International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) – eISSN: 1865-7923 – Vol. 14, no. 17, 2020 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i17.16639 Ahmed Ayoob Mousa (), Aisha Hassan Abdalla, Huda Adibah Mohd. Ramli International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ahmedal_shehab@yahoo.com Abstract—Mobile Router (MR) mobility supported by Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BS) is a Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) extension that supports Host Mobility. Proposed Multihoming and Route Optimization for MANEMO (MROM) scheme is designed to provide Route Optimization (RO) and Multihomed in NEMO architectures. This paper proposes two novel schemes; MANEMO routing scheme and Multihoming-based scheme. These are to provide support for next generation networks. The proposed MROM scheme differs from other schemes for NEMO environment because it considers the requirements of more application flows parameters as packet lost delivery, handoff delay as well as throughput). Another difference is that not only the network infrastructure can begin the functionality of flow routing, but also an Edge Mobile Router (EMR) can do this flow for routing. Moreover, it utilizes the state of the art and presently active access network to perform the separation of each flow in mobile network. Thus, proposed MROM exhibits multihoming features and improves handoff performance by initiating flow-based fast registration process in NEMO environment. A handoff method is proposed with enhanced functionalities of the Local Mobility Anchors (LMA), Mobile Routers (MRs) and signaling messages with a view to achieve continuous connectivity through handoff in NEMO. Both analytical and simulation approaches are used. Analytical evaluation is carried out to analyze packet delivery lost and handoff delay of our proposed scheme. It was also shown that cost of signaling messages and packet delivery are contributing to total handoff cost. At the simulation part, network simulator 3 (NS 3) has been used as the tool to get performance metrics that have been considered like packet delivery ratio, handoff delay, and packet loss. Our proposed scheme (MROM) has been benchmarking to the standard NEMO BS Protocol and P-NEMO. In this paper, we discuss proposed MROM for next generation networks, providing detailed analysis with a numerical model, proposed MROM, by maximizing the handoff performance, has been justified to have better mobility support than the ordinary NEMO BS Protocol and PNEMO. Keywords—MROM, MANEMO, RO, Multihomed, Handoff. iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 167 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i17.16639 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 1 Introduction Today, mobile technology with smarts devices rapidly growth the network traffic volumes in terms of mobile data, So the mobility support becomes an important research and attracting great considerations. Hence, the arise want for next generation networks like 5G have increased the demand for Network Mobility (NEMO). Host mobility like laptops, mobile phones and PDAs supports by Mobile IPv6 protocol. MIPv6 [1] maintains continuous connectivity between a Mobile Host (MH) and its Corresponding Node (CN) regardless of the MH current attachment location point to the Internet. Home Agent (HA) is one component of MIPv6 protocol which do sending/receiving the packets in the middle of the MH and its CN. Route Optimization (RO) in MIPv6 is called the Return Rout ability (RR) Procedure [1]. It allows an MN to send Binding Update (BU) packet to it own CN. Then, packets are directly routed between MNs and their CNs. While RR procedure in MIPV6 reduces latency of the communication and improves performances, it also introduces several issues such as modifications of end-nodes, complexity, and server overload. Furthermore, MIPv6 does not support MR mobility which called the Network Mobility support (NEMO). Therefore, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has created a “NEMO Work Group” in order to present a mobility solution regarding to the view of MIPv6 which deals with Mobile Router (MR) instead of a single mobile node [2-3]. For mobility management of the whole mobile network, NEMO Basic Support (NEMO BS) is considered with MR as main entity instead of MH. The aim of the NEMO Basic Support is to maintain session continuity between the Mobile Network Node (MNN) and its CN while MR change its point of attachment [4]. In NEMO context, getting an optimal route is a major key to solve suboptimal routing and IP header (packet overhead) through preventing IP-in-IP tunnel between MR and its HA. Route Optimization (RO) for MIPv6 is Return Routability (RR) Procedure which gives Mobile Node (MN) the ability to send /receive packets from MN’s Home of Address (HoA) and its Care of Address (CoA). A Route Optimization solution becomes a critical need when multiple MRs connected together in Nested NEMO fashion. Hence, the Route Optimization (RO) is a critical feature for NEMO BSP because of additional issues arises which called Pinball problem [5-6]. At the Mobility Network, the IETF categorized the Multihoming of NEMO based on MR. MR becomes multihomed once a MR has Multi-prefixed addresses (Multi-Interfaced) to select among them. Furthermore, multihoming in NEMO is occurred once an MR is multihomed or multiple MRs to select one of them [7-9]. MANEMO (MANET for NEMO) is presented through integrating the localize mobility (MANET technique) with global continuing reachability features (NEMO technique). MANEMO is a layer three solution to provide Route Optimization (RO) and multihoming. MANEMO offers to MNNs/MRs to choose the best route to the edge MR at mobile network [10-11]. MANEMO solution is categorized to two types that are: NEMO to MANEMO (N2M), and MANET to MANEMO (M2M). Solutions for MANEMO have already been proposed within the IETF that is possibly related to current work in IETF such as routing protocols (i.e., OSPF), Network Mobility 168 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks support (i.e., NEMO), MANET and Autoconfiguration (i.e. AUTOCON), and multi- interfaces in IPv6 (i.e., MONAMI6) [5][7]. This paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we present an overview of our proposed MROM scheme-based Route Optimization (RO). In Section III, overview of proposed MROM based Multihoming, then numerical modelling and analysis are presented in Section IV. In Section V, results and discussion of performance evaluation. Finally, in Section VI, we conclude our paper. 2 Proposed MROM Scheme Based Routing Optimization (RO) Recently, there are many researches for new architectures to support the Routing Optimization RO in Mobile Networks that happens once the MR/MNN change among different access networks. In Nested NEMO, the sub-optimal routing issues are increased because the number of MRs and its MNNs attached to mobile networks and required to maintain connection with their home networks [12-13]. According to the proposed MROM scheme, optimal routing path can obtain by managing connectivity of the mobile networks (i.e. MNNs) with their CNs which produce (Intra - Optimization). Once the Exit Mobile Router (EMR) in hierarchical structure is selected, Neighbour Discovery Protocol is used by sending a Tree Information Message (TIO) for all other MRs in Mobile Networks [10]. EMR works logically as controller of sending / receiving packets to mobile networks through optimal route. The proposed MROM scheme-based Route Optimization (RO) consists of three phases as shown in figure 1 below: Fig. 1. Mechanism of Entire proposed MROM Scheme As shown from Pseudo code in figure 1, the optimal path for our proposed scheme divided into the three stages: iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 169 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 2.1 Infrastructure optimization (Stage #1) This stage focuses on infrastructure optimisation by utilising new functionality of a home agent of the Exit Mobile Router as a centralize HA namely; Proxy HA to handle inefficient routing matters which include redundant tunnelling packet overhead (extra IP header), packet delivery lost and scalability. The main goal of using a Proxy HA is to get an optimal routing method matching with all entities of MIPv6 and NEMO BSP. The Home Agent (HA) of the Exit MR (EMR) acts as PHA. The major key solution of our proposed (MROM) is HAs exchange information (metrics) about MRs that can be reached and the MNNs behind each MR. Hence, hop distance between the end points is decreased. Additionally, has notify the same network prefixes gathered from various network domains by using anycast routing [4][11]. Likewise, has sharing metrics about their associations with MRs. Fig. 2. Infrastructure Optimization (Stage #1) Mechanism 2.2 Intra NEMO optimization (Stage #2) This stage involves Intra-NEMO optimisation that supports local connectivity among MNs/MRs in the same mobile network, in order to address HA dependency, 170 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks bottleneck, traffic congestion and selection of ER. MANEMO forms a free network loop for each subnet [13-15]. MANEMO arranges a tree structure towards the Internet by using Tree Discovery Protocol. NINA exposes the MNPs up to the tree (out of MR’s E) after tree is formed. Network in Node Option (NINO) carries the MNP in the Neighbour Advertisement (NA) message. By exchanging the NINO options through NA messages up to the tree, an MR learns the Mobile Network prefix (MNP) of all other MRs down its tree [11][14]. Binding Cache table of the Exit router (BC_ER) is extended to preserve the addresses of MNNs/MRs within mobile network. At the Intra-NEMO stage, various Internet Gateways (EMR) are improved. These improvements are achieved by using ER mechanism through extending the functionalities of MR and expanding MR’s cache table. This Binding Cache (BC) makes the mapping with HoA, CoA, and PHA linked with MRs. Each MR keeps the prefixes of all MRs at the MFS. Furthermore, the CoAs and HoAs for the lower MRs are kept. Algorithem 1: Select the ER - ER_count = 0 - Do - IF MR has direct Internet connection Then - MR acts as (IGW/ ER) - ER_count = ER_count +1 - Else MR has Indirect Internet connection (through other MRs) - Select the best route to ER - End Else - While ∀ MRs test their connectivity status - End Do - End IF - Do - Case “ER selection” of - ((TDER1 > TDER2) && (LDER1 > LDER2)) : select ER2 as the best route to Internet - ((TDER1 > TDER2) && (QER1 >>QER2)) : select ER2 as the best route to Internet - (LDER1 > LDER2) && (QER1 >>QER2)) : select ER2 as the best route to Internet - Default - Select ER1 as the best route to get Internet connection - End case - While MFS has > 1 ER - End Do - Halt Fig. 3. Extension of Selecting Exit Router (ER) Mechanism - NEMO Multihomed Figure 4 shows the format of Tree Information Option (TIO) message where “P” letter is specifying as a bit represent when an HA operates as Proxy HA, and “G” flag is specifying as another bit when an MR operates as EMR. Also, a sub option field is allocated to uniform path metrics which carries network of measurements as lowest iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 171 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks path, link’s time delay, throughput, and bandwidth [16-17]. lastly, Exit MR advertises its address (HoA and CoA) for all MRs/MNNs within mobile network by TIO. Type Length |G|H|P| Reserved Sequence Tree Pref. Boot Time Random MR Preference Tree Depth (L) Tree Delay Path Digest Tree ID Newly Sub-options: 1. Internet Connectivity 2. RTT between (ER-PHA) and between (PHA-CN) 3. Packet Queuing ER_CoA ER_HoA Fig. 4. New Metrics Carried by Tree Information Option (TIO) message 2.3 Inter NEMO Optimization (Stage #3) This stage is aim to discard route sub-optimal concerns by integrating with the Infrastructure optimization (stage #1) and Intra-NEMO optimization (stage #2) which produces one-way tunnel between the terminals as shown in figure 5. MR1 As Exit MR MR2 MNN1 Internet CN AP1 AP2 HA3 HA1 HA2 HA4 MR3 As Exit MR MR4 MNN2 M R -H A T u n n e l PHA (x1+x2) 1 2 3 HA4 act as PHA-x2HA2 act as PHA-x1 Optimal path through Exit Mobile Router (Locally Management) M R -H A T u n n e l Optimal Path through PHA - Infrastructure (amongs HAs) Domain A Domain B Sending packets from MNN1 – Domain A To MNN2 – Domain B Fig. 5. Inter –Optimization based on proposed MROM 172 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks The Exit MR continuously collects the connectivity information from all the MRs in mobile networks and learns the network topology. Each MR maintains a route to the Exit MR to receive connectivity information [18]. The global view of the network has information regarding the number of MRs in the mobile network and the connectivity between the MRs. Algorithm 1 shows the mechanism of selecting Exit MR. The selection of Exit MR among other MRs in NEMO is a type of NEMO Multihoming as IETF classification [4]. At Intra NEMO, the proposed MROM is designed for maintaining route to Exit MR, learning network topology, and sending network routes. Therefore, Exit MR serves the direct connection between two MNN/MRs at same domain. On another hand, the proposed MORM scheme deployed the infrastructure optimization through choosing a Proxy Home Agent (PHA) from multiple HAs that connected previously with them [19]. PHA collects information from the other HAs to control the packets received or sends from/to Exit MR. Hence, the optimal path between MNN and its CN in Nested NEMO can be obtained without any bidirectional tunneling between MRs and their HAs, just one bidericational tunnel generated between Exit MR and Proxy HA. While the CN needs to communicate with MNN, its collect flow path information from previous communication (binding cache of ER) and sending packets to it MNN without any IP tunnels. 3 Proposed MROM Based Multihoming In our proposed MROM configuration, each MR has three interfaces: Egress (E), Ingress (I) and Virtual (V) Interfaces as shown in figure 6. Therefore, these Multiple interfaces of MR can achieve NEMO multihoming features; as like improved availability and balanced traffic load with flow distribution through corresponding connectivity through inter technology Handoff [14-18]. Hence, handoff delay time is reduced. EMR2 = NFMR SMR EI Ingress Egress EMR1 = CFMR EI Virtual Interface VI VI PCoA 1 PCoA 2 Internet Proxy HA = FLMA WiFi AP1 WiMax AP2 Fig. 6. Multi-Interface for SMR in Proposed MROM iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 173 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks This section gives a brief overview of our PROPOSED MROM to support mobility management within NEMO style. Regarding to our proposed MROM scheme, the Flow Based Local Mobility Anchor (FLMA), and Serving Mobile Router (SMR) operates as an LMA and MR in P-NEMO style respectively [15]. Also, MROM assumes that old Exit Mobile Router (EMR1) and the new Exit Mobile Router (EMR2) act as Current Flow – enabled MR (MRCF), and the New Flow – enabled MR (MRNF), respectively. Both MRCF and MRNF devices are utilized for learning the changing of SMR across different wireless access routers [19][20][21]. Moreover, MRCF and MRNF are responsible to the Mobile and Home Network Prefix (MNP and HNP) respectively, from the Acknowledgement (Ack) that is forwarded directly by the Proxy-HA (as FLMA). Finally, both devices (MRCF and MRNF) are exchanging the metrics of MNN/SMR through Layer 2 process of triggering. Figure 7 is shown a framework of the network components [14]. Fig. 7. A Reference Timing Diagram during Handoff (H/O) procedure of the proposed MROM Additionally, the proposed MROM support Fast-Handoff procedure. In our proposed scheme (MROM), the (EMR1 act as MRCF and EMR2 act as MRNF) 174 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks exchange handoff messages “Handover Initiation (HI) and Handover Acknowledgement (HAck)” prior of layer two handover [14][15][16]. This exchanging operation is to support flow-based routing of SMR efficiently within P-NEMO style. The collected metrics of SMR which HI message has flow and MR’s IDs, MNP, HNP, MR ID, and (PHA or FLMA address). Also, theses gathered metrics supports for enabling MRNF to forward (BU and BA) binding registration messages which containing MNP’s MR option to Flow Local Mobility Anchor (FLMA) in order to complete the processing of Location Update (LU). Two binding registration messages namely, Early Proxy Binding Update (EPBU), and Early Proxy Binding Acknowledgement (EPBA) are encapsulated within HI and HAck messages, respectively to perform fast registration [21-23]. Moreover, a new field option is added to EPBU and EPBA that contains Flow Based Mobile Network Prefix (FMNP). FMNP also advise the interfaces current status and ask for implementing the flow routing via inter technology handoff. 4 Performance Analysis of the Proposed MROM Typically, this section related with the numerical framework which is done in order to evaluate the performance analysis of our proposed MROM scheme. This performance of the proposed MROM is compared with standard protocol NEMO BSP and with P-NEMO scheme. PNEMO is selected as comparative scheme with proposed MROM because both schemes depended on the concepts of PMIPv6, that is a network based and support local management mobility at NEMO environment to solve NEMO drawbacks [22]. On another hand, NEMO-BS Protocol is designed to work with local and global mobility management in NEMO environment [23]. The performance metrics that considered in Our proposed MROM are; costs of signaling message and packet delivery, handoff time delay, and packet loss. Table 1 shows the notation symbols which are used to evaluate analytical performance of our proposed MROM scheme. With the assumption that PHA in NEMO BS protocol is at a similar level as FLMA in proposed MROM and LMA in P-NEMO [14]. Table 1. The Parameters of the Performance Evaluation Symbols Explanation NSMR Number of the SMR µh SMR mobility rate TSMR Cell residence time Pwlr Probability of wireless link failure 𝐵𝑤1 Bandwidth of the wireless link 𝐵𝑤𝑑 Bandwidth of the wired link Hx-y Hop distances between (x) and (y) λs Average Session Length r Radius of a cell V Average speed of vehicle τ weight factors of tunnelling ε weight factor for the packet loss cost iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 175 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 4.1 Handoff Delay (HD) analysis When MR is moving from one mobile subnet to another, handoff process is occurred. So, the HD of the moving MR (Exit MR) is equal to the total time required to complete tasks as getting CoA, MR’s movement tracking, Link Switching (LS) process including current location update of SMR[24] [32]. The HD of the proposed MROM can be expressed as: 𝑇𝐻𝐷 MROM = 𝑇𝑃𝑅 MROM + 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM + 𝑇𝐿𝑆 (1) Where 𝑇𝑃𝑅 MROM and 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM are the handoff delays that support Flow based Fast Registeration through inter technology handoff in the proposed MROM scheme, 𝑇𝐿𝑆 refers to the link switching delay. Hence, 𝑇𝑃𝑅 MROM and 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM are: 𝑇𝑃𝑅 Proposed MROM = [{ 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑆𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 ( 𝐿𝑅𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} + (𝐿𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )] (2) 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 Poposed MROM = [𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 ( 𝐿𝐻𝐼 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 ( 𝐿𝐻𝐴𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝜏 {𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 , 𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 ) ( 𝐿𝐸𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )}] (3) The hop distances between the Exit MRs (EMR) plus Proxy HA (i.e. FLMA) and EMR are representive as HER-ER and HFLMA-ER respectively. Hence, the HD of NEMO BS protocol is: 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = (𝑇𝑀𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 + 𝑇𝐿𝑠 + 𝑇𝐷𝐴𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 + 𝑇𝑆𝑅 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 ) (4) Where 𝑇𝑀𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 represents the delay of Movement Detection (MD) and it’s implemented during mapping the messages (RS and RA) between previous, and current access networks. Also, 𝑇𝐷𝐴𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 is replaced as Retrans Timer in [23] where its supposed there is no CoA that used at each MN in the access link. Likewise, 𝑇𝑆𝑅 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 referred to the total registration delay in which SMR (Exit MR) and it's HA (Proxy HA) are exchanged messages of (BU) and (BA) in order to update MR’s present location. Thus, 𝑇𝑀𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂−𝐵𝑆 and 𝑇𝑆𝑅 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 are calculated as: 𝑇𝑀𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = [ 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑀𝑅−𝐴𝑅 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 {( 𝐿𝑅𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + ( 𝐿𝑅𝐴 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )}] (5) 𝑇𝑆𝑅 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = [ 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑀𝑅−𝐴𝑅 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 {( 𝐿𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + ( 𝐿𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} + {𝐻𝐴𝑅−𝐻𝐴 ( 𝐿𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝐻𝐻𝐴−𝐴𝑅 ( 𝐿𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )}] (6) In P-NEMO scheme [14], the new MAG sends a Proxy BU message to LMA (i.e. Exit MR) to support SMR for the handoff registration. The Proxy BU message could not send by the wireless links as whole signaling message is processed at the network infrastructure [25-27]. Therefore, Handoff Delay of the P -NEMO 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 can be expressed as: 176 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑃𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = (𝑇𝑅𝑆 𝑃𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 𝑇𝐿𝑠 + 𝑇𝑆𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 ) (7) From above equation 7, the time required to inform the SMR about connection to new MAG is represented as 𝑇𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 in which, the delay time for doing location update is referred as 𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 . Hence, 𝑇𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 , 𝑇𝑆𝑃𝑅 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 are calculated as: 𝑇𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = { 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑀𝑅−𝑀𝐴𝐺 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 ( 𝐿𝑅𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} (8) 𝑇𝑆𝑃𝑅 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = [2 ( 𝐻𝑀𝐴𝐺−𝐿𝑀𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {2 ( 𝐻𝑀𝐴𝐺−𝐿𝑀𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) , 𝑇𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 2𝜏 ( 𝐻𝑀𝐴𝐺−𝐿𝑀𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )}] (9) Hence, the relative Handover Delay gains (𝐺𝐻𝐷 ) of our Proposed MROM to the NEMO BS protocol, and PNEMO are calculated as below: 𝐺𝐻𝐷1 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 𝑇𝐻𝐷 MROM (10) 𝐺𝐻𝐷2 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝑇𝐻𝐷 MROM (11) 𝐺𝐻𝐷3 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 (12) 4.2 Packet Loss (PL) analysis From figure 7, the multi-interfaced SMR is capable of supporting Flow based Fast Registeration (SFFR) procedure in the proposed MROM scheme. Thus, it is possible to prevent the PL during handoff as mentioned in equation 11. According to the proposed scheme, the FLMA sends packets to the MRNF once it received the EPBU message from MRNF through wired links. Since the number of PL is proportionate to the total HD, hence, the total PL for the proposed MROM is expressed as: 𝑇𝑃𝐿 MROM = 𝜆𝑠 𝜇ℎ 𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 {𝑇𝐿𝑆 𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅 −𝐹𝑀𝑅 [( 𝐿𝐻𝑖 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + ( 𝐿𝐻𝐴𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )]} (13) Where λs denotes average session length. In addition to that, the Number of SMR (𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 ) plays an important role. This is because the PL is directly equivalent to the rate of handoffs it is exposed to, within a particular time [9][28]. Consequently, the Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) of the proposed MROM scheme can be expressed as: 𝑇𝑃𝐿𝑅 MROM = 𝑇𝑃𝐿 MROM 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 × 100 (14) Where: 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 2𝑟 𝑣 (15) iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 177 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 4.3 Total Handoff Cost (THC) analysis This subsection formulates mathematical terms of Signaling Cost (SC) and Packet Delivery Cost (PD). In order to evaluate the analytical performance of our proposed MROM scheme, then to compare it with NEMO BSP and PNEMO. Total Handoff Cost (THC) is presented as sumuation of total (SC) and total (PDC). So, (THC) of proposed MROM (𝛹𝑇𝐻𝐶 MROM), NEMO BS (𝛹𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 ) and P-NEMO (𝛹𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 ) will be: 𝛹𝑇𝐻𝐶 MROM = 𝛹𝑆𝐶 MROM + 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 MROM (16) 𝛹𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂−𝐵𝑆 = 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂−𝐵𝑆 + 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂−𝐵𝑆 (17) 𝛹𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 (18) Where 𝛹𝑆𝐶 MROM , 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑀𝑀−𝑃𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 , 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂−𝐵𝑆 + 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 , and 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 are Signalling Cost (SC) and the Packet Delivery Cost (PDC) of our Proposed MROM, NEMO BS, and PNEMO. 4.4 Signaling Cost (SC) analysis The cost of message signaling is proportional to handoff rate, while handoff rate is an inverse proportional to residence time for each cell. Thus, SC of Location Update (LU) is equal to the multiplication of the message length of signaling with count of hop distance [16]. Signaling Cost also contains the processing cost of mobile network components. At our proposed MROM, The (LU) is done in the PHA (FLMA). Besides, P - NEMO scheme does not need to send Binding Update (BU) message across wireless links which have greater delay than the wired link, since PNEMO scheme depends on the PMIPv6 subent within NEMO environment [5] [14]. In our proposed MROM scheme, signaling messages (EPBU and EPBA) sends via (HI and HAck) messages, respectively in order to support the seamless handoff for an SMR. But at PNEMO scheme, signaling registration messages EPBU and EPBA) between Support Flow enabled Fast Registeration (SFFR) is taken in our analytical. Hence, the SC of our proposed MROM does not need multiple LU. The SC can be expressed as: 𝛹𝑆𝐶 MROM = 1 𝐸(𝑇𝑆𝑀𝑅) 𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 𝜋𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴 MROM + 𝐶𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM + 𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑅 MROM (19) Where 𝜋𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴 MROM refers to cost of processing for FLMA, and 𝐸(𝑇𝑆𝑀𝑅 ) refers to the estimated cell residence time, and 𝐶𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM, 𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑅 MROM are cost signaling message for (fast and post registerations) for each Serving MR, respectively. 𝐶𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM , 𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑅 MROM are calculated as: 𝐶𝑆𝐹𝐹𝑅 MROM = 𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅 −𝐹𝑀𝑅 ( 𝐿𝐻𝑖 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 ( 𝐿𝐻𝐴𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 ( 𝐿𝐸𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 ( 𝐿𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) (20) 178 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑅 MROM = { 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑆𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 1−𝑝𝑤𝑙𝑓 ( 𝐿𝑅𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} (21) In both schemes, our proposed MROM and P-NEMO, the process of MR’s Location Update (LU) is done within network infrastructure entities (MAGs= EMR, and LMA= PHA). In spite of that, P-NEMO is needed two LU messages. On another hand, the LU configuration of NEMO BS Protocol is processed within the HA’s of MR. Consequently, whenever the MR does any movement, its’ HA should be notified. In the equations below (22-28), the 𝜋𝐻𝐴 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 refers to cost of HA’s processing at NEMO BS Protocol, and 𝜋𝐿𝑀𝐴 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 refers to the cost of LMA’s processing at PNEMO. The 𝐶𝑀𝐷+𝐷𝐴𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 , 𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 , 𝐶𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 , and 𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 are assumed as the LU’s Cost for NEMO BS Protocol and PNEMO. As a result, the SC of both NEMO BS and PNEMO are expressed: 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = 1 𝐸(𝑇𝑀𝑅) 𝑁𝑀𝑅 (𝜋𝐻𝐴 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 + 𝐶𝑀𝐷+𝐷𝐴𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 + 𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 ) (22) 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = 1 𝐸(𝑇𝑀𝑅) 𝑁𝑀𝑅 (𝜋𝐿𝑀𝐴 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 𝐶𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 ) (23) Where 𝐶𝑀𝐷+𝐷𝐴𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑀𝑅−𝐴𝑅 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 {( 𝐿𝑅𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + ( 𝐿𝑅𝐴 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + ( 𝐿𝑁𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} (24) 𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑀𝑅−𝐴𝑅 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 {( 𝐿𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + ( 𝐿𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + 𝑑𝐻𝐴−𝐴𝑅 ( 𝐿𝑁𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 ) + 𝐻𝐻𝐴−𝐴𝑅 ( 𝐿𝑁𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} (25) 𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐺 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = 2 {𝐻𝑀𝐴𝐺−𝐿𝑀𝐴 ( 𝐿𝑃𝐵𝑈 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ) + 𝐻𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝑀𝐴𝐺 ( 𝐿𝑃𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝑤𝑑 + 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )} (26) 𝐶𝑅𝑆 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = { 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝑀𝑅−𝑀𝐴𝐺 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 ( 𝐿𝑅𝑆 𝐵𝑤𝑙 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 )} (27) 4.5 Packet Delivery Cost (PDC) As discussed earlier of the section that handoff delay is classified into four modules of delay mainly are; delay of Movement Detection (MD), dely of Link Switching (LS), delay of obtining CoA as well as delay of registration process [28]. CoA configuration delay focuses on how swiftly IP data packets are sent by the SMR after layer 2 handoff. LU delay can be termed as the delay of forwarding IP data packets to the SMR's new IP address. The packet Delivery Cost (PDC) is equal to sumuation of the packet transmision and processing cost [28]. Therefore, the total PDC is also referred as the linear association of Tunneling Cost (TC), and packet Lost Cost (LC) [29]. At P-NEMO environment, both proposed MROM scheme, and P-NEMO scheme use support Flow enabled Fast Registration (SFFR). As a result, the FLMA preserves the Binding Cache Entity (BCE) same as HA of MR at NEMO BS. FLMA firstly iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 179 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks intercepts any packet that sent by CN to MR. After that, FLMA establishes a Bi- directional tunnel between FLMA and MR through access router. Once the (FLMA=PHA) received the EPBU from MRNF by wired link, FLMA starts forwarding data packets to MRNF which is not including any buffering. For the duration of (𝑇𝑆𝐸𝑅 MROM), if PHA does not receive the EPBU message, all the packets forwarding to Serving MR will be tunnelled such as P-NEMO. (𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 MROM ) refers to the PDC of the proposed MROM and it’s calculated as “TC + LU”. By assuming “τ” as the tunneling overhead factor whereas the CN forwarding data to MR. the PDC for both handoff status (successful and failure) are calculated and referred as 𝜔𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 × τ × 𝐶𝑇𝐶 MROM , and 𝜔𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝜎 × 𝐶𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 MROM So 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 MROM , 𝑇𝑇𝐶 MROM , and 𝑇𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 MROM are expressed as: 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 MROM = 𝑁𝐶𝑁 𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 𝜆𝑆 µ𝐻 {(𝜔𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝜏 × 𝐶𝑇𝐶 MROM ) + (𝜔𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝜎 × 𝐶𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 MROM)} (28) 𝐶𝑇𝐶 MROM = {𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 (2𝐿𝑇𝐻𝐷 ) × 𝑚𝑖𝑛[𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 𝑡𝑤𝑑 − 𝐻𝐹𝑀𝑅−𝐹𝑀𝑅 𝑡𝑤𝑑 , 0), (2𝑇𝐿𝑆 𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )]} (29) 𝐶𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 MROM = {𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 𝐿𝑇𝐻𝐷[𝑇𝐿𝑆 + (𝐻𝐹𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝐹𝑀𝑅 𝑡𝑤𝑑 )]} (30) In NEMO BS, sending/receiving packets from MR and its HA are encapsulated via bidirectional tunnel which leads to increase tunneling overhead cost. Additionaly, during handoff; all packets transmitted from CN to MNN/LFN via access router by using wireless [16][25]. Therefore, packet loss cost is added with tunneling overhead cost. The 𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 , and 𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 are referred to the tunneling cost and packets lost cost. So, the PDC for NEMO BS Protocol is calculated as; 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = 𝑁𝑀𝑅 𝜆𝑆 µ𝐻 {𝜏𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 + 𝜎𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 } (31) 𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = {( 𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓𝐻𝐴𝑅−𝑀𝑅 1−𝑃𝑤𝑙𝑓 ) + (𝐻𝐴𝑅−𝑀𝑅 𝐿𝑇𝐻𝐷 )} (32) 𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 = (𝐻𝐶𝑁−𝐻𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴𝑅−𝑀𝑅 𝐿𝑇𝐻𝐷 ) (𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 − 𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐺 2 ) (33) In P-NEMO, packets send/receive via the bidirectional tunnel that established between the new MAG and LMA. Because of LMA and MAG2 are infrastructure network enities, all data send/receive through bidirectional tunnel via wired links. The 𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 , 𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 are referred to tunneling cost and packet loss cost. So, PDC for P -NEMO is: 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = 𝑁𝑀𝑅 𝜆𝑆µ𝐻 {𝜏𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 + 𝜎𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 } (34) 𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = (𝐻𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝑀𝐴𝐺 𝐿𝑇𝐻𝐷) (35) 𝐶𝑃𝐿 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 = {2𝐻𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝑀𝐴𝐺 𝐿𝑇𝐻𝐷(𝑇𝐿𝑆 + 𝑡𝑤𝑙 + (2𝐻𝐿𝑀𝐴−𝑀𝐴𝐺 𝑡𝑤𝑑 ))} (36) The proposed MROM scheme is compared to that of NEMO BS Protocol and P- NEMO scheme in terms of the HD. Hence, the relative handoff cost is: 180 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑇𝐻𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐶 MROM (37) 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑇𝐻𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐶 MROM (38) 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑇𝐻𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 (39) 5 Results and Discussion of Performance Evaluation 5.1 Effects of different no. of SMR, link and cell residence time on signaling cost Figures 8 and 9 represent the impact of SC regarding to No. of MRs, and the time of cell residence. From Figure 8, when the No. of MRs increases, the Signaling Cost (SC) for proposed MROM, NEMO BS Protocol, and PNEMO increases linearly. The SC of proposed MROM and PNEMO schemes is lower than NEMO BS Protocol because of the eradication of signaling message transmitted wirelessly. The localized movement of MR in our proposed MROM and P-NEMO is managed without notifying its HA. Therefore, the signaling cost is reduced to our proposed MROM, and PNEMO. But our Proposed MROM scheme presents small amount of LU cost than P-NEMO. This enables many users to get the Internet features all together in wireless vehicle networks. Fig. 8. Signaling Cost (SC) vs. Different No. of MRs Figure 9 indicates the relationship between the signaling cost and time of cell residence for our Proposed MROM scheme, P- NEMO, and NEMO BS. The cell residence time is varied from 1 to 100 second while the NSMR is set to 20. The iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 181 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks Handoff occurs frequently when the cell residence time decreases. Consequently, if the SMR changes it location frequently, the SMR will notify its HA in NEMO BS. Thus, the signaling of NEMO BS 𝛹𝑆𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂−𝐵𝑆 is increased. In contrast, our Proposed MROM and P-NEMO scheme, if the SMR changes its location (moves away), it is not required to notify or send LU to its own HA. This is because, an LMA concept is applied in the network. This significantly reduces the location update cost. Hence, with the increase of cell residence time, the obvious outcome indicates that the proposed MROM and P- NEMO require a smaller amount of signaling cost regarding to standard NEMO BS. However, proposed MROM shows a lower signaling cost compared to P-NEMO due to the elimination of double location update as appeared in figure 9. Fig. 9. Signaling Cost vs. Cell Residence Time 5.2 Effects of different no. of SMRs (NSMR) and cell residence time on Packet Delivery Cost (PDC) Figures 10 and 11 represent the effect of No. of SMR (NSMR) with time cell residence on Packet Delivery Cost (PDC). The (NSMR) is set as 10 and 20 that results of changing the cell residence time. Since our proposed MROM scheme supports NEMO infrastructure entities, MROM effects by the number of active sessions and also by subnet range of FLMA. When (NSMR) increases with lower cell residence time, the routing cost and packet processing cost increase in FLMA. So, the PDC is also increased as a result. Figures 10 and 11 present higher Packet Delivery Cost of NEMO BS 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝐵𝑆 than our Proposed MROM 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 MROM , and P- NEMO 𝛹𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝑃−𝑁𝐸𝑀𝑂 schemes. NEMO BS 182 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks Protocol shows higher PDC because multiple bidirectional tunnels are established between MR and its HA when the CN is communicated with SMR. Fig. 10. Total Packet Delivery Cost vs. No. of SMR (λs=10) Fig. 11. Packet Delivery Costs (PDC) vs. Cell Residence Time with Different NSMR Nowadays, Mobile Networks in our real-life are rapidly increased, some of Netwok Mobility applications are; Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in Vehicular Networks for both communications (Vehicles to Vehicles and Vehicles to Internet), Personal Area Networks PANs (Monitoring and remotly control), and Emergency Network (Post- Disaster recovery). Features of mobile networks embrace wide accessibility in cities and roads. So, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is one best example of Network Mobility. By using either 4G or 5G mobile networks through the utilization of onboard and road-side sensors, then ITS applications can transmit information. Traffic congestion, and automation can be avoided for the driver through using ITS. iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 17, 2020 183 Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks For Safety, Japan's Smart-way and the United States' IntelliDrive are two examples of ITS communications systems which are designed to help vehicles to avoid the accident. 6 Conclusion In this work, a NEMO BS successor is presented and supported with a detailed numerical model analysis; where, the presented proposed MROM, by maximizing the handoff performance, has been justified to have better mobility support than the ordinary NEMO BS Protocol and P-NEMO scheme. At the performance analytical, we discussed the Signaling Cost (SC) (i.e. Location Update LU cost) in terms of total handoff costs, packet loss cost, and Packet Delivery Cost (PDC) (as tunneling overhead cost). The Analytical part shows that our proposed MROM scheme significantly reduces handoff cost by an average of 64% compared to P- NEMO and NEMO BS Protocol because of proposed MROM is enhanced the flow binding that is used in P- NEMO for supporting the fast registration process. Hence, using the Exit MR (MRCF, MRNF) reduced the bidirectional tunnels (tunneling cost) for multi-interfaced of SMR during inter technology handoff and also reduces the effect probability of tunnel failure. Analytically, Table 2 shows the comparison of the three scenarios. Table 2. Performance Analytical Results Preferences (NEMO BS) (P-NEMO) (Proposed MROM) Handoff Time Delay (millisecond) 1034 543.l 182.8 Average packet loss 54 32 3 Packet loss ratio (%) 11 6 1 Total handoff cost 7304 6059 2433 In simulation part, performance of the proposed MROM scheme is evaluated via using NS-3 simulator. Table 3 is shown the metrics which are selected in simulation part such as average packet loss, handoff time delay, packet delivery cost ratio, as well as throughput. Table 3. Simulation Analysis Results Preferences (NEMO BS) (P-NEMO) (Proposed MROM) Handoff Time Delay (millisecond) 1034 543.l 182.8 Average packet loss 54 32 3 Packet loss ratio (%) 11 6 1 Total handoff cost 7304 6059 2433 The research work undertaken here has emphasized on achieving a seamless handoff solution that provides less packet loss along with lower handoff delay, during 184 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks SMR movement within different access networks. For IoT applications such as driverless cars or mobile phones, some possible extensions to this work are recommended: • The other types of Mobile Network Node (MNNs); Local and Visiting Mobile Nodes (LMN and VMN) should be considered under the SMR since nodes are regarded as static in the proposed scheme. Considering Mobile Nodes such as mobile phones and self-driving cars is sometimes required in IoT applications. • Experimental testbed is recommended to include as a future work for more precise evaluation on end-to-end delay of the proposed MROM scheme. • For handling more set of wireless access technologies for the next generation networks (i.e. LTE, 5G), the integrated schemes or mechanisms are required for link selection. 7 References [1] Johnson D., Perkins C., and Arkko J. (2004). “Mobility Support in IPv6”, RFC 3775. [2] Devarapalli, Wakikawa R., Petrescu A., and Thubert P. (2005). “Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol”, RFC 3963. https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc3963 [3] Lach., Ernst T. and H.Y. (2014). "Network Mobility Support Terminology”. RFC 4885. [4] Ahmed A. Mosa, Aisha Hassan Abdalla, Rashid A. Saeed, and Othman O. Khalifa (2011). “Investigation of Route Optimization for Mobile Ad hoc NEMO (MANEMO) Based Proposals”. 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International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies. 14(9), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i09. 14103 8 Authors Ahmed Ayoob Mousa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ahmedal_shehab@yahoo.com. Aisha Hassan Abdalla, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, aisha@iium.edu.my. Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, hadibah@iium.edu.my. Article submitted 2020-06-26. Resubmitted 2020-07-27. Final acceptance 2020-07-28. Final version published as submitted by the authors. 188 http://www.i-jim.org https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i11.13891 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i11.11358 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i09.14103 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i09.14103 mailto:ahmedal_shehab@yahoo.com mailto:aisha@iium.edu.my hadibah@iium.edu.my.