. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 7 • Issue 3 • 2017 95 International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy ISSN: 2146-4553 available at http: www.econjournals.com International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2017, 7(3), 95-101. Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels for Cold Appliances in Jordan Alwiyah Abd Alfattah1, Ahmad Sakhrieh2,3*, Ahmed Al-Ghandoor4 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan, 3Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE, 4Department of Industrial Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan. *Email: ahmad.sakhrieh@aurak.ac.ae ABSTRACT In the last few years, Jordan has experienced an expansion in the number of electrical appliances. In order to reduce energy consumption in the residential sector, Jordan has to consider implementing minimum energy efficiency standards (MEES) for electrical appliances in the coming years. This study provides background on the benefits of, and steps needed to support introduction of EES and labeling in Jordan. Furthermore, this study attempts to predict the amount of energy that will be saved in the residential sector by implementing MEES for the cold electrical appliances (refrigerators and freezers). This study concentrates on cold electrical appliances because it was found that cold appliances are about 32.7% of total household electrical energy consumption in Jordan. Four scenarios for replacing the old appliances have been suggested and analyzed. It was found that the net saving from 2011 to 2020 will be approximately 4451.17 GWh. The associated CO2 emission reduction during the 10 years is expected to reach 2221 (1000 ton). In addition, the reduction of customer bills will reach 320 million JD based on the worst scenario. Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Standard, Appliances, Jordan JEL Classification: Q4 1. INTRODUCTION The minimum energy efficiency standard (MEES) is a tool for improving the energy efficiency of appliances and equipment. MEES sets the minimum levels of energy efficiency which a product must meet to be sold in the Jordanian marketplace. An energy efficiency label contains information which is attached to manufactured products indicating the product’s energy efficiency rating or estimated annual energy use in order to provide consumers with the necessary data to make an informed purchase. Improved appliance efficiency is important for personal financial reasons e.g., lowering electricity consumption. Also, improved efficiency is important for environmental reasons; because it reduces the consumption of electricity which in turn reduces air pollution by minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s (LBNL) Energy Efficiency Standards (EES) group has performed technical and economic analyses of refrigerator-freezer for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) since 1979. These analyses formed the bases of the efficiency standards established by DOE in 1989 and 1997 (which became effective in 1993 and 2001, respectively). Refrigerator-freezers manufactured after July 2001 typically consume about 30% less energy than the maximum energy use allowed under the 1993 efficiency regulations (Meyers et al., 2003). In 2008, LBNL completed an updated study of the historic and projected impacts of U.S. residential appliance standards. In 2005, DOE confined its updated analysis for the two most popular product classes of refrigerators: Top-mount refrigerator or freezers without through-the-door (TTD) features and side- mounted refrigerator-freezers with TTD feature. Depending on assumptions regarding the impact that standards would have on market efficiency, amended standards at the 2005 ENERGY STAR levels were estimated to yield between 2.4 to 3.4 quads from 2005 to 2030, with an associated economic impact to the U.S economy from a burden or cost of $1.2 billion to a benefit or saving of $3.3 billion. The Energy Independence and Security Alfattah, et al.: Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels for Cold Appliances in Jordan International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 7 • Issue 3 • 201796 Act of 2007 (EISA, 2007), signed into law on December 19, 2007, required that the DOE published a final rule no later than December 31, 2010, to determine whether to amend the standards in effect for refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers manufactured on or after January 1, 2014 (Meyers et al., 2004). The situation of the global refrigerator market was analyzed. It was found that Germany offers the most lead market advantages in the refrigerator-producing industry, followed by Korea and Italy (Cleff and Rennings, 2016). Brennan and Palmer (2013) examine how an energy efficiency resource standards compares to policies oriented to meeting objectives, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, correcting for consumer error in energy efficiency investment, or reducing peak demand absent real-time prices. Energy consumption of household appliances has become a target for energy efficiency improvements. Electricity consumption increased significantly in the past few years. In 2010, total electricity consumption in Jordan reached 12,843 GWh (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2010), which is 7.42% higher than the preceding year. Consumption of household appliance in this same year (5219 GWh) is about 41% of the total electricity consumption as shown below in Figure 1. Immediate benefits for energy saving can be realized by improving building efficiency and appliance standards, while solving the Jordan’s energy challenges is a long-term proposition. In Jordan, a study has been conducted in 2008 in order to analyze the historical, current and future fuel and electricity consumption within the residential sector. It was shown that the electricity and fuel demand were expected to rise approximately 100% and 23%, respectively within 10 years. Consequently, associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from residential sector are predicted to rise by 59% for the same period (Al-Ghandoor et al., 2008). Most households in Jordan do not employ efficient appliances. The study demonstrated that significant potential energy and environmental benefits are a result of adopting high efficiency standards. The worst scenario expected the net saving of 61.4 million US$ per annum, will be achieved in 2018 (Al-Ghandoor et al., 2009). Consequently, the associated CO2 emissions reduction will be approximately 180 million ton per year. This study will present the potential of implementing MEES on annual saving of electricity from cold appliances in the residential sector according to field survey conducted in Amman and Zarqa. The impact of implementing MEES will investigate and expect significant impact in the future electricity consumption and associated GHG emission for residential sector in Jordan. Furthermore a cost-benefit analysis of implementing MEES for these appliances and its environmental impact will be conducted. The calculation is based on the growth of energy consumption in residential sector during 2010-2020. 2. METHODOLOGY The data necessary for the study are the electricity consumption and pollution values of Jordanian household appliances. The historical electrical energy consumption for residential sector for the period 1985-2010, were used to predict future electricity consumption in the residential sector using polynomial curve fitting for 10 years period (2011-2020). The electrical energy data for the period 1985-2010 was obtained from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR, 2010). As shown in Table 1, the electrical energy consumption in the residential sector has increased year by year along with the total electricity consumption of the country. CO, CO2 and NOX values were obtained from the Department of Statistic (DOS, 2009). These data are summarized in Table 2. It is clear that all mentioned pollutants are increasing every year. A questionnaire was used to obtain the third part of the data, i.e. house appliances data. House owners provided estimates for typical usage of each household appliance. The sample size is step in the planning of the survey. The selected confidence interval was 95%, it means that if we repeat the survey 100 times we would expect the answer to any question to vary between the chosen margin of error in 95 out of 100 times. Response percentage, the percentage of people who give a particular answer to a question in a survey, was 85% and the margin error value was ±5%. The size of the total population for the target sample of this study of Amman and Zarqa city population was 3,350,700. According to the numbers shown above, the calculated Figure 1: Electrical energy consumption percentage in Jordan Table 1: Electrical energy consumption for residential sector in Jordan Year Total energy consumption (GWh) Residential energy consumption (GWh) 1985 2151 655 1990 3089 874 1995 4785 1411 2000 6133 1981 2005 8712 2989 2010 12843 5219 Table 2: CO, CO2 and NOX emissions in Jordan Fuels Emission (ton metric 000/Year) Year CO2 NOX CO 2006 20766.9 127.0 537.4 2007 20712.4 130.1 566.9 2008 21387.7 135.0 598.0 2009 21996.2 140.5 630.0 Alfattah, et al.: Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels for Cold Appliances in Jordan International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 7 • Issue 3 • 2017 97 sample size was 196 surveys. The sample was taken randomly from different areas and house types (e.g. floor) and different social situations. The total collected surveys were 210. Using MATLAB a fourth degree polynomial is found to be the best curve to predict electricity consumption in the future years with an adjusted R2 of 0.995. This curve has the formula: Y=636.05+6.65X+10.77X2−0.72X3+0.02X4 (1) 3. ANALYSIS Figure 2 shows the contribution of home appliances in energy consumption in Amman and Zarqa as obtained from the survey data. The used electrical energy inside houses depends on the lifestyle, the family size and the size and age of appliances. The energy consumption of the appliances in household is reflected directly on the electricity bill. The power consumption in Wattage of different electrical appliances is used to compare the cost of running different appliances. The following formula was used to estimate the annual energy consumed by a specific appliances: AEC=(Appliance Watt) (Hour per day) (Day per year) In order to evaluate electricity saving and the environmental impact resulting from implementing MEES, four different scenarios are suggested for each appliance. • Scenario 1: The market share for the new efficient models of Class A, B and C will take a yearly constant of 25% and 75% for ordinary models. • Scenario 2: The market share for the new efficient models of Class A, B and C will take a yearly constant of 50% and 50% for ordinary models. • Scenario 3: The market share for the new efficient models of Class A, B and C will take a yearly constant of 75% and 25% for ordinary models. • Scenario 4: The market share for the new efficient models of Class A, B and C will take full share. The market share of the efficient models for Classes A, B and C is divided to 40%, 40%, and 10%, respectively. Table 3 represents the considered market share percentages for all classes for each scenario. Each scenario will be applied for cold appliances electricity consumption in Jordan. As a first step, energy consumption analysis was performed for different home appliances. It was found that refrigerators and freezers are in the first place. Followed by lighting, air conditioning, space heating (electric heater), water cooling (cooler) and water heating (electric boiler) respectively. In this study we will apply MEES for cold appliances (refrigerator, freezer) as they are the main electricity consumers in the residential sector in Jordan. Energy efficiency classes are divided to 5 main Classes A, B, C, D and E. Each class has an energy efficiency index or ratio. The index or ratio range is dependent on the appliance type. Defining the class make it possible to compare energy consumption of energy efficient and normal appliances. Energy efficiency classes and energy efficiency ratio or index are shown in Table 4. Energy saving can be calculated for each appliance according to the following formula: Energy saving={(Et−E0)+(E0*R)} CP*MS*SF (2) Where, Et is the predicted electricity consumption for year t, E0 is the electricity consumption for the base year (2010), CP is the contribution percentage, MS is the market share, SF is the safety factor and R is the replacement factor. The first part of equation (Et−E0) represents the increase in the electricity consumption from the base year (2010) due to the increase of electrical appliances. The second part (E0*R) represents the consumed energy by the replaced appliances due to damaging, ending of the life cycle or increasing the concerning about MEES effect on the electrical utility bill. The replacement factor assumed to be increased by 10% every year to reach 100% at the end of 2020 that is mean all Figure 2: Energy consumption of appliances from total residential energy consumption Table 3: Market share percentage for all classes for each scenario Scenario Efficient model (%) Ordinary model (%) Class A Class B Class C Scenario 1 10 10 5 75 Scenario 2 20 20 10 50 Scenario 3 30 30 15 75 Scenario 4 40 40 20 75 Table 4: Proposed energy efficiency classes and energy efficiency index/ratio value of cold appliances Energy efficiency class Energy efficiency index% (EEI) for refrigerator/freezer A I<55 B 55