. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues ISSN: 2146-4138 available at http: www.econjournals.com International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2015, 5(Special Issue) 207-214. 2nd AFAP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (AICEBM 2015), 10-11 January 2015, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015 207 A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking Abdullah Rajeh Ali Alamer1*, Hussin Bin Salamon2, Muhammad Imran Qureshi3, Amran Md. Rasli4 1Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia, 2Faculty of Islamic civilization, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia, 3Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia, 4Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia. *Email: Raaabdullah2@live.utm.my ABSTRACT This article has answered on two questions; what the process-outcome weight ratio for oriented outcome should be? The second question is: What are the items would be reflected elements under dimensions of both sides? In logic thinking, the used corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions of Islamic banks (IBs) have different impacts on the society as result for that these dimensions should be different. There still is very lack in using appropriate weights of dimensions to measure of CSR in IB. By redistribution of the dimensions to two types; business process dimensions (BPDs) and oriented outcome dimensions (OODs) then give each type specific weight to suit their consequence on the CSR’s level in IBs. From 115 items, 23 sub-dimensions, and 7 dimensions that have taken from 18 articles since 2005 until 2013, this article has selected 16 items, 9 sub-dimensions, and 5 dimensions. Only Mohammed et al. (2008) built an index has different weights of the CSR’s dimensions based on several academic experts in IB. The dimensions’ weights has been calculated based on weights of Mohammed et al (2008) in which ratio of BPDs and OODs has been 54 and 46 respectively. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Process, Oriented Outcome Dimensions JEL Classifications: K40 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Index Development Illustrated The discussion of the previous units gives us the understanding that, from an Islamic argument of view, how ethically and responsibly an organization performs its corporate functions is more important than how it employs its earning. This being so, corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures relating to essential business practices warrant more weight than the outcome-oriented measures or the measures not related to the essential processes. While it is conceptually justified that more weight be given to the process measures, at least two important questions need answers for illustrating the index development. The first question is: How much more? Should the process-outcome weight ratio be 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, or something else? How is it decided? The second question is: What are the elements would be reflected items under dimensions of business process? Before continuing to addressing these questions, we need to clarify that what follows is an illustration of how we do to develop a differentially weighted CSR index for Islamic banks (IBs). 1.2. Weights Ratio of Processes and Outcomes Dimensions Although in a span of almost one decade (2005-2013), many researchers studied social responsibility of IBs using many measures, effort to assign different weights to dimension and items of CSR measures is originate only in one case. Out of 18 sources listed, 11 sources used Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI’s) index, the ethical identity index (EII), or variants of these, where all items of measurement established equal weight. Based on literature review and in-depth expert interviews, Yusuf and Bahari (2011) and Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015208 Nazir et al. (2014) recognized 34 CSR measurement items under six basic criteria. It looks their items have different weights, but actually they do not. Items were rated on a 10-point scale from five experts and an average score was calculated for each item to decide whether the item was important enough to be included under a particular standard for CSR measurement. Based on Maqasid framework, Mohammed et al. (2008) and Rasli et al. (2014) developed performance measures of IBs. Their Maqasid index is created on 10 elements under three objectives that were allocated differential weights as shown in Table 1. The distribution of weights to 3 objectives and 10 elements suggest us significant clues to ascertaining a preliminary process-outcome weights ratio of 54:46. The Table 2 shows how we arrived at this preliminary ratio. The calculation in it shows a process-outcome ratio of 53.85:46.15 that has been rounded to 54:46. 1.3. Items Selection and Their Weights Allocation As mentioned earlier, the second question for the development of the index is what items are to be included in the index. For this purpose, from the 18 articles stated, a compilation of 110 items belonging to 9 dimensions and 28 sub-dimensions has been made (all measurements of CSR in IBs from related published literature are attached in Appendix A). As a technique of illustration, nine items have been chosen under business process dimensions (BPDs) which fall under three dimensions and four sub-dimensions. Similarly, seven items have been selected under oriented outcome dimensions (OODs) that belong to two dimensions and five sub- dimensions. All these selections are shown in Table 3. The notes below Table 3 temporarily describe how actual selection will be made and various weights will be allocated. 2. DISCUSSION Some authors (e.g., Sairally, 2005; Farook et al. 2011) recognized expectations of the stakeholders of IBs based on the experience of the conventional literature of CSR, in spite of Wood’s (2010) recommendation of deliberate incorporation of research and delving into other domains of CSR literature. Others (Mohammed et al., 2008; Yusuf and Bahari, 2011) have collected CSR dimensions from IBs’ literature through studying Islamic principles and law without paying more attention to the source of action. The CSR actions come from the core business of IBs or from external activities. Usmani (2002) stated that, according to Islamic principles, business transactions could never be separated from the moral targets of a society. Woermann (2013) argued that increasing emphasis on entering CSR into the core business approach is a tool for companies to meet their CSR obligations. As a result, this paper is relevant and a worthy contribution because it uses dimensions divided into two parts, that is, dimensions from core business transactions and from oriented activities. The structure of the index is like the structure of a real business, in which there are two parts: The business process and the oriented outcomes. Table 1: Average weights for three objectives/10 elements given by Shari’ah experts Objectives Average weight (out of 100%) Elements Average weight (out of 100%) O1. Education (Tahdhib al-Fard) 30 E1. Education grants/donations 24 E2. Research 27 E3. Training 26 E4. Publicity 23 Total 100 O2. Justice (Al-Adl) 41 E5. Fair returns 30 E6. Fair price 32 E7. Interest-free product 38 Total 100 O3. Welfare (Al-Maslahah) 29 E8. Bank’s profit ratios 33 E9. Personal income transfers 30 E10. Investment ratios in real sector 37 Total 100 Total 100 Source: Mohammed et al. (2008) Table 2: Ascertaining preliminary weights ratio for process measures/outcome measures Objectives (average weights) Elements classified Process-based Calculation of weights* Output-oriented Calculation of weights* O1. Education (30) E1. Education grants/donations 30×0.24=7.2 E2. Research 30×0.27=8.1 E3. Training 30×0.26=7.8 E4. Publicity 30×0.23=6.9 O2. Justice (41) E5. Fair returns 41×0.30=12.3 E6. Fair price 41×0.32=13.12 E7. Interest-free product 41×0.38=15.58 O3. Welfare (29) E8. Bank’s profit ratios 29×0.33=9.57 E9. Personal income transfers 29×0.30=8.7 E10. Investment ratios in real sector 29×0.37=10.73 Process total 53.85 Outcome total 46.15 *Weight of objective ×% weight of element Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015 209 This structure of the measures index is considered a contribution to CSR and the IB field. One should see to the long-term impacts through IB products and investments by using macroeconomic and MS, and incorporate that in measuring CSR in IBs. Siddiqi (2006) argued that IBs should not look at the microeconomic targets of their investments to arrive at current targeted profits. Instead, they must look at the long-term benefits and the positive consequences for the community and economy. Farook et al. (2011) and Yusof et al. (2010) stated that equity finance is in line with goals of Islam Maqasid Shari’ah, specifically justice, good economic impacts and social equality. However, Farook et al. (2011) and Yusof et al. (2010) argued that using debt as an investment tool has failed and is one of the major causes of the global financial crisis. They and other researchers stated that IBs should increase their share in equity finance. Malik et al. (2011) concluded that it is crucial to remember that the purpose of Islamic finance practitioners is not to “replicate” conventional finance products in an Islamic way at all times, but rather to create new financial ideas or products which appeal to IBs and investors, even if this means slower growth than Islamisation. Musharakah financing and equity investment are included as new measurements in the index to measure CSR in IBs (Table 3). The major contribution of this paper is its use of different weights based on the impact and importance of every dimension. Indexes are used to measure the CSR disclosure in IBs, including AAOIFI’s index, the EII (Haniffa and Hudaib, 2007; Hassan and Harahap, 2010; Zubairu et al., 2012; Rashid et al., 2013; and Kamla and Rammal, 2013). Maali et al. (2006); Aribi and Gao (2010); Abbasi et al. (2012); and Farook et al. (2011) used a disclosure index approach. 3. CONCLUSION The paper attempted to explain the need for having an IB CSR measurement index, which allocates more weight to the process- based measures than to outcome-oriented measures. REFERENCES Abbasi, T.H., Kausar, A., Ashiq, H., Inam, H., Nasar, H., Amjad, R. (2012), Corporate social responsibility disclosure: A comparison between Islamic and conventional financial institutions in Bahawalpur region. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(3), 51-62. Aribi, Z.A., Gao, S. (2010), Corporate social responsibility disclosure: A comparison between Islamic and conventional financial institutions. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 8(2), 72-91. Dusuki, A.W., Dar, H. (2005), Stakeholders’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility of Islamic banks: Evidence from Malaysian economy. Paper Presented at the 6th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, Islamic Economics and Banking in the 21st Century, Jakarta, Indonesia. El Mousaid, F., Boutti, R. (2012), Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in Islamic Banking. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(10), 93-103. Farook, S., Hassan, M.K., Lanis, R. (2011), Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: The case of Islamic banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 2(2), 114-141. Haniffa, R., Hudaib, M. (2007), Exploring the ethical identity of Islamic banks via communication in annual reports. Journal of Business Ethics, 76(1), 97-116. Hassan, A., Harahap, S.S. 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(2013), Social reporting by Islamic banks: Table 3: Developed index for differentiated dimensions to measure CSR of IBs Weights Dimensions** Weights* Sub-dimension Weights* Measurements items** Weights* Process (54) Investment 50 Empowerment of communities 100 M1: Equity investment/total investment 20 M2: Musharakah investment/total investment 20 M3: Financing to poor families and small businesses 20 M4: Investment in deprived areas 20 M5: Selecting companies that represent industries of the future 20 R&D 25 Advancement of knowledge 100 M6: Research expense/total expense 100 HR 25 Investing in education and training 50 M7: Educational grant/total income ratio 50 M8: Training expense/total expense 50 Justice 50 M9: Fairness in terms of wages, working hours 100 Process total 100 Outcome (46) Social activities and sharing 70 Supporting charities 50 M10: Zakat/net income 50 M11: Amount of Sadaqah 50 Playing the role of welfare without looking for profitability 25 M12: Amount of Qardh Hassan 50 M13: Interest-free income/total income 50 Fair returns 25 M14: Net profit/total asset 100 Environment 30 In work place 50 M15: Energy conservation 100 Protecting the environment 50 M16: Undertake initiative to promote environmental responsibility 100 Outcome total Overall *These weights are arbitrarily assigned for illustrative purposes. For actual development of the index, preliminary weights will be decided and justified based on literature review, which will then be validated through a panel of experts using online Delphi techniques. **Measurement items and dimensions will be judiciously selected to reflect and capture the notion of process and outcome and the selection will be subsequently validated by the same procedure as mentioned above. CSR: Corporate social responsibility, IB: Islamic Bank Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015210 Does social justice matter? Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 26(6), 911-945. Maali, B., Casson, P., Napier, C. (2006), Social reporting by Islamic banks. Abacus, 42(2), 266-289. Malik, M.S., Malik, A., Mustafa, W. (2011), Controversies that make Islamic banking controversial: An analysis of issues and challenges. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 2(1), 41-46. Mohammed, M.O., Abdul Razak, D., Taib, F.M. (2008), The performance measures of Islamic banking based on the Maqasid framework. Paper presented at the IV IIUM International Accounting Conference (INTAC IV), Putrajaya, Malaysia. Musa, M. (2011), Islamic Business Ethics and Finance: An Exploratory Study of Islamic Banks in Malaysia. In 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance. p1-27. Nazir, S., Khan, S., Jamil, R.A., Mehmood, Q.S. (2014), Impact of customer relationship management on customer satisfaction in hoteling industry. Journal of Management Info, 3(1), 84-98. Nor, S., Asutay, M. (2011), Re-considering CSR and sustainability identity of islamic banks in Malaysia: An empirical analysis. International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, p1-17. Rahman, A., Hashim, M., Bakar, F. (2010), Corporate social reporting: A preliminary study of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB). Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, 4(1), 18-39. Rashid, M., Abdeljawad, I., Ngalim, S.M., Hassan, M.K. (2013), Customer-centric corporate social responsibility: A framework for Islamic banks on ethical efficiency. Management Research Review, 36(4), 359-378. Rasli, A.M., Norhalim, N., Kowang, T.O., Qureshi, M.I. (2014), Applying managerial competencies to overcome business constraints and create values evidence from small technology-based firms in Malaysia. Journal of Management Info, 3(1), 99-121. Sairally, S. (2005), Evaluating the “social responsibility” of Islamic finance: Learning from the experiences of socially responsible investment funds. In the 6th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, Islamic Economics and Banking in the 21st Century, Jakarta, Indonesia. Samina, Q.S. (2012), Practice of corporate social responsibility in Islamic banks of Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences, 2(6), 1-13. Siddiqi, M.N. (2006), Islamic banking and finance in theory and practice: A survey of state of the art. Islamic Economic Studies, 13(2), 1-47. Usmani, M.T. (2002), An Introduction to Islamic Finance. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. p111-116. Woermann, M. (2013), Reconsidering the meaning of corporate social responsibility. Netherlands: Springer. p89-123. Wood, D.J. (2010), Measuring corporate social performance. International Journal of Management Reviews, 274, 50-84. Yusof, E.F.E., Kamal, A.A., Kashoogie, J. (2010), Islamic finance: Debt versus equity financing in the light of Maqasid al-Shari’ah. Banking, No. 20722. p1-19. Yusuf, M.Y., Bahari, Z. (2011), Islamic corporate social responsibility in Islamic banking: Towards poverty alleviation. Paper Presented at the 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, Doha, Qatar. Zubairu, U.M., Sakariyau, O.B., Dauda, C.K. (2012), Evaluation of social reporting practices of Islamic banks in Saudi Arabia. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 17(1), 41-50. Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015 211 Appendix A: All measurements of CSR in IBs are from the related published literature (18 articles) No. Dimension No. Sub-dimension No. Measurements Sources Author/s 1 Human resource 1 Protecting health and safety 1 Insurance and welfare for employees Interviews/ respondents Yusuf and Bahari (2011) and Musa (2011) 2 Remuneration and benefits/reward for ethical behavior Annual reports/ respondents Rahman et al. (2010) and Musa (2011) 3 Place of work safe and comfortable Interviews/annual reports Yusuf and Bahari (2011); Nor and Asutay (2011) 4 The standards include provisions for health and safety regulations. Adhere to outlined procedures Respondents Dusuki and Dar (2005) and Musa (2011) 5 Work does not exceed limits and time Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 2 Investing in education and training 6 Training expense/total expense Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 7 Education grant/total income Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 8 Policy on education and training of employees. Trained on Shari’ah principles for Islamic banking Annual reports Farook et al., 2011; Maali et al., (2006) Rahman et al. (2010) and Musa (2011) 9 Appropriately trained Respondents Musa (2011) 10 Facilities for personal Shari’ah obligations Respondents Musa (2011) 11 Disclosure of employee including number of employees and training: Shariah awareness Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 3 Responsible in work 12 Fulfill every contract demand Interviews/ respondents Yusuf and Bahari, (2011) and Musa (2011) 13 Employee appreciation Annual reports (1) + Aribi and Gao (2010) 14 Optimal for using time and expertise Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 15 Free will Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 16 Fair competition Interview Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 17 Integrity in the work. Gifts in return for favor is normal Interview/ respondents Yusuf and Bahari (2011) and Musa (2011) 18 Transparency. Advise one another Respondents/ interviews Sairally (2005); Yusuf and Bahari (2011) and Musa (2011) 19 Working in accordance with the limitations and responsibilities. Avoid hurting each other Interviews/ respondents Yusuf and Bahari (2011) and Musa (2011) 20 Accountability Interviews Yusuf and Bahari (2011) 21 Trust Interviews/ respondents Yusuf and Bahari, 2011; Musa (2011) 4 Justice 22 The existence values of brotherhood and religious motivation Interviews/ respondents Yusuf and Bahari (2011) and Musa (2011) 23 Fair in terms of wages, working hours Respondents Dusuki and Dar (2005) and Musa (2011) 24 Eligible for wages Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 25 Promoting human rights. False expenses claims are normal Respondents (Dusuki and Dar, 2005; Abbasi et al., 2012) and Musa (2011). 26 Ensuring that the operation respects human rights Respondents Dusuki and Dar (2005) 27 Equal opportunity Annual reports Aribi and Gao, (2010) 28 Emphasize on ethical values and moral behavior Respondents Nor and Asutay (2011); Musa (2011) 29 Improve the socio-economic condition of employees Annual reports and other publications Samina (2012) 2 Good governance 5 Vision and mission statement 30 Commitments in operating, serving the needs of community Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 31 CSR should be embedded in Islamic banks’ policy Respondents Nor and Asutay (2011) (Contd...) Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015212 Appendix A: (Continued...) No. Dimension No. Sub-dimension No. Measurements Sources Author/s 32 CSR relevant to Islamic banking concept Respondents Nor and Asutay (2011) 33 Engage only in permissible investment within Shariah principles Annual reports/ respondents The Ethical Identity Index (EII) (1) and Nor and Asutay (2011) 34 Regulations essential to avoid exploitation Respondents Musa (2011) 35 Whistle-blowers not victimized and encouragement to report breach Respondents Musa (2011) 36 CSR upholds the social justice dimension of Islamic Economics Respondents Nor and Asutay (2011) 6 Board members and top management 37 Disclosure of names, positions Websites Farook et al., 2011 38 Limited multiple directorships and shareholdings Website The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 39 Balanced board, no role duality Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 7 Fair dealings 40 Building long-lasting relationships with customers Annual reports Hassan and Harahap (2010) 41 To give due importance to the SSB’s opinions Annual reports Hassan and Harahap (2010) 42 Having an audit committee Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 43 Reducing the adverse impact of the investment Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 44 Bank’s assets often used for personal gain Respondents Musa (2011) 45 To maintain good relations with employees Annual reports/ respondents Hassan and Harahap (2010); Sairally (2005) 46 Good relations with shareholders Annual reports Hassan and Harahap (2010) 47 Code of ethical conduct clearly communicated Respondents Musa (2011) 3 SSB: Shariah Supervisory Board 8 SSB members and their role 48 Names Websites The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 49 Remuneration Annual reports Rashid et al., 2013 50 Number of meetings held Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 51 Basis of examination of the documents Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 52 Attestation that profits is gained lawfully Annual reports The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 53 Their recommendations to rectify the defects products and the actions taken by management Annual reports and websites The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1) 54 Doctorate qualification of SSB member Website Farook et al., 2011 55 Reputable scholars and background Websites Farook et al., 2011 56 Shariah Supervisory Council Annual reports Rahman et al., (2010) 57 Number of SSB members Websites Farook et al. 2011 9 Compliance with Shari’ah 58 Instrument selection/industry selection Interviews/annual reports and other publications Yusuf and Bahari, (2011), Samina (2012) 59 Ex-ante and Ex-post approved for new products Annual reports Maali et al. (2006); Mosaid and Boutti (2012) 60 IBI’s investment in halal products Interviews/annual reports Yusuf and Bahari (2011); Rahman et al. (2010) 61 Not investing in impermissible activities Respondents Sairally (2005) & AAOIFI 62 Avoiding profit from non-halal Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 (Contd...) Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015 213 63 Calculation of Zakat Annual reports Maali et al. (2006); Hassan and Harahap (2010); Mosaid and Boutti 2012 64 Revenues Annual reports Maali et al. (2006); Hassan and Harahap (2010) 65 Operations Annual reports Rashid et al., 2013; Musa (2011) 66 Distribution of profit-loss, method of allocating PLS with (IAH) Annual reports Hassan and Harahap (2010); Mosaid and Boutti (2012); AAOIFI 67 Selections of customers according to Shariah Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 68 Unusual supervisory restrictions Annual reports Rahman et al. (2010) 69 Screening clients and contractors Annual reports and other publications Samina (2012) 4 Environment 10 Investment and finance 70 No investment in any projects that may harm the environment Use of all sources All authors except Mohammed et al., 2008 11 In work place 71 Educating employees to care for and treat the environment Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 72 The use of recycled materials Annual reports Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 73 Good waste and recycle policy Respondents Dusuki and Dar (2005) 74 Energy conservation Respondents: annual reports Dusuki and Dar (2005); Mosaid and Boutti (2012); Nor and Asutay (2011) 12 Protecting the environment 75 Undertake initiatives to promote environmental responsibility Respondents/ annual reports, websites and other publications Dusuki and Dar (2005); Samina (2012); Rahman et al. (2010) 5 R & D 13 Advancement of Knowledge 76 Research expense/total expense Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 77 Supporting the R&D, training conducted by academics, changes in restricted investment Annual reports or websites Hassan and Harahap (2010); AAOIFI 14 Innovative 78 Introduce new products based on R&D of Islamic concepts Annual reports Hassan and Harahap (2010); Aribi and Gao, (2010); Rahman et al. (2010) 6 Investment 15 Affordable products and services 79 Bad debt/total investment Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 16 Empowerment of communities 80 IAH funds/shareholder funds Annual reports Farook et al., 2011 81 Amount of financing to poor families and small businesses Interviews Yusuf and Bahari, (2011), Samina (2012) 82 Financing housing construction Respondents Sairally (2005) 83 Financing of health services Respondents Sairally (2005) 84 Selecting companies that represent industries of the future Respondents/ annual reports and other publications Sairally (2005); Samina (2012) 7 Social activities and sharing 17 Alleviate social problems 85 Disclosure of debtors including amount of debts written off Annual reports (1) and Musa (2011) 86 Without ulterior motive Respondents Musa (2011) 87 Help solve social problems Respondents Dusuki and Dar (2005) 18 Support and help fund welfare 88 Participating in social activities Websites/ annual reports/ respondents All authors except Mohammed et al., 2008 and Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 89 Alliance and support with charitable organizations Respondents Nor and Asutay (2011) and Musa (2011) 90 Waqf management: Annual reports and other publications Samina (2012) Appendix A: (Continued...) No. Dimension No. Sub-dimension No. Measurements Sources Author/s (Contd...) Alamer, et al.: A New Business Process and Outcome Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Index for Islamic Banking International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 5 • Special Issue • 2015214 Appendix A: (Continued...) No. Dimension No. Sub-dimension No. Measurements Sources Author/s 91 The selection of investors to support the activities for social welfare Interviews/annual reports and other publications Yusuf and Bahari (2011), Samina (2012) 92 Education, social donations Interviews Yusuf and Bahari (2011) 93 Sponsoring Islamic educational and social events Annual reports/ respondents The Ethical Identity Index (EII). (1), Nor and Asutay (2011) and Musa (2011) 19 Supporting charities 94 Sources of Zakat funds Annual reports/ respondents Maali et al., 2006; Mosaid and Boutti (2012); Nor and Asutay (2011) 95 Amount of Zakat Use all sources All authors except Samina (2012) 96 Zakat/net income Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 97 Amount of Sadaqah Annual reports (2) 98 Zakat obligation Annual reports Rahman et al. (2010) 99 The uses of the Zakat fund Annual reports/ respondents Maali et al., 2006; Mosaid and Boutti 2012; Nor and Asutay (2011) 20 Playing the role of welfare without looking solely for profitability 100 Interest free income/total income Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 101 Prevalence of ethics over profits Respondents Musa (2011) 102 Participate in management of public affairs and Participates in government social activities Respondents Dusuki and Dar (2005) and Musa (2011) 103 Play a role in society, goes beyond profit maximization Respondents Dusuki and Dar, 2005 104 Policy of Qardh Hassan Annual reports (1) 105 Amount of Qardh Hassan: Its source and use Use all sources All authors 21 Fair Returns 106 Net profit/total asset Annual reports Mohammed, 2008 22 Achieve economic and social goals 107 Numbers of female branches Annual reports (1) 108 Creating job opportunities Annual reports (1) 109 The existence values of brotherhood Interview Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 110 Have the same opportunity Interview Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 111 Refrain lending to oppressive regime or companies violating human rights Respondents Dusuki and Dar, 2005 112 Providing grant for educational purposes or scholarship to students Annual reports Sairally, 2005 113 Services excellent Interview Yusuf and Bahari (2011), Samina (2012) 114 Avoid discrimination Interview Yusuf and Bahari, 2011 23 Make awareness of IBs 115 Public expense/total expense Annual reports Mohammed et al., 2008 (1) Six articles: (Haniffa and Hudaib, 2007; Hassan and Harahap, 2010; Zubairu et al. 2012; Rashid et al. 2013; and Kamla and Rammal, 2013; Mosaid and Boutti 2012). (2) Eight articles (Dusuki and Dar 2005; Yusuf and Bahari 2011; Farook et al. 2011; Sairally, 2005; Maali et al. 2006; Abbasi et al. 2012; and Aribi and Gao 2010; Samina, 2012). IAH: Investment account holders, IB: Islamic Bank, CSR: Corporate social responsibility, AAOIFI: Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions