IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61-69 International Journal of Humanity Studies http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/IJHS Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 61 FUNCTIONS OF METAPHOR IN THE LYRICS OF RAYOLA’S SONG Nasrul Gadjah Mada University nasrulsn@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2018.020107 Received 8 November 2017; revised 8 December 2017; accepted 26 August 2018 Abstract This study aims to show some of the functions of the metaphor used in the lyrics of Rayola’s song. Rayola is a singer of Minang’s songs from Padang. The method used in this research is qualitative research in three stages: stage the provision of data, data analysis, and presentation of the results of the data analysis. Sources of data in the form of a song sung by Rayola, consisting of 8 albums Rayola ever published and commercialized. The theory used in this research is the theory of metaphor which is initiatived by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) as well as the theory of metaphor functions according to Stefanowitsch (2005). The results of this study revealed that there are at least seven functions of metaphor contained in the lyrics of Rayola’s song 1) to concrete human experience, 2) creating space imagination, 3) soften the language, 4) means to achieve aesthetic effects, 5) to attract attention, 6) to beautify the tone, and 7) pleasing to be heard. Keywords: metaphor, metaphor functions, folk songs, Rayola, Minangkabau Introduction Discussion of the song can not be separated from the use of language in the lyrics. The song is a blast expressive feelings or thoughts are issued regularly in the form of sound. Waluyo (1987: 1) explains that the songs we listen to are not merely beautiful language, but the content of his poetry moreover capable of entertaining humans. The beauty of a song lies in diction or choice of words used. Style of language or stylebecomes problem or part of diction or choice of words to question whether or not suitable use of words, phrases or specific clauses to a particular situation (Keraf, 2009: p.112). The lyrics of the song has a typical style of the beautiful language, but full of meaning. Semi (1988: p.106) states lyric isa short poem that expressesemotions. The words in the song composed by the author withconsidering both aesthetics shades of meaning of words, diction appropriatetones, and other creative elements. When separated from the elements of the music, the melody, rhythm, rhyme, andpreparation lines and stanzas, the lyrics can be analyzed as text (Sudjiman 1992: P.64). IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 62 Rayola is a Minang’s singer who has a distinctive vocal sound and talented. It proved she successfully issued 8 albums consisting of 1) Hanyo Punyo Cinto, 2) Takana Kasiah Di Pakanbaru, 3) Rindukan Ayah, 4) Cinto Tak Sampai, 5) Manikam Jajak, 6) BasandiangBukan Jo Cinto, 7) Luko Batahan Surang, and 8) Pakasiah Tak Baramuan. In the lyrics of her songs performed are found metaphors that are used as figurative language as well as a means to convey a message. Metaphor is a way to solicit ideas, ideas or other things that are used in the lyrics of Rayola’s song. The purpose of the use of metaphors for several reasons. These reasons can be concerned about the beauty and cognitive function. It is considered important due to the function studied more deeply is deemed important enough. In addition as a garnish language of metaphor function is very useful for the composer and the audience / listener. The purpose of this study only focuses on the function of metaphor contained in the lyrics of Rayola’s song. The function is meant metaphorically function as a figure of speech. Metaphor comes from the Greek(meta and pheron), meta meaning more while pheron which means move. It's a figure of speech in which a word or phrase used to describe one who does not have a literal reference (McGlune, 2007: p.109). Kridalaksana (2008: p.152) is the use of another word or phrase to another object or concept is based on figurative or equation. In line with the statement, Chaer (1984) and Keraf (2009) say that metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, but in the short form. In studies using metaphor theory initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In their book, the metaphor we life by, they argue that: "Theconcepts that govern our thought are not just matters of the intellect. They also govern our everyday functioning, down to the most mundane details. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people. Thus Spake Our conceptual system plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor "(Lakoffand Johnson,1980)". Directly, through their statement, they wanted to convey that metaphor is not only appears in humans but it can also appear in everyday life, in the experience, and human actions. The basic structure of metaphor is very simple consists of two things: something that is being discussed (compared) and something that is used as a comparison. If the two are close together, the metaphor would appear yet expressive quality of nothing at all. Conversely, if the distance between these two things pretty much, the more effective metaphor (Sumarsono, p. 2012: 265-266). According to Richard (1972: p.97), the theory of metaphor can be seen that the metaphor has three main elements in it, namely: 1) vehicle or the source domain is the domain that serves as a means to convey a metaphor in the form of words or figurative expression itself. 2) tenoror the target domain that contains ideas, concepts, objectsdescribed, discussed, figured, symbolized, and compared 3) groundor a sense that is similarities between the vehicle and the tenor in the form of a relation equation can be objective: the shape, place, character, or any IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 63 combination in between and similarities emotive, concept, function, andsocio- cultural. In connection with the function of metaphor, there are two hypothesis: Stylistics Hypothesis and Cognitive Hypothesis (Stefanowitsch, 2005). Stylistics Hypothesis refers to the ornamental function, namely that the metaphorical expression is believed to be ornate language used. Cognitive Hypothesis refers to cognitive function, namely that the expression of metafiris contains concepts that form an integral experience in everyday life. Metaphor functions referred to in this article is referring to the use of interest metaphorical expression that has the power or force that exceeds the literal sense of the phrase. Owned power metaphorical expression consists of intensify, refine, transform diversity, beautify, facilitate a concept is understood. The basic five power which is based on the underlying function sequentially metaphor related to concretize, refine, emotive function and other functions. Method This researchuses three stages: stage research providing data, stage of data analysis, and presentation of the results of data analysis. At the provision of data using Simak methods (Sudaryanto, 1988:), the researcher observed attentively the language in the lyrics of Rayola’s song that uses the metaphor. After the data is found, classified into certain parts by the realm of metaphor sources. Furthermore, the data recorded in the data card. At data analysisstage using a Padan Method (Sudaryanto, 1993: p.13), the method of determining the data analysis is outside, apart, and do not become part of the language(langue)concerned or studied. Data were analyzed is determined by means of deciding which of the mental power possessed sorting researcher then followed by a referential sorting techniques. Furthermore, using comparison technique that appeal equate which is equate principal staple in the realm form the source and the target domains. Translational technique is also required in this study in order to change the Minang language to Indonesian. At the stage of presentation of the data analysts use informal methods and formal methods (Sudaryanto, 1993: p.145), using a formulation of words can even with its technical terminology and use the formulation signs or symbols. Findings and Discussion Some findings about the function of metaphor contained in the lyrics Rayola’s song can be structured as follows. to Concrete Human Experience The things that are abstract in life can be concretized by using metaphors. Abstract objects that can not be captured by sensory can be illustrated with the help of metaphors. How is an abstract object that can be concretized is a mechanism that is unique. Through a complicated metaphor can be explained with a simple, consider the following offerings: 1. takuik ko duri cinto manusuk hati afraidthis love’s thorn stabs heart 'afraid thorn this love stabs heart (1.RUS.2) IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 64 2. tasamsam duri cinto be touched thorn’s love ‘be touched thorn’s love’ (4.B.6) Through metaphor, the concept of love can be explained and be seen in example (1). Abstract’s love then is figured with the word duri.the word duri juxtaposed with the word love is a metaphor. Love is figured as a thorn, it can hurt, stabbing or can injure. Of those referred to in this metaphor is the love that is 'thorns' may barb. Through the realm of plant sources can be prefigured the concept of love. A similar concept can be seen in the example (2) love is figured as a strap that is a depiction of love that can bind like a rope. Abstract’s love realm source can be concretized with inanimate objects that rope. Creating Space Imagination Space imaginationis a picture in the mind of the something without direct experience through the senses. Imagination (KBBI, 2008: p.526) is the power of thought to imagine (in fantasy), or creating images (paintings, essays, etc.) the event is based on reality or experience of a person; delusion. In this case, that meant imagination in the metaphor is to imagine a pattern or concept of something through a metaphor. This happens because of the power of imagination that appear as a result of the process in a metaphor metaphorical. Metaphor try to bridge it by describing the abstract to the concrete. Generally, the things that are abstract described by the metaphor, but there are also things concretely described. Love is hard to define even the true meaning. In the dictionary yet, the concept of love is elusive because every human being has their definitions. Through metaphor, the concept of love that can be simplified with imaginative space. 3. dulu sabiduak kito baduo first one boat we were both 'first we were both of the boat' marangkuah dayuang marendo cinto holding the paddle crochet love 'to hold the paddle crochet love' (2.TMP.3) 4. diantaro kito lamo tajalin cinto among us long standing love 'among us have long intertwined love' indak denai sangko putuih jadinyo unexpecte to break would happen 'I was not expecting to break up eventually' (4.RSG) Some feel that love is a fabric that can be embroidered. Love can be decorated with beautiful things. The word crochet is commonly used for fabrics, materials fabrics, silk and garments. However, juxtaposed with the word love crochet forming figurative meaning. In addition, as a complement of other elements located on dulu sabiduak baduo that has long been the love relationship is established, it is designated by the dulu sabiduak baduo . In other words as a complement lies in marangkuah dayuang 'holding paddles that seeks to achieve a IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 65 certain goal together. So, in the example (3) of the things want to describe is their love story that has happened already quite long with many obstacles and barriers in order to achieve a common goal. Through the example (4) The story of the journey of love that can be imaginated by using theboat dulu sabiduak kito baduo and do a trip with the paddle there. The next love is figured as something that can be put together. Something that split can be combined with the name of love. This can be seen in the example (4) tajalin cinto 'entwined in love'. Love is figured withword Tajalin 'established'. Selanjutkan complement of the idea of love can be seen from these words advanced Indak denai sangko putuih jadinyo 'not what I expected would break uphappens'. The shape figure illustrates that I never thought that a love affair that has been established will be broken. Through the example (4) The story depicted a love story of the character me which has long been the case then broke in the middle of the road. Two different perceptions about the journey of love arises because love is an abstract thing that is in the thoughts and feelings that can not be defined easily. Through metaphor, the concept of love was imagined into a variety of stories that fill the story of the characters involved in it. These two examples illustrate that love is a life journey that is taken by people who want to feel that love. Love can also be interpreted as a long process, which does not guarantee the end of a love that would be wonderful. Soften the Language In certain occasions, something that is sometimes considered taboo for phrased properly. So, we need something that is considered taboo replacement looks more refined. It is also found in the lyrics of Rayola’s song, songwriter deliberately doing so in order to be good to hear. By using metaphors such purposes can be done. This is because one of the characteristics of the metaphor is to equate one thing with another. 5. ayah jo mandeh bapisah cinto father and mother goodbye love 'father and mother split of love' (3.BL.1) 5a. ayah jo mandeh bacarai mother and father divorced 'father and mother divorced' Example (5) and ( 5a) are two forms that are almost the same meaning. Example (5) is a metaphor that is marked with the notationword bapisah 'split'combined with the word Cinto'love',forming a predicative metaphors. While in the example (5a) is not a metaphor because it does not have a figurative meaning, for example (5a) is a direct meaning. Metaphor in the example (5), the object to be figured was a divorce. However, by using a metaphor, the term divorce can be smoothed by replacing the word becomes a metaphor. The word divorce for some people is something that is considered ugly, bad and has negative connotations, especially when used in the lyric of folk song . the wordsBapisah Cinto 'goodbyelove' is seen as more subtle than the word divorce. Parting words of love can be used as a "definition" of divorce / separation through metaphor. In that instance, contained a function to refine the language with the goal of politeness. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 66 Means to Achieve Aesthetic Effects Metaphor functions are the other means to achieve the aesthetic effect. This is related to the basic concept of metaphor is comparing something else because there are similarities. Metaphor as figurative language spoken language can create catchy. 6. bamulo cinto tajalin di antaro kito Begins love existed between us 'our love started among us' (7.LSBS.1) 6a. bamulo cinto tajadi di antara kita begins love happening between us 'love happens between us' 6b. bamulo cinto tibo di antaro kito begins love comes between us 'love come between us' Through the example (6) can be compared with the sample (6a) and examples (6b) which is more beautiful figurative language to express the love that occurs between both figures. Predicative metaphors of the third exampleword Tajalin 'exists' is considered more aesthetic and concept of intertwined it suitable for use in the sample (6) In short, love is figured into some object that can be put together. Love is an abstract concept that can be realized to be something that can be put together. The lyrics is one of the informative media that convey ideas, ideas and thoughts of the creator of the lyrics. To that end, consideration using proper grammar, manners and beautiful into a strong reason to use a metaphor as one means to achieve the aesthetic values in the songs, especially folk songs. Attention Function of the most common metaphor is to attract attention. This is based, that metaphor becomes a medium to convey something ordinary into something exaggerate (considered to be outstanding). The applicability of these figurative terms will create more interesting to hear even though its literal meaning would be the same. Here are some of the data found in the lyrics of the song Rayola. 7. tapi denai takuik jo kumbang but I fear with the beetle 'but I fear with the beetle' (1.HPC) 7a. tapi denai takuik jo laki-laki but I fear with the man 'but I fear with the man' Metaphor in the data (7) the word kumbang 'beetle' is one example of nominative metaphors for the symbol of figurative only in that metaphor. Beetles are metaphors for men. Use of the beetle is certainly the goal is not merely to complement it, but make it more interesting lyrics. Example (7a) can be comparable, although equally pointed in males, but the use of the word beetle is considered more attractive. IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 67 to Beautify the Tone Metaphorsin the lyrics of Rayola’s song also has the function of a way to beautify the tone. The function is found by way of repeating certain parts of the metaphor to give a certain effect that support the function of the tone beautified. This is done with consideration as an effective way if it is compared with other means if without repetition. These methods are commonly used in songs, especially folk songs. In songs generally use the way of repetition, the repetition of certain parts, even the repetition almost most of the lyrics of the song. However, the lyrics of Rayola’s song, the repetition can be found in the form of metaphor. In addition to the form of metaphor, another form will be ignored. That is not part of this research study. The repetition shape can be seen in the example (8), which uses the word laruik 'soluble' which is a form of metaphor action. Figurative meaning to be figured that I was getting late for love. The main thing is to be conveyed to the sample (8) is a love that can make people late to the atmosphere, can also soundly asleep with love. Love likesomething that can make a blend with specific circumstances. Metaphoric in the example (8) will be tested based on the presence or absence of such repetition. The shape whether they can be expressed as a function to beautify the tone. Consider some comparative examples. 8. denai lah laruikdilaruik cinto I have solubled solubled love 'I have solubled solubled because of love' (8.AD) 8a. denai lah larut cinto I have solubled love ‘I have solubled love’ 8b. denai lah dilarut cinto I have solubled by love 'I have solubled by love’ Example (8) when compared with the example (8a), even though both use the word soluble, figurative meaning will appear different. In the example of figure (8) have already explained that I was in a state of "dilarut" love while examples (8b) explained that the figures I've dissolve in love. In the example (8b) appears almost the same meaning, but the effects that arise only mediocre. Will be different from the meaning that appears in the example (8) is a confirmation of the specific points that solubled by love. With the repetition, as well as beautify the tone also serves as the emphasis on certain points in the song. Pleasing to be Heard Metaphor has another function, namely as an alternative to convey something so pleasing to beheard. The lyrics are part of the language that will be delivered through music. The use of metaphors in the lyrics of the song also be considered to be pleasant to hear, not boring and uncomfortable to hear because the language is conveyed using figurative language. With the metaphor, the aim that the song is nice to be heard can be achieved. Through metaphor, we can make the words used in the song lyrics are easy to IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2018, pp. 61–69 68 digest and will provide certain effects. Rayola’s song lyrics found on goal these functions are in the form of metaphor in the following example. 9. di antaro kito lamo tajalin cinto among us longentwined in love' 'among us has long been entwined in love' (4.RSG) 9a. di antaro kito lah lamo tajadi cinto 'among us happened a long time love 'among us happened a long time love 'Metaphorin the example (9) uses the verb Tajalin' entwined 'whereas in example (9a) using the verb happened. The second form of this metaphor, the words entwined considered more pleasing to be heard because the word gives a positive impression, soft, and polite. In contrast to the example (9a) using tajadi word 'happened'. The word is heard as it gives the impression of a dramatic, terrible, and give a different effect. Although the meaning of the metaphor of the two data are similar, metaphorical form entwined in Example (9) to be considered as having a function to be pleasing to be heard. Conclusion Rayola’s songs is one of Minangkabau’s songs which use Minang’s language and have quite a lot of figurative language, especially in the form of metaphor. Based on research of the lyrics ofRayola’s song, argued that metaphor is a means to express language, and ornate language is also a means to achieve certain functions. These functions are part of the songs are sung, and the messages to be conveyed. The metaphorical expression that is directly or not directly related to the songs sung by singer. The results of this study indicate that the function of the metaphor used in the lyrics of Rayola’s song is intended as follows 1) to concrete human experience, 2) creating space imagination, 3) soften the language, 4) means to achieve aesthetic effects, 5) to attract attention, 6) to beautify the tone, and 7) pleasing to be heard. References Keraf, G. (2009). Diksi dan gaya bahasa (rev.). Jakarta: Gramedia. Kridalaksana, H. (2008). Kamus linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. 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