IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 International Journal of Humanity Studies http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJHS Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 194 EUPHEMISM AND DYSPHEMISM STRATEGIES IN DONALD TRUMP’S SPEECH AT SOTU 2020 Lutvia Nurul Kafi and Agwin Degaf Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia lutvikafi@gmail.com; agwindegaf@uin-malang.ac.id correspondence: lutvikafi@gmail.com DOI: 10.24071/ijhs.v4i2.3205 received 16 March 2021; accepted 29 March 2021 Abstract In this article, the researchers aim to explain the types and functions of the use of expressions of euphemism and dysphemism in President Donald Trump's speeches at the State of the Union Address 2020. With Donald Trump's controversial background and many of his statements attracting attention, researchers assume that Trump uses many expressions of euphemism and dysphemism in his speech. This study uses Allan's and Burridge's (1991) theoretical framework on euphemism and dysphemism as the base for data analysis. This study's data were taken from Trump's utterances in his speech. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method to carry out in-depth analysis. The results of this study indicate that there are eight types of euphemistic expressions, five types of dysphemism, eight functions of euphemisms, and six functions of dysphemism. Keywords: euphemism, dysphemism, political speech Introduction Politics is one of the main issues discussed by the public and the media. Indeed, it happens because the actions of each person can be motivated by certain political influences. Political figures themselves are often in the spotlight of the public and journalists for their political activities and discourses. Their statements have been the subject of intense discussion by linguists primarily related to their political utterances. The statements they express in the public domain then come to the fore as a discourse. Discourse itself means a set of sentences or harmonious sayings that connect proportions, sentences to one another and refers to certain goals (Bahri, 2009). When we talk about discourse, the first thing that can be observed about political speech is the choice of politicians' words. According to van Dijk (2000), word choice is closely related to the "us vs. them" strategy, manifested by euphemistic and dysphemistic language styles. These two terms are usually used to indicate who belongs to a group and who is considered "the other." Euphemism is a term to describe the use of certain beautiful words to give a subtle impression IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 195 in a text context as a substitute for an offensive or unpleasant expression. (KBBI, 2001) Euphemism is described as an attempt to avoid harsh and offensive words by using words that have a more positive connotation so as not to cause violations of social norms. Using euphemisms, the speaker can criticize and convey his opinion to the interlocutor safely and without offending. In this sense, euphemisms are closely related to the principle of politeness in language. However, it is also used in political processes with certain discourse themes to achieve individual goals (Vedung, 1982; Bahri, 2009). According to Allan and Burridge (1991), dysphemism itself is a word or phrase with a painful or disturbing connotation for someone who is being spoken to and for those who listen to the conversation. Besides, Allan and Burridge (1991) state that dysphemism is an expression that has a semantically negative connotation and is chosen by the speaker to show his negative assessment of something or someone so that negative nuances appear. Zollner (1997) defines dysphemism as an expression used to indicate something taboo, rude, inappropriate, or of low value. Due to its negative connotations, the use of dysphemism is largely based on propaganda and oppositional discourse. The use of euphemistic and dysphemistic language styles by politicians can then represent their ideology. Van Dijk (2006) gave an example that politicians with anti-communist ideologies usually tend to use dysphemism in their speeches to show that communism is a bad ideology, and these politicians will use euphemism when they talk about bad things related to their ideology so that these bad things seem to be more neutral, even less bad in meaning. This makes researchers interested in studying euphemisms and dysphemisms in the political discourse of state leaders or presidents whose every statement is often in the public spotlight. Therefore, researchers decided to examine the political speech by the United States president, Donald Trump. The reason for choosing this figure is because of the controversy that he often carries out. Many studies have examined Trump's discourse, especially in uncovering his ideology to get support and sympathy from the public. In this description, previous research will be explained and categorized according to its similarities, such as research subjects, theories, or topics studied, and others. In several previous studies, some researchers examined the use of euphemisms and dysphemisms to focus on political speech research. As the research conducted by Zang and Lei (2019) about the use of euphemism in Donald Trump speeches from 2018 to 2019. Here they use the conceptual metonymy theory and conceptual metaphor. In the results, it is stated that there are three things behind the use of euphemisms, namely concealment, avoidance, and politeness. Furthermore, Olimat (2020) researched the expression of the dysphemism Trump used in his speech about Covid-19. In his research, he combines three theories, namely Critical Discourse Analysis by Van Dijk (1997), Allan and Burridge's theory (2006), with his concept of dysphemism, and the conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In the results of his research, he stated that Trump is someone who has linguistic reliability in persuading, influencing, and even turning the listener's mind with his utterances when making political speeches. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 196 The following studies use the same theory based on Allan and Burridge's theories. The research includes Heryana's (2019) research, which examines euphemisms and dysphemism in the news media to uncover their form, meaning, and function. Furthermore, Laili (2012), with her eco-linguistic research, also focuses on finding ways, types, and functions. Other previous studies examine euphemism and dysphemism, which are not mentioned. However, a study like this research was conducted by Rachman (2016). He examines President Jokowi's use of euphemisms with a focus on discussing types and styles. Like this research, he also uses Allan & Burridge's theory in his research. The choice of Allan and Burridge's theory in this study is because this theory explains the types of euphemisms and dysphemisms more carefully and systematically. From the explanation above, this study conducts further analysis and is different from previous studies. This research will analyze the use of euphemism and dysphemism expressions used by President Donald Trump, especially in terms of types and functions. According to researchers, the selection of objects and topics is interesting and different from previous studies. This state speech was held shortly after the tragedy of the overthrow of Iranian general Qassim Soleimani by a US military attack on President Donald Trump's orders. Assuming that this speech is also motivated by the ideology and power of Donald Trump and because his speech is related to political and social issues, this research uses Allan and Burridge's theory. It integrates it with Van Dijk's theory of discourse analysis to interpret functions to obtain more critical analysis results. Several assumptions have also motivated researchers to formulate several problems related to Donald Trump's political speeches. The first assumption is that the researcher believes that the text of Donald Trump's speech, especially on February 4, 2020, has many diction and speech elements that contain elements of euphemism and dysphemism, as mentioned above regarding some examples taken from his speech. This suspicion is also reinforced because Donald Trump's background is known for his narcissism and arrogance (Enns, 2018). The next assumption is that the diction which contains euphemisms and dysphemism here does have a certain function by the context of the text used in the state speech. The final assumption is that several types of euphemisms and dysphemisms emerged in his speech to congress. This assumption also departs from the statement of Rahardjo (2002), which states that the use of elements of euphemism and dysphemism by political figures can have certain goals beyond reality. Therefore, the researcher aims to conduct this research to reveal the types and functions of the euphemisms and dysphemisms that Donald Trump uttered in his speech and to show the facts that might be contained in his speech. Method This research on euphemisms and dysphemism uses descriptive qualitative methods. It is shown to analyze and describe the data so that the results obtained emphasize more on meaning. The data is taken from President Donald Trump's speech at the 2020 State of the Union Address congressional meeting, in the form of words or phrases or clauses or sentences. In analyzing the data, the researchers used several steps following Allan's and Burridge's (1991) theory. It is described briefly, concisely, and sequential from beginning to end so that the reader quickly understands it. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 197 Findings and Discussion Types and Functions of Euphemism In this study, the researchers found eight types of expressions using euphemisms: circumlocution, hyperbole, figurative expression, abbreviation, one for one substitution, understatement, jargon, and synesthesia. Trump's use of euphemism expressions in his speech is divided into several functions: delivering information, quipping, exaggerating, showing respect, criticizing, avoiding words that stir up panic or anxiety, giving advice, avoiding taboo things, and showing concern or sympathy. The full explanation is below, along with examples of the data. Circumlocution Circumlocution is the use of several words that are longer and more indirect (Laili, 2012). Circumlocution usually takes the form of using the word in a circle, not getting to the point of the conversation, and adding a few words or other terms to make it longer. The following is an example of a unit of euphemism in the form of circumlocution found in the data. Data 1 Under the last administration, more than 10 million people were added to the food stamps rolls. Under my administration, 7 million Americans have come off of food stamps, and 10 million people have been lifted off of welfare. In 8 years under the last administration, over 300.000 working-age people dropped out of the workforce. In just 3 years of my administration, 3,5 million working-age people have joined the workforce. In this expression, Trump uses the phrase “last administration” which refers to Obama's administration. The choice of the “last administration” phrase is deemed more refined and can be understood by listeners even though it only implies the meaning. In this context, this expression serves as a satire because the statement contains a comparison of Trump's achievements during his presidency. The second sentence reinforces this reason in the statement above, which states, "in 8 years under the last administration," which directly shows that the "last administration" here is intended to insult Barack Obama's achievements in the previous administration, whose achievements were much lower than Trump's. Trump tried to make small talk by indirectly mentioning the satirical party so that the expression he made could sound smoother and nicer. Hyperbole According to Allan and Burridge (1991), Hyperbole is an expression that exaggerates to express a real situation. This expression is commonly used in everyday life to emphasize and exaggerate a statement. It aims to illustrate a particular situation to the listener. The following are some examples of a hyperbolic euphemistic expression unit found in the data. Data 2 I am thrilled to report to you tonight that our economy is the best it has ever been. Our military is completely rebuilt with its power being unmatched anywhere in the IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 198 world, and it is not even close. Our borders are secure. Our families are flourishing. Our values are renewed. Our pride is restored. And for all these 35 reasons, I say to the people of our great country, and to the Members of Congress before me : the State of our Union is stronger than ever before! Hyperbolic expressions intend to exaggerate a situation to refine the speaker's meaning. For example, in the first expression, “with its power being unmatched anywhere in the world, and it is not even close”, here is an exaggeration in the American military's context occupying the highest position in the world with the most muscular military power. Trump is trying to emphasize that no other country can match American power. This expression's function is also to exaggerate because seen from its use in that context, and Trump is trying to suggest that America is truly a powerful country. He chose not to directly express it with the phrase "powerful military" or "strongest military" but made small talk by giving more emphasis to make his expression stronger. Figurative Expression A figurative expression is a form of expression by symbolizing, likening, or decorating something with another form (Heryana, 2019). Some forms of euphemisms in Donald Trump's speech that use figurative expressions are as follows. Data 3 Almost every American family knows the pain when a loved one is diagnosedwith a serious illness. Here tonight is a special man, someone beloved by millions of americans who just received a stage 4 advanced cancer diagnosis. This is not good news, but what is good news is that he is the greatest fighter and winner that you 37 will ever meet. Rush Limbaugh: thank you for your decades of tireless devotion to our country. Rush, in recognition of all that you have done for our nation, the millions of people a day that you speak to and inspire, and all of the incredible work that you have done for charity, I am proud to announce tonight that you will be receiving our country’s highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. I will now ask the First Lady of the United States to please stand and present you with the honor. Rush, Kathryn, congratulations. The expression “greatest fighter and winner” here is an example of using euphemism in the form of a metaphor. Trump chose to use the word “fighter”, which is synonymous with “fighters sent to fight” or “fight crime”, and the word “winner”, which is synonymous with “the person who wins the competition”, refers to Rush Limbaugh, who managed to recover from terminal cancer. This context's expression serves to provide sympathy and show the speaker's respect for the intended person. Trump chose to use the expression “greatest fighter and winner” instead of a man who has successfully recovered from his cancer because the words “fighter” and “winner” here have a moresubtle meaning and impression for Trump to show his appreciation for Rush, who has struggled hard against his disease and which ultimately resulted in healing for him. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 199 Abbreviation An abbreviation is a shortening of a word to several shorter letters but not a whole word (Laili, 2012). The abbreviations in the units of expression of euphemisms are meant to protect the feelings of others. The following is an example of a euphemism unit in the form of an abbreviation in the data. Data 4 We have launched ambitious new initiatives to substantially improve care for Americans with kidney disease, Alzheimer’s and those struggling with mental health challenges. And because the Congress funded my request, we are pursuing new cures for childhood cancer, and we will eradicate the AIDS epidemic in Amerika by the end of the decade. The word “AIDS” above is a form of euphemism expression. Nevertheless, the word AIDS here is also included in an acronym because it is in the form of a complete word which comes from the combination of the initials of several words, namely Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (the final stage of HIV disease which is a disease that attacks the immune system and until now there has been no cure for it). AIDS itself is one of the deadliest diseases in America; as Trump stated, this disease has become an epidemic in America. Trump chose to name the disease in an acronym to avoid being taboo and intimidating for listeners. Therefore, the function of euphemistic expressions in this context is to avoid words that cause a scare, fear, or disgust. One for One Substitution According to Allan’s and Burridge’s (1991) opinion, one for one substitution means one word that has the same meaning, but is more subtle, and can replace one other word that is coarser. The following is an example of a unit of euphemism in the form of one word to replace one other word (one for one substitution) found in the data. Data 5 As we restore American leadership throughout the world, we are once again standing up for freedom in our hemisphere. That is why my administration reserved the falling policies of the previous administration on Cuba. We are supporting the hopes of Cuban, Nicaraguans, and Venezuelans to restore democracy. The United States is leading a 59-nation diplomatic coalition against the socialist dictator of Venezuela, Nicholas Maduro. Substituting one word for another is intended to smooth the speaker's words. The “hemisphere” here is used to refine the words “nation” or “countries”. In this context, the word “hemisphere” refers to the countries under the leadership of the United States, especially countries in the hemisphere of the American continent. In that sentence, Trump tried to provide information that the American leadership had returned and had brought back independence to the countries he led. On the other hand, this expression is used to hide the fact that there are still some areas in America which, according to Trump, are not yet independent like Venezuela because a dictator leads them. Nevertheless, to cover this fact, Trump gives a IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 200 subtle impression with “we are once again standing up for freedom in our hemisphere”. Understatement Understatement is a word meaning that is separated from the meaning of the original word to be humble (Rachman, 2016). The following are examples of euphemistic expressions in the form of understatement found in the data. Data 5 As we restore American leadership throughout the world, we are once again standing up for freedom in our hemisphere. That is why my administration reserved the falling policies of the previous administration on Cuba. We are supporting the hopes of Cuban, Nicaraguans, and Venezuelans to restore democracy. The United States is leading a 59-nation diplomatic coalition against the socialist dictator of Venezuela, Nicholas Maduro. The meaning of leadership is leading a group or organization, but here it implies domination. It means that Trump has indirectly stated that America's domination of countries in the world has returned. It could happen because Trump's background, who was previously a businessman, often intersects with the term leadership because this term itself is more closely related to the world of economy and business. This expression's function in context is to hide the fact that the real point of leadership here is that America's domination is recovering. Not to overtly state this, Trump chose to be humble and use the word “leadership” to avoid his ambitious impression. Synesthesia Synesthesia is a change in meaning caused by an exchange of responses between two different senses (Laili, 2012). The following is an example of a dysphemistic expression unit in synesthesia found in the data. Data 6 Days later, the criminal alien went on a gruesome spree of deadly violence. He viciously shot one man going about his daily work, he approached woman sitting in her car and shot her in the arm and the chest. He walked into a convenience store and wildly fires his weapon. He hijacked a truck and smashed into vehicles, critically injuring innocent victims. One of his bloody rampage was a 51-year-old American named Rocky Jones. Rocky was at a gas station when this vile criminal fired eight bullets at him from close range, murdering him in cold blood. Rocky left behind a devoted family, including his brothers who loved him more anything. One of his grieving brothers is here with us tonight. Jody, would you please stand? Jody, our hearts weep for your loss, and we will not rest until you have justice. The use of the synesthesia expression is shown by the expression “our hearts weep for your loss”. The word “weep” here is used for the sense of the eye, but Trump puts it on the heart, which incidentally cannot cry. It is intended to provide a sympathetic effect on the sadness felt by the shooting victims' families. It is an example of euphemistic expressions that serve to show sympathy and concern. Using the word 'weep' to heart instead of eyes means that they are saddened and IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 201 condoled for the incident. So it does not have to show that the eyes are crying to show sadness. From this, it proves that Trump uses euphemistic expressions to show sympathy and sorrow. Jargon A technical term or jargon is the use of words that have the same meaning but differ in form (Laili, 2012). Examples are as in the data below. Data 7 My administration is also strongly defending our national security and combating radical Islamic terrorism. Last week, I announced a groundbreaking plan for peace between Israel and the Palestinians. Recognizing that all past attempts have failed, we must be determined and creative in order to stabilize the region and give millions of young people the change to realize a better future. In this context, Trump uses the word “stabilize” to express that he plans to maintain state security and fight radical terrorists, with a peace plan between Israel and Palestine. The use of the word “stabilize” itself here serves to hide the facts. Before this speech, Trump stated that Hamas, an Islamic defense organization to liberate Palestine from Israel's shackles, is a terrorist group, and the United States itself is known to be allied with Israel. Moreover, the Trump administration has withdrawn all forms of assistance to the Palestinian state and its citizens due to Trump's frustration because Palestine refuses peace dialogue with Israel. From this, Trump is only siding with one side, and he is trying to look good by using the word stabilize rather than reconcile. In other words, it could be that stabilization here actually means stabilizing Israel's victory over Palestine. The Types and Functions of Dysphemism In this study, the researchers found five types of dysphemism: hyperbole, jargon, idiom, one for one substitution, and circumlocution. It proves that in his speech, Trump uses expressions of dysphemism to voice things that are not pleasing to his heart. In his speech, Trump's use of dysphemistic expressions is divided into several functions, including exaggerating, criticizing, giving information, insulting, ridicule or sharpening the insult, quipping, showing disagreement, and denoting dislike. A full description is set out below. Hyperbole According to Allan and Burridge (1991), hyperbole is an expression that contains exaggerated statements with a specific purpose. The following is an example of a hyperbolic dysphemistic expression unit found in the data. Data 8 One of the single biggest promises I made to American people was to replace the disastrous NAFTA trade deal. In fact, unfair trade is perhaps the single biggest reason that I decided run for President. Following NAFTA’s adoption, our Nation lost one in four manufacturing jobs. Many politicians came and went, pledging to change or to replace NAFTA, only to do absolutely nothing. But unlike so many who came before me, I keep my promises. Six days ago, I replaced NAFTA and signed the brand new United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (UMSCA) into law. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 202 The context in this example is that Trump shows his disappointment with the NAFTA agreement system, which is no longer profitable for the United States. He expressed his dislike of using the phrase "disastrous NAFTA trade deal." Trump is trying to exert pressure that the agreement is indeed catastrophic for America. It is exaggerated because Trump has chosen to use a harsher word, namely “disastrous”, instead of using more subtle expressions such as “adverse agreement” or “irrelevant agreements”. This expression shows displeasure because Trump directly shows his feelings towards the agreement system, which he feels is more beneficial to other countries. For such reasons, it is no wonder that Trump has criticized the pursuit of new reforms by forging new agreements. With his success in making this new agreement, Trump indirectly shows that he has great power in his power. Jargon The use of technical terms (jargon) is a word that has the same meaning but has different forms (Rachman, 2016). The following is an example of a unit of dysphemistic expression in the form of the use of technical terms (jargon) found in the data. Data 9 The United States is leading a 59-nation diplomatic coalition against the socialist dictator of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro. Maduro is an illegitimate ruler, a tyrant who brutalizes his people. Cut Maduro’s grip of tyranny will be smashed and broken. The second example is the illegitimate ruler, where the ruler should give a positive impression because he has a position as a country's leader. In this context, it is stated that Maduro is no longer the legitimate president of Venezuela because Juan Guaido has legally and legally replaced him. Nevertheless, Maduro won the presidential election for the second time, but Trump disagrees more and recognizes the legislative member Guaido as the official leader. From this, it can be concluded that the function of the expression of dysphemism in this context is to show dislike and disapproval for something that is not pleasing to the speaker's heart. One for One Substitution One word with the same meaning but is coarser can substitute for another word, which is more subtle (Laili, 2012). Replacement of harsher expressions is done to sharpen the meaning of the speaker. The following is an example of a one-for one substitution expression unit found in the data. Data 9 The United States is leading a 59-nation diplomatic coalition against the socialist dictator of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro. Maduro is an illegitimate ruler, a tyrant who brutalizes his people. But Maduro’s grip of tyranny will be smashed and broken. A speaker commonly uses the replacement of one word with another to the abrasiveness of an utterance. As in the example data 9, there is the word “tyrant”. Tyrant means a leader who has full power to humiliate his people cruelly. Trump IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 203 gave Maduro the title to give the impression of being more ruthless than the dictator. Furthermore, the expression of dysphemism in the tyrant expression shows dislike. Tyrant is a term that refers to a country leader who has full power over its people to rule viciously and cruelly. In hindsight, Maduro was Venezuela's legitimate leader in the presidential election, and he has served for his second term since 2019. However, because in his leadership, Maduro was judged incompetent for bringing his country into decline; perhaps, Trump showed his displeasure by calling him a tyrant. Moreover, this is a form of insulting, vilifying, and sharpening the insult towards Maduro. Trump has previously called Maduro a dictator, but he has sharpened his insults by choosing the tyrant. Idiom An idiom is an expression that functions as a unit whose meaning will be lost if the phrase is separated (Laili, 2012). Below is an example of data using idioms. Data 10 Days later, the criminal alien went on a gruesome spree of deadly violence. He viciously shot one man going about his daily work, he approached woman sitting in her car and shot her in the arm and the chest. He walked into a convenience store and wildly fires his weapon. He hijacked a truck and smashed into vehicles, critically injuring innocent victims. One of his bloody rampage was a 51-year-old American named Rocky Jones. Rocky was at a gas station when this vile criminal fired eight bullets at him from close range, murdering him in cold blood. Rocky left behind a devoted family, including his brothers who loved him more anything. One of his grieving brothers is here with us tonight. Jody, would you please stand? Jody, our hearts weep for your loss, and we will not rest until you have justice. The first use of idiom expressions in the data above is “cold blood”. Its literal meaning cannot take as its phase because it will give a different meaning from the speaker's meaning. In this context, Trump mentioned that the foreign shooter had killed Rocky cruelly and heartlessly. By using the idiomatic expression cold blood, Trump gave an even bigger negative impression. Trump did not choose to use another idiom because it is closely related to heinous things like murder. The function of this dysphemism expression is to convey information about the chronology of how the crime occurred. By adding idiomatic spices, Trump wanted to give a more dramatic impression with what he said. Circumlocution Based on Rachman’s (2016) opinion, circumlocution is the use of several words that are longer and more indirect. Circumlocution usually takes the form of using the word in a circle, not getting to the point of the conversation, and adding a few words or other terms to make it longer. The following are examples of the unit of expression for dysphemism in the form of circumlocution found in the data. Data 11 One of the single biggest promises I made to American people was to replace the disastrous NAFTA trade deal. In fact, unfair trade is perhaps the single biggest reason that I decided run for President. Following NAFTA’s adoption, our Nation IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 204 lost one in four manufacturing jobs. Many politicians came and went, pledging to change or to replace NAFTA, only to do absolutely nothing. But unlike so many who came before me, I keep my promises. Six days ago, I replaced NAFTA and signed the brand new United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (UMSCA) into law. The expression dysphemism in the form of circumlocution in the above expression essentially shows that many politicians have failed to fix NAFTA. Trump uses this expression to make small talk and a form of criticism of the politician's performance. The sentence stated that 'many politicians came and went, pledging to change or replace NAFTA, only to do absolutely nothing' to sharply criticize the NAFTA agreement's problem, which was no longer profitable. Speakers criticized the performance of politicians who failed in fixing them, and the speakers also gave the impression that they emphasized the criticism more by 'only to do absolutely nothing,' which means that they had no progress in performance. Discussion After obtaining the data and analysis related to the research questions in this study, in this session, the researchers describe a more in-depth discussion of the findings on the theories used in this study to provide more in-depth explanations to strengthen the answers to the research questions. Besides that, the researchers also explain the interpretation of the relationship between the use of expressions of euphemism and dysphemism with Donald Trump's political speech in this study. In this study, as mentioned in chapters 1 and 2, the theory used in this study is the theory of euphemism and dysphemism by Allan and Burridge, which states that there are sixteen types of expressions of the two terms. After analyzing, the researchers finally found eight types of euphemistic expressions used in Donald Trump's speech this time: circumlocution, hyperbole, figurative expressions, abbreviations, one for one substitution, understatement, jargon, and synesthesia. From the results of this study, the researchers got a new expression, namely synesthesia, from the sixteen types of Allan and Burridge theory. Still, it was also found in Elisa's 2012 study. After that, for the findings of the type of dysphemism expression, the researchers found five types of dysphemism: hyperbole, jargon, idiom, one for one substitution, and circumlocution. These belong to the sixteen types of euphemisms and dysphemisms of the leading theory. After conducting this research, the researchers concluded that the current study results have several similarities and differences with the theory and previous research that became the reference in this study. As stated in Allan and Burridge theory, which is the basis of this research theory, there are sixteen types of euphemisms and dysphemisms. After doing research, the results here were only found in as many as eight species. The same thing happened in several previous studies whose results did not mention sixteen species. In this regard, there are two studies that both examine types of euphemisms and dysphemisms. Like Elisa's (2012) research, her research found 13 types of euphemisms and 13 types of dysphemism in the topic of her environmental discourse. Rachman's (2016) research on euphemisms only found six types of the sixteen types mentioned in IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 205 theory. It is proven that the research objects are different, so the results obtained are also different. Furthermore, regarding the function of using euphemism and dysphemism expressions, according to Allan and Burridge's theory, there are seven types of euphemism functions, and there are four functions of dysphemism (in Kurniawati, 2016: p53). This study found eight euphemism expression functions and six dysphemistic expression functions. Of course, these results are different compared to the results of previous studies. Some of it is due to the diversity of theories and approaches used, resulting in varied research results. Then, further discussion will discuss the relationship between the use of expressions of euphemism and dysphemism with the political speech made by Donald Trump at the State of the Union Address 2020. As mentioned above, eight types of euphemisms and five types of dysphemism have been found. Of the eight types of euphemisms used, Donald Trump tends to use the hyperbole type often. In its context, this euphemism is often used when Donald Trump discusses his performance and achievements. Besides that, it is also used in discussing matters relating to America and its people. Furthermore, of the five types of dysphemism found, in their use, it was found that Trump used more one for one substitution. This usage is often found when Trump discusses political opponents or parties that it considers not supporting and is labelled as enemies. The intensity of using words that impress badly shows that Trump is the type of person who is easy to tease and shows his dislike openly through his utterances. In conclusion, the researchers can conclude that several previous studies with the latest research have many differences and similarities. The use of the same theory can also affect the similarity of the researchers' interpretation in examining each object. However, with different approaches and different objectivity, it also causes different results but is related and complements each other's shortcomings. After conducting this research, the researcher can determine why the speakers use euphemism and dysphemism expressions in their speech and statements. Conclusion After conducting this research, it can be concluded that President Donald Trump was proven to use expressions of euphemism and dysphemism in his speech. The researchers concluded that the elements of euphemism and dysphemism are closely related to politics with the discovery of eight types of euphemism and five types of dysphemism and the function behind the use of these expressions. As explained in the discussion section, President Donald Trump uses more euphemism in expressing things related to himself and any other things related to the U.S. government. Whereas when talking about what he deems to be a crime or something that he considers threatening and not commendable, he will use the expression dysphemism. It can be seen from this that President Donald Trump is the type of person who is good at expressing himself through words and speech because it is supported by his background, who is a businessman and a man with much experience as he is also involved in U.S. politics. The conclusion above shows that linguistic elements, euphemism and dysphemism, cannot be separated from every person's utterances, both politicians and ordinary people. There is a vital function behind their use, either to avoid IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 206 taboo or wrong words or as a form of self-expression when we meet things that unmatch with something that we expect. As readers, we must be more sensitive to someone's words because they may indirectly try to message through their words, whether subtle or harsh, as not all conditions can support them. References Abdelaal, N. M., Alisood, A. M., & Sase, A. S. (2015). Investigating Obama’s ideology in his speech on Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 2(7), 228-246. Agfarinnisa, H. N. (2015). Euphemism found in Insert Trans TV Indonesian infotainment. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FIB, 1(6). Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (1991). Euphemism & dysphemism: Language used as shield and weapon. Retrieved on February 15 2020 from DOI: 10.2307/416552 Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. Retrieved on 30 September 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017 %2F9780511617881?_sg%5B0%5D=d_biFuLiH9bow0zhaTMAZOFKJx67 OzhiMbyRiCHXhhVtH4h1MODEsOf3tM6Lka1q0MlWOPK_K3WLP3ga_0 9EZ3LknQ.AF4vrFslY1csDUaYy_T3g2SfgAjwHAfR4eEZ8o_WjWJfT2TP UL_9KWf3S7c__oKBcvMy8sktaob5lyTaiq-z0w Bahri, S. (2009). Eufemisme dalam wacana politik. Jurnal Bahas, 18(02). Retrieved on February 2, 2020 from http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/490/ Degaf, A. (2016). The functions of derogation and euphemism found in hollywood movies. The 3rd Forum on Linguistics and Literature, 27 October 2016, Faculty of Humanities, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Retrieved on November 11, 2020, from http://repository.uin- malang.ac.id/1692/ Dijk, T. A. Discourse, context and cognition. Research Article. Retrieved on 3 November 2020 from https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461445606059565 Dijk, T. A. (2000). Ideology and discourse a multidisciplinary introduction. Retrieved on 6 October 2020 from http://www.discourses.org/UnpublishedArticles/Ideology%20and%20discour se.pdf Enns, P. K. (2018). Clarifying the role of racism in the 2016 US Presidential election: Opinion change, anti-immigrant sentiment, and vote choice. In annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston. Fernández, E. C. (2008). Sex-related euphemism and dysphemism: An analysis in terms of conceptual metaphor theory. Atlantis, 95-110. Fernandez, E. C. (2014). Euphemism and political discourse in the british regional press. Brno Studies in English, 40(1). Retrieved on November 15, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287593086_Euphemism_and_politi cal_discoursein_the_British_regional_press Heryana, N. (2019). Eufemisme dan disfemisme pada media berita daring republika: Perkembangan kasus setya novanto edisi Januari 2018. Jurnal Visi Ilmu Pendidikan, 11(1), 72-83. about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank about:blank IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 194-207 207 Laili, E. N. (2012). Eufemisme Dan disfemisme pada wacana lingkungan: Sebuah kajian ekolinguistik kritis dalam media massa di Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada). Meilasari, P., Nababan, N., & Djatmika, D. (2016). Analisis terjemahan ungkapan eufemisme dan disfemisme pada teks berita online BBC. Prasasti: Journal of Linguistics, 1(2), 336-358. Olimat, S. N. (2020). Words as powerful weapons: Dysphemism in Trump’s covid-19 speeches. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 26(3). Qianbo, L. I. (2016). Theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis. Studies in Literature and Language, 13(5), 36-40. Rachman, A., & Yunianti, S. (2017). Critical discourse analysis in Donald Trump presidential campaign to win American’s heart. TELL, 5(2), 8-17. Rachman, A. A. (2016). Euphemism used in President Jokowi’s political speech at the 60th Asian-African Conference Commemoration (AACC) 2015 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim). Rahardjo, M. (2004). Politik bahasa dan bahasa politik (Bahasa dalam praksis politik di Indonesia). ULUL ALBAB Jurnal Studi Islam, 5(1), 83-107. Sharififar, M., & Rahimi, E. (2015). Critical discourse analysis of political speeches: A case study of Obama's and Rouhani's speeches at UN. Theory and Practice in Language studies, 5(2), 343-349. Safitri, D. L. (2018). Comparison of the use of euphemism and dysphemism in the daily newspaper of Kompas and Republika as well as the implications for Indonesian language learning in senior high school. Thesis, Department of Education of Language and Literature of Indonesia, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teaching, the Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. Retrieved on 25 March 2021 from http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/39942/1/DINNY% 20LARAS-FITK Saputri, V., Ramadhan, S., & Asri, Y. (2019). Eufemisme Dan disfemisme dalam novel “Korupsi” karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 12(2), 197-207. Sulistyono, Y. (2016). Struktur dan fungsi eufemisme dalam rubrik'obituari'harian'kompas'. LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 1(2), 73-79. Vedung, E. (1982). Political reasoning. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Zhang, X, & Lei, X. A cognitive analysis of euphemism in Trump’s political speeches. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 7(11). Retrieved on November 19, 2020 from https://ijlass.org/articles/7.11.5.47- 59.pdf http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/39942/1/DINNY%20LARAS-FITK http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/39942/1/DINNY%20LARAS-FITK about:blank about:blank