Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication: An Attachment Theory Perspective https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i21.17811 A. Akrim1(), Juhriyansyah Dalle2 1Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, North Sumatera, Indonesia 2Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia akrim@umsu.ac.id Abstract—Mobile phone communication has established itself as an essential element of people’s personal and working lives. Thus, it has become a significant connection for the most intimate form of interpersonal relations, including marital relationships. Based on the attachment theory perspective, this research highlights the importance of mobile phone usage and its influence on marital communication’s life satisfaction and family happiness through the underlying mechanism of marital communication. Using a short cross-sectional field survey, data from 120 respondents were collected. The target sample was married partners, staff, or students, each possessing a mobile phone in the state- owned universities in South Kalimantan and North Sumatera, Indonesia. Data were further analyzed using SmartPLS3. The results revealed that mobile phone usage was positively associated with martial communication that further resulted in satisfaction with life and family happiness. Hence, based on the attachment theory perspective, the communication with the spouse results in maintaining a robust intimate relationship by keeping in touch, sharing updates, emotions, feelings, knowing about children, and ensuring each other’s safety through using a mobile phone. The findings showed a significant need for continued communi- cation in a marital relationship, especially using the fastest and most comfortable means. Given the synchronous nature of mobile phone communication, current research provided multiple insights and avenues of future exploration for social scientists in this Information Society, where we need updates from our spouses, children, friends, and the situation at large. Keywords—mobile phone, marital communication, interpersonal relationships 1 Introduction Mobile phone communication has established itself as an element of ‘human’s personal and working lives. Thus, it has become significant for interpersonal rela- tionships’ most intimate form: the marital relationship [1]. Nowadays, it is ubiquitous for couples to keep connected through a short-medium of mobile phone technology [2]. Couples communicating through technology get the ease and benefit of swift coordination, allowing them to correspond to all sorts of circumstances or crises [3]. iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 21, 2021 107 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i21.17811 mailto:akrim@umsu.ac.id Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... Also, married couples can share their feelings, emotions, and thoughts more frequently because of this technology, leading their relationship towards an efficient and attentive progression [4]. Sometimes, couples are reluctant to communicate face-to-face, espe- cially in self-disclosure moments, and feel more convenient to interact through this medium, which also evolves them into closer relationships [5]. Likewise, the study of mobile phone communication, in general, has been mushrooming in the past and recent years [6,7,8]. Consequently, a long-standing question for technology researchers concerns whether increasing reliance on technology strengthens or weakens social ties [9,10]. Although most of the past studies have focused more on the negative impact of using mobile phones [11,12], some studies reveal mobile phone usage among married couples as an effective and successful way of communication. These findings further anticipate that it does not necessarily mean that mobile phone usage among couples could only have negative consequences [13], therefore the current study has opted for the positive side of the use of mobile phone among married couples for marital communication, which further evolves into satisfaction with life and family happiness. The nature of attach- ment and attachment style between two partners greatly influences the marital relation- ship. Therefore, in the case of married partners, each spouse is an attachment figure of the other, which can be seen from their communication styles. Similarly, [14] demon- strated that mobile technology’s advent facilitated us to create specific communication patterns in close relationships, referred to as the connected mode of communication. Therefore, the attachment theory guides the present study to explain the importance of mobile phones and marital communication. Most of the existing studies did not thoroughly examine the importance of mobile phone communication in marriage. However, they looked at those partners’ aspects, still dating but not yet married. Simultaneously, the study results on mobile communi- cation among married partners in the rich Eastern and Asian cultural context of Indo- nesia could differ from those of the dating process partners based on the attachment styles and intimacy that develops via marital relationship. Thus, the current study has aligned its proposed model with the attachment theory, advancing to existing literature related to technology and social theories [15]. It suggests strengthening couples’ bond through marital communication by using a mobile phone and investigating how mobile phone communication supports the marriage relationship. Therefore, on the grounds of attachment theory, the current study aims; 1. To understand the positive association of mobile phone use on satisfaction with life and family happiness among married couples in the Indonesian cultural context. 2. To suggest the underlying mechanism of marital communication between mobile phone usage and positive outcomes like satisfaction with life and family happiness. 2 Theoretical background and hypothesis development 2.1 Attachment theory The Attachment theory was extended to adult romantic relationships in the late 1980s by Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver. The attachment means an affectional bond or tie 108 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... between an individual and an attachment figure (usually a caregiver) [16]. According to [17], [18], four adult attachment styles can be recognized by keeping into consid- eration the internal working model of close attachment. These styles include dismiss- ing, possessive, fearful, and secure based on someone’s image of his/her partner. All levels of relationships can get influenced by the attachment style. Therefore, it wields a substantial impact on the communication between the partners. It is assumed that attachment style also influences mobile communication in couple relationships. One of the technical features of mobile communication is being accessible independent of time and location. [8] argue that, across cultures, communication tools are used by the people to maximize their confirms and needs, which resulted in new means of interac- tion among them. The influence of attachment style can be postulated in all levels of the relation- ship, hence impacting the communication between the partners. For instance, it has been empirically demonstrated that securely attached persons relate more frequently and intimately with their partners than dismissing attachment types. It is assumed that attachment style also influences mobile communication in couple relationships. Being reachable independent of time and location, for instance, is an inherent technical feature of mobile communication. However, it must be implemented concerning the partner (partner taking the cell phone with him/her, turning it on, answering calls). The attach- ment theory guides the present study to explain the importance of mobile phones and marital communication. Katz and Aakhus [19] argue that, across cultures, people use communication tools in ways that maximize their needs and comforts, often resulting in the invention of new ways people interact. Similarly, [18] demonstrated that mobile technology’s advent enabled us to develop a particular communication pattern in close relationships, referred to as the ‘connected mode of communication. 2.2 The association of mobile phone use with the satisfaction with life, family happiness and marital communication Prior studies suggest that incorporating technology in daily life routine, specifically in relationship maintenance and coordination among partners, is beneficial [7,20]. Some studies indicate that individuals who communicate through multiple media such as cell phones and emails have stronger family relationships than those who communi- cate only face to face [8]. [21] His study revealed that technology enables families to remain connected, and they can share their matters over mobile phones as smartphones have replaced computers in many ways, like gaming and educational apps [22]. Litera- ture reveals that individuals in romantic relationships used mobile phones significantly more often than those not romantically involved [8]. The use of technological devices like smartphones for communication has become a significant part of’ ‘everyone’s lives [13,14]. It helps them connect and interact with their better half to build up further and bolster their marriage [23] by better life connection. Thus, it can be argued that through mobile phone communication, people can strengthen their family bonds, build mutual support, which ultimately strengthens their bond and does not make them feel alone or neglected, further leading towards family happiness. Expectedly bringing more sat- isfaction and connected communication with joy in the family. Hence, the following hypotheses are suggested; iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 21, 2021 109 Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... H1: Use of mobile phone is positively associated with satisfaction with life among married couples H2: Use of mobile phone is positively associated with family happiness among married couples H3: Use of mobile phone is positively related to marital communication among married couples Strong marital communication among married couples invigorates satisfaction with life and reinforces family happiness. Scholars have named this ease of access with a mobile phone as an immediate and convenient interaction [24]. This allows couples to collaborate and keep in touch as smartphones allow communicative techniques and multidimensional methods [25]. Therefore, it is argued that well-established marital communication is expected to lead to a satisfied and happy life. Conclusively, the following hypotheses are suggested; H4a: Marital communication is positively associated with satisfaction with life among married couples H4b: Marital communication is positively associated with family happiness among married couples 2.3 Mediation Researchers observed that satisfaction comes when the couples frequently stay con- nected to each other, and their ‘texting pattern or attitude equates to each other [11]. This suggests that a longer relationship exists between married couples when they are frequently keeping in touch, which is more effective by using a medium that makes it possible in an effective way, i.e., a mobile phone. Moreover, [13] suggested that the relationship between satisfaction and closeness increases in couples with active communication among them through smartphones. On the other hand, technological advancements have now made it possible to communicate in ways that were never possible before, such as covering up long-distance relationships [4]. This further reveals the importance of marital communication among married couples through mobile phones and further showing towards the path of happiness and happy life, as this tech- nology reduces long distances. Because a mobile phone facilitates the marital bond a level of closeness and strength [26], which leads to a happy life. Therefore, based on attachment theory, improved communication between married couples through a com- municative device such as a mobile phone is expected to lead towards more happiness and satisfaction in life. Hence, the following hypotheses are suggested; H5: Marital communication mediates the relationship between mobile phones and satisfaction with life among married couples. H6: Marital communication mediates the relationship between mobile phones and family happiness among married couples. 110 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... 2.4 Theoretical framework of the study Based on introduction and theoritical background and hypotheis development, then the theoretical framework of the study can see on Figure 1. Fig. 1. The theoretical framework of the study 3 Methodology Using a short cross-sectional field survey, data from 120 respondents were collected. The target sample was married partners, each possessing a mobile phone, staff, or students who can fully understand the survey language English, in one of the state- owned universities in South Kalimantan and North Sumatera, Indonesia. After ensur- ing a pre-conditions convenience random sampling technique was used, the study’s purpose was briefed, and anonymity was guaranteed to seek voluntary participation. In total, 170 questionnaires were distributed, and 141 were received back, which were further scrutinized, and 21 more responses were excluded from data. A total of 120 responses was analyzed with a final response rate of 70.58%. The male & Female respondents were 50 percent; equally, nationals accounted for the highest number of respondents (70%); the age-group of 26–32 years old reported the highest percentage of 53.3, followed by (33 years & above) with 40 percent and 19–25 years with 6.7 percent. The spouses with 1–3 years dominated the sample with 40 percent, followed by (more than seven years) with 33.3 percent. Spouses staying together accounted for 60 percent, while those in long-distance relationships were recorded as 40%. Spouses who have used the mobile phone for 1–3 years reported a higher percentage of 43.3% compared to others. The mobile phone use was measured using three statements adapted from [27] with the scale ranging from never to frequently. Family happiness was measured with a iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 21, 2021 111 Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... 15-items scale based on 5 statements adapted from the Oxford Happiness Ques- tionnaire (OHQ) [28] on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “1=strongly disagree” to “5=strongly agree”. Marital Communication was measured using a 10-item scale adapted from [29]. The Satisfaction with Life Scale was measured using a 5-item scale adapted from [30]. 4 Data analysis and results Statistics, correlation analysis, and one-way ANOVA to find out the information about control variables. ANOVA results revealed that age and period in marriage significantly affected the dependent variable; therefore, both were controlled during further analy- sis. To test the current study’s hypotheses, PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model) in SmartPLS version 3.2.8 was used [31,32,33]. This study has focused more on PLS-SEM as compared to CB-SEM (Covariance Based-Structural Equation Model). It can predict more than one dependent variable and is mostly used for theory development. As the sample of this study is small (n=120). Therefore, PLS-SEM is considered appropriate for a small sample size. This approach consists of two steps. In the first step, we test the measurement model, and in the second step, we analyzed the structural model. The measurement model was further evaluated based on validity and reliability. It includes individual and composite reliability verified through factor loadings (λ must be greater than 0.7) and Cronbach’s alpha values that must be greater than 0.6 or 0.7 [34,35]. The values of Cronbach’s alpha values and composite reliability are beyond the critical values (0.6 or 0.7), indicating the reliability of constructs. Convergent valid- ity verified through AVE (Average Variance Extracted) that should be more than 0.5. In the current case, the AVEs values are above 0.5, suggesting that items are valid [36]. Discriminant validity also comes under the assessment of the measurement model. To check the discriminant validity, the square root of the AVE of every construct in the model must exceed the correlation between the constructs [37]. All the values of reli- ability and validity are in range and given in Table 1. Table 1. Factor loadings, reliability, and validity Constructs AVE CR ‘Cronbach’s α Mobile phone use 0.663 0.855 0.765 Marital Communication 0.531 0.832 0.858 Satisfaction with Life 0.708 0.924 0.897 Family Happiness 0.709 0.925 0.890 Note: CR, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted. The HTMT values are also used for discriminant validity, and it should be ≤ 0.85. shown in (Table 2 and Figure 2), the values of HTMT are lower than ≤ 0.85 indicating the validity of items [32]. 112 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... Table 2. Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio Constructs Mean STD 1 2 3 4 Mobile phone Use 3.78 0.71 0.814 Marital Communication 4.01 0.55 0.469 0.728 Satisfaction with life 3.99 0.53 0.421 0.350 0.841 Family Happiness 3.91 0.62 0.358 0.440 0.380 0.842 Note: The square roots of AVEs of the constructs are shown in bold in diagonal. Fig. 2. Measurement model In analyzing the structural model, the Bootstrapping procedure was used with 120 sample size. The results of this study show there was a significant positive associa- tion of mobile phone use with life satisfaction (β=0.103**, t=2.533), family happiness (β=0.198***, t=4.237), and marital communication (β=0.165***, t=3.866). There- fore, hypotheses H1, H2, and H3 were accepted. Likewise, the association of mari- tal communication with life satisfaction (β=0.250***, t=5.891) and family happiness (β=0.191***, t=4.108) was positive and significant, thus proving the H4a and H4b. Finally, the indirect effect of mobile phone use with life satisfaction (β=0.151**, t=3.099) and family happiness (β=0.224***, t=5.187) via martial communication was found significant thus, H5 and H6 both were supported (See Table 3). iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 21, 2021 113 Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... Table 3. Hypothesis testing results Hypothesized Paths Std. Beta t-value p. value Findings H1 MPU→SWL 0.103 2.533 0.010 Supported H2 MPU→FH 0.198 4.237 0.000 Supported H3 MPU→MC 0.165 3.866 0.001 Supported H4a MC→SWL 0.250 5.891 0.000 Supported H4b MC→FH 0.191 4.108 0.000 Supported H5 MPU→MC→SWL 0.151 3.099 0.010 Supported H6 MPU→MC→FH 0.224 5.187 0.000 Supported Note: MPU = Mobile Phone Use, SWL = Satisfaction with Life, FH = Family Happiness MC = Marital Communication. 5 Discussion and implications, limitations and future research directions and conclusion The positive association of mobile phone usage with marital communication, satis- faction with life, and family happiness are in line with the results of [21]. Likewise, the findings suggest that mobile phones provide and facilitate the marital bond as a level of closeness and strength [24], which leads to a happy life. As previous research has stated, coordinated activities among partners, a symbol of relationship maintenance which depicts close bonding among them [16,38], is a secret of living a happy life. Besides, ‘respondents’ reasons for communicating with a spouse using a mobile phone could be summed as; keeping up with updates, sharing feelings and emotions, strength- ening the relationship, knowing about the children, keeping closer, sharing each ‘other’s problems and difficulties, e.g., about studies, it is the easiest way to communicate (you can get immediate feedback). Seeking attention and responding to others’ care is an essential means of maintaining relationships. The mobile phone comes in handy as a crucial tool for managing engagement [20,34]. Further, it can be stated that marital communication via mobile phones strengthens marriage by knowing each other’s worries and fears to understand each other [39,40] better. Moreover, this study findings have revealed significant results that concluded that mobile phone integration into married couples is a must to strengthen their bond with each other and generate a good and happy life. Academically this study con- tributed to the existing literature by analyzing the positive association that a mobile phone can have in a married couple’s life through marital communication. Also, this study has an integrated theory of attachment in the marital context. Practically, in real life, this study highlighted the vital role of mobile phone usage [41,42,43] in marital communication covering up various aspects in human life, i.e., emotional sharing even distant, reminding each other of chores, and task sharing, etc. This research has con- tributed to the body of knowledge in several ways, such as a unique contribution to literature related to the research’s mobile phone stream. A rare study integrating human interaction attachment theory into mobile phone studies and family happiness and satisfaction studies. A novel contribution to Eastern 114 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Phone and Family Happiness, Mediating Role of Marital Communication... Indonesian cultural context where marriage has a different contextual condition than Western studies. An advance to the current body of knowledge by hypothesizing and confirming marital communication mediation between mobile phone use based on attachment theory and its outcomes. This research provided several insights for future scholars to investigate the model in a more significant sample with a longitudinal study design for better generalizability as a cross-sectional design, and low data sample are significant limitations of this research. 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Akrim is deputy rector public affairs and finance of Universitas of Muham- madiyah Sumatera Utara and lecturer in the Department of Islamic early childhood Education. Faculty of Islamic Religious. He received an undergraduate degree (S.Pd) in education from the University of Muhammadiiyah Sumatera Utara in 2003 and a Master’s degree (M.Pd) in education obtained from State University of Medan in 2008 and a Doktor’s Program in Islamic Education from State University Muhammadiyah of Malang in 2020. Dr. Juhriyansyah Dalle is a lecturer at the Department of Information Technol- ogy Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin Indonesia. He gained his master’s degree in computer sciences from Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2003 and his Doctoral Degree from Universiti Utara Malaysia in 2010. His academic interest areas are Infor- mation studies, multimedia content, educational technology, and media. His expertise is human-computer interaction, usability, computers in education, information system development, and applied statistics in education and information technology. Email: j.dalle@ulm.ac.id. Article submitted 2020-08-16. Resubmitted 2020-12-16. Final acceptance 2020-12-16. Final version published as submitted by the authors. 118 http://www.i-jim.org https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.4.10003-2 https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104201 https://doi.org/10.3390/challe11020031 mailto:j.dalle@ulm.ac.id