IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 International Journal of Humanity Studies http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJHS Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 236 NASAL PREFIXES AS DENOMINAL VERB FORMERS IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE Nanik Herawati and Dwi Bambang Putut Setiyadi Widya Dharma University Klaten correspondence: akunaniherawati3@gmail.com DOI: 10.24071/ijhs.v4i2.3220 received 26 February 2021; accepted 30 March 2021 Abstract This research focuses on nasal prefixes as denominal verb formers in Javanese language. The formulation of problem can be stated as follows: (1) how is the form of denominal verbs with nasal prefixes? (2) what is the function of nasal in the forming of denominal verbs? (3) what is the meaning of nasal prefixes in denominal verbs forming? The goal of this research is to describe the function of nasal in the forming of denominal verbs in Javanese language. Research methodology includes: research strategy, location of the research, data and the source, data collection technique, data analysis technique, and the analysis of the result. There are three results, they are: (1) the form of denominal verbs with nasal prefixes in Javanese language (2) the function of nasal in the forming of denominal verbs of Javanese language (3) the meanings of nasal prefixes in the forming of denominal verbs. Keywords: nasal prefixes, verbs, nouns, derivation Introduction Many researches has discussed about morphology in Javanese language, but it’s hard to find the one that focuses on the forming of words with derivation, especially focus on the forming of denominal verbs. Affixation is a part of morphology. The other processes are reduplication and compounding. Nasal affixes can form denominal verbs; it means that the basic form of noun is attached an affix [N-] and becomes a verb. It is called denominal verb, that is, verb is derived form a noun. Nasal affixes can be derivative and inflective. Derivative nasal can form new word that lexically is different with the basic form; it also has different word category. But the attachment of nasal affix to basic form sometimes does not change the word category. In other words, the basic form and the new one have the same category. This research will discuss about nasal affixes {m-, n-, ng-, ny-, and nge-} that form denominal verbs in the Javanese language. Therefore, the basic form is a noun and the formers are nasal affixes. The research on derivation and inflection can be found in paper of Verhaar (1996: 143). It states that inflection is morphemic word changing that maintains lexical identity of the word. Whereas, derivation is morphemic word changing IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 237 that results new word with different identity. Verhaar states that inflection process maintain the class and identity of the word; and derivation word forming with different class and identity of the word. For example, the word maku ‘to nail’ is derived from the basic form paku ‘nail’. The word maku and paku are two words with different class and identity. (1) Bapa mundhut paku ning toko wesi. ‘Father bought nails at hardware store.’ (2) Bapa nembe maku meja ingkang sempal punika. ‘Father nailed the broken table.’ The word paku is noun; the maku is verb. Nasal prefixes in Javanese language has five allomorph, they are: {m-}, {n- }, {ng-}, {ny}, and {nge-}. The verb [N-] is active transitive and intransitive. Active verbs happen when the subject does the action. The subject (S) acts something and have the emphasis; whereas the object (O) is less emphasis. Denominal verbs with prefix [N-] can be formed from basic morphem beginning with consonant or vowel. There are some rules of forming word with nasal, they are: (1) Prefix [N-] will become /m/ when the basic morphem begins with consonant /b/, /p/, and /w/. Examples: Bobor ‘vegetables bobor’  mbobor ‘to make vegetables bobor’ Paku ‘nail  maku ‘to nail’ Warung ‘shop’  marung ‘to open a shop’ (2) Prefix [N-] will become /n/ when the basic morphem begins with consonant /t/, /th/, /d/, and /dh-/. Examples: Tali ‘rope’  nali ‘to bind’ Thuthuk ‘knock’  nuthuk ‘to knock’ Dhadha ‘chest’  ndhadha ‘to bear’ Dalang ‘mastermind’  ndalang ‘to become a mastermind’ (3) Prefix [N-] will become /ng-/ when the basic morphem begins with vowel /a/, /e/, /u/, /o/, /i/, and also begins with consonant /g/, /k/, /r/, /l/, and /y/. Examples: Ani-ani ‘knife to pick up rice’  ngani-ani ‘to harvest rice with ani- ani’ Endhog ‘egg’  ngendhog ‘to lay egg’ Ibu ‘mother’  ngibu ‘to suppose someone to be one’s mother’ Obor ‘torch’  ngobor ‘to lightt the torch’ Rabuk ‘fertilizer’  ngrabuk ‘to fertilizer’ Labur ‘paint’  nglabur ‘to paint’ Kapal ‘boat  ngapal ‘to sail’ (4) Prefix [N=] will become /ny/ when the basic morphem begins with /c/, /s/, and /j/. Examples: Cathut ‘pincers’  nyathut ‘to pull out something with cathut’ Soto ‘vegetables soto’  nyoto ‘to eat vegetables soto’ Jenang ‘porridge’  njenang ‘to make porridge’ (5) Prefix [N-] will become /nge-/ when the basic morphem is only one syllable. Examples: lap ‘rag’  ngelap ‘to wipe’ pel ‘mop’  ngepel ‘to mop the floor’ IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 238 Gong ‘music intrument’  ngegong ‘to beat a gong’ Based on the above explanation, the formulation of the problems can be stated as follows: 1. What is the form of denominal verbs with nasal prefixes? 2. What is the function of nasal in the forming of denominal verbs? 3. What is the meaning of nasal prefixes in the forming of denominal verbs? Morphology According to Verhaar, morphology (2001) is the basic unit in language as gramatical unit. As in the word ngepel ‘to mop the floor’, based on phonology it has five phonemes; based on morphology it has two minimal units, [nge-] and pel. The minimal unit is called morphem. There are two kinds of morphem: independent morphem and bound morphem. The independent morphem is a unit or free form in speech; it can stand alone to have the meaning. Examples: adus ‘to take abath’, lunga ‘to go’, turu ‘to sleep’. While bound morphem cannot stand alone to have a meaning; it needs other morphem to make a meaning. For example: morphem /nge-/, it does not have any meaning. Many language experts have done the research on morphology, such as Tambubolon (1983), Simatupang (1983), Subroto (1985), Ekowardono (1988), Sunoto (1990), uhlenbeck (1982), Kridalaksana (1998), Verhaar (2001), Ermanto (2008), Poedjosoedarmo (2016), Nanik Herawati (2017). Affixation Affixation is one of marphologic processes, like reduplication and compounding. Words are formed by adding prefix at the beginning of the words, or inserting infix in the middle of the words, or adding suffix in the end of the words, or confix (the combination of them). Sasangka (2001: 36) states that the affixation in Javanese language has four kinds, they are: (1) ater-ater ‘prefix’ (2) seselan ‘infix’ (3) panambang ‘suffix’ (4) ater-ater and panambang ‘prefix and suffix’. Poedjosoesdarmo (2016) states that Javanese prefixes are [N-, dak-, ko-, di-, ke-, sa-, pa-, pi-]. Javanese infixes are [-in-, -um-, -el-, -er-]. Javanese suffixes are [-i, -a, -e, -an, -na, -ake, -ane]. Javanese confixes are [ke-an, ke-en, pa-an, N-a, N-I, N-ake, N-ana, N-e, di-e, di-ana, di-ake, sa-e, -in-ake, -um-a]. His statement is in line with other language experts that words are formed with affixation. Positon of prefix is at the beginning of the word. Javanese prefix anuswara [N-] has five allomorphs, they are [m-, n-, ng-, nya-, nge-]. The other prefixes are [dak-, ko-, di-, a-, ma-, ka-]. This research will focuss on the nasal prefixes in the forming of derivative words. Word Category Poensen (1987) states that Javanese word category consists of (1) tembung aran ‘noun’ (2) tembung wasesa ‘article’ (3) tembung watak ‘adjective’ (4) tembung kriya ‘verb’ (5) tembung wilangan ‘number word’ (6) tembung sesulih ‘pronoun’ (7) tembung panerang ‘adverb’ (8) tembung ancer-ancer ‘preposition’ (9) tembung panyilah ‘conjunction’ (10) tembung sabawa ‘interjection’. So IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 239 Poensen classified Javanese words into 10 kinds. Padmosoekotjo (1987) also explains the same category. Verb Javanese words knows two kinds of verbs, they are (1) basic verb, such as lungo ‘to go’, adus ‘to take a bath’, turu ‘to sleep’, gojek ‘to play’, adang ‘to cook rice’ (2) derivative verb, such as maku ‘to nail’, nyapu ‘to sweep’, nggunting ‘to sew’, ngecet ‘to paint’, nyemprit ‘to blow wistle’. If derivative verb comes from a noun, it is called denominal verb. It means that the verb comes from a noun added with prefix. According to Poedjosoedarmo (2016) verb is a word that implies action. The verb has morphologic sign, that is, it can follow the slot: 1) [N-] L, [NL-i], and [NL-ake] for example: nuthuk ‘to beat’, nuthuki ‘to beat several times’, nuthukake ‘to beat for someone else’ 2) [NL-a], [NL-ana], and [NL-na] for example: macula ‘please hoe’, maculana ‘please hoe several times’, maculna ‘please hoe for someone else.’ 3) [dak-N], [dakN-i], and [dakN-ake] for example: daknulis ‘I write’, daknulisi ‘I vewrite for several times’, daknulisake ‘I write for someone else’. According to Wedhawati (2016) verb has some characteristics, they are: 1) Verb can be added with denial word ora ‘do not’, but cannot with dudu ‘to be not’ 2) Verb cannot be applied in the degree of comparison 3) Verb can function as a predicate 4) Verb cannot be followed with word that implies intensifying 5) Verb can be followed by adverb 6) Basic verb can function as a command, while derivative verb cannot. Noun According to Poedjosoedarmo (2016) a noun is a word that marks or names an object. It can stand alone, does not depend on other word. Javanese noun can be classified into some ways. According to the meaning, there are concrete nouns such as macan ‘tiger’ and pari ‘rice’; and there are abstract nouns such as akal ‘sense’ and kejujuran ‘honesty’. Derivation Gorys Keraf (1978) states that morphemic process changes lexical identity of a word. Derivation is distinguished into two categories: 1) Derivation as morphemic process that changes lexical identity followed with changing of categorical status, such as paku ‘nail’ (N) becomes maku ‘to nail’ (V) 2) Derivation as morphemic process that changes lexical identity without changing of categorical status, such as labu (V) becomes nglabuhi (V) In other words, derivation is morphologic process that can change word identity both transpositional and untranspositional. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 240 Denominal Verbs The forming a verb from noun is called denominal verb. The basic word is a noun processed with affixation or reduplication and becomes a verb. According to Nanik Herawati (2017) denominal verb is a verb from basic form gunting ‘scissors’ becomes menggunting ‘to cut with scissors’. Morphemic analysis, that word has two morphemes, they are {N-} and the basic form  {N-} + D = Vn. Other examples: paku ‘nail’  maku ‘to nail’  [N-paku]; sapu ‘broom  menyapu ‘to sweep’  [N-sapu]. Method This research has some goals, they are (1) to describe the nasal form in the process of forming the denominal verbs in the Javanese language, (2) to analyze the function of nasal in the forming of denominal verbs, and (3) to describe the meaning of nasal prefixes in the forming of denominal verbs. That’s why the structural description is used in the research. The topics that will be reviewed in this research cover: research strategy, research location, data and the data source, data collection technique, data analysis technique, and result presentation. This research uses description method,that is, describing the language phenomenon accurately and carefully. Data collection, according to Sudaryanto (1992), is called kualitative description. It collects data based on the facts so that the description is real. The location of this research is in the library to gain the written data. Besides that, the research is also held in Klaten and Solo to gain the data from the native speakers of Javanese language which is daily spoken. The data is words having nasal prefixes [N-: m-, n-, ny-, ng-, and nge-] which are kinds of ragam ngoko ‘lower language’. Derivative nasal prefixes are taken when they are verbs coming from basic form of nouns. The data source which is used is primary data and secondary ones. The primary data is many found the Panjebar Semangat magazine; while the secondary ones from daily speeches of society in Klaten and Solo. Data Collection Technique The technique of data collecting are listening technique and noting technique. (1) Listening technique means that we listens carefully to the speakers to gain the nasal prefixes of derivative denominal verbs, (2) Noting technique means that we note accurately the data gained. Data Analysis Technique To analyze data, technique two-two and technique expansion technique are used. To find the rule in analyzing data, three methods are used: (1) equivalent method (2) agih method (3) intropective reflection method. These methods are described in the book of Sudaryanto (Sudaryanto, 2001) 1. Technique Two-two To analyze the process of derivation with nasal prefixes, technique two-two is used. This technique shows wheather there is lexical identity difference or not concerning the category of the words. Affixation can change the category of words, eg, from a verb becomes a noun and like versa. The technique two-two can be described as follows: IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 241 Gunting ‘scissors’ (N)  nggunting ‘to cut with scissors’ (V) Garu ‘rakes’ (N)  menggaru ‘to harrow’ (V) Paku ‘nail’ (N)  memaku ‘to nail’ (V) The opposition of the two words gunting (N) and nggunting (V) shows the different word category. The changing process from a noun to a verb is called denominal verb. The opposition of the two words shows different category after affixation process; to be exact, nasalisation. The same thing happens also for the words garu (N) and paku (N) which become nggaru (V) and maku (V). Other words: Sapu ‘broom’ (N)  nyapu ‘to sweep’ Tukang ‘workman’  nukang ‘to work as workman’ Cat ‘paint’  mengecat ‘to paint’ The category of the words is changed at the result of nasalisation from nouns to verbs. It is denominal verb. 2. Expansion Technique This technique expands a certain lingual unit with other lingual unit. It can be described as follows. 1) Lik Tarja tuku pacul ning pasar Wedhi. ‘Lik Tarja bought a hoe at the market.’ 2) Lik Tarja macul ning sawah. ‘Lik Tarja hoed at the field.’ The word pacul in the first sentence can be expanded with number: Lik Tarjo tuku pacul loro ning pasar Wedhi. ‘Lik Tarjo bought two hoes at the market.’ The word pacul can also be added with denial word dudu ‘is not’ as in the sentence Iki dudu pacul ‘This is not a hoe.’ The word macul in the second sentence can be expanded with words of tenses: arep ‘will’, wis ‘has’ and durung ‘not yet’. 3) Lik Tarja arep macul ning sawah. ‘Lik Tarja will hoe at the field.’ The words of tenses show that the word macul is a verb. Result Presentation Presentation of the result produces certain rule. They are: a) Formulation with sentences is called informal method b) Formulation with symbols or signs, for example sign of arrow (  ), brackets (…), and quotation marks (“ ….”) Findings and Discussion 1. Denominal Verb with Nasal Prefixes The nasal prefixes forms, {N-} has five allomorphs, they are {m-, n-, ng-, ny-, and nge-}. The nasal prefixes can change nouns into verbs, that is denominal verbs. The rules are as follows: a. Nasal will be in the form of {m-} when followed with basic morphem beginning with consonant /b, p, and w/ 1) Baso ‘round meat’  mbakso ‘eat baso’ Titin tuku baso. ‘Titin bought baso’ IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 242 Titin lagi mbakso nang warung. ‘Titin is eating baso at cook shop. 2) Pincuk ‘small container from leaves’  mincuk ‘to make pincuk’ Ani pinter gawe pincuk. ‘Ani is skilled at making container from leaves.’ Ani lagi mincuk sego gudhangan. ‘Ani is eating rice and vegetables with pincuk.’ 3) Wadung ‘ax’  madung ‘to cut something with an ax’ Bapak tuku wadung ning pasar Kartosuro. ‘Father bought an ax at the market.’ Bapak lagi madung wit ringin nganti gobyos. ‘Father is cutting down banyan tree.’ b. Nasal will be in the form of {n-} when followed with basic morphem beginning with consonant /t-, th-,d-, dh-/ 4) Dubang ‘red saliva’  ndubang ‘spit red saliva’ Simbah yen mbuang dubang ning pojok omah. ‘Our grandmother the red saliva at the house corner.’ Sedhelo-sedhelo simbah ndubang. ‘Simbah very often spits red saliva.’ 5) Dhadha ‘chest’  ndhadha ‘to pat the chest’ Ibu seneng dhahar dhahda ayam. ‘Mother likes to eat chicken chest.’ Dheweke dari juara banjur ndhadha. ‘He’s the champion, then he pats the chest.’ 6) Tempe ‘side dish from soy’  nempe ‘to make side dish from soy’ Tuti nggoreng tempe kriyuk. ‘Tuti is frying side dish from soy.’ Tuti lagi repot nempe. ‘Tuti is busy making side dish from soy.’ c. Nasal will be in the form of {ng-} when followed with basic morphem beginning with consonan /k-, g-, r-, l-, y-/ 7) Karung ‘sack’  ngarung ‘to put something into the sack’ Marsudi melipat karung dengan rapi. ‘Marsudi folded the sack neatly.’ Marsudi lagi ngarungi jagung. ‘Marsudi is putting the corn into the sack.’ 8) Kayu ‘wood’  ngayu ‘to become like wood’ Lawange digawe saka kayu jati. ‘The door is made of teak wood.’ Pohunge wis kesuwen, padha ngayu. ‘the casava is too long, it became like wood’ 9) Gambar ‘picture’  nggambar ‘to draw.’ Tini dhuwe gambar pemandangan. ‘Tini has a picture of sscenery.’ Tini nggambar gunung loro. ‘Tini draws two mountains.’ 10) Rabuk ‘fertilizer’  ngabuk ‘to fertilize’ Lik Tarno tuku rabuk. ‘Lik Tarno bought fertilizer.’ IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 243 Lik Tarno sekeksuk ngrabuk ning sawah. ‘Lik Tarno fertilized at the field all day.’ 11) Labur ‘paint’  nglabur ‘to paint’ Asep gawe labor dinggo tembok. ‘Asep made paint mixture for the wall.’ Asep sarapan sadurunge nglabur. Asep has breakfast before he paints the wall.’ 12) Oyot ‘root’  ngoyot ‘to become root’ Oyot pelem kuwi ngrusak pager. ‘The root of mango tree damages the fence.’ Wortele wis ngoyot. ‘The carrot has rooted.’ 13) Uyuh ‘urine’  nguyuh ‘to urinate’ Uyuh pancen pesing ambune. ‘The aroma of urine smells realy awful.’ Yen nguyuh yo dang disentor. ‘If you urine, soon flush it.’ 14) Idu ‘salive’  ngido(ni) ‘to spit to someone’ Yen idu aja sakenggon enggon. ‘Mind your spit, please.’ Aja seneng ngidoni kancane. ‘Don’t spit your friends. 15) Endhog ‘egg’  ngendhog ‘to lay egg’ Sarmi nggodhog endhog kanggo bancakan. ‘Sarmi cooked eggs for thankgiving.’ Pitike ngendhog ana kebon. ‘The hen lays egg at the yard.’ 16) Andhong ‘horse cart’  ngandhong ‘to ride on horse cart.’ Dirman duwe andhong loro. “Dirman has two horse carts’ Ibu tindak pasar Candhi ngandhong. ‘Mother goes to the market by horse chart.’ d. Nasal will be in the form of {ny-} when followed with basic morphem beginning with consonant /c-, j-, s-/ 17) Copet ‘pickpocket’  nyopet ‘to pickpocket’ Akeh copet ana nang pasar malem. ‘There are many pickpockets at the fair.’ Wong kuwi ketangkep pas arep nyopet. ‘That man was caught when he would pickpocket. 18) Jago ‘cock’  njago ‘to make someone a candidate.’ Pak Joko duwe jago loro. ‘Joko has two cocks’ Aku njago dulurku dadi lurah desaku. ‘I make my relative a candidate of my village headman.’ 19) Susu ‘milk’  nyusu ’suckle’ Adi nyimpan susu nang botol. ‘Adi kept the milk in the bottle.’ Anak kucing kuwi lagi nyusu. ‘The kitty is suckling.’ e. Nasal will be in the form of {nge-} when basic morphem only consists of one syllable. 20) Cat ‘paint’  ngecet ‘to paint’ Tukua cet ning toko Abadi kana. ‘Please, buy a tin of paint at to Abadi shop.’ Bapak lagi ngecet pawon. ‘Father is painting the kitchen.’ IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 244 21) Bis ‘bus’  ngebis ‘to go by bus’ Wong loro kuwi nyegat bis ana halte. ‘Those men stopped the bus at the bus-stop.’ Bocah-bocah mangkat nang sekolah ngebis. ‘The children go to school by bus.’ 22) Tik ‘typewriter’  ngetik ‘to type using typewriter’ Mesin tik jaman biyen dadi barang mewah. ‘At the old days, typewriter was a luxury goods.’ Ani ngetik nganti wengi. ‘Ani typed the paper till late at night. ‘ 23) Rem ‘brake’  ngerem ‘to brake’ Paklik Tono lagi ndandani rem motor. ‘Uncle Tono is repairing the brake of the motorcycle.’ Sopir bis kuwi wis ngerem kanthi alus. ‘The bus driver has braked the bus softly. 24) Pel ‘mop’  ngepel ‘to mop Yu Jum umbah-umbah pel. ‘Yu Jum is washing the mop.’ Yu Jum lagi ngepel kamar. ‘Yu Jum is mopping the room.’ 2. Function of Nasal in Denominal Verbs Forming The function of nasal prefixes {N-} is to form active transitive verbs. Some examples of active denominal verbs with nasal prefixes are nggaru ‘to harrow’, nyapu ‘to sweep’, nyiduk ‘to take water‘, nguping ‘to eardropping’. Nasal prefixes {N-} indicates modality, that is, indicating something real. The transitive verbs from nouns can be indicative, imperative, subjunctive. 3. The Meaning of Nasal Prefixes in Denominal Verbs Forming Nasal prefixes {N-}+ D have some meaning as follows: a. to do action as indicated in the basic form 1) Jenang ayune nglenga. ‘The porridge Ayu contains much oil.’ Nglenga ‘to contain oil’ (V) from lenga ‘oil’ (N) 2) Mas Budi esuk-esuk wis ngebel. ‘Brother Budi has phoned early in the morning.’ Ngebel ‘to phone’ (V) from bel ‘phone’ (N) b. to do the activity with the basic form 3) Ibu ngasta roti bolu. ‘Mother brings cake bolu.’ Ngasto ‘to bring something with arm’ (V) from asta ‘arm’ (N) c. to become or to contain something like the basic form 4) Gulene nggajih. ‘The curry contains much fat.’ Nggajih ‘to contain fat’ (V) from gajih ‘fat’ 5) Sepedane ora nate diresiki ngganti ngarat. ‘The bike is never cleaned up till rusty.’ Ngarat ‘to become rust’ (V) from karat ‘rust’ (N) d. to play or to sound the basic form 6) Anakku senengane nyuling. ‘My son loves to play flute.’ Nyuling ‘to play flute’ (V) from suling ‘flute’ (N) e. To do or to bring something like the basic form IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2021, pp. 236-246 245 7) Budi menyang sawah nyeker. ‘Budi went to the field with bare feet.’ Nyeker ‘to walk with bare feet’ (V) from ceker ‘feet’ 8) Sardi senengane nguping. ‘Sardi loves to eardropping.’ Nguping ‘to eardrop’ (V) from kuping ‘ear’ f. to ride the basic form 9) Pardi ngepit ontherl saben esuk. ‘Sardi usually goes on bike every morning.’ Ngepit ‘to go on bike’ (V) from pit ‘bike’ (N) 10) Titi ndhokar menyang pasar. ‘Titi goes to the market on horse cart.’ Ndhokar ‘to go on horse cart’ (V) from dhokar ‘horse cart’ g. to produce something as indicated in the basic form from the body 11) Pitik katene wis ngendhog lima. ‘The chicken has lay five eggs.’ Ngendhog ‘to lay egg’ (V) from endhog ‘egg’ 12) Yen nguyuh kudu disiram. ‘If you urinate, please flush it.’ Nguyuh ‘to urinate’ (V) from uyuh ‘urine’ (N) Conclusion The conclusion can be taken from the above review as follows. Nasal prefixes {N-} in the forming of denominal verbs with nasal sound have five allomorphs, they are {m-, n-, ng-, ny-, and nge-}; The function of nasal prefixes {N-} are to form active verbs. Examples of transitive active verbs are: nggaru ‘to harrow’, nyapu ‘to sweep’, nyiduk ‘take water’, nguping, ‘eardrop’. Nasal prefixes {N-} indecates modality, that is, indicating something real, and: Nasal prefixes {N-} in the forming of denominal verbs have some meaning; they are: to do action as indicated in the basic form, to do the activity with the basic form, to become or to contain something like the basic form, to play or to sound the basic form, to do or to bring something like the basic form, to ride the basic form, and to produce something as indicated in the basic form from the body References Herawati, N., Rustono, R., & Poedjosoedarmo, S. (2016). Afiks-afiks pembentuk verba denominal dalam Bahasa Jawa. PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics, 1(2), 325-335. , (2017). 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