IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 International Journal of Humanity Studies http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJHS Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 73 TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES: IDENTIFICATION OF LOSS, ADDITION AND SKEWING I Gusti Agung Sri Rwa Jayantini1, I Komang Sulatra2, Donatus Darso3, Ni Komang Arie Suwastini4 1,2,3 Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar 4 Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha sri.rwa.jayantini@gmail.com; soelatra01@yahoo.com; donatus_darso@yahoo.com; arie.suwastini@undiksha.ac.id correspondence: sri.rwa.jayantini@gmail.com DOI: 10.24071/ijhs.v5i1.3711 received 18 September 2021; accepted 26 September 2021 Abstract This study focuses on the analysis of how information may be lost, added, and skewed in the English-Indonesian translation of noun phrases in the novel The Valley of Fear. This study utilized descriptive qualitative method through note-taking technique. Nida’s principles of translation were applied to investigate how these three principles occur. The results showed that loss, addition, and skewing were found with several classifications, namely (1) omission of adjectives and indefinite quantifiers as well as different grammatical points of view for loss of information, (2) different linguistic and cultural aspects for addition of information, and (3) deviation of meaning and the choice of closest natural equivalence for skewing of information. Of the 507 cases found, addition of information occurs on the highest percentage, i.e. 54,81% (278 data), loss of information takes 41,42% (210 data) and skewing of information takes the lowest percentage, i.e. 3,74% (19 data). These findings indicate that actually loss, addition and skewing take place in translation of noun phases from English into Indonesian for the sake of finding naturalness without neglecting the accuracy of transferring meaning. Keywords: translation, loss, addition, skewing, noun phrase Introduction In translation studies, loss, addition and skewing of information are the representations of how equivalence takes place. These are the principles of translation as mentioned by (Margono, 2002) following Nida’s concepts (1975) to show that the information in one language may not be transferred exactly the same either in form and meaning. Linguistically, forms refer to linguistic units ranging from words to sentences while meaning can be further investigated through semantic approach like componential analysis and meaning components (Newmark, 1988; Lobner, 2013). The features of these three principles involve the linguistic and cultural aspects of source and target languages. To prove that these three principles exist, two methods may be applied, namely undertaking comparative analysis on IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 74 source language (SL) and target language (TL) syntactic units as well as applying semantic theory to compare meaning components (Margono; 2002; Lobner, 2013; Jayantini et al. 2017). The forms in different languages must be comprehensively analyzed in order to understand how information in SL texts is lost, added and skewed in TL texts. Loss, addition and skewing occur in various cases. Loss of information may take place by omitting the lexical item of SL to meet the grammatical or semantic aspects of the TL. The omission occurs when the meaning expressed through grammar is not really significant (Baker, 2011). Meanwhile, addition of information is sometimes triggered by the needs of giving emphasis and making the expression more coherent that causes the change of syntactic units in different level, e.g. shifts in translation (Sabrina, 2015; Wulandari, 2014). Skewing of information may potentially occur when meaning is shifted. As a result, meaning components in SL and TL forms are not exactly the same, showing the phenomenon of meaning deviation (Hatim, & Mason, 1997; Yasin, et al., 2018; Dhyaningrum, 2020). Nida’s concept of loss, addition and skewing of information has been elaborated from many perspectives with different focus of analysis. Linguistically, the investigation of loss, addition and skewing involves two significant aspects that show the analysis of form and meaning; the syntactic and semantic perspectives. These two aspects cannot be separated since the interpretation of meaning is based on the forms i.e. the grammatical units in which meaning contains. For example, the translation of passive voice from English into Indonesian that result in the mapping of how forms are related to their meaning, thus the investigation must be based on the logical intention expressed in the sentences. Meaning of passive forms can be lexically, grammatically, textually and contextually interpreted to meet the natural expression in the target language (Oktariani, et al., 2018; Jayantini, 2016). The change of form in translation is irrefutable. It involves different kinds of shifts like the change from the grammatical way of expressing a particular event to a lexical representation to explain the specific time. For example, the present participle in English showed by the pattern “have/has+V3” is expressed by the word telah or sudah ‘already’ in Indonesian. From translation studies point of view, this is called as level shift termerd by Catford (1965), in which tenses in English is expressed only by a lexical marker in Indonesian. It is one among other examples of how shifts occur in the case of English-Indonesian translation. The rank shift that demonstrates the downward and upward changes, the change of SL phrases to TL words or words to phrases as well as phrases to clauses becomes the object of investigation to show that in order to meet the natural closest equivalent, forms may be changed for the sake of finding equal expression in meaning (Rakhmadinah &Asmarani, 2013; (Wulandari, 2014); Darso, 2018). The focus of this present study is the analysis of loss, addition and skewing taking place in the translation of noun phrases, particularly the complex ones. Here, the term complex is used to refer to the noun phrases that have been modified in their construction. The head noun may be modified by pre-modification and post- modification, or the complexity that makes them having several items like adjectives and noun strings that modify the phrases. This study attempts to demonstrate a developed model in analysing how particular information in SL text as represented in noun phrases may be lost, gained and skewed. It is expected to complete many previous studies that investigate shifts of noun phrases. It is this paper that will show IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 75 the detailed components in the source language texts that are translated into target language texts. Three principles of translation involving loss, addition and skewing of information are closely observed. The noun phrases to be analysed in this paper are taken from the novel entitled The Valley of Fear, the work of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (2009). The focus of study is supported by sufficient data in the novel so that the analysis can be made to show the mapping loss of information, addition of information and skewing of information. Literature Review Noun Phrases Investigating noun phrases and their translation from English into Indonesian is worth doing since the two languages have complex noun phrases with similar components in terms of the head and its modifier yet different position for its constituents. For example, the phrase a good sweeping generalization taken from the English novel The Valley of Fear (Doyle, 2009:29) that is translated into generalisasi yang bagus, which is also a noun phrase in Indonesian. Noun phrases in English consist of several elements such as determiner a (non-definite article), the first premodifier good (adjective), the second premodifier sweeping (adjective), and head generalization (noun). Despite the universal concept of noun phrases in the world languages showing the head and its modification, a noun phrase (NP) in English positions the head is preceded with modifier, as found in a good sweeping generalization, while in the Indonesian the head is followed with its modifier as it is seen in generalisasi yang bagus. Here, the Indonesian noun phrases are structured with modifiers following the heads. The noun phrase involves the head generalisasi (noun) and postmodifier yang bagus. In English grammar a noun phrase (NP) includes minimally a noun having the role of head that is frequently extended with several elements. The significant aspect in a phrase is the head and that is what a phrase is named, like a noun phrase which means the head of the phrase must be a noun (Plag et al., 2015). An NP has the heads as the core of the phrase, which may be modified with modifiers preceding heads (premodification) or modifiers following heads (postmodification). Premodification includes prehead determiners, i.e. articles and prehead modifiers, i.e. adjectives. Postmodification is occupied with posthead modifiers, i.e. preposition phrases or relative clauses. The construction of noun phrases with prehead in English includes articles, determiners, quantifiers, demonstrative determiners, possessive determiners, and adjectives. Meanwhile, the construction of postheads is realized by means of relative clauses, non-finite clauses, appositive clauses, as well as preposition phrases. (Depraetere & Langford, 2012) Noun phrases in Indonesian are also defined as the phrases with nouns as their heads. An NP is formed by expanding the head to the right side and left side with the addition of several words or a group of words functioned as determiners like quantifiers, demonstratives, possessors, classifiers, partitives (Sneddon, 1996; Moeliono et al., 2017). Sneddon (1996) also adds that noun phrases in Indonesia may be modified by diminutives and honorifics as found, for example in sang Harimau ‘tiger’ and sang Merah Putih ‘the Red and White (the Indonesian flag)’. This process indicates the left expansion of nouns as explained by Moeliono et al. (2017) with different examples yet the same construction to show that noun phrases may be derived from the addition of a word or words on the left of the heads. In different IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 76 cases, nouns phrases are constructed through modifying nouns like “toko buku” ‘book shop,’ (Sneddon (1996). This is the process of right expansion of noun phrases that are further categorized through the addition of modifying nouns, modifying adjectives, modifying verbs, modifying prepositional phrases, modifying clauses and modifying appositives (Moeliono et al., 2017). Loss, Addition and Skewing of Information A clear explanation on Nida’s principles of translation showing loss, addition and skewing of information is given by Margono (2002). Loss of information is a phenomenon when the translation of the SL items does not contain the full information of the TL. Here, the features of meaning in SL linguistic units are not completely brought into the translation. Addition of information indicates that the transfer of items is followed by additional information. Skewing of information is shown when the meaning of the SL and TL items are not the precisely equal. Furthermore, Jayantini (2016) discusses the examples given by Margono (2002) to describe the potential of lossing and adding some information in the translation of English clause “She was sad” into “Dia sedih.” In this case, feminine gender (she) and past tense (was) in the English clause are not translated in Indonesian (TL). Conversely, when the TL and SL reverse, addition of information occurs in the transfer of “Dia sedih” to “She was sad.” Feminine gender and past tense are added in TL. Meanwhile, skewing, which is also called as distortion of information is represented in the example of “You are silly,” that is translated into “Kamu tolol.” The English sentence can be uttered playfully in the context that this utterance is used to show that the insensible action of the addressee. On the other side, the expression of “Kamu tolol” may indicate that the addressee is very stupid. As they are named, loss, addition and skewing of information reflect that translation results may not be as exactly the same with its original version in SL. Equivalent is the key term in conducting a translation task to gain the same impacts that may be perceived by the readers of the TL texts after the rendering of information is done idiomatically, in terms of meaning and style to by the closest natural equivalent in the form of meaningful text in the target language (Nida, 1975; Newmark, 1988; Bell, 1991; Margono, 2002). Since translation involves the transfer of form and meaning that is inseparable, translation as a product may be seen from several factors like linguistics aspects, socio-cultural aspects and moral aspects (Kamil et al., 2018; Hartono, 2009). Loss of information may be triggered by several conditions such as the insignificant role that an SL item plays in developing the text, cultural words that are not known in the target language, as well as the existence of different semantic equation (Baker, 2011; Yasin et al., 2018). The additional information is mostly related to the existence of cultural values existence by taking into account the differences in cultures that both SL and TL have. Besides, gaining information may also possibly occurs in accordance with the topic being discussed, and linguistic aspects that are related to the choice of words (Newmark, 1988). Skewing of information has the similar condition to the phenomena of linguistic deviation involving the possibilities of giving modification in meaning that is, actually, a condition that may lead a translator to the problems of translation (Hatim & Mason, 1997; Dhyaningrum, 2020). Several studies have been conducted to identify loss, addition and skewing of information. The implicit discussion on these principles is usually added in the IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 77 discussion of shifts in translation. The identification leads to a developed model to the identify loss, addition and skewing of information have been conducted by analyzing shifts in translation. A linguistic approach on translation studies can be applied here, that is seen from syntactic and semantic perspectives. (Sabrina, 2015; Darso, 2018). From a semantic perspective, the application of principles of translation can be revealed by comparing the meaning found in different level of syntactical units. Meaning is found to be that results in different sentence patterns like passive constructions (Oktariani et al. 2018). Method This study is qualitative research that reflects the characteristics of descriptive translation studies. Such studies are characterized by their theoretical and descriptive aspects aiming to investigate several linguistic and cultural phenomena found in the product of translation. With this approach, the activities are undertaken systematically to describe the data accurately and make a comprehensive analysis. The process of data collection and data analysis is made according to the characteristics of descriptive translation studies, that is, to describe, explain, and predict translation phenomena (Baker & Saldanha, 2011). Several activities are planned in data collection and analysis, namely (1) reading the English novel and its Indonesian translation intensively in order to collect the sentences containing the noun phrases with their various modification, (2) all data in the form of sentences are carefully observed to highlight the noun phrases, which are further broken down into its constituent structure, (3) the collected data are categorized based on the three principles of translation by comparing the construction of English and Indonesian noun phrases including their prehead and posthead modification, and lastly, (4) the identified data representing loss, addition, and skewing of information are analyzed carefully so that the specific features can be used to explain the translation phenomena. In collecting the data, the documentation method was utilized through a note- taking technique to classify the data. Utilizing Baker's term, parallel corpora, as further explained by Kenny (1998), this study's language pair is English-Indonesian, involving a novel originally written in English entitled The Valley of Fear (Doyle, 2009) alongside its translation into Indonesian. Given that loss, addition, and skewing of information are the focus of this study, the English novel and its translation are considered representative to be the source of gaining various phenomena to be thoroughly described and analyzed. The identification is expected to give more reliable explanation of the features of loss, addition, and skewing of information. For data analysis, this study involves several systematic activities. As the first step of analyzing data, the collected data were listed in a table showing the comparison of the SL and TL sentences in which noun phrases were found as fascinating aspects to be explained in accordance with the translation principles, namely loss, addition, and skewing. The second procedure investigates how meaning, concept, and information conveyed through syntactic units in the SL phrases are lost, added, and skewed in the TL phrases. Next, the reduction of data was undertaken as the third step to obviously show the phenomena regarding the characteristics of loss, addition, and skewing of information (Newmark, 1988; Baker, 2011; Margono, 2002). Lastly, interpretation of the phenomena to strengthen the IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 78 analysis was given according to the exact classification of each principle supported by relevant references like theories covering translation studies, syntax and semantics, and dictionaries. Findings and Discussion Of 507 data in the form of English noun phrases and their translation, a gain of information occurs in the highest percentage, i.e., 54,81% (278 data), loss of information takes 41,42% (210 data), and skewing of information takes the lowest percentage, i.e., 3,74% (19 data). Specific cases of loss, addition, and skewing of information show how the transfer of components with their meaning of noun phrases occurs. Loss of information occurs in the omission of adjectives and different grammatical points of view. Addition of information takes place due to linguistic and cultural differences. Skewing of information can be observed from the deviation of meaning and the SL and TL items' closest natural equivalence. Having found these phenomena, loss, addition, and skewing of information are unavoidable. This finding also confirms that principles of translation consisting of loss, addition, and skewing of information exist in the transfer of English noun phrases into Indonesian. To sum up, loss, addition, and skewing of information in this study are presented in Table 1 below. Table 1. The Occurrence of Loss, Addition, Skewing of Information No Principles of Translation Occurrence Percentage 1 Loss of Information 210 41,42 % 2 Addition of Information 278 54,81 % 3 Skewing of Information 19 3,74 % Total Data 507 100 % Loss of Information Loss of information can take place due to several conditions. Loss is the omission of information that may be presented by a lexical item that is omitted that influences grammatical or semantic aspects of the target language (Baker, 2011: 40). The omission is made if the meaning expressed by certain items or a statement is not significant enough in developing the text. Given this condition, translators usually omit particular words or statements. This study found that loss of information in the translation of English-Indonesian noun phrases is due to the omission of items like adjectives and different grammatical points of view. Omission of Adjective Datum 1 SL: The worthy country policeman shook his head. TL:Polisi pedesaan itu menggeleng. (Doyle, 2009) Source Language Target Language The Itu Worthy - Country Pedesaan Policemen Polisi IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 79 The example above shows that there are not all components in the source language are translated into the target language, especially the word "worthy," which means ‘berharga’ or ‘bernilai’ in Indonesian. “The worthy country policemen” consists of the word “policemen” as the head that is pre-modified by the words “worthy and country” and the definite article "the." To support the description about the country policemen, the SL noun phrase adds "worthy" (usually before the noun) to emphasize the quality of the country policemen as those who are having qualities that deserve respect, attention or admiration and to be used in the example, “a worthy member of the team” (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/worthy_1). Because the adjective “worthy” is not brought into the TL phrase, loss of information is found. It can be assumed that this is done because the translator considers the adjective “worthy” is not very significant in representing the meaning of the polisi pedesaan. Besides, it is still understood by the TL readers who can interpret that polisi pedesaan means the policemen who are in charge in the countryside (pedesaan) without adding information that is represented by the adjective “worthy.” Datum 2 SL: The poor old fellow was white and quivering from the shock. TL:Pria tua tersebut masih pucat pasi dan bergetar karena shok. (Doyle, 2009) Source Language Target Language The Tersebut Poor - Old Tua Fellow Pria From the translation of “the poor old fellow” into pria tua tersebut, it is found that the complex noun phrase in the SL is not correctly translated. Not all the SL phrase information is presented in the TL phrase. The word "poor" in the SL phrase is not translated in the TL phrase. The adjective "poor" can be translated into miskin in the case that the meaning of “poor” in SL is having very little money; not having enough money for basic needs, and tidak beruntung in the case that it is meant to explain the condition of the old fellow referred in the phase as “unfortunate” (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/poor?q=poor) in Indonesian but in this case, it is not translated by the translator. In the excerpt, loss of information occurs due to the omission of the adjective "poor," which is not transferred to the TL phrase. In this example, the omission of the lexical item of “poor” significantly affects the meaning of the phrase “old fellow” since it gives no detailed information on how the “old fellow” is like. Different Grammatical Point of View Datum 3 SL: McMurdo made a wry face. TL:Mr. Murdo mengernyit. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/worthy_1 https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/poor?q=poor IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 80 Source Language Target Language A - Wry Mengernyit Face - The classification of all components of complex noun phrases above shows that the noun phrase a wry face is translated into a verb phrase mengernyit. The lexical item of face is not translated into the target language. The word face is usually translated into wajah or muka in the TL. The word mengernyit refers to a person’s face or feature. In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), mengernyit means frown one's forehead or eyebrow. Both the forehead and eyebrow belong to part of the face. It can be concluded that the verb mengernyit equals the feature of someone's face. Loss of information takes place when the phrase "wry face" is translated into mengernyit. From its lexical meaning, “wry” means “of a person's face or features” and “twisted into an expression of disgust, disappointment, or annoyance.” (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wry). The information that is also not fully transferred is the features of “disgust, disappointment, or annoyance” because the verb mengernyit in Indonesian presents a different perspective that does not directly relate to the feeling of disappointment. It tends to be more about a particular situation that people may not understand. Datum 4 SL:…I should recommend a nice country walk for both of you. TL:…kusarankan kalian berdua berjalan-jalan di desa ini. Source Language Target Language A - Nice - Country walk Berjalan-jalan di desa ini For both of you Kalian berdua The datum shows that the English complex noun phrase “a nice country walk for both of you” is translated into kalian berdua berjalan-jalan di desa ini. In this case, loss of information occurs because the translator does not translate the word nice in the source language, which means ‘menyenangkan’ in Indonesian. However, the use of the verb berjalan-jalan gives a description that it is done in a casual way (Sneddon:1996:20). With this reduplication, the lexical item excellent means ‘baik’,’bagus’ is not totally transferred into the target language. Hence, in this translation, loss of information happens due to different grammatical points of view. The translation may be understood by the readers in accordance with the context of the story, especially to the closest situation described by the translator. Datum 5 SL:…he continued with an exulting smile upon his face. TL:…lanjutnya sambil tersenyum bangga. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wry IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 81 Source Language Target Language An - Exulting Bangga Smile Tersenyum Upon his face - It is obvious to see that the English complex noun phrase “an exulting smile upon his face” is translated into tersenyum bangga which is a verb phrase. In this data, the prepositional phrase “upon his face” is not translated into the target language. This prepositional phrase can actually be translated into ‘pada wajahnya.' However, the translator omits this information. The change of form classified as a different grammatical point of view makes the TL phrase lose the information in the "exulting" and "upon his face." Again, this is called the loss of information taking place in the translation of the English-Indonesian complex noun phrase. The word "exulting" means "feeling or showing elation or jubilation.” (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/exulting). The strong features brought in “exulting” are great happiness that is not shown in the adverb bangga (tersenyum bangga) in Indonesian. Thus, in this case, loss of information is classified to different grammatical points of view that results in different interpretations in transferring the adjective "exulting" into the adverb bangga completing the verb tersenyum. Addition of Information The addition of information may occur because of the differences between SL and TL culture and the existence of technical and linguistic aspects. This finding is in line with the classification of Newmark (1988: 91) concerning the addition of information in translation. This is frequently related to cultural factors considering the differences between the SL and TL cultures, the topic of discussion, and linguistic aspects related to choice of words. The examples of addition of information are presented below to support the classification found in this study. Differences between SL and TL Cultures Datum 6 SL: I am a good Catholic; but the priest would have no word with me when he heard I was a Scowrer, and I am excommunicated from my faith. TL:Aku penganut Katolik yang taat, tapi pastor tidak bersedia berbicara denganku sewaktu mendengar aku anggota Scowrer. Source Language Target Language A - Good Yang taat Catholic Katolik - Penganut The datum shows that some information found in the source language is added to the target language. It is found in the word penganut. The translator adds it to make the meaning of word of katolik clearer to the readers. Here, in the English language, the word catholic refers to a person whose religion is catholic. It does not need to be explained with the person who has this religion, but in Indonesian it must https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/exulting IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 82 be emphasized by "penganut,” which means ‘followers.’ By adding the word of penganut into the target language, the phrase is expected to be clearly understood by the target readers. Datum 7 SL: After that he gave a long sigh of satisfaction; for it seemed to him that he was safe. TL: Sesudah itu ia mendesah panjang penuh kepuasan, karena tampaknya ia telah aman. Source Language Target Language A - Long Panjang Sigh Mendesah - Penuh Satisfaction Kepuasan The source language's complex noun phrases in the datum above, “a long sigh of satisfaction," are translated into mendesah panjang penuh kepuasan. The addition of information occurs in the process of translation, especially the word penuh (literally means ‘full’), which is added to the target language. To get a more natural translation, the information that is not present in the source language text is found in the target language text due to the naturalness and to give emphasis. The word penuh is given to support the word kepuasaan (satisfaction) so that the expression in the target language (Indonesian) is vital to describe the situation described by the verb phrase mendesah panjang penuh kepuasan. Linguistic Aspect Datum 8 SL: There was a dead silence in the room. TL:Kesunyian total menguasai ruangan. Source Language Target Language A - Dead Silence Kesunyian Total - Menguasai in the room Ruangan The table indicates that the complex noun phrase “a dead silence in the room” is translated into a clause kesunyian total menguasai ruangan. The gain of information is found in the process of translation in that the word menguasai is added into the target language. This word disappears in the source language. This addition aims at making more natural and acceptable translations in the target language. On the contrary, the translation of "dead" into total is actually not the exact equivalent. In the phrases above, it is clear to see that the article “a” is not translated into “sebuah” or “sesuatu," “dead silence” becomes kesunyian total. It is found in the target language phrase to present the “dead silence” that is meant to be described in the target language. Here, addition of information is found in the translation of a noun IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 83 phrase into a clause with the addition of a verb in the target language, menguasai which means occupy. Literally, kesunyian total menguasai ruangan means total silence occupies the room. This is how the translator brings the idea of "a dead silence in the room" into Indonesian and calls it as kesunyian total menguasai ruangan. Skewing of Information Skewing of information indicates the translation of items from the source language that cannot be done precisely as expected with the exact equivalence. The data involving skewing of information are presented below with the analysis on the condition of the deviation of meaning and the finding of the closest natural equivalent. Deviation of the meaning Datum 9 SL:…he had a very definite theory about the murder. TL: Ia sudah menyusun teori sendiri yang kuat mengenai pembunuhan tersebut. Source Language Target Language A - Very definite yang kuat Theory teori sendiri about the murder mengenai pembunuhan tersebut The two sentences demonstrate that a very definite theory about the murder is translated into teori sendiri yang kuat mengenai pembunuhan tersebut. In this case, the adjective definite with the equivalence pasti in the target language is translated into kuat. Since it is not the exact equivalent from the source language to the target language, the translation can be categorized as one example showing skewing of information. Besides, the adverb very in the adjective phrase “very definite” in the source language is not translated into the target language. It can be translated into sangat, but it seems that the translator regards it as a less critical part of the development of the text. Thus, in addition to skewing of information, which is obviously seen from the translation of the adjective definite into kuat, loss of information occurs. Meanwhile, the lexical item sendiri is added into the target language phrase to express how the “theory” in the target language is operated. It is done to make the meaning of the head teori clearer in the target language. Datum 10 SL:…and would give their last dollar to know that they had got me. TL: …mempertaruhkan seluruh uang mereka untuk memastikan mereka sudah berhasil menghabisi saya. Source Language Target Language Their Mereka Last Seluruh Dollar Uang IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 84 The noun phrase the last dollar is translated into seluruh uang mereka. The lexical item of last is translated into seluruh, which is not the exact equivalent of the word last. The word last can be translated into terakhir (adjective) but the translator translates it into seluruh that literally means “all” or “the whole” so that there is a skewing of information in this translation. In addition, the word of dollar is translated into uang. In fact, dollar is the American currency. It is not the exact equivalent of uang. The exact equivalent of uang is money, so that this translation also belongs to skewing of information. It happens to make the translation more natural since it is clear that the term Dollar used in the story refers to uang (money). Closest Natural Equivalence Datum 12 SL: White Mason is a very live man, if I am any judge. TL:White Mason orang yang cerdas, kalau aku boleh menilai. Source Language Target Language A - Very live Yang cerdas Man Orang The complex noun phrase in the source language is “a very live man," which is translated into the Indonesian noun phrase "orang yang cerdas." The translation of very live into yang cerdas involves the selection of the target language word, which is not the exact meaning of the source language item. The word of live can be translated into yang hidup (live), bersemangat (excited). Therefore, the translation of the noun phrase above involves skewing of information. Besides, loss of information is also found here in which the word very is not translated into sangat. In this case, it is regarded as less vital to the development of the text. The omission of this lexical item belongs to the loss of information. Conclusion The translators must perfectly know the principles of translation to cope with the problems of finding the lexical equivalent of the source language in the target language. These phenomena may happen due to various existing aspects of linguistic and cultural aspects. The lexical meaning of two lexicons in different languages may not be exactly the same. As they have been widely known as principles of translation, loss, addition, and skewing information in the translation are, in fact, parts of translators' efforts to find the closest natural equivalence. In this study, loss, addition, and skewing of information are also found in translating complex noun phrases from English into Indonesian in The Valley of Fear Novel. These three principles of translation are primarily caused by the structural and cultural differences of the source and target language. Specifically, loss of information occurs in the form of omission of adjectives and different grammatical points of view. Addition of information includes differences between SL and TL culture as well as technical and linguistic aspects. Skewing of information can be found through the deviation of meaning and the choice of closest natural equivalence between the SL and TL lexicons. Loss, gain, and skewing of information in English-Indonesian translation of complex noun phrases may take place to meet the accuracy, IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 85 naturalness, and acceptability. Naturalness and acceptability in translation may evoke loss, gain, and skewing of information, while accuracy can be observed by transferring noun phrases' components in the source language. The findings of this present study show that loss, addition, and skewing occur in the translation of noun phrases from English into Indonesian to be able to present naturalness and readability without neglecting the aspect of accuracy in translation. References Baker, M. (2011). In other words: A Cousebook on Translation. London: Routledge. Baker, M., & Saldanha, G. (2011). Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. New York: Routledge. Bell, R. . (1991). Translation and translating: Theory and practice. London: Longman. Catford, J. . (1965). A linguistics theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press. Depraetere, I., & Langford, C. (2012). Advanced English grammar a linguistic approcah. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Dhyaningrum, A. (2020). Linguistic deviation and techniques of translation in Spring of Kumari Tears. Journal of Language and Literature, 20(2), 344. https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.v20i2.2651 Donatus, D. (2017). Category shifts in translation: A case study on the translation of English complex noun phrases into Indonesian. Lingua Scientia, 25(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.23887/ls.v25i1.18818 Doyle, S. A. C. (2009). The valley of fear. New York: George Doran Company. Doyle, S. A. C. (2014). The valley of fear (Zulkarnaen Ishak, trans). Yogyakarta: Shira Media. Hartono, R. (2009). Translating a novel : Problems and solutions. 34 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature, 3(April), 144–145. Retrieved from http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/LC/article/view/917 Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1997). The translation as communicators. London: Routledge. Jayantini, I. G. A. S. R., Yadnya, I. B. P., Suparwa, I. N., & Puspani, I. A. M. (2017). Identifying meaning components in the translation of medical terms from English into Indonesian: A semantic approach. International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, 5(4), 11. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.4p.11 Jayantini, S. R. (2016). The art of translating: Theory and analysis. Denpasar: Cakra Press. Jayantini, S. R., Sulatra, I. K., & Dewi, C. (2016). Practice makes perfect. Denpasar: Cakra Press and STIBA Saraswati Press. Kamil, R. I., Irhamni, I., & Murtadho, N. (2018). Kesalahan gramatikal dan penerjemahan literal buku durusun Iqtishadiyatun Min Ramadlan. Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya, 46(1), 82-95. Kenny, D. (1998). Corpora in translation studies. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Corpora-in-translation-studies- Kenny/dd4c703fe93203b0a5911123b250e3a9a65c99fd Lobner, S. (2013). Understanding semantics (2nd ed.). Great Britain: Routledge. Margono. (2002). Essentials of theory and practice of translation. Denpasar: IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 5, No. 1, September 2021, pp. 73-86 86 Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana. Moeliono, A., Lapoliwa, H., Alwi, H., Sasangka, S. S. T. W., & Sugiyono. (2017). tata bahasa baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. London: Prentice Hall International. Nida, E. . (1975). Language structure and translation. California: Stanford University. Oktariani, L., Boeriswati, E., & Ekowati, S. H. (2018). Semantic analysis of passive sentence translation in novel the hunger games: Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins. Bahasa Dan Seni, 46(2), 132–142. Retrieved from http://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/jbs/index Plag, I., Arndt-Lappe, S., Braun, M., & Mareile Schramm. (2015). Introduction to English linguistics. Germany: De Gruyter. Rakhmadinah., & Asmarani, R. (2013). Translation analysis on passive voice in novel the Chronicle of N Arnia “the Silver Chair” by C. S. Lewis and its translation English department. Faculty of Humanities. Sabrina, N. (2019). Pergeseran makna dalam penerjemahan dari Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia pada teks perjanjian internasional di bidang pertahanan. JLT-Jurnal Linguistik Terapan, 1, 1–476. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Sneddon, J. N. (1996). Indonesian reference grammar. Australia: Allen & Unwin. Wulandari, F. (2014). The analysis of translation-shift of the English noun phrase used in the Garfield.T. Journal, 1–9. Yasin, M.Ed., B., Fata, I. A., & Husyitiara, H. (2018). Analyzing the English translation of the novel ‘Laskar Pelangi’ (The Rainbow Troops). Studies in English Language and Education, 5(1), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9864