
supported by GUASNR.
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Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2017) 5(4): 236-245
E-ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956
Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com
© 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology
چکیده فارسی
روی طبیعی محیط هایغلظت بر مبتنی شوری اثرات آزمایشگاهی ارزیابی: شوری به (Huso huso) ماهیفیل پاسخ
رشد کارایی و اسمزی تنطیم
1میاندره کلنگی حامد ،3،1نژاد عقیلی مصطفی سید ،1سوداگر محمد ،3 ،2 ،1*جاللی علی
.ایران گرگان، گرگان، طبیعی منابع و کشاورزی علوم دانشگاه زیست، محیط و شیالت دانشکده1
.استرالیا ویکتوریا، دیکین، دانشگاه محیطی، و زیستی علوم دانشکده2
.ایران گلستان، استان خاویاری ماهیان امور مدیریت3
چکیده:
شوری اثرات مطالعه، این در. است ضروری پرورشی جوان تاسماهیان در ویژهبه شوری محیطی چالش به خاویاری ماهیان پاسخ چگونگی بهتر درک
وزن گرم Huso huso( )22/1) ماهیفیل بچه کارایی و اسمزی تنظیم روی( لیتر در گرم 12 و 9 ،6 ،3 ،5/0) طبیعی محیط هایغلظت بر مبتنی
شوری جانبی عوارض از ای نشانه اگرچه ،بود باال نسبتاً آزمایش دوره تمام در ماندگاری نرخ. گرفت قرار بررسی مورد روزه 60 دوره یک طی در( اولیه
هاگروه سایر از بهتر لیتر در گرم 3 شوری در یافته پرورش ماهیان در رشد عملکرد. گردید مشاهده لیتر در گرم 12 شوری در ماهیان بقای میزان بر
و زیممنی کلسیم، پتاسیم، سدیم، سطح افزایش کلی،طوربه. داشتند را رشد بیشترین ترتیببه 12 و 9 ،6 هایشوری در ماهیان آن از پس و بود،
اتوکریتهم سطح. داشت را پارامترها این اولیه سطوح( شیرین بآ) کنترل گروه که حالی در شد، مشاهده شوری افزایش با ارتباط در پالسما در گلوکز
نشان نتایج. بود هاغلظت سایر از ترپایین 6 و 3 شوری شیرین، آب گروه ماهیان در هماتوکریت تغییرات و گرفت قرار تاثیر تحت شوری توسط نیز
آب رد شوری به سازگاری خاص هایمکانیسم مقایسه و ارزیابی اهمیت. بودند متوسط شوری با انطباق و ماندن زنده به قادر ماهیانفیل بچه که داد
ایهاستراتژی بهبود به تواندمی تحقیقاتی چنین انجام از حاصل نتایج. گرفت قرار بحث مورد مطالعه این در خزر دریای جنوبی منطقه شورلب
.نماید کمک تاسماهیان پروریآبزی
.تاسماهیان پرورش ،سازگاری ،اسمزی تنظیم ،جوان خاویاری ماهی ،خون بیوشیمی :کلمات کلیدی