Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

27

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LOGOTHERAPY COUNSELING 
MODEL DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE LOW SELF-ESTEEM 

OF WOMEN VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING

Jacob Daan Engel and Syamsu Yusuf
Satya Wacana Christian University - Indonesia University of Education

ABSTRACT
The research aimed to produce an effective developmental model of logotherapy counseling to 
improve the low self-esteem of women victims of traffi cking. The research employed descriptive-
analytical method, using quasi-experiment because it aimed to describe, analyze, and test the 
effectiveness of logotherapy counseling model. The activities of the research consisted of a 
series of model validity test, namely model rationality test, model practicability test, limited 
test and fi eld test; hence, the research used research and development, participatory approach, 
and a mix of qualitative and quantitative research. The techniques of data collection used were 
interview, questionnaire, and observation. The results of the research demonstrated that the use 
of logotherapy counseling as an intervention program for the experimental group was more 
effective and had given better results in the dynamics of behavior changes among women victims 
of traffi cking. The effectiveness was also proven by the results of observation and interview, 
showing positive values in the dynamics of victims’ behavior changes. Logotherapy counseling 
model has its strengths in self-exploration, self-acceptance, dissociation, self-transcendence, 
attitudinal values, and self-awareness, which are integrated with self-potential, self-activity and 
self-evaluation, so that the model can trigger positive changes among the women victims of 
traffi cking. Therefore, there should be a training manual of logotherapy counseling model for 
social workers in order to improve both conceptual and empirical aspects of treatment, where 
the former focuses on material comprehension, problem and skill development; and the latter 
on technique, counseling strategy and approach. 
Keywords: Effectiveness, Model Development, Logotherapy Counseling, Low Self- Esteem, 

Women Victims of Trafficking

in an attempt of prevention, development, and 
improvement. Departing from Kartadinata’s 
understanding, guidance is needed by women 
who have healthy self-esteem in an effort 
of preventing conditions that can hinder 
development from happening, so that the 
women can develop themselves and become 
agent of change. In the context of this 
research, women victims of trafficking require 
counseling to improve their low self-esteem 
into healthy self-esteem; furthermore, they 
will continuously need guidance as a lifelong 
education process. 

Conceptually, healthy self-esteem in 
the perspective of Branden (1990: 6-7, 15) 
is the aspects of thinking and self-value, 

Introduction
Women victims of trafficking with 

low self-esteem became the focus of this 
research because the issue of low self-esteem 
experienced by women victims of trafficking 
is a gap that should be improved or abridged, 
so that the humanistic values of women, such 
as justice and equality can be realized and 
the women will have a healthy self-esteem, 
succeed, and survive. Education is thus needed 
to improve or bridge the gap. In this research, 
education is oriented to a process of guidance 
and counseling. 

According to Kartadinata (2009: 5-6), 
the main focus of counseling and guidance is 
not the problem, but the personal-individual, 



International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013

28

describing one’s ability to improve his or 
her spiritual development, namely self-
awareness, self-acceptance, self-assertiveness, 
purposefulness, self-responsibility, and 
self-integrity. The indicator of the spiritual 
development of healthy self-esteem is the 
ability of one to improve his or her spiritual 
dimensions, namely self-potential, self-
activity, and self-evaluation, which according 
to Frankl (2000: 123-4), originate from three 
kinds of humanistic values, which are creative 
values, experiential values, and attitudinal 
values. 

The results of field study showed that 
the issues of women victims of trafficking 
at the Social Shelter for Women in Need 
of Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institution ”Mulya Jaya” Jakarta, lie on the 
inability to improve the spiritual dimension and 
development to solve physical, psychological, 
and sexual conditions. On the other hand, 
the actual counseling treatment for the issues 
of spiritual dimension and development of 
the low self-esteem of female victims of 
trafficking at ”Mulya Jaya” Jakarta was only 
for a short term of three months, oriented not 
on the process and exploration, but tended to 
be on the symptoms observable among the 
victims referred to ”Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. 
Therefore, there is a gap in the treatment 
for the developmental issue and spiritual 
dimension of the low self-esteem of women 
victims of trafficking. 

Based on the understanding of 
healthy self-esteem and the results of the 
aforementioned field study, it can be inferred 
that the low self-esteem experienced by women 
victims of trafficking illustrates their inability 
to improve their spiritual development, 
namely self-awareness, self-acceptance, 
self-assertiveness, purposefulness, self-
responsibility and self-integrity, and spiritual 
dimensions, so that there were seven problems 
requiring seven techniques and approaches to 
solve them. Meanwhile, logotherapy model 
in the perspective of Frankl, which is seen 
as an appropriate approach to improve the 

developmental issue and spiritual dimension 
of the low self-esteem of women victims 
of trafficking and which holds onto the 
spiritual values, only has three techniques 
and approaches (Frankl, 1985a: 129-179). 
Thus, a model development of logotherapy 
counseling should be conducted. On the other 
hand, the average educational background of 
these female victims of trafficking that was in 
the low category, namely 70% were graduates 
of and did not finish primary school, became 
the consideration of the need of model 
development in implementing logotherapy 
counseling service. 

Proceeding from the issues under 
research explained above, the research 
question is formulated into “How does the 
result of model development of logotherapy 
counseling effectively improve the low self-
esteem of women victims of trafficking at 
the Social Shelter for Women in Need of 
Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institution ‘Mulya Jaya’ Jakarta?” This 
main issue is elaborated into the following 
questions:
1. What are the problems of the low self-

esteem of women victims of trafficking 
at the Social Shelter for Women in Need 
of Special Protection, Women’s Social 
Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta?

2. How actual is the counseling to the issues 
of spiritual dimension and development 
of the low self-esteem of women victims 
of trafficking at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta?

3. How is the logotherapy counseling 
model resulted from the development 
appropriate for the improvement of the 
spiritual dimension and development of 
the low self-esteem of women victims of 
trafficking at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta?

4. Is the logotherapy counseling model 
produced effective in improving the 
spiritual dimension and development of 
women victims of trafficking with low 
self-esteem at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta?



 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

29

RESEARCH PURPOSE
The purpose of this research is to 

“Produce an effective logotherapy counseling 
developmental model to improve the spiritual 
dimension and development of women 
victims of trafficking with low self-esteem 
at the Social Shelter for Women in Need of 
Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institution ‘Mulya Jaya’ Jakarta.” This main 
aim is elaborated as follows:
1. To find the issues of low self-esteem 

among women victims of trafficking at 
the Social Shelter for Women in Need 
of Special Protection, Women’s Social 
Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta.

2. To find the actual conduct of counseling for 
the spiritual dimension and development 
of the low self-esteem of women victims 
of trafficking at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta.

3. To formulate a logotherapy counseling 
developmental model appropriate to 
improve the spiritual dimension and 
development of women victims of 
trafficking with low self-esteem at “Mulya 
Jaya” Jakarta.

4. To prove the effectiveness of the 
produced logotherapy counseling model 
in improving the spiritual dimension 
and development of women victims of 
trafficking with low self-esteem at “Mulya 
Jaya” Jakarta.

Method
The Social Shelter for Women in Need 

of Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta was chosen 
to be the research location because it was the 
only rehabilitation center for women victims 

of trafficking in Indonesia under the Ministry 
of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 
The population and sample of this research 
were women victims of trafficking as many as 
30 people, divided equally into experimental 
and control group, each consisting of 15 
women. 

From the above table, it is found that the 
majority of women victims of trafficking were 
at a productive age (70%), single and divorced 
(70%), with low educational background 
(70% for Primary School graduates and its 
Dropouts).

The research method employed was 
descriptive-analytical method and quasi 
experiment. Descriptive-analytical method 
was employed to systematically, factually, and 
accurately explain the facts and traits pertaining 
to the substance of the research (Nazir, 2009: 
54-55, 61). What described in this research is 
the objective condition of the spiritual issues 
of women victims of trafficking with low 
self-esteem and the actual implementation of 
counseling service at the Social Shelter for 
Women in Need of Protection, Women’s Social 
Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. 
Meanwhile, the analysis focuses on the gap 
in problem treatment, the need of counseling 
treatment improvement and the impact of 
logotherapy counseling intervention program 
on the dynamics of behavioral changes among 
women victims of trafficking.

The quasi experiment method with 
nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group 
design (Heppner et al. 2008: 183) was 
conducted in the field test of the hypothetical 
model to gain a picture of the effectiveness 
of logotherapy counseling developmental 

Table 1
Profiles of Women Victims of Trafficking

No Category by Age Education Status

25–15
Years Old

40–26
Years Old

 Primary
 School
Dropouts

 Primary
School

 Junior
 Secondary

School

 Senior
 Secondary

School

Married Single Divorced

1 21
People

9
People

4
People

People 17  7
People

 2
People

 9
People

 4
People

7
People



International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013

30

model. The criteria for the effectiveness of the 
result of model development of logotherapy 
counseling, its practical significance and 
statistical significance, are described as 
follows:

Practical Significance
1) At the stage of model development, the 

theory and basic principles should fulfill 
the validity requirements for educational 
products (Borg & Gall, 2003: 570) 
through model assessment by experts, 
practitioners, and social workers. 

2) The instrument of logotherapy counseling 
developmental model should fulfill the 
following requirements:
a) Validity and reliability Tests (Nazir, 

2009: 145; Sururi and Suharto, 2007: 
51, 52) 

b) Pretest and Posttest (Heppner et al., 
2008: 183) 

c) Data normality and homogeneity tests 
(Sundayana, 2010: 87-89)

d) Mean and N-gain tests, two-mean 
differential test (Hake, 1998: 65; 
Sururi and Suharto, 2007: 24-27)

3) The result of logotherapy counseling 
developmental model should have the 
strengths and dynamics of behavioral 
changes, characteristics, impacts, and 
developmental efforts. 

Statistical Significance
1) Data of research results should show 

normality and homogeneity as 
demonstrated by the value of α = 0.05 
< (sig. value) before statistic test to test 
the mean and the N-gain and two-mean 
differential test are done.

2) The mean and N-gain of pre- and posttests 
of the experimental group should be 
higher than those of the control group.

3) The improvement recapitulation of the 
result of differential test should show 
that the scores of pre- and posttests of the 
experimental group are higher than those 
of the control group, as proven by tcal > 

ttable  or seen from the value of α = 0.05 > 
sig (0.000).

Approaches
The approaches used were research 

and development, participatory, and a mixed 
method of qualitative and quantitative. 
The researcher selected Research and 
Development as developed by Borg and Gall 
(1989; 2003: 570) because the research would 
like to develop and validate educational 
products, namely a developmental model of 
logotherapy counseling to improve the low 
self-esteem of women victims of trafficking. 
The stages and activities of the research and 
development involved: (1) A preliminary 
study that consisted of two activities, 
literary study and field study to produce a 
hypothetical model; (2) Model development 
and validation, consisting of a series of model 
validity tests, namely model rationality test, 
model practicability test, limited test, and 
model development and revision; (3) Field 
test, consisting of feasibility test, effectiveness 
test, revision, and analysis to produce a tested 
model to be published. 

Jagosh et al. (2012: 3) defined 
participatory research as collaborative research 
through partnership between the researcher 
and the people responsible for the actions and 
issues under research. Participatory research as 
systematic investigation through collaboration 
is intended for educational objectives and 
to make changes (Lgreen, 2012: 2). In this 
research, the participatory approach gives 
more emphasis on the collaboration between 
the researcher and the social workers and the 
victims at the Social Shelter for Women in 
Need of Special Protection, Women’s Social 
Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. The 
roles of the researcher and the social workers 
are parallel, namely the social workers also 
play a role as researcher during research. In 
this participatory research, the researcher also 
collaborated through partnership with three 
experts in the field of counseling and guidance 
and with two practitioners in the process of 



 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

31

model validity test.
The qualitative and quantitative research 

is integrated and mutually supporting (mixed 
methods design). According to Cresswell 
(2008: 552), mixed methods design is a 
procedure to collect data, analyze and mix 
qualitative and quantitative in single research 
to understand the issues under research. The 
stages of this kind of research involve: (1) 
Exploratory mixed methods design, where the 
researcher gathers qualitative data to explore 
phenomena, and then collects quantitative 
data to explain the correlation between the 
findings in qualitative data through validity 
and reliability tests of the research instrument; 
(2) Explanatory mixed methods design, 
where the researcher gathers quantitative data 
through pre-tests of the experimental and 
control groups and then collects qualitative 
data through interpretation and analysis of 
the quantitative data made qualitative; in 
this case, resulting in a hypothetical model 
of logotherapy counseling model developed 
through validation by experts, practitioners, 
and social workers; (3) Embedded mixed 
methods design, in which the researcher 
collects qualitative and quantitative data 
simultaneously; (4) Triangulation mixed 
methods design, in that the researcher 
gathers the results of post-tests in the form of 
quantitative data and the results of observation 
and interview as the qualitative data to be 
interpreted and analyzed simultaneously.

Techniques
The techniques of data collection 

used were interview, questionnaire, and 
observation. Free interview with the 
guidelines that the interview focused on the 
underlying issues under question (Sugiyono, 
2012: 140) was conducted. Questionnaire 
distribution employed semantic difference 
scale to measure the aspects of negative 
thinking and negative self-value in the low 
self-esteem of women victims of trafficking. 
The scale is bipolar in nature (two opposite 
poles, negative-positive) with a range of 0-10, 

covering three dimensions, namely potential, 
activity, and evaluation. In this research, the 
bipolar trait is formulated into one dimension 
for each item of the research instrument 
(Nazir, 2009: 344-345). On the other hand, 
observation is a process of observing the 
research subjects and is done structurally 
(Sugiyono, 2012: 145,146). 

Literature Review
Human beings are posed with shifts and 

changes of values in the society (Nurihsan, 
2006: 2). According to Borrong (cited in 
Kritis, 2007: 70), value refers more to an effort 
of education viewed by one as goodness, 
believed to be beneficial to be developed. 
Education in this research is more oriented 
to the process of counseling and guidance. 
According to Kartadinata (2009: 5-6), the 
main focus of counseling and guidance is not 
on the problem but the personal-individual 
as an attempt of preventing, developing, and 
improving. Guidance is needed by every 
woman who has healthy self-esteem in an effort 
to prevent conditions hindering development 
to take place, so that the women can develop 
themselves. Meanwhile, among women 
victims of trafficking, counseling is needed 
to improve low self-esteem to be healthy 
self-esteem, and they will continuously need 
guidance as a process of lifelong education. 

Facts in the field show that there are 
so many women victims of trafficking who 
suffered from physical, psychological, and 
sexual abuses. The statistic provided by Akor 
(2011: 89) showed that from 500,000 female 
migrant workers sent from Nigeria-Afrika 
to the U.S. and Europe, 70% were traded 
as commercial sex workers, and only 30% 
were employed as housemaids. According 
to Rafferty (2008: 14-15), women victims 
of trafficking, especially children, frequently 
experience cruel situation that causes physical, 
sexual, and psychological trauma. Loss of 
hopes, no direction in life, and bleak future 
have caused these women to lose respect for 



International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013

32

themselves and to experience low self-esteem.
The issue of low self-esteem 

conceptually departs from an understanding 
of healthy self-esteem to highlight the facts 
in the field based on preliminary study. It is 
these facts that prove whether the problems 
suffered by women victims of trafficking 
were their own inabilities to gain healthy self-
esteem. Conceptually, in the perspective of 
Branden (1990: 6-7, 15), healthy self-esteem 
is the aspect of thinking and the aspect of 
self-value, describing the ability of someone 
to improve his or her spiritual development, 
namely self-awareness, self-acceptance, 
self-assertiveness, purposefulness, self-
responsibility, and self-integrity. The indicator 
of spiritual development of healthy self-
esteem is one’s ability to improve his or her 
spiritual dimension, namely self-potential, 
self-activity, and self-evaluation, which 
according to Frankl (2000: 123-4) originate 
from three kinds of humanistic values, 
namely creative values, experiential values, 
and attitudinal values. Facts in the field 
showed that the issues of women victims of 
trafficking at the Social Shelter for Women in 
Need of Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta lie in these 
women’s inability to improve their spiritual 
dimension and development in order to cope 
with their physical, psychological, and sexual 
conditions. 

Based on the understanding of healthy 
self-esteem and the facts found in this 
research, the issue of spiritually low self-
esteem experienced by women victims of 
trafficking ilustrates their inability to improve 
their spiritual development, namely self-
awareness, self-acceptance, self-assertiveness, 
purposefulness, self-responsibility, and 
self-integrity. The indicator of the spiritual 
development of low self-esteem is the 
inability of these women victims of trafficking 
to improve their spiritual dimensions, 
namely self-potential, self-activity, and self-
evaluation. 

In an attempt of treating the issues 

of spiritual dimension and development of 
the low self-esteem of women victims of 
trafficking, logotherapy counseling that is 
developed from Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy, 
is an appropriate approach to improve the 
spiritual dimension and development of 
women victims of trafficking with low self-
esteem because logotherapy counseling holds 
onto spiritual values. 

Lantz (1992: 129-131) conducted 
research on life’s meanings behind the 
anxieties of 28 families in Applachian City. 
The results showed that Frankl’s logotherapy 
could improve the meanings of life and was 
proven to help the families to have the ability 
to cope with anxiety, have a strong motivation 
to search, find, and own the meanings and 
aims of life. Melton and Schulenberg (2008: 
31, 33-34; 40-41) also conducted research on 
the impact and relevance of the measurement 
of the meanings of life and concluded that 
logotherapy contributed empirically to the 
human’s ability to respond to various internal 
and external problems, in order to have the 
main motivation that enables human beings 
to search for the meanings they want, and 
to highlight human’s ability to find and own 
meanings in any condition. In line with 
them, Esping (2011: 59, 62-65) did research 
on autoethnography as logotherapy, and 
proved that logotherapy was effective to find 
awareness of the meanings of life as a way 
for one to achieve mental health through the 
realization of the three source values and 
spiritual dimensions. 

Based on the theoretical review 
and framework explained above, then the 
formulated research question is “How effective 
is the result of logotherapy counseling 
developmental model to improve the low 
self-esteem of women victims of trafficking 
at the Social Shelter for Women in Need of 
Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institution ‘Mulya Jaya’ Jakarta?”

The development of logotherapy 
counseling model in this research is more 
oriented towards the improvement of the 



 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

33

spiritually low self-esteem among women 
victims of trafficking. It is more on the process 
of realizing the victims’ self-potentials and 
is oriented to the planning, conduct, and 
evaluation in an attempt of solving the issue 
of low self-esteem among women victims 
of trafficking (Leddick, 2001: 1). In its 
execution, the approach is integrated with the 
available human resources, by emphasizing 
collaboration through partnership in work 
among the researcher and the experts and 
practitioners and the social workers of 
“Mulya Jaya” Jakarta and the women victims 
of trafficking as well, based on the practical 
application, theory, and relevant research 
results in the field. The specific orientation 
of the model is the implementation of a 
program in the form of a logo counseling 
model design to facilitate the development 
of self-potential among the women victims 
of trafficking, involving personal, social, 
educational, and spiritual aspects, as beings 
with biopsychosociospiritual dimension 
(biological, psychological, social, and 
spiritual) (Department of National Education, 
2007: 10-11).

Based on the understanding of the model 
development of logotherapy counseling, the 
hypothesis formulated for this research is 
”The result of logotherapy counseling model 

development is effective to improve the low 
self-esteem of women victims of trafficking 
at the Social Shelter for Women in Need of 
Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare 
Institition, “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta.

Results and Discussion  
From the questionnaires distributed to 

the respondents to measure the development 
and spiritual dimension of women victims 
of trafficking, consisting of 51 validated 
statements, the average results of the pre- and 
post-tests of both the experimental and control 
groups were obtained, and in order to test 
model effectiveness, the normalized N-gain 
was calculated (Hake, 1998: 65)

Table 2 shows the number of 
respondents for the two groups, where each 
consisted of 15 people. The mean for the pre-
test of the experimental group was 166.07 
with a standard deviation of 23.59 and the 
mean increased to 452.27, where the standard 
deviation of the posttest decreased instead 
to 14.89. Meanwhile, the ratio of N-gains 
of the pre- and posttests of the experimental 
group and the control group is 0.75 > 0.15. 
This indicates that logotherapy counseling 
model is effective as an intervention program 
to improve the low self-esteem of women 
victims of trafficking. 

Table 2
The Means and N-gain of Pretest-Posttest Results Experimental and Control Groups

Sources of Data n (mean) Std. Deviation N-gain
Experimental Pretest 15 166,07 23,59 0,75

Posttest 452,27 14,89
Control Pretest 15 205,93 18,60 0,15

Posttest 251,80 12,71

Table 3
Recapitulation of Two-Mean Differential Test for Pretest and Posttest

Experimental and Control Groups
 Groups Mean df tcal ttable (Sig (2-tailed

Experimental Pre-posttests -259,000 14 -43,851 2,144 0,000

 Control Pre-posttests -45,600 14 -8,546 2,144 0,000



International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013

34

In relation to the differences of the two 
groups, t-test for paired sample test was used 
as the statistical tool for two-mean differential 
test.

Table 3 shows the tcal (43.851) > ttable 
(2.144) for the experimental group, and seen 
from the value of α = 0.05 > sig (0.000), 
it indicates that the use of logotherapy 
counseling intervention program among the 
experimental group is effective compared to 
the control group.

Next, the recapitalization of the average 
differences of pretest-posttest increases 
and N-gain problem development and low 
self-esteem spiritual dimension in women 
trafficking victims in Graph 2 and Graph 3 as 

well as Table 5 and Table 6 are as follows: 
The causal factors in the problem of 

low self-esteem depict the inability of women 
trafficking victims to improve their spiritual 
development through self-awareness, self-
acceptance, self-assertiveness, life goals, self-
responsibility, and self-integrity. The causal 
factor indicators in the problem of low self-
esteem spiritual development are the inability 
of someone to improve one’s spiritual 
dimension through self-potential, self-activity, 
and self-evaluation. Through the logotherapy 
counseling intervention program and statistical 
test results, achieving improvements in low 
self-esteem can be seen in attitude values and 
the dynamic of positive behavior changes in 

Graph 1
 Average Differences of Pretest-Posttest Increases in the Spiritual Development of

 Experiment Group Women Trafficking Victimsp p g

Graph 2
 Means Differences in Pretest-Posttest Increases of the Low Self-Esteem Spiritual

 Dimension in Experiment Group Women Trafficking Victimsp p g



 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

35

women trafficking victims. This affirms that 
the logotherapy counseling model is proven 
effective in fixing low self-esteem in women 
trafficking victims as described and analyzed 
below. 

The Problem of Self-Awareness and Self-
Exploration as Strengths of the Logotherapy 
Counseling Model Development  

Graph 1shows that the problem of 
low self-esteem spiritual development in 
women trafficking victims at the level of 
self-awareness is 34.15%. This is due to low 
education, an imbalance in socialization in 
society, and different treatment in the family 
can even become victims in family and 
social situations. In line with this research, 
the statistical data explained by Joshi and 
Srivastava (2009:33-34) of research results of 
200 city teenagers and 200 village teenagers 
from Varansi Regency, 12-14 years old, 
shows that there is a significant difference 
related with academic achievement of village 
teenagers, who tend to experience low self-
esteem due to the problem of formal and non-
formal education in the family. Through the 
self-exploration technique in the logotherapy 
counseling intervention program, an increase 
in spiritual development self-awareness from 
the pretest average of 34.15%, increased 
to become 83.70% in the posttest, because 
women trafficking victims are able to do 
empowerment for attitude and heath behavior 
changes. Related with this research, Kyung-
Ah et al. (2009:136) conducted research on 
29 teenagers suffering from cancer. They 
were divided into an experiment group with 
17 individuals and a control group with 
12 individuals. This research showed that 
logotherapy is effective in reducing existential 
suffering, improving the quality and life 
meaning, through self-exploration to empower 
an attitude change and healthy behavior 
change. In this research, empowerment is 
related with the ability to create ideas, create 
works, make decisions, and have the ability 
to solve problems, because self-awareness is 

the primary principle of self-control in women 
trafficking victims. 

Self-Acceptance as Problems and Strengths 
of the Logotherapy Counseling  
Model Development

Graph 1shows that the problem of low 
self-esteem spiritual development in women 
trafficking victims at the self-acceptance level 
is 32.07%. This is related with negative self-
control and negative self-identity. In line with 
this research, Hughes (2003:116) proclaims 
that information technology causes and 
creates global media to exploit male sexuality 
and misuse of women and children, so that 
an identity crisis is formed and the level of 
self-control becomes low. This destroys their 
lives and futures, because they cannot accept 
their existence. Through the self-acceptance 
technique of the logotherapy counseling 
intervention program, an increase in spiritual 
development self-acceptance from a pretest 
average of 32.07% increased to become 
84.37% in the posttest, because women 
trafficking victims were able to control and 
develop themselves to become individuals 
with achievements and abilities. In line 
with this research, Tate et al. (2013:79,83) 
conducted research on 50% of students who 
felt they were wrong because of negative 
life experiences in the past. This shows 
that logotherapy is successful as a method 
to overcome feelings of guilt by trying to 
disregard the problem phenomenon, finding 
work values to reach goals and life meaning, 
by assuming that looking for meaning is a 
primary human motivation to understand the 
abilities owned through self-acceptance. In 
this research, self-acceptance is related with 
self-commitment towards the abilities and 
achievements reached, as well as the initiative 
to take responsibility for failures, mistakes, or 
deficiencies possessed by women trafficking 
victims. 



International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013

36

The Problem of Self-Assertiveness and 
Paradoxical Intensity as Strengths of 
the Logotherapy Counseling Model 
Development 

Graph 1 reveals that the problem of low 
self-esteem spiritual development in women 
trafficking victims at the self-assertiveness 
level is 30.67%, due to not being valued in 
the eyes of others, unworthy to receive family 
support for what they have done, feel valuable 
because they are praised by others, have to do 
something that is valuable to appease others, 
which is related with self-control and self-
ideal. Related with this research, the survey 
data that was explained by Erol and Ulrich 
(2011:607-608) had research results of 7,100 
young adults between 14-30 years old, who 
were black, white, and Hispanic. Hispanic 
people had low self-esteem because of anti-
social characteristics, difficulty to respect 
others, and difficulty to respect themselves. 
Through the paradoxical intention technique 
with a self-detachment approach in the 
logotherapy counseling intervention program, 
an increase in self-assertiveness of spiritual 
development from a pretest average of 
30.67% increased to become 85.00% in the 
posttest, because women trafficking victims 
were able to have behaviors and actions 
based on standards, aspirations, goals, or 
values of others. Related with this research, 
according to Kimble and Ellor (2000:20,21) 
ontologically logotherapy handles high level 
humanity problems to understand meaning 
and values, freedom and responsibility, 
conscience and commitment, and decisions 
and life goals behind the suffering of someone 
through paradoxical intention. In this 
research, paradoxical intention is a personal 
standard that covers attitude standards, 
speaking standards, regulation standards, and 
appearance standards related with the desired 
character of someone, as well as related with 
the goals, values, and achievements that are 
desirable to be achieved. Women trafficking 
victims with their own abilities can distance 
themselves and have self-detachment towards 

excessive fears and desires. Victims are not 
equivalent with their pasts, obsessions, low 
self-esteem, unsafe feelings, depression, 
addiction, physical diseases, or emotional 
outbursts, but have inner life values that 
are strengths that can be used to keep their 
boundaries and attitudes towards their 
existence. 

The Problem of Life Goals and Self-
Transcendence as Strengths of the 
Logotherapy Counseling Model 
Development

Graph 1shows that the problem of low 
self-esteem spiritual development in women 
trafficking victims at the life goal level is 
32.38%, related with bad expectations and 
negative self-criticism. Related with this 
research, the statistical data explained by 
Abdulraheem and Oladipo (2010:37) about 
the effects of women trafficking on the 
psychology and mental health of women 
trafficking victims is 90.5%, depression 
is 83.6%, emotional trauma is 72.4%, and 
lack of sleep is 67.4%, resulting in biased 
expectations and negative thinking. Through 
the dereflection technique with the self-
transcendence approach in the logotherapy 
counseling intervention program, an increase 
in spiritual development life goals from 
pretest averages was 32.38% and increased 
to become 82.76% in the posttest, because 
women trafficking victims are able to develop 
a set of self-commitment values by doing 
various real activities that are more directed 
towards achieving meaning and their life goals. 
Analogous with this research, a research done 
by Julom and de Guzman (2013:357, 369-
371) on 32 paralyzed patients (16 experiment 
group patients and 16 control group patients) 
who experienced no life meaning proved that 
effective logotherapy increases life meaning 
in the 16 experiment group paralyzed patients 
through self-transcendence to reach their 
life goals. In this research, life goals reflect 
the figure of women trafficking victims who 
have dignity and personal values to reach life 



 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

37

meaning and self-respect. Attitude values, 
feelings, and spirituality are relative but these 
values appear from the awareness of victims 
to do activities and skills based on their 
abilities. The talents and interests that have 
been hidden and can be explored will result 
in self-confidence in the victims, so that they 
have the ability to do something that they have 
previously not done before. 

The Problem of Self-Responsibility 
and Attitude Values as Strengths of 
the Logotherapy Counseling Model 
Development 

Graph 1depicts that the problem of 
low self-esteem spiritual development in 
women trafficking victims at the level of 
self-responsibility is 32.08%, related with the 
negative family needs and negative self-roles. 
In accordance with this research, according to 
Khowaja et al. (2012:1-3), women trafficking 
victims are physically beaten, sexually 
abused, experience psychological trauma, and 
have economic loss to create dependence on 
traffickers, resulting in them having to work 
hard with all the associated risks to fulfill 
their family needs. Through the attitude 
modification technique in the logotherapy 
counseling intervention program, an increase 
in spiritual development self-responsibility 
from the pretest average of 32.08% 
increased to become 82.17% in the posttest, 
because women trafficking victims are able 
to understand their tasks and principles 
from the self-responsibility of women 
trafficking victims, based on demands from 
others (family, society, friends, boyfriends, 
neighbors, or the country). Analogous with 
this research, Esping (2010:1,3) conducted 
research about the experience of Lorena, an 
international student who was pursuing a 
PhD in the United States, who showed that 
logotherapy as a psychotherapy approach 
could facilitate Lorena to find life meaning 
to finish her studies through creative values, 
experience values, and attitude values 
together, which focused on reorientation 

towards someone’s attitude values. In this 
research, attitude values as a strength in 
the logotherapy counseling model have 
proven when women trafficking victims are 
motivated to take responsibility in a situation 
that is advantageous or disadvantageous, that 
situation produces attitude values that life 
values can be found in any situation. This 
meaning produces faith, hope, and love. With 
that, attitude values can especially be used to 
encourage, provide urgency, give comfort, 
and assist women trafficking victims to return 
to have balance and inner peace. 

The Problem of Self-Integrity and 
Self-Awareness as Strengths in the 
Logotherapy Counseling Model 
Development

Graph 1reveals that the problem of low 
self-esteem spiritual development in women 
trafficking victims at the self-integrity level 
is 34.26%, related with low self-respect 
(negative self-value) and negative self-image. 
In accordance with this research, Beyrer et al. 
(2003:106) stated that the sexual exploitation 
of women trafficking victims has an effect on 
the victims becoming pregnant, infertility as 
a result of sexually spread chronic infections 
that are left untreated, and failures or abortions 
that have destroyed their self-integrity and 
self-confidence. Through the Sokrates dialog 
technique with the self-awareness approach 
in the logotherapy counseling intervention 
program, an increase in spiritual development 
self-integrity from the pretest average is 
34.26%, which increases to become 82.33% 
in the posttest, because women trafficking 
victims can access their abilities and develop 
their self-confidence to find meaning and 
goals in their lives. Related with this research, 
according to Hutchinson and Chapman 
(2006:57-59), logotherapy as an existential 
approach, exploration, and process-oriented, 
with a primary focus on spirituality and life 
meaning can empower humans to manage 
situations that are extraordinary in life and act 
as unique human experiences like joy, guilt, 



International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013

38

and discover meaning that arises from self-
confidence as a strength in the logotherapy 
counseling model has proven that life 
meaning comes through the words of women 
trafficking victims, showing their thinking 
ability and self-integrity which reveals a 
respectful attitude honestly, sincerely, and 
earnestly, having a positive behavior pattern 
that increases self-confidence, in order that 
they do not return to being trafficking victims. 
The Spiritual Dimension as Problems and 
Strengths of the Logotherapy Counseling 
Model Development

Graph 2 depicts that the problem of the 
low self-esteem spiritual dimension in women 
trafficking victims at the self-potential level is 
30.69%, related with a fatalistic attitude and 
over-forcing. Self-activity is 35.68%, related 
with a fanatic attitude and over-avoidance. 
Self-evaluation is 32.24%, related with a 
collective attitude and being overly attentive. 
In accordance with this research, the statistical 
data that was explained by Jordan et al. 
(2013:356) shows that women who become 
trafficking victims have increased in the United 
States with approximately 15,000 to 50,000 
victims annually, experience actual wounds 
because they are often abused, are sexually 
assaulted, experience psychological trauma, 
and feel their lives and futures are destroyed. 
According to Hughes (2000:625-630), women 
sexual trafficking is characterized by a forced 
work situation, physical and sexual abuse, 
limited movements and isolation, dependence 
on debt, and more appalling rejection by the 
family and society. Through the meaning 
realization technique with the meaning 
discovery approach in the logotherapy 
counseling intervention program, the pretest 
means spiritual dimension self-potential 
increased from 30.69% to become 83.80% 
in the posttest. The pretest means spiritual 
dimension self-activity of 35.68% increased to 
become 82.82% in the posttest. The spiritual 
dimension self-evaluation experienced an 
increase from 34.24% to become 83.39% 
in the posttest. These increases are due to 

the fact that women trafficking victims have 
learned how to respect life, respect victims’ 
abilities as a grace, and release themselves 
from unfulfilled desires. In accordance 
with this research, Melton and Schulenberg 
(2008:31,33-34; 40-41) did a research on the 
effects and relevance of measuring life meaning 
as a logotherapy empirical contribution for 
humanistic psychology, so that with free will, 
the will to acquire meaning, and the meaning 
of life, logotherapy can be integrated with 
psychotherapy and humanistic psychology 
forms to accommodate and provide empirical 
contributions about human abilities in response 
to various internal and external problems, 
having a primary motivation to facilitate 
humans to search for their desired meaning, 
as well as monitor human abilities to discover 
and possess meaning in whatever conditions 
through the spiritual dimensions they possess. 
In this research, the spiritual dimension 
empowers women trafficking victims to find 
truth, beauty, and love, because these values 
have provided life meaning in encountering 
victims with the world outside themselves, 
evoking inner attitude values, so that victims 
can make adjustments, do introspection, and 
open themselves to new and innovative things 
to find meaning and life goals.  

Conclusions
The logotherapy counseling method 

development is effective to fix low self-
esteem in women trafficking victims, because 
the model possesses: 
1. Strength in self-exploration, self-

acceptance, paradoxical intention, self-
transcendence, attitude values, self-
awareness, self-potential, self-activity, 
and self-evaluation. 

2. Special characteristics in self-
transcendence. 

3. Good effects towards: (a) the behavior 
change dynamic in victims; (b) 
viewpoints, handling techniques, and 
counseling strategies for social workers; 
(c) work environment and commitment 



 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

39

to improve resources or service quality 
of various parties at “Mulya Jaya” PSKW 
RPSW in Jakarta. 

4. A level of attainment that is statistically 
significant and high, from the 
recapitalization of different test results of 
two averages, value experiment groups of 
tcount (43.851) > ttable (2.144). The N-gain 
experiment group has pretest and posttest 
averages of (0.75) > the N-gain of the 
control group (0.15). This indicates that 
using a logotherapy counseling intervention 
program that is imposed on the experiment 
group is more effective and provides 
better achievement results in the behavior 
change dynamic of women trafficking 
victims. That effectiveness is also proven 
from observation results and interviews, 
which reveal positive attitude values in the 
behavior change dynamic of victims.  

Based on conclusion is recommended 
Professionals counselors and training guide 
of logotherapy counseling model to social 
workers, needed to improve the handling 
of this approach in a conceptual manner to 
understand the material, develop problems 
and abilities, as well as empirically handle 
management techniques, approaches, and 
counseling strategies at the “Mulya Jaya” 
Women’s Social Institution (PSKW) Women’s 
Social Protection House (RPSW) in Jakarta. 

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Jacob Daan Engel is a Ph.D student majoring 
in Guidance and Counseling at School of 
Postgraduate Studies, Indonesia University of 
Education.

Syamsu Yusuf is a professor of Guidance and 
Counseling at School of Postgraduate Studies, 
Indonesia University of Education.