IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 International Journal of Humanity Studies http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJHS Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 15 SOCIAL ACTOR REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS’ EXECUTIONS IN SAUDI ARABIA *Gina Nanda Utama1, Rosaria Mita Amalia2 and Susi Yuliawati3 Padjadjaran University, Indonesia ginananda07@gmail.com, amelsasing@gmail.com, susi.yuliawati@unpad.ac.id *correspondence: ginananda07@gmail.com DOI: 10.24071/ijhs.v4i1.2170 received 19 October 2019; accepted 8 August 2020 Abstract This study aims to describe how the Middle East Media represent the Indonesian government and the executed Indonesian migrant workers in the case of Indonesian migrant workers’ executions in Saudi Arabia. The data are analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis focuses on the representation of social actors by Van Leeuwen (2008). This theory examines how the social actors are presented or excluded in the representation. In addition, the analysis of this study is also supported by the lexical analysis based on Richardson’s theory (2007) of analyzing news text: level of analysis. This study uses descriptive analysis method since the data are analyzed based on the indicators, categories or strategies in the theories which are used to analyze the data. This study found that the Indonesian government is represented as the party who has done many efforts to save Indonesian migrant workers from the executions abroad but on the other side, Indonesian government is also represented as hypocritical party since Middle East Media nominate the Indonesian government as the party that still implement the death penalty. Generally, the lexical analysis show that the executed Indonesian migrant workers are represented as the cruel killers although several media present another information which show their reasons to do the crimes such as self-defense and suffering mental-illness. Keyword: Representation, media, discourse, execution, Indonesian workers Introduction The text producers (media) have great power to influence the audiences for having the similar argument or attitude with them through language as their main instrument. It is in line with van Dijk (1995) who describes that the power of media is symbolic and persuasive so that it enables the text producers to influence the audiences’ mind and thought. The power of media especially news articles to influence the readers is caused by its one-sided communicative event. Consequently, it gives them great power and control to serve the news (phenomenon) or to shape particular depiction of the actors involved based on their interest and their own point of view. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 16 This power has encouraged many researchers to analyze how the media represent the actors involved in particular cases since it also enables the media to lead the audiences to have the similar depiction of actors with them. Since this study focuses on how the media represent the migrant workers’ cases, there are several researchers who have investigated how the media represent the migrant workers. First, Citraresmana et.al (2018) found that the Indonesian migrant workers are represented as the weak party or the victim, meanwhile the Indonesian government is represented negatively in inference level. Second, Suganda et.al (2006) found that Indonesian and Malaysian daily newspapers represent the female Indonesian migrant workers as marginal, powerless, uneducated, poor, stupid etc. meanwhile the government is frequently excluded in the representation. In addition, Razzaq (2012), Silveira (2015), Castello (2015) and Cheng (2016) revealed that the media represent the migrant workers as the threat to social security of the house countries. In this study, the writers interested in investigating how the Middle East media (as the house countries of Indonesian migrant workers) represent the Indonesian migrant workers who have been executed in Saudi Arabia since there are many countries against the death penalty. Moreover, the Indonesian government under President Joko Widodo has done the executions although at the same time the Indonesian government tried very hard to save the Indonesian migrant workers from death penalty abroad. This study uses the representation of social actors framework from van Leeuwen (2008), analyzing news texts: levels of analysis theory from Richardson (2007) and the theory of transitivity from Halliday and Matthiessen (2004). Van Leeuwen (2008) emphasizes that a single phenomenon/event can be represented into various versions of it. Related to this study, the executions of Indonesian migrant worker (a phenomenon) can be represented into several versions of representation since it can be influenced by each text producer’s adopted ideology and their interest on this case. Therefore, there are many researchers of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) use this theory to disclose the ideology and power behind the representation of social actors in English discourse. In this study, the writer investigates how the text producers use the sociological categories (analytical tool which is grounded on linguistics) in the representation of social actors framework from van Leeuwen (2008) to represent the actors in news report and to disclose the text producers’ goals in representing the social actors (Indonesian government and the executed Indonesian migrant workers). Van Leeuwen (2008) describes that exclusion and inclusion are two main sociological categories which can be used to analyze the representation of social actors. Exclusion simply means excluding social actors in the representation meanwhile inclusion means presenting the social actor(s) in the representation. Exclusion is divided into suppression and backgrounding. Suppression is called as radical exclusion since it excludes the social actors and/or their activity so that it does not leave traces in the representation meanwhile backgrounding is considered as the exclusion category which leaves the trace in representation. On the other hand, there are several subcategories of inclusion such as role allocation: activation-passivation, personalization – impersonalization, genericization – specification, indetermination – determination, association – dissociation, differentiation, nomination – categorization, overdetermination, abstraction – objectivation. Role allocation describes the roles of social actors in a IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 17 representation which are divided into activation and passivation. Activation can be realized by the grammatical participant roles in transitivity structure where the activated social actor is labeled as actor in material process etc. meanwhile, passivation occurs when the social actor being “at the receiving end of it” (van Leeuwen, 2008, p.33). Personalization or personalizing social actors means representing the social actors as human being which can be realized by using personal/possessive pronouns, proper names or nouns/adjectives which can be categorized to human features. Impersonalization is the opposite of personalization which can be realized by abstract noun or concrete nouns (which are not categorized into semantic feature of human). Generalization can be realized by: 1) Plural without article, 2) Singular with definite article, 3) Singular with indefinite articles. Van Leeuwen (2008) states that determination occurs when the social actors' identity is specified. Meanwhile, indetermination occurs when the social actors are represented as unspecific or anonym. Indetermination enables the text producers to anonymize a social actor. According to van Leeuwen (2008), indetermination can be realized by indefinite pronouns such as “somebody”, “someone”, generalized exophoric reference and it can also be aggregated, such as by using, “many believe”, “some say”, etc. Association simply means the social actors are represented in groups. Association can be realized through circumstances of accompaniment and parataxis. This category focuses on how a social actor is differed from another social actor. Van Leeuwen (2008) explaines differentiation explicitly distinguished individual social actor or groups of social actors with other similar social actors, creating the difference between “self” and “others”, or between “us” and “them”. Van Leeuwen (2008) describes nomination occurs when the social actors are represented by highlighting their unique identity. On the contrary, categorization represents the social actors in terms of their common identities and function. Van Leeuwen (2008) who describes that overdetermination occurs when the text producers represent the social actors who participate in more than one social practice at the same time. Van Leeuwen (2008) explains that abstraction occurs when the social actors are represented by showing their assigned quality in a representation. The representation of social actors theory is supported by the analyzing news text: levels of analysis theory from Richardson (2007). This theory is divided into lexical analysis (words/lexis level) and sentence construction (sentence level). Lexical analysis focuses on the text producers’ word selection such as naming and reference (the way social actors are named in the news discourse). Therefore, this analysis is very important since it can influence the audiences’/readers’ depiction of social actors which are represented in the news report. For example, the news releases concerning the Indonesian migrant worker’s (Siti Zainab) execution in Saudi Arabia. When a text producer decides to represent Zainab positively, she is referred to ‘RI woman’ in “Shock as Saudis behead RI woman” or ‘mentally ill Indonesian maid’ in “Saudi Arabia has been criticized worldwide for suddenly executing an Indonesian maid believed to have been suffering from a mental illness”. On the other side, when another text producer decides to represent Zainab negatively, she is referred to ‘brutal killer housemaid’ in “Housemaid who brutally killed the Saudi employer put to death” or in “The court also found that she (Zainab) had struck Al-Maroubi on the head with a water heater, poured hot water on her and sprayed insecticide on her face’. Last, the writer also uses the IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 18 theory of transitivity from Halliday and Matthiesen (2004). This theory is used as one of tools to help the writer in classifying the data such as in classifying the role allocation of the social actors etc. Moreover, this theory can also be used to disclose the text producers’ point of view and ideology concerning this issue. It is in line with Fowler (1991) who explains that the text producers’ choices in transitivity system can reflect the ideology which is shared through language in the news text. In conclusion, the theory of transitivity can also be used to support the representation of social actors theory to disclose the ideology behind the representation of social actors in the case of Indonesian migrant workers’ executions in Saudi Arabia. Methodology This study investigates four Middle East media (Arab News, Arabian Business, Al-Jazeera and Middle East Eye) in representing Indonesian government and the executed Indonesian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2018. There are six articles which have been published by all the four media related to the executions of Indonesian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia. There are several steps in analyzing the data in this study: 1) Identifying the exclusion and inclusion categories in the data by using the representation of social actors theory from van Leeuwen (2008); 2) Analyzing the lexical choice of every data (exclusion and inclusion) by using the theory of lexical analysis: the choice of meaning of words from Richardson (2007); 3) Describing how the text producers represent the social actors and also reveal the text producers’ aim to do particular representation based on the analysis of exclusion and inclusion categories and lexical analysis. The research design of this study is qualitative since this study focuses on descriptive data on how the text producers represent Indonesian government and the In addition, this study uses descriptive analysis method since the data are analyzed based on the indicators, categories or strategies in the theories which are used to analyze the data. The data were obtained from the websites of each media such as arabnews.com, arabianbusiness.com, aljazeera.com, and themiddleeasteye.com. The followings are the titles of the articles Housemaid who brutally killed Saudi employer put to death (April 15, 2015), Saudi Arabia slammed for executing 'mentally ill' maid (April 16, 2015), Indonesia angry over sudden execution of second maid in Saudi Arabia (April 19, 2015), Indonesia bans expats working to 21 Middle East countries (May 7, 2015), Indonesia protests Saudi execution of domestic worker (October 31, 2018) and Saudi Arabia executes Indonesian maid who killed man she says assaulted her (November 1, 2018). Findings and Discussion Based on the data in all the articles, the writers classified the realizations which were used by the Middle East media to represent executed Indonesian migrant workers, Indonesian government and Saudis government. From all the media, the writer found that most Middle East media have used exclusion and inclusion category to represent the social actors. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 19 The Representation of Indonesian Government The Middle East Media’s articles tend to present the Indonesian government by using inclusion categories instead of exclusion categories. Indonesian government is represented as the party that protest and feel disappointed towards the executions of Indonesian migrant cases. It can be seen by the use of the following sociological categories: 1. Categorization-functionalization category. Van Leeuwen (2008) describes that categorization in types of functionalization is the representation of social actors which referred to their activity or something they do. In this data, Indonesian government is also represented as the activated social actor with the verbs ‘criticize’ and ‘sparked anger’ as can be seen in the following data Data 1: President Joko WidodoCAT1 criticised the decision on Wednesday, saying the governmentCAT2 has officially protested to Riyadh and demanded better protection of Indonesian workers in the country. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 Data 2: The execution of Tuti Tursilawati has sparked anger from the Indonesian governmentCAT1, with the Gulf kingdom implementing the death penalty without prior notice. EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 All those data above are categorized as categorization-functionalization category since all the terms which are used to refer to Indonesian government refers to particular roles or jobs. For example the noun ‘President’ means ‘the person in charge of a republic’ and the word ‘government’ means ‘the group of people who are responsible for controlling the country or a state’. The use of these jobs and roles in the representation will lead the readers to think that Indonesian government is really prioritize and pay very serious attention to this case especially there are a lot of roles and jobs which are mentioned by the Middle East Media. 2. Objectivation. According to van Leeuwen (2008) objectivation occurs when the social actors are represented by means of reference to a place or thing which closely relate to person or action. Actually there are several types of objectivations, such as spatialization, utterance autonomization, instrumentalization and somatization. But in this data, the writer can only find objectivation-spatialization. Van Leeuwen (2008) describes that this type is a form of objectivation in which the social actors are represented by means of reference to a place with which closely relate to person or action represented. As realized by the following sociological categories which can be seen in the following data by the verbs ‘angry’ and ‘protest’ Data 3: IndonesiaOBJECT1 has summoned Saudi Arabia's ambassador in Jakarta to protest against the beheading of Siti Zainab in the holy city of Medina IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 20 on Tuesday, 15 years after she was convicted of stabbing and beating to death her employer, Noura Al Morobei. EXMI_ARB_16_04_'15 Data 4: IndonesiaOBJECT1 angry over sudden execution of second maid in Saudi Arabia EXMI_ARB_19_04_'15 Data 5: IndonesiaOBJECT1 protests Saudi execution of domestic worker. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 Data 6: JakartaOBJECT1 has filed an official protest after Saudi Arabia executed Tuti Tursilawati without notifying consular staff. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 From the data above, it can be seen that the Indonesian government is represented by using the name of the country ‘Indonesia’ and the capital city of the country ‘Jakarta’. In addition, the text producers uses the verbs ‘protest’ , ‘angry’ to activate the Indonesian government, which means that the Indonesian government is represented as the actor/ doer in the representation. According to Online Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the verb ‘protest’ means ‘to say or do something that you are disagree of something publicly’ and the adjective ‘angry’ means ‘having strong feelings about something you dislike very much or about unfair situation’. Therefore, the data above show that Indonesian government is represented as the party who strongly against the death penalty publicly since it is considered as unfair situation. 3. Abstraction The following is the data which is realized by using abstraction category Data 7: The largest Muslim country in the worldABSTR1 also is angry over Saudi Arabia’s recent execution of two Indonesian maids, without warning. EXMI_ARB_07_05_'15 According to van Leeuwen (2008) abstraction occurs when the social actors are represented by showing their assigned quality in a representation. In this strategy, Arabian Business foregrounds Indonesian government as ‘The largest Muslim country in the world’. The use of this strategy seems to offend Saudis government as the center of Islam which is criticized by the country which has the largest population of Muslim in the world. In terms of lexical analysis, Arabian Business uses the verb ‘angry’ and ‘without warning’. According to Online Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the word ‘angry’ means ‘having strong feelings about something that you dislike very much or about an unfair situation’. Meanwhile the noun ‘warning’ means ‘telling or showing somebody that something bad or unpleasant may happen’. Therefore, ‘without warning’ means ‘it did not tell that something unpleasant is about to happen’. Therefore, it can be seen that Arabian Business tries to foreground that the country with the largest population of Muslim in the world feels very unpleasant towards the executions which were done by the center country of Islam towards two Indonesian migrant workers without giving prior information. In addition, the use of ‘…two Indonesian maids..’ in the data above also can drive the readers’ point of view to think that it is natural for Indonesian government to be disappointed towards Saudis government since Saudis government has executed –not one-but two Indonesian workers without any prior notification. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 21 Indonesian government is also represented as the party that do many efforts to protect and to save the Indonesian migrant workers abroad It can be seen by the use of the following sociological categories: 1. Nomination It is realized by using nomination once in the following data as the activated social actor by ‘stopping the Indonesian migrant workers abroad’ Data 8: Minister of Manpower Hanif DhakiriNOM1 told media the decision was in line with President Joko Widodo’s order in February to eventually stop sending Indonesian women abroad to work as domestic helpers. EXMI_ARB_07_05_'15 According to van Leeuwen (2008) nomination occurs when the social actors are represented by highlighting their unique identity. ‘Minister of Manpower Hanif Dhakiri’ is categorized as unique identity since it just refers to one specific person. This data highlights the indonesian government as the party who try to protect the citizens by ‘stop sending Indonesian women abroad to work as domestic helpers’. 2. Objectivation It is realized by using objectivation categories as the activated social actor by ‘banning new maids’ to Middle East Countries as can be seen in the following data Data 9: IndonesiaOBJECT1 bans expats working to 21 Middle East countries EXMI_ARB_07_05_'15 Data 10: IndonesiaOBJECT1 has banned new maids from working in 21 Middle Eastern countries including the UAE and Saudi Arabia in protest over working conditions it claims are prone to violations of legal and human rights. EXMI_ARB_07_05_'15 Data 11: IndonesiaOBJECT1 has previously temporarily banned its women from working in some Gulf states amid controversy over their contracts and salaries. EXMI_ARB_07_05_'15 Data 12:It said IndonesiaOBJECT1 should reverse its recent decision to allow a limited number of Indonesian migrant workers to Saudi Arabia despite a 2015 moratorium banning new domestic workers from entering 21 Middle Eastern countries. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 Data 13:IndonesiaOBJECT1 introduced the ban following the execution of two other Indonesian maids by Saudi Arabia the same year. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 Data 14:IndonesiaOBJECT1, however, placed a moratorium on any Indonesian workers going to Saudi Arabia in 2011, after a female worker was beheaded for killing her employer. EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 According to Online Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the verb ‘ban’ means ‘to decide or say officially that something is not allowed’. The ban is done by Indonesian government to protect the Indonesian citizens from various kinds of IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 22 ‘dangerous’ to work in the particular countries, such as ‘over working conditions’ in data 10, ‘following the execution of two other Indonesian maids’ in data 13 etc. Besides representing Indonesian government as the party that is really pay attention on this case, Middle East media also represented it as hypocritical party, since Indonesian government protested other countries when its citizen is executed, but the Indonesian government itself still uses the death penalty, as realized by the following inclusion categories 1. Objectivation. According to van Leeuwen (2008) objectivation occurs when the social actors are represented by means of reference to a place or thing which closely related to person or action. Actually there are several types of objectivations, such as spatialization, utterance autonomization, instrumentalization and somatization. But in this data, the writer can only find objectivation-spatialization. Van Leeuwen (2008) describes that this type is a form of objectivation in which the social actors are represented by means of reference to a place with which closely relate to person or action represented. The followings are the data which show the Indonesian government is realized by using objectivation-spatialization Data 15: Under the new president Jokowi Widodo, IndonesiaOBJECT1 has carried out at least six executions since November and is expected to carry out more any day after it transferred several prisoners to the island where it carries out the shootings. EXMI_ARB_19_04_'15 Data 16: Dhakiri said the execution of Indonesian maids Siti Zaenab and Karni in Saudi Arabia last month was one of the factors taken into consideration while making the policy decision, despite the fact IndonesiaOBJECT1 executed seven foreigners against their countries protests. EXMI_ARB_07_05_'15 From the data above, it can be seen that the Middle East media foreground the number of executions which have done by Indonesian government (as can be seen in data 15). Moreover, in data 16 Arabian Business compares the executions which were done by Saudis government (by mentioning two executed Indonesian migrant workers) but on the other clause this Middle East media foregrounds that Indonesian government has executed seven foreigners who also did protest to Indonesian government. Indonesian government is realized twice by nominating it as the hypocritical social actor which can be seen in the following data Data 17:They include the current President Joko WidodoNOM1, who himself has been criticised for refusing to reduce the sentences of dozens of people on death row in his country. EXMI_ARB_16_04_'15 Data 18:Under the new president Jokowi WidodoNOM1, Indonesia has carried out at least six executions since November and is expected to carry out more any day after it transferred several prisoners to the island where it carries out the shootings. EXMI_ARB_19_04_'15 IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 23 The data above foreground the death penalty policy in Indonesia which can drive the readers’/audiences to think that Indonesian government has great concerns towards its own citizens but it does not want to care the other countries’ efforts to free their citizens from the executions in Indonesia. In other words, Middle East Media also represents the Indonesian government as ‘hypocricital party’ which is defined by Online Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as ‘behavior in which somebody pretends to have moral standards or opinions that they do not actually have’. The Representation of the Executed Indonesian Migrant Workers in Middle East Media Middle East media foreground the executed Indonesian migrant workers’ criminal cases and collocate them with the verbs ‘stab’, ‘kill’, ‘knife’ etc. as can be seen in the following inclusion categories. 1. Categorization Indonesian migrant workers are represented by using this strategy eleven times by using categorization in types of identification-classification. According to van Leeuwen (2008) categorization-identification occurs when the social actors are defined in terms of what they are. In the case of classification, social actors are referred to in terms of the major categories by means of which a given society or institution differentiates between classes of people. It can include race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, age, gender, etc. In addition, the Middle East media uses the verbs ‘stab’, ‘kill’, ‘knife’ to foreground the criminal status of the executed Indonesian migrant workers. In addition, Data 19:An Indonesian housemaidCAT1 was beheaded in Madinah on Tuesday for killing her Saudi employer, according to the Ministry of Interior. EXMI_ARN_15_04_'15 Data 20:Saudi Arabia executes Indonesian maidCAT1 who killed man she says assaulted her. EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 Data 21:Indonesia, however, placed a moratorium on any Indonesian workers going to Saudi Arabia in 2011, after a female workerCAT1 was beheaded for killing her employer. EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 The data 19 to 21 are categorized as the identification-classification category since the executed Indonesian migrant workers are realized by using their ‘identity’ as Indonesian citizen and gender (female). As previously mentioned, the data above also uses the verb ‘kill’ to describe them. According to Online Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, the verb ‘kill’ means ‘to make somebody or something die’. 2. Nomination The executed Indonesian migrant workers are nominated by using the semiformal pattern which is using given name and surname such as ‘Siti Zainab Rouba’,‘Tuti Tursilawati’ etc. According to van Leeuwen (2008) nomination occurs when the social actors are represented by highlighting their unique identity. Overall, in this category, the Middle East Media represent the executed IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 24 Indonesian migrant workers four times as activated social actors and seven times as the passivated social actors. Data 22: Sitti Zainab RoubaNOM1 was found guilty by the General Court here of stabbing Norah bint Abdullah Al-Maroubi to death with a knife in September 1999. EXMI_ARN_15_04_'15 Data 23: RoubaNOM1 then placed the body in a bag and dragged it into a bathroom. EXMI_ARN_15_04_'15 Data 24: Amnesty International said ZainabNOM1 had confessed to the killing but during police interrogation. EXMI_ARB_16_04_'15 Data 25: SitiNOM1 was sentenced to death in 1999 for the killing of her employer’s wife. EXMI_ARB_19_04_'15 The data above realized the executed Indonesian migrant workers as a unique identity (refers to one person) since they are realized by using their name. From the lexical analysis, the text producers use the verbs which have negative meanings to describe the executed Indonesian migrant workers with the verbs 1)‘kill’ which is defined by Online Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as ‘to make somebody or something die’; 2) ‘stab’ means ‘to push a sharp, pointed object, especially a knife into somebody, killing or injuring them’ etc. 3. Suppression The Middle East media exclude the Saudis government as the executor so that it will drive the readers/audiences’ attention to the criminal cases which were done by the Indonesian migrant workers, as follow Data 26: She had been convictedEXC1 of killing her employer's four-year-old child. EXMI_ARB_19_04_'15 Data 27: Tuti Tursilawati was sentencedEXC1 to death in 2011 for killing her Saudi employer. EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 The data above foreground the criminal cases that were done by the executed Indonesian migrant workers. The following data foreground the executed Indonesian migrant workers’ reasons or excuses for doing the criminal cases such as by foregrounding the Indonesian migrant worker’s mental health and foreground it as a self-defense action which can be seen in the following categories. Data 28:Tuti TursilawatiNOM1 was executed on Monday in the city of Taif, Indonesia's foreign ministry said, seven years after she was sentenced to death for killing her employer in an act she claimed was self-defence from sexual abuse. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 Data 29:TursilawatiNOM1 claimed she was acting in self-defence when she killed her employer in 2010 after he tried to rape her. EXMI_ALJ_31_10_'18 Data 30:TursilawatiNOM1 said she acted in "self-defence" and that she killed her Saudi boss after he attempted to abuse her sexually. EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 25 The data above are categorized as nomination category since the actor is represented by using their unique identity. The above data show that Al Jazeera and Middle East Eye show another information of the executed Indonesian migrant workers which is the act of ‘self-defense’. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary ‘self-defense’ means ‘something you say or do in order to protect yourself when you are being attacked, criticized etc’. Therefore the data above show the executed Indonesian migrant workers’ reason and defense for their crime. Beside the act of self-defence , the Middle East media also show another excuse of the Indonesian migrant workers as follow, Data 70: Indonesia has summoned the Saudi ambassador after the kingdom suddenly beheaded an Indonesian maidCAT1 believed to have a mental illness. EXMI_ARB_16_04_'15 Data 71: Saudi Arabia has been criticised worldwide for suddenly executing an Indonesian maidCAT1 believed to have been suffering from a mental illness. EXMI_ARB_16_04_'15 Data 72: Saudi Arabia executes Indonesian maidCAT1 who killed man she says assaulted her EXMI_MEE_01_11_'18 Data 73: Saudi Arabia slammed for executing 'mentally ill' maidCAT1 EXMI_ARB_16_04_'15 The data above use the categorization category since the actor is represented by using their identity (nationality). In addition, the data above also describe that one of the executed Indonesian migrant workers is suffering ‘mental ill’ which means that she is not fully realize what she is doing. Although one of executed Indonesian migrant workers are represented as the one who did self-defense, and the mental-illness condition. The executed Indonesian migrant workers generally are represented negatively in Middle East Media since Middle East Media tend to foreground more information related to the executed Indonesian migrant workers’ criminal cases in the representation by using the verbs which have negative meaning. Conclusion After analyzing the Middle East media articles concerning the executions of Indonesian migrant workers’ executions in Saudi Arabia, it can be concluded that the text producers present the negative representation of Indonesian government and the executed Indonesian migrant workers. It can be seen from the negative lexical choices which are used by the writers to describe all the actors such as activated the Saudis government with the verbs ‘execute’, ‘behead’ , ‘kill’ ‘execute a mentally-ill Indonesian workers’ etc. and also presented the executed Indonesian migrant workers’ criminal cases by collocating them with the verbs ‘stab’, ‘knife to death’, etc. in addition, the Middle East media also represents the Indonesian government as the hypocritical party since Indonesian government also still implement the death penalty. References Al-Jazeera. (Released on October 31, 2018). “Indonesia protests Saudi execution of domestic worker”. Accessed January 12, 2019 from: IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 1, September 2020, pp. 15-27 26 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/indonesia-protests-saudi-execution- domestic-worker-181031094812124.html Arab News. (Released on April 15, 2015). “Housemaid who brutally killed Saudi employer put to death”. 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