PERFORMANCE OF SWEET PEPPER UNDER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 122 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT Volume-3, Issue-1, Dec-Feb 2013/14 ISSN 2091-2854 Received: 10 January Revised: 17 January Accepted: 21 January TREE RESOURCES OF KATERNIAGHAT WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA WITH ESPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CONSERVATION STATUS, PHENOLOGY AND ECONOMIC VALUES Lal Babu Chaudhary 1* , Anoop Kumar 2 , Ashish K. Mishra 3 , Nayan Sahu 4 , Jitendra Pandey 5 , Soumit K. Behera 6 and Omesh Bajpai 7 1,2,3,4,6,7 Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226 001, India 5,7 Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh- 221 005, India *Corresponding author: dr_lbchaudhary@rediffmail.com Abstract Uttar Pradesh, one of the most populated states of India along international border of Nepal, contributes only about 3% of total forest & tree cover of the country as the major parts of the area is covered by agriculture lands and human populations. The forests are quite fragmented and facing severe anthropogenic pressure in many parts. To protect the existing biodiversity, several forest covers have been declared as National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. In the present study, Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) has been selected to assess tree diversity, their phenology and economic values as the trees are the major constituent of any forest and more fascinating among all plant groups. The sanctuary consists of tropical moist deciduous type of vegetation and situated along the Indo-Nepal boarder in Bahraich district of Uttar Pradesh, India. After, thorough assessment of the area, a list of 141 tree species belonging to 101 genera and 38 families have been prepared. The family Fabaceae exhibits highest generic and species diversity with 14 genera and 23 species. The genus Ficus of Moraceae has been found the largest with 11 species. Maximum trees with about 51 species have been found to flower in post winter season (February to March) in the forest. About 62 trees are used as medicinal for various purposes, 50 as ornamental & avenue trees, 37 as timber wood, 36 as edible, 16 as fire wood and 12 as fodder. Since the sanctuary area has been surrounded by several villages and facing anthropogenic pressure, the public awareness program related with biodiversity conservation and sustainable uses is highly needed to protect the forest covers. Keywords: Diversity, Tree, Phenology, Economic uses, Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. mailto:dr_lbchaudhary@rediffmail.com International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 123 | P a g e Introduction The biodiversity existing on our planet earth is a precious gift of the nature. Sustainable management of biodiversity is very important because of its known and unknown implication and also due to its rapid rate of depletion in the present era (ICLEI, 2009; Cooney, 2004). The assessment of the biodiversity is the first step towards formulating its management plans by documenting them. Such type of documentation of the plants with their phenology and economic benefits provides the basic knowledge of the plant wealth of the area which will be used in climate change assessment, sustainable uses and conservation programmes. In India, Uttar Pradesh is one of the largest states which cover a geographical area of about 2,40,9288 km 2 (Anonymous, 2005). Most of the land of the state is used for agricultural activities and accumulation of human population whereas only 16,583 km 2 area is covered by the forests (Anonymous, 2005). Most of the forests of the state have been conserved by declaring them wildlife sanctuaries and national parks to protect its biodiversity. The forest of Katerniaghat declared as wildlife sanctuary in 1976 is situated in Bahraich district of Uttar Pradesh in India along the Indo-Nepal international border between 27 ° 41' - 27 ° 56' N and 81 ° 48'- 81 ° 56' E at 116 to 165 m elevations (Figure 1). Figure 1. Location Map of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India The sanctuary covers an area of 551.64 km 2 which has been divided into six forest ranges (i.e. Katerniaghat, Nishangarah, Dharmapur, Murthia, Kakraha and Motipur). The forest of the sanctuary comes under the tropical moist deciduous forest of the Himalayan Terai-Bhabar International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 124 | P a g e region (Champion & Seth, 1968; Rodgers & Panwar, 1988). The entire area of the forest has been classified into four forest types (i) Sal forest, (ii) Teak plantation, (iii) Miscellaneous forest and (iv) Savannah grassland (Behera et al., 2012). The rivers Kaudiyala and Saryu and its tributaries flowing adjacent to the sanctuary provide alluvial soil to the area. Although, the scattered information on the plant diversity of the sanctuary area is available in different publications (Duthie, 1903; Panigrahi et al., 1969; Saini, 2005a, b; Maliya & Datt, 2010; Kumar et al., 2011; Maliya, 2011; Mishra et al., 2013), however, a separate account exclusively on all tree species of the area including their phenology and economic values has not been dealt so far. Since trees are major constituent of the forest and play important role in ecological and climate change studies, in addition to their high economic values, the present study assess the tree diversity of entire area after critical evaluation of existing literature, examination of herbarium specimens housed at BSA, BSIP, CDRI, LWG and extensive field surveys. The phenological data and economic importance of all tree species occurring within the study area have also been provided for all species. The main aim of the present study is to bring out a checklist of trees of the study area with their phenology, conservation status and economic importance. The checklist will provide a base line data for flora writing and diversity assessment of the area. The phenological information provided here may be used to compare the effect of climate change on the sexual behavior of the species in the future. The data provided on the conservation status will also help in the management of some of the rare and highly economically important tree species on priority basis by the forest department. Materials and Methods Climate The monsoon climate is presented throughout the area. The area witnesses three distinct seasonal variations: winter (November to February), summer (April to June) and warm-rainy (July to September). The mean minimum and maximum temperature varies from 8 °C to 22 °C in January and to 27 °C to 40 °C in May - June. The annual rainfall varies from 36 to 142 mm in winter, 34 to 662 mm in summer and 1294 to 1689 mm in warm-rainy seasons (Bajpai et al., 2012a). Vegetation The forest of the sanctuary comes under the tropical moist deciduous type of vegetation (Champion & Seth, 1968; Rodgers & Panwar, 1988). The entire area is chiefly dominated by sal forest, miscellaneous forest and teak plantation (Bajpai et al., 2012b). The savannah grasslands are also present in some pockets in the forest area (Behera et al., 2012). The upper stratum of the forest is represented by Shorea robusta Gaertn. f., Tectona grandis L. f., Terminalia elliptica Willd., Madhuca longifolia (L.) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chev., Ficus benghalensis L., Ficus racemosa L., Bombax ceiba L., Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. A. Rees, Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr., Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale etc., while the middle stratum is represented by Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb., Diospyros exsculpta Buch.-Ham., Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr., Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Mabberley, Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen etc. and the lower stratum is chiefly consists of International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 125 | P a g e Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg., Ficus hispida L. f., Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss., Streblus asper Lour., Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. etc. Data collection and diversity assessment During last three years from 2010 - 2012 the entire study area has been thoroughly explored in different seasons to collect and document the tree diversity. The plants were randomly collected from all kinds of habitats and vegetation and prepare the herbarium specimens following standard herbarium techniques (Lawrence, 1951; Jain & Rao, 1977). These specimens have been deposited at LWG for future record. All species have been correctly identified with the help of flora, revision and published work and compared with the earlier authentic collections housed at BSA, BSIP, CDRI and LWG. The correct nomenclature has been provided after consulting large number of recent regional and national floras, literature and different websites like GRIN, IPNI, ILDIS, The Plant list, Wikipedia etc. The phenology of the species has been recorded based on our field visits under taken in different seasons. An abundance scale has also been used to know the conservation status of the species in the area following Palmer et al. (1996). The information related with the economic values of the trees has been collected by interviewing the local tribal persons as well as from published work from the area. All species recorded here have been provided alphabetically in table 1 along with their conservation status, family, phenology and economic values. Table 1. Alphabetical list of tree species with their conservation status, family, phenology and economic values S.No. Plants Name Conservation Status Family Phenology Economic Values 1 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Cultivated FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Sep. - Mar. Ornamental & avenue tree 2 Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. Abundant FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Jul. - Feb. Fodder, firewood 3 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Planted FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Aug. - Apr. Hedge tree, fodder, medicinal 4 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Abundant RUTACEAE Mar. - Jul. Fruits edible 5 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Abundant SIMAROUBACEAE Feb. - Jun. Low grade timber 6 Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. Frequent CORNACEAE Feb. - Aug. Medicinal 7 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Frequent FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Mar. - Jan. Ornamental & avenue tree, fodder 8 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Planted FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Apr. - Mar. Ornamental & avenue tree, medicinal 9 Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth. Planted FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Apr. - Feb. Ornamental & avenue tree 10 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Planted FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) May - Feb. Ornamental & avenue tree, medicinal 11 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Planted APOCYNACEAE Nov. - Jun. Ornamental & avenue tree, medicinal 12 Annona squamosa L. Cultivated ANNONACEAE Apr. - Jan. Fruits edible 13 Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Planted COMBRETACEAE Mar. - Dec. Household timber International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 126 | P a g e Wall. ex Guill. & Perr. wood 14 Antidesma acidum Retz. Rare PHYLLANTHACEAE May - Nov. Timber wood, medicinal 15 Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Abundant PHYLLANTHACEAE Jun. - Dec. Fruits edible 16 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Cultivated MORACEAE Feb. - Sep. Fruits edible as vegetable 17 Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Cultivated MORACEAE Jan. - Nov. Fruits edible 18 Averrhoa carambola L. Cultivated OXALIDACEAE Jun. - Oct. Fruits edible 19 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Cultivated MELIACEAE Mar. - Jul. Timber wood, medicinal 20 Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Abundant LECYTHIDACEAE Apr. - Nov. Ornamental tree, medicinal 21 Bauhinia acuminata L. Cultivated FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Jul. - Jan. Ornamental tree 22 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Cultivated FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Aug. - Mar. Ornamental tree, medicinal 23 Bauhinia purpurea L. Abundant FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Sep. - Apr. Ornamental tree, medicinal 24 Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Frequent FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Mar. - Dec. Religious, ornamental tree 25 Bombax ceiba L. Abundant MALVACEAE Jan. - May Silviculture, match industry 26 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Abundant PHYLLANTHACEAE Apr. - Nov. Medicinal 27 Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Abundant PHYLLANTHACEAE May - Dec. Medicinal 28 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L„H‟er ex Vent. Cultivated MORACEAE Mar. - Oct. Timber wood 29 Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Almeida Occasional ANACARDIACEAE Feb. - May Seed edible 30 Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Planted FABACEAE (Papilionoideae) Mar. - Jun. Dye, tannin, timber wood, medicinal 31 Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Planted MYRTACEAE Mar. - Jun. Ornamental & avenue tree 32 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Abundant APOCYNACEAE Dec. - Aug. Religious, medicinal, fiber 33 Careya arborea Roxb. Abundant LECYTHIDACEAE Mar. - Jul. Local timber wood, medicinal 34 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Planted APOCYNACEAE Most part of the year Ornamental tree, medicinal 35 Cassia fistula L. Planted FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Mar. - Dec. Ornamental tree 36 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Cultivated CASUARINACEAE Mar. - Jul. Ornamental tree 37 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Trivengadum Abundant RUBIACEAE Mar. - Dec. Firewood, medicinal 38 Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Abundant CANNABACEAE Feb. - Nov. Firewood, medicinal 39 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Cultivated RUTACEAE Apr. - Jan. Fruits edible, medicinal 40 Citrus medica L. Cultivated RUTACEAE Apr. - Jan. Fruits edible, medicinal 41 Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Frequent BORAGINACEAE Mar. - Jul. Fruits edible 42 Cordia grandis Roxb. Cultivated BORAGINACEAE Mar. - Sep. Fruits edible 43 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Abundant FABACEAE (Papilionoideae) Apr. - Nov. Timber wood International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 127 | P a g e 44 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Abundant FABACEAE (Papilionoideae) Mar. - Aug. Timber wood 45 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Cultivated FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Apr. - Mar. Ornamental tree 46 Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.) H. Ohashi Abundant FABACEAE (Papilionoideae) Mar. - May Medicinal 47 Dillenia indica L. Abundant DILLENIACEAE May - Feb. Firewood, local timber wood 48 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Abundant DILLENIACEAE Mar. - May Local timber wood, medicinal 49 Diospyros exsculpta Buch.-Ham. Abundant EBENACEAE Apr. - Oct. Timber wood, medicinal 50 Ehretia acuminata R. Br. Abundant BORAGINACEAE Sep. - Apr. Ornamental & avenue tree 51 Ehretia laevis Roxb. Abundant BORAGINACEAE Jan. - Aug. Ornamental & avenue tree 52 Erythrina arborescens Roxb. Cultivated FABACEAE (Papilionoideae) Jul. - Feb. Ornamental tree, local timber 53 Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Planted MYRTACEAE Feb. - Oct. Quality timber wood 54 Ficus benghalensis L. Abundant MORACEAE Jun. - Mar. Religious, medicinal 55 Ficus elastica Roxb. Cultivated MORACEAE Not seen Ornamental tree 56 Ficus hispida L. f. Abundant MORACEAE Aug. - Dec. Fodder 57 Ficus microcarpa L. f. Rare MORACEAE Aug. - Feb. Ornamental tree 58 Ficus palmata Forssk. subsp. virgata (Roxb.) Browicz Abundant MORACEAE Jun. - Oct. Figs edible 59 Ficus racemosa L. Abundant MORACEAE Apr. - Jul. Figs edible 60 Ficus religiosa L. Abundant MORACEAE Apr. - Sep. Religious, medicinal 61 Ficus retusa var. nitida (Thunb.) Miq. Rare MORACEAE Most part of the year Ornamental tree 62 Ficus rumphii Blume Abundant MORACEAE Apr. - Jul. Fodder 63 Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Sm. Abundant MORACEAE May - Oct. Figs edible 64 Ficus squamosa Roxb. Occasional MORACEAE Apr. - Jan. Fodder 65 Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br. Rare MALVACEAE Feb. - Jun. Ornamental tree 66 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Abundant SALICACEAE Feb. - May Firewood, fruit edible, medicinal 67 Garuga pinnata Roxb. Abundant BURSERACEAE Mar. - Oct. Fruits edible, medicinal 68 Grewia asiatica L. Abundant MALVACEAE Apr. - Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal 69 Grewia multiflora Juss. Frequent MALVACEAE Aug. - Jan. Fruits edible 70 Grewia optiva Dumm. ex Burret. Frequent MALVACEAE Aug. - Sep. Timber wood, fruits edible 71 Grewia tillifolia Vahl Rare in wild MALVACEAE Apr. - Sep. Fruits edible, medicinal 72 Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. Cultivated MALVACEAE Feb. - Jul. Religious, medicinal 73 Guidonia tomentosa (Roxb.) Kurz Abundant SALICACEAE Feb. - Aug. Firewood, fodder 74 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Abundant RUBIACEAE Jun. - Mar. Timber wood 75 Helicteres isora L. Abundant MALVACEAE Jul. - Dec. Medicinal 76 Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims Abundant MELIACEAE Feb. - Oct. Ornamental tree International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 128 | P a g e 77 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Cultivated MALVACEAE Most part of the year Ornamental tree 78 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don Abundant APOCYNACEAE May - Feb. Firewood, medicinal 79 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Frequent ULMACEAE Feb. - Jul. Low grade timber wood 80 Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley Abundant RUBIACEAE May - Jan. Firewood, medicinal 81 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Cultivated BIGNONIACEAE Mar. - Oct. Ornamental tree 82 Jatropha curcas L. Planted EUPHORBIACEAE Apr. - Nov. Hedge tree, seeds for bio-diesel 83 Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf. Frequent MALVACEAE Jan. - Apr. Gum production 84 Kydia calycina Roxb. Frequent MALVACEAE Jul. - May Medicinal, Fiber 85 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Abundant LYTHRACEAE Apr. - Jan. Ornamental tree 86 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L. ex Murray) Pers. Frequent LYTHRACEAE May - Nov. Ornamental tree 87 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Planted ANACARDIACEAE Mar. - Jun. Local timber wood, medicinal 88 Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Rare SAPINDACEAE Apr. - Jul. Timber & firewood, medicinal 89 Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit. Planted FABACEAE (Mimosoideae) Jun. - Nov. Fodder 90 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Rob. Occasional LAURACEAE Apr. - Jan. Seeds for essential oils, medicinal 91 Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Frequent LAURACEAE Mar. - Nov. Timber wood, fodder, medicinal 92 Madhuca longifolia (L.) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chev. Frequent SAPOTACEAE Mar. - Jul. Petals edible, seed for vegetable oil 93 Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.- Arg. Abundant EUPHORBIACEAE Sep. - May Tannin or dyes, medicinal, fodder 94 Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen Frequent EUPHORBIACEAE Feb. - Oct. Timber wood, fodder, medicinal 95 Mangifera indica L. Cultivated ANACARDIACEAE Feb. - Jul. Fruits edible, timber wood 96 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Planted SAPOTACEAE Oct. - Feb. Fruits edible, timber wood 97 Melia azedarach L. Cultivated MELIACEAE Mar. - Jun. Timber wood, medicinal 98 Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair Abundant ANNONACEAE Apr. - Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal 99 Miliusa velutina (Dunal.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Abundant ANNONACEAE Mar. - Aug. Fruits edible, local timber wood 100 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Abundant RUBIACEAE May - Dec. Timber wood, medicinal 101 Moringa concanensis Nimmo ex Dalz. & Gibb. Cultivated MORINGACEAE Nov. - Feb. Medicinal, firewood, low grade timber wood 102 Moringa oleifera Lamk. Cultivated MORINGACEAE Feb. - Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal, firewood 103 Morus alba L. Cultivated MORACEAE Feb. - Jun. Fruits edible 104 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Abundant RUTACEAE Feb. - Oct. Medicinal, leaf as spices 105 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Planted RUBIACEAE May - Oct. Ornamental & avenue tree International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 129 | P a g e 106 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Cultivated OLEACEAE Sep. - Mar. Ornamental tree, medicinal 107 Olax zeylanica L. Rare OLACACEAE May - Jun. Firewood 108 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Occasional BIGNONIACEAE May - Dec. Medicinal, firewood 109 Parkinsonia aculeata L. Cultivated FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Oct. - May Hedge tree 110 Phyllanthus emblica L. Cultivated PHYLLANTHACEAE Feb. - Dec. Fruits edible, medicinal 111 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. Cultivated ANNONACEAE Apr. - Sep. Ornamental tree, medicinal 112 Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites Cultivated ANNONACEAE Apr. - Sep. Ornamental tree, medicinal 113 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierr. Frequent FABACEAE (Papilionoideae) Apr. - Jul. Avenue tree, seeds for bio-diesel 114 Psidium guajava L. Cultivated MYRTACEAE Sep. - Aug. Fruits edible 115 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Planted PUTRANJIVACEAE Mar. - Jan. Ornamental & avenue tree 116 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Abundant SALICACEAE Jan. - Jul. Timber & firewood 117 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Abundant SAPINDACEAE Mar. - Nov. Avenue tree, firewood 118 Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Frequent ANACARDIACEAE Apr. - Oct. Timber wood, medicinal 119 Senna siamea (Lamk.) Irwin & Barneby Planted FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Jul. - Feb. Fruits edible, medicinal, fodder 120 Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Abundant DIPTEROCARPACEAE Mar. - Jun. Quality Timber wood 121 Sterculia foetida L. Abundant MALVACEAE Feb. - Aug. Ornamental tree, medicinal 122 Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. A. Rees Abundant MALVACEAE Feb. - Oct. Ornamental tree, medicinal 123 Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. Rare BIGNONIACEAE Apr. - Dec. Timber wood, medicinal 124 Streblus asper Lour. Abundant MORACEAE Jan. - Jul. Firewood, medicinal 125 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Frequent MYRTACEAE Apr. - Aug. Fruits edible, timber wood, avenue tree 126 Syzygium nervosum A. Cunn. ex DC. Occasional MYRTACEAE Apr. - Aug. Fruits edible, timber wood 127 Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J. Graham Abundant MYRTACEAE Mar. - Aug. Fruits edible, timber wood 128 Tamarindus indica L. Occasional FABACEAE (Caesalpinioideae) Jul. - Mar. Fruits edible, avenue tree, medicinal 129 Tamarix gallica L. var. indica (Willd.) Ehrenb. Occasional TAMARICACEAE Most part of the year Ornamental tree 130 Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre. Occasional RUBIACEAE May - Dec. Ornamental tree 131 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Cultivated BIGNONIACEAE Jul. - Jun. Ornamental tree 132 Tectona grandis L. f. Planted LAMIACEAE Jul. - Dec. Quality timber wood 133 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Planted COMBRETACEAE Apr. - Mar. Avenue tree, medicinal 134 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Frequent COMBRETACEAE Mar. - Sep. Avenue tree, medicinal International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 130 | P a g e 135 Terminalia elliptica Willd. Abundant COMBRETACEAE May - Mar. Timber wood, medicinal 136 Toona ciliata M. Roem. Frequent MELIACEAE Mar. - Jul. Timber wood 137 Wendlandia heynei (Roem. & Schult.) Santapau & Merchant Frequent RUBIACEAE Mar. - Aug. Ornamental tree 138 Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabberley Frequent APOCYNACEAE Apr. - Dec. Ornamental tree, medicinal 139 Xylosma longifolia Clos Frequent SALICACEAE Oct. - Apr. Hedge tree 140 Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Abundant RHAMNACEAE Sep. - Mar. Fruits edible 141 Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Rare RHAMNACEAE Apr. - Jul. Fruits edible Results and Discussion The analysis of data reveals that the entire area consists of 141 tree species under 101 genera and 38 families. The family Fabaceae has been found to exhibit the highest generic and species diversity with 14 genera and 23 species (Figure 2). Species per genus ratio has been observed maximum in Moraceae (3.2) due to the presence of higher number of species (i.e. 16) than genera (i.e. 5). Nineteen families (i.e. Burseraceae, Cannabaceae, Casurinaceae, Cornaceae, Dilleniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ebenaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Lythraceae, Moringaceae, Olacaceae, Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rhamnaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamariacaceae and Ulmaceae) are represented by single genus out of which 14 families (i.e. Burseraceae, Cannabaceae, Casurinaceae, Cornaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ebenaceae, Lamiaceae, Olacaceae, Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Putranjivaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamariacaceae and Ulmaceae) consist of only solitary species. The genus Ficus of Moraceae has been observed the largest genus with 11 tree species. Figure 2. Diversity amongst the larger families (Number of Species, Genera and Species per Genus Ratio) On the abundance scale (Palmer et al., 1996) about 52 tree species have been found distributed abundantly and 21 as frequently in the sanctuary area. Due to the ornamental and other purposes about 31 trees have been grown in the fringes of the forest. In addition, about 20 trees have also been planted to fill up the open lands or as an avenue trees in the sanctuary. The eight species have been found occasionally and nine species rarely only with few individuals in the sanctuary area (Figure 3). International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 131 | P a g e Figure 3. Number of Abundant, frequent, cultivated, planted, occasional and rare trees The phenological observation reveals that the maximum tree species (about 51spp.) flower in post winter season during February to March with the rise of ambient temperature and matured fruits are noticed on majority of the trees during rainy season (i.e. Jun.-Sep.) (Figure 4). The maximum germinations of seeds in the forest bed take place in post monsoon season. On an average about 11.3 ± 3.8 tree species have been observed in fruiting condition throughout the year which is considered good for the survival of faunal diversity available in the sanctuary. Figure 4. Number of flowering trees in different months of the year About 44% (i.e. 62 spp.) of the total tree species of the sanctuary have been found useful for various medicinal purposes, 35.5% (i.e. 50 spp.) for ornamental, 26.2% (i.e. 37 spp.) for timber wood, 25.5% (i.e. 36 spp.) as edible, 11.4% (i.e. 16 spp.) for firewood and 8.5% (i.e. International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 132 | P a g e 12 spp.) for fodder (Figure 5). Figure 5. Number of species used for different aspects Conclusion Almost all tree species recorded here from the sanctuary area, directly or indirectly are in the use of human beings to meet their daily needs. Therefore, there is a heavy anthropogenic pressure on the forest by local people. This may leads to the gradual decrease of the species from the natural habitats. Hence, the awareness programme regarding the importance of the plant species for the survival of human beings on the planet Earth and their sustainable uses and conservation of biodiversity among local people is the need of hour. The area also contains many plant families represented by solitary genus and solitary species and some rare species which require special attention and conservation measures to protect their gene pool in the sanctuary area. Acknowledgement The authors are sincerely grateful to the Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India for providing facilities and financial support under CSIR- networking project NWP-020. The thanks are also due to the in-charge of herbaria mentioned in the work for granting permission for herbarium consultation. The PCCF (Wildlife), Uttar Pradesh and forest field staffs are highly acknowledged for their hospitality and assistance provided during the field work. References Anonymous, 2005. Annual Report. 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