IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 International Journal of Humanity Studies http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJHS Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 68 USE OF THE WORD ‘ANAK’ (CHILD) IN INDONESIAN FROM ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE Praptomo Baryadi Isodarus Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia correspondence: praptomo@usd.ac.id https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v6i2.5147 received 9 September 2022; accepted 13 October 2022 Abstract This article presents the results of research on the use of the word ‘anak’ (child) in Indonesian compound words from an ecolinguistic perspective. The problem studied is whether the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words has a relationship with the environment. When it shows a relationship with the environment, what type of environment will the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words refer to? Because the problem is studied from an ecolinguistic perspective, the theory used in this research is the theory of language concerning the environment. A language whose manifestation is in the form of grammatical units is assumed to designate a certain type of environment as its reference. The data of this research are in the form of compound words which contain the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian. The data were taken from a primary source, namely the online version of the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2015), and from a secondary source, namely the researcher's introspective data as a native Indonesian speaker. The data were collected by the referential method and analyzed by the referential equivalent method. The results of data analysis were presented with informal methods and formal methods. The results of this study indicate that the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words refers to ten types of environment, namely (1) the family environment, (2) the educational environment, (3) the work environment, (4) the place environment, (5) the socio-economic environment, (6) the socio-ethical environment, (7) the animal environment, (8) the plant environment, (9) the natural environment, and (10) the artificial object environment. This finding is one of the pieces of evidence that language has a relationship with the environment. Keywords: ‘anak’ word, compound words, ecolinguistics, environment, Indonesian Introduction This article presents the results of research on the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian from an ecolinguistic perspective. What is meant by the use of the word ‘anak’ is the combination of the word ‘anak’ with other words to form a compound mailto:praptomo@usd.ac.id https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v6i2.5147 IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 69 word. For example, the word ‘anak’ joins the word ‘kandung’ (biological) to form ‘anak kandung’ (biological child), the word ‘anak’ joins the phrase ‘sekolah dasar’ (elementary school) to form ‘anak sekolah dasar’ (elementary school pupil/student), the word ‘anak’ joins the word ‘ayam’ (chicken) to form ‘anak ayam’ (chick), the word ‘anak’ joins the word ‘sungai’ (river) to form ‘anak sungai’ (tributary). Thus, the object of this research is the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words. The word ‘anak’ that combines with other words to form compound words can generate certain meanings. The word ‘anak’ in ‘anak kandung’ (biological child) contains the meaning of 'his own child'. The word ‘anak’ in ‘anak sekolah dasar (elementary school pupil/student) expresses the meaning of 'pupil' or 'student'. The word ‘anak’ in anak ayam (chick) expresses the meaning of 'small chicken'. The word ‘anak’ in ‘anak sungai’ (tributary) means 'branches of the river'. This study aims to prove that language has a relationship with the environment. The relationship between language and the environment is the object of studies in ecolinguistics (Halliday, 2001) or language ecology (Haugen, 1972). Therefore, the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words is studied from the perspective of ecolinguistics or language ecology. In this study, the object of the study is part of the language, namely the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words. In this case, the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words is examined concerning the environment. The problem studied is whether the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words has a relationship with the environment. When it shows a relationship with the environment, what type of environment will the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words refer to? For example, the word ‘anak’ in ‘anak kandung’ (biological child) has a relationship with the family environment, the word ‘anak’ in ‘anak sekolah dasar’ (elementary school pupil/student) has a relationship with the educational environment, the word ‘anak’ in ‘anak ayam’ (chick) has a relationship with the animal environment, and the word ‘anak’ in ‘anak sungai’ (tributary) has a relationship with the natural environment. Discussions on the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words are found, among others, in the book by Kridalaksana (1988; 1993), Chaer's book (1984), Echols’ and Shadily’s book (1994), Badudu (1981), and the online version of the Indonesian Dictionary (2015). Kridalaksana (1988; 1993) discusses the use of the word ‘anak’ to study the combination of lexemes in Indonesian. The combinations of lexemes containing the lexeme of ‘anak’ are listed and classified according to their grammatical meaning. In his work of an Indonesian dictionary of idioms, Chaer (1984) has also listed idioms containing the word ‘anak’ and explained their meaning. In the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2015), the online version also has a list of compound words containing the word ‘anak’ and their respective meanings. In these books, the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words, of course, has not been discussed from an ecolinguistic perspective. There have been articles that present research results on the use of words or lexicon from an ecolinguistic perspective, namely articles by Sibarani (2014) and Sinungharjo (2020). Sibarani (2014) examines ‘bamboo’ vocabulary in Batak Toba IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 70 language from an ecolinguistic perspective. Based on the results of his research, Sibarani (2014) shows a list of vocabulary related to bamboo that is almost extinct in Batak Toba language. Sinungharjo (2020) examines the biotic lexicon in music from an ecolinguistic perspective. The results of his research, among others, show that there is a relationship between musical genres and the combination of biotic lexemes. Biotic lexemes are more dominant in dangdut music. The use of biotic elements as the central element is found in popular music and rock music genres and the use of biotic elements as attributes is found in reggae, punk, and hardcore music. In addition to the articles, there is also a thesis by Tarigan (2018) which describes the Karo language lexicon of nouns and verbs related to the rice environment in Rumah Pil-Pil Village and describes a picture of people's understanding of the noun and verb lexicon of rice. The results showed that the rice lexicon in Karo in Rumah Pil-Pil Village consisted of 5 groups, namely (1) the pre-planting stage lexicon, (2) the planting stage lexicon, (3) the post-planting stage lexicon, (4) the animal and plant lexicon related to rice, (5) the lexicon of processed rice in Rumah Pil-Pil Village. From the five lexicon groups, 118 noun lexicon and 50 verb lexicon were obtained. The number of the rice lexicon found in Rumah Pil-Pil Village is 168 lexicon. From the results of testing the understanding of the people of Rumah Pil-Pil Village on the rice lexicon, the results show that there has been a decreasing understanding of the lexicon in each age group of respondents, especially the adolescent age group. Respondents' understanding of noun lexicon at the age of 45 years was 97.7%, aged 21-45 years was 84.6%, and aged 15-20 years was 60.5%. Respondents' understanding of the verb lexicon at the age of 45 years was 98.6%, the age of 21-45 years was 82.6%, and the age of 15-21 years was 39.8%. The use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words is studied from an ecolinguistic perspective, so the theory used in this study is the theory of language concerning the environment. The ecolinguistic paradigm includes a functional paradigm (Isodarus, 2022), namely the study of language in terms of language relations and other aspects of life. Ecolinguistics is the study of language concerning the environment (Wenjuan, 2017, Chen 2016). Language concerning the environment contains three concepts, namely language, environment, and the relationship of language to the environment. Language is a sign or symbol consisting of form and meaning. A language which consists of form and meaning is manifested in grammatical units, namely words, sentences, and discourse. In this study, the grammatical unit studied is the word, namely the word ‘anak’ which is combined with other words to form a compound word. The environment, in this case, includes the metaphorical environment, namely the language user, as proposed by Haugen (1972) and the non-metaphorical environment as stated by Halliday (2001). The environment is everything that surrounds human life. The environment includes the human environment, animal environment, plant environment, natural environment, and the environment of artificial objects. Each type of environment can still be broken down into more specialized types. The human environment, for example, can be detailed into the individual environment, IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 71 family, school environment, work environment, place/location environment, socio- economic environment, socio-ethical environment, and so on. The relationship between language and the environment can be explained through the semantic triangle proposed by Ogden and Richards (1989: 11). Ogden and Richards (1989) explain the relationship between symbols, thoughts, and referents. The symbol serves to symbolize the mind and therefore there is a direct relationship between the two. The mind points to the referent and therefore there is a direct relationship between the two. The relationship between symbols and referents must go through the mind, namely through references or designations, and therefore between symbols and referents there is an indirect relationship. The indirect relationship is shown by a dotted line. The following presents the semantic triangle of Ogden and Richards (1989: 11). Figure 1. The semantic triangle by Ogden and Richards (1989:11) The semantic triangle theory from Ogden and Richards (1989: 11) is adapted in this study to explain the relationship between language and the environment. In this study, what is meant by a symbol is a verbal symbol or language and the referent in question is the environment. The human mind is the axis of the relationship between language and the environment. It is the mind that connects language with the environment. Language and environment do not have a direct relationship. The indirect relationship is shown by a dotted line. The relationship between language and the environment must go through the mind. This is following the view that language is in the human mind (Subiyanto, 2013). The relationship between language, thought, and environment can be described in the following ecolinguistic triangle. Figure 2 The ecolinguistic triangle IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 72 The relationship between language and the environment can be explained from two starting points, namely starting from the environment as a referent and starting from language as a symbol. If it departs from the environment, the environment is perceived by the mind through the senses to form a concept and then the concept is symbolized to form language. The symbolized concept is called meaning. Thus, a language, which consists of form and meaning, is formed. If it departs from language, the language element consisting of form and meaning refers to a certain environment. In this study, the relationship between language and the environment starts from the elements of language that have been formed. The language element that has been formed is the word ‘anak’, which combines with other words to form a compound word. The word ‘anak’ in the compound word expresses a particular meaning. The word ‘anak’ is a compound word that expresses a particular meaning and has a relationship with a certain type of environment. Method The object of this research is the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian. The research data are compound words that contain the word ‘anak’. The data were obtained from two sources, namely (1) from a book containing a list of compound words containing the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian and (2) from a creative generation of the Indonesian language that researchers use daily. The data from the first source were taken from the online version of the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2015). The data were obtained from a second source, which Botha (1981: 67) calls introspective data. This introspective data are compound words containing the word ‘anak’ which is not found in the online version of the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2015). Data collection from the first source was carried out using the method of listening or observation (Sudaryanto, 2015: 203), namely by listening to a list of compound words containing the word ‘anak’ found in the first data source. The results of the listening are then recorded on the data card. Data collection from the second source was carried out using an intuitive method (Labov, 1972: 9), namely by generating the language competence of the researcher as an Indonesian speaker. In this case, according to Robins (1992: 9), the researcher is an internalist, that is, the researcher is also a speaker of the language being studied. The data that have been collected are then classified based on the types of environment it refers to. The classified data are then analyzed using the referential equivalent method, which is a method that uses referents as a tool to prove certain lingual facts (Sudaryanto, 2015). This referential equivalent method is used to prove that the word ‘anak’ in a certain compound refers to a certain type of environment. The results of the data analysis are presented using informal methods and formal methods. The informal presentation method is the formulation of the results of data analysis in ordinary words, even with technical terminology. The formal presentation method is the formulation of the results of data analysis with what is commonly known as signs and symbols (Sudaryanto, 2015: 241). With the formal method, the results of data analysis in this study are presented in a table. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 73 Findings and Discussion Based on the environment it refers to, the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words designates ten types of environment, namely (1) the family environment, (2) the educational environment, (3) the work environment, (4) the place/location environment, (5) the socio-economic environment, (6) the socio-ethical environment, (7) the animal environment, (8) the plant environment, (9) the natural environment, and (10) the artificial object environment. The word ‘anak’ which refers to the family environment generally means 'descendants'. The data for the word ‘anak’ which refers to the family environment are presented in table 1 below. Table 1. The word ‘anak’ referring to the family environment No Compound Words Makna 1 anak kandung his/her own child 2 anak sulung the first child 3 anak bungsu the last child 4 anak tungal the only child 5 anak kembar children (two, three, or more) born from the same womb in a pregnancy 6 anak sapihan (newly) weaned child 7 anak istri children and wife or family 8 anak bini children and wife or family 9 anak cucu children and grandchildren or descendants 10 anak yatim a child who no longer has a father 11 anak yatim piatu a child who no longer has a father and a mother 12 anak tiri husband's or wife's inborn child who is not the result of marriage to the current wife or husband 13 anak angkat a child who is given the cost of education by someone, but still lives with his parents 14 anak asuh a child who is given the cost of education by someone, but still lives with his parents 15 anak haram a child born from a relationship outside the marriage bond 16 anak jadah children born from relationships outside of marriage bond 17 anak emas the most loved child The word ‘anak’ which refers to the educational environment is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the education unit, the combination of the word ‘anak’ with the name of the level in education, the combination of the word ‘anak’ with the type of education, the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the word student. The word ‘anak’ that refers to the educational environment generally contains the meaning of 'pupil' or 'student'. The data for the word ‘anak’ which refers to the educational environment are presented in Table 2 below. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 74 Table 2. The word ‘anak’ referring to the educational environment No Combined Words Meaning 1 anak taman kanak-kanak (TK) kindergarten pupil or student 2 anak sekolah dasar (SD) elementary school pupil or student 3 anak sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) junior high school pupil or student 4 anak sekolah menengah atas (SMA) high school pupil or student 5 anak sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK) vocational high school student 6 anak sekolah pupil or student 7 anak kursus student taking a course 8 anak madrasah 1. madrasa (a college for Islamic instruction) student 9 anak seminari seminary student 10 anak kelas I student of the first grade 11 anak kelas II student of the second grade 12 anak kelas III student of the third grade 13 anak didik pupil or student In table 2, data numbers 1 to 5 is a combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the education unit. Data number 6 to 9 includes a combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the type of education. Data number 10 to 12 is a combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the level in the education unit. Data 13 is a combination of the word ‘anak’ and the word ‘didik’ (educate). The word ‘anak’ that refers to the place/location environment is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the place. The word ‘anak’ followed by a place name usually means 'a child who comes from a particular area' or 'a child who lives in a particular area'. The data for the word ‘anak’ that refers to the environment in which it is located are presented in Table 3 below. Table 3. The word ‘anak’ pointing to the place/location environment No Combined Words Meaning 1 anak Aceh a person coming from Aceh 2 anak Bali a person coming from Bali 3 anak Yogyakarta a person coming from or Yogyakarta 4 anak Papua a person coming from Papua 5 anak kota a person coming from a city 6 anak desa a person coming from a village 7 anak asrama a person living in dormitories 8 anak kampung a person living in a kampong or village 9 anak kos a person living in a boarding house 10 anak jalanan a person living on the street In table 3, data 1 to 5 are a combination of the word ‘anak’ with the name of the place of origin. The combination of words 1 to 6 means 'children who come from….' The combination of words 7 to 10 means 'children who live in ….' IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 75 The word ‘anak’ that refers to the work environment means 'people who work in', 'players', or 'subordinates'. The word ‘anak’ that refers to the work environment is contained in the compound words presented in table 4 below. Table 4. The word ‘anak’ referring to the work environment No Compound Words Meaning 1 anak kapal officer on duty on the ship 2 anak perahu ship's crew 3 anak panggung performers in plays, drama, comedies, and so on 4 anak komidi comedian, play performer, theatrical performer 5 anak dabus player of dabus (Sundanese martial arts showing human abilities that are immune to sharp weapons, hard water, and others) 6 anak dayung rower 7 anak buah subordinate The word ‘anak’ that refers to the socio-economic environment is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the parent's occupational background and the combination of the word ‘anak’ with the name of the level of the parents' economic ability. The word ‘anak’ that refers to the socio-economic environment generally means 'a child whose parents’ status is …' or 'a child whose family's economic condition is capable or not.' Table 5. The word ‘anak’ referring to the socio-economic environment No Compound Words Meaning 1 anak pejabat A person whose parents are officials 2 anak petani A person whose parents are farmers 3 anak pedagang A person whose parents are traders 4 anak buruh A person whose parents are laborers 5 anak pengusaha A person whose parents are businessmen 7 anak kaya A person whose parents are rich 8 anak miskin children of poor parents 7 anak mampu children of rich parents 8 anak tidak mampu children from poor families The word ‘anak’ referring to the socio-ethical environment is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and words that state the good or bad behaviour of a person. The compound word containing the word ‘anak’ that refers to a socio-ethical environment means 'a child who behaves according to or not following societal norms.' Table 6 The Word ‘Anak’ Referring to the Socio-ethical Environment No Compound Words Meaning 1 anak baik a good child 2 anak saleh a religiously obedient child 3 anak nakal a child who behaves deviantly from social norms IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 76 4 anak durhaka a child behaving against parental orders or God's orders 5 anak brandal a child who behaves not in accordance with the norms of society 6 anak kurang ajar a child behaving impolitely 7 anak santun a well-behaved child 8 anak penurut a child who obeys parental orders The word ‘anak’ that refers to the animal's environment is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the animal. The word ‘anak’ followed by the name of an animal usually means 'a small animal'. The data for the word ‘anak’ that refer to the animal environment are in the combination of words presented in table 7 below. Table 7 The Word ‘Anak’ Pointing to Animal Environment No Kata Majemuk Meaning 1 anak kelinci a little bunny 2 anak kucing a little cat 3 anak harimau a little tiger 4 anak sapi a little cow 5 anak burung a little bird 6 anak gajah a little elephant 7 anak ular a little snake The word ‘anak’ that designates the plant environment is found in a combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the plant or the name of the plant part. Data for the word ‘anak’ that refers to the plant environment are presented in table 8 below. Table 8 The Word ‘Anak’ Pointing to the Plant Environment No Compound Words Meaning 1 anak daun leaf blade 2 anak pisang small banana tree 3 anak cabang twig The word ‘anak’ that refers to the natural environment is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the name of the type of natural environment. The word ‘anak’ that refers to the natural environment generally means 'section' or 'branch'. Data for the word ‘anak’ that refers to the natural environment are presented in table 9 below. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 77 Table 9 The Word ‘Anak’ Pointing to the Natural Environment No Compound Words Meaning 1 anak sungai river branch 2 anak bukit smaller hill 3 anak air gutter or ditch 4 anak gunung a smaller mountain that appears near a larger mountain 5 anak angin softer wind 6 anak laut smaller sea The word ‘anak’ that designates the environment of artificial objects is found in the combination of the word ‘anak’ and the names of artificial objects. Table 10 The Word ‘Anak’ Pointing to the Environment of Artificial Objects No Compound Words Meaning 1 anak kunci a key to open/unlock a lock 2 anak tangga the part of the ladder that is used to stand on 3 anak panah an arrow released with the bow 4 anak meja drawer 5 anak busur arrow 6 anak timbangan weighing device as a measure of the weight of goods 7 anak dacin stone (iron and so on) on a scale with a certain weight 8 anak batu tulis stationery to write on slate 9 anak batu cylinder shaped stone for crushing pepper (chili, spices, etc.) 10 anak bedil bullet 10 anak kalimat part of a sentence (clause) that cannot stand alone as a sentence' or 'bound clause' 11 anak judul addition to the title of an essay or a writing 12 anak bab part of the chapter in a writing 13 anak baju underwear 14 anak perusahaan a company part of a larger company The word ‘anak’ in the combination of these words means 'part'. The data for the word ‘anak’ that refers to the environment of artificial objects are presented in table 10 above. Conclusion The conclusion from the data analysis in this study is that the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words refers to ten types of environment, namely (1) family environment, (2) educational environment, (3) work environment, (4) place/location environment, (5) socio-economic environment, (6) socio-ethical environment, (7) animal environment, (8) plant environment, (9) natural environment, and (10) artificial object environment. The results of this study have answered the research problem, IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2022, pp. 68-79 78 namely whether the use of the word ‘anak’ in a combination of Indonesian words has a relationship with the environment. The word ‘anak’ that designates certain environment contains certain meanings. The word ‘anak’ which refers to the family environment means 'descendants'. The word ‘anak’ which refers to the educational environment means 'pupil' or 'student'. The word ‘anak’ that refers to the work environment means 'people who work in', 'players', or 'subordinates'. The word ‘anak’ which refers to the environment in which it is located means 'person who comes from' or 'person who lives in'. The word ‘anak’ which refers to the socio-economic environment means 'children whose parents are' or 'children whose socio-economic status is able/poor'. The word ‘anak’ which refers to a socio- ethical environment means 'a child who behaves well or not well'. The word ‘anak’ which refers to an animal environment means 'a small animal'. The child's word that refers to the plant environment means 'part'. The word ‘anak’ which refers to the natural environment means 'part'. The word ‘anak’ that refers to the environment of artificial objects also means 'part'. The results of this study prove that the use of the word ‘anak’ in Indonesian compound words can refer to various types of environments. The type of environment that the word ‘anak’ denotes depends on the word it combines. The words they combine also affect the meaning expressed by the word ‘anak’. Furthermore, the results of this study further confirm the basic assumption in ecolinguistics that language has a relationship with the environment. The theory of the relationship between language and the environment will be stronger when more research is carried out on the elements of language from an ecolinguistic perspective. References Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan. (2015). Kamus besar Bahasa Indonesia (Edisi V). Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Badudu, J.S. (1981). Kamus ungkapan Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: CV Pustaka Prima dan PT Harapan Botha, R. P. (1981). 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Language & Communication, 62, 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.04.004 Notes: In the Indonesian version, this article was presented online at the 29th Anniversary Seminar of the Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, on April 4, 2022. https://doi.org/10.24071/sin.v15i1.3273 https://doi.org/10.26499/mm.v12i2.1033 https://doi.org/10.24071/sin.v14i2.2675 https://doi.org/10.14710/humanika.18.2 http://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/10789 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.04.004