PAPER AGENT BASED FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR SUPPORTING CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR MOBILE GOVERNMENT Agent Based Framework Architecture for Supporting Content Adaptation for Mobile Government http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v7i1.2131 Hasan Omar Al-Sakran, Qasem Kharma, Irina Serguievskaia King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Abstract—Rapid spread of smart mobile technology that supports internet access is transforming the way govern- ments provide services to their citizens. Mobile devices have different capabilities based on the manufacturers and models. This paper proposes a new framework for adapting the content of M-government services using mobile agent technology. The framework is based on a mediation archi- tecture that uses multiple mobile agents and XML as semi- structure mediation language. The flexibility of the media- tion and XML provide an adaptive environment to stream data based on the capabilities of the device sending the query to the system. Index Terms—Agent, Mobile-government, Content Adapta- tion, E-government, mediation. I. INTRODUCTION Due to the latest advances in wireless mobile communi- cation infrastructure and web technologies citizens, busi- nesses, and public agencies are using wireless technolo- gies in order to do their daily transactions. One of the important transactions categories is govern- mental transactions such as submitting and following up applications, querying records, etc. These data are distrib- uted over many ministries' systems that may use different software applications and apply different restrictions on accessing data. In other words, the data sources are het- erogeneous in the structure and naming conventions. On the other hand, mobile technologies or what is called mobility nowadays offers many services and applications that enhance our lifestyle. The technology is fast growing and the number of users is increasing dramatically as well. In the past few years we have observed a rapid evolution of wireless technologies and a widespread of internet- enabled mobile devices. In the mid of 2005, the number of cellular phones per person was over three times higher than PCs, and most of sophisticated phones now have the processing power of a mid-1990s PC, and it is increasing [1]. Moreover, mobile phones are a relatively low-cost technology so practically everyone can afford it, and their usage is relatively simple comparing to Internet technol- ogy [4]. In 2006 about one billion people, worldwide, purchased a new handset [2]. The number of mobile users is increasing rapidly and in 2010, according to an interna- tional statistics, there were 5.3 billion mobile subscrip- tions, which means 77% of world population [3]. There are rapid advances in mobile technologies and services. Mobile devices can be categorized into main three cate- gories as following:  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): PDAs are small handheld devices which have some of the personal computers capabilities as well as telephone capabili- ties. PDAs offer many interesting functionalities such as: organizing personal schedules, multimedia sup- port, recognizing text and voice input. They offer the user the ability to connect the Internet to check an e- mail or to search the web [5].  Cellular Phones: In the last few years, cellular phones spread all over the world. Cellular phones range from devices with limited functionalities that are used for voice and short text message communications to ad- vanced devices, like third generation phones (3G), which allow the user to connect to the Internet, to send or check e-mails and to open small web pages. For that, the flexibility of these devices is less than the flexibility of PDAs [5].  Smartphone: Smartphone is hybrid devices that take some abilities from PDAs and other abilities from cellular phones. Smartphone can be used for text and voice communication, e-mail, web access and as me- dia or video player. Mobile devices have different operating systems and different capabilities such as different connection speed, different resolutions, etc. The major challenges of wireless network are low bandwidth, low quality connections, and the limitations of portable devices such as screen size, power consumption, processing, and memory. The continuous improvement and development of mo- bile and wireless technologies provides new opportunities and challenges for mobile e-government. Using mobile technologies benefit the users in different ways. One of the benefits is the accessibility of the government services from anywhere and anytime. Use of wireless and mobile devices allows governments to provide citizens with efficient public services and to share information within and between agencies [6], [7]. To stay relevant, govern- ments should take action and use the opportunities to enhance the usability and accessibility of their services through mobile devices. Without a doubt, mobile govern- ment is one of the most recent technology trends that use mobile phones to access government websites and ser- vices. The advancements in wireless technologies play the major role in growing of the number of worldwide mobile Internet subscribers who have a wireless access to various online recourses through mobile devices. Such facts reveal the importance of moving from E-government to M- 10 http://www.i-jim.org http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v7i1.2131� PAPER AGENT BASED FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR SUPPORTING CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR MOBILE GOVERNMENT government and they can be considered as the driving forces toward the adoption of M-government [8]. In this paper we propose a framework solving the aforementioned problems: accessing governmental het- erogeneous data sources and manipulating different pres- entations for mobile devices. The solution is based on a mediation framework that is based on collaboration of mobile and stationary agents. These agents are used to get data from different ministries and capable of solving the problem of having different data structures and naming conventions. When a new device connects to the mediator, the device will promote its capabilities that will be taken into consideration by specific agent which will prepare the returning data with corresponding style sheet supporting the mobile device. Therefore, the framework is capable of handling heterogeneous data source and delivering data in different presentation. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly reviews related work for mediation for content adaptation for mobile E-government. Section 3 presents an overview of M-government. Section 4 presents the details of the proposed architecture including agent tech- nology. Section 5 concludes the paper and suggests direc- tion for future work. II. RELATED WORK Significant amount of research have been conducted to deal with content adaptation issues on mobile devices. Different approaches of content adaptation have been proposed to resolve these issues. Fudzee and Abawajy [9] classified these approaches into static adaptation which generates and stores multiple variants of the content and dynamic adaptation where the adaptation of the content is done on fly during the user’s request based on his mobile device specifications. Adaptation can be performed at the client side, at the intermediary proxy server, or at the server side where the content is stored [10]. Shahidi et al. [11] proposed a method where a large number of adapta- tion mechanisms conducted at different locations in the network. The advantage of the client-side adaptation is that users with more powerful devices can define preferences and determine the type and scale of the adaptation process. But not all devices are capable to deal with high- complexity applications, and the adaptation software should be generated for different classes of devices. With the server side approach the content at every web page can be adapted for specific needs of the requesting mobile device. The transformed content is fully controlled by the content provider. Unfortunately the content provider should maintain and update database of all client mobile device types and has to implement all possible content adaptations. The intermediary proxy server approach can be implemented regardless of the content providers and can be used for different contents types by applying set of general transformation rules. It is an efficient solution for mobile government and its implementation is relatively easy. Different mediation frameworks have been proposed for designing the content of M-government services to resolve heterogeneous data sources integration and con- tent adaptation. A number of authors suggested to custom- ize Web content according to the mobile client contextual environments, including personal preferences, access condition, network connection, and device capabilities [12, 13, 14, 15, 16], while others proposed frameworks that capable of recognizing mobile devices' technologies, understanding their implications for M-government appli- cations, and adapting of the content on mobile devices [17,18]. J. He et al. applied a rule based approach to guide content adaptations [19]. Dickson et al. [20] proposed a framework of three tiers of views: user interface view, data view, and process view. The process view serves as a mechanism for inte- grating user interface view and data view. Sheng [5] discussed some technical and policy considerations related to M-government. One of the important issues that were described in this paper is the content and presentation management. The authors suggested some useful guide- lines to handle this issue exploiting techniques such as: utilizing Content Management Systems (CMS) to add a formal structure to the content and to adopt enterprise- wide web and content design standards, using the Extensi- ble Markup Language (XML), Extensible Style sheet Language (XSL), and employing Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) technology. Beside M-government issues and challenges, Sharma and Gupta [21] presented a web services architecture, while Abramowicz et al. discussed the design issues of user interface and the requirements of mobile user repre- sentations [22]. Amailef and Lu [23] present a framework of mobile government in emergency cases. The frame- work supports interactions between government, citizens, and other non-government agencies in emergency situa- tions. Similar methods for content adaptation to support mobile devices have been suggested in [24, 25] where intermediary services adapt the content provided by a server to the context of the user. Authors' interests lie in different research direction: im- plementing an agent technology to solve the content adaptation problem. Minjie LI et al. [26] use agents for content adaptation and solving the problem of temporary disconnection in wireless mobile network applications. Hongtao Zhu and Fangli Su [27] suggested an E- government integration model based on the semantic web, web services and intelligent agent technologies. III. MOBILE GOVERNMENT: Governments have created new channels of government services delivery known as Mobile Government (M- government) aimed at engaging citizens and improving system efficiency [25].Mobile government (M- government) extends E-government benefits from its minimal requirement which is a personal computer (PC) to mobile devices by implementing wireless technologies. M-government is considered a supplementary approach of delivery of governmental services from distributed het- erogeneous data sources using different transmission channels and technologies [28]. M-government is defined by Kushchu & Kuscu as “a strategy and its implementa- tion involving the utilization of all wireless and mobile technologies, services, applications and devices for im- proving benefits to the parties involved in e-government including citizens, businesses and all government units” [29]. In this work we define M-government as the flexible provider of public services through mobile and wireless technologies to support users anytime and anywhere. iJIM – Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2013 11 PAPER AGENT BASED FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR SUPPORTING CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR MOBILE GOVERNMENT The M-government practices can be classified into in- formational, transactional and operational functions [30]. Informational functions are one way transmission of information from government to a user. These functions provide governmental information to citizens via publish- ing and broadcasting. It can also send alerts and notifica- tions to a user through SMS or e-mails. Transactional functions are two way transmissions of information from government to a user and vice versa. This class of func- tions allows a user to interact with the M-government system, such as online procurement and payments. Opera- tional functions aim to handle the internal governmental operations. It enables government employees to access some important information from remote locations through their mobile devices. In this work we are focusing on the content of the informational and operational func- tions and how this content must be personalized and adapted to meet the user preferences and technologies. Saldhana [31] and Kumar et al. [32] stated that there are four different types of interaction levels where M- government operates represented as follow:  MGovernment-to-government (mG2G) that is inter- actions between government agencies;  MGovernment-to-employee (mG2E) that is interac- tions between government and its employees;  MGovernment-to-citizen (mG2C) that is interactions between government and citizens; and  MGovernment-to-business (mG2B) that is interac- tions between government and businesses. The government services provided through mobile de- vices are called mobile services (m-service). This domain of M-government encompasses very critical services that would benefit citizens. The criteria of evaluating the mobile government services are: websites usability, SMS notifications and extra m-services. Main categories of usability issues are screen design, content, accessibility and navigation. The category of SMS notifications in- cludes sending messages to and receiving notifications from ministries. Any services designed for mobile phone users not included in two first categories represent the category of extra m-services for example downloadable maps, m-books, m-brochures, etc. L. Knutsen, et al. categorized mobile services as fol- lows. First category is represented by the mobile content and information services (e.g. map, location-based ser- vices, news, and entertainment content downloads). An- other category is messaging services such as short mes- sage service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS) and email service. Transaction-based services such as mobile banking and airline reservations are yet another category of m-services [33]. Kuscu [34] and Su and Pei [35] identified many useful M-government applications that have been used. These applications include SMS for people with hearing disabili- ties, flood and fire notifications, search for missing chil- dren, automobile parking, tax declaration, mobile elderly care workers, garbage collection, reporting crime, etc. In spite of all benefits and advantages discussed so far, implementing M-government is complex. Interoperability (variety of platforms, etc.) and usability (mobile devices limitations) are some of the challenges that the implemen- ters of M-government are facing. Success of mobile government will depend largely on the number of its users. That's why implementation of user-friendly and easy access to information in alternative forms is a must. IV. M-GOVERNMENT AGENT-BASED FRAMEWORK As we have mentioned previously, M-government in- formational functions can provide end users with pub- lished online information and can send alerts and notifica- tions to users while operational functions enable govern- ment employees to access any needed information from remote locations. In the following sections, we introduce our adaptive M-government framework based on media- tion architecture and highlight some useful guidelines that must be applied in order to design information content, which is provided by the M-government platform, dis- played efficiently and effectively. A. Agent technology: Agent is intelligent computational reusable executable software on a network, which can carry out autonomous tasks or delegate the execution of these tasks to another agent or set of agents. It has a degree of control over its actions and does not always have to wait for commands. It adapts its behavior in response to the changing environ- ment. A mobile agent has the property that its state and code can be moved to another server within the same network, and then continues executing from where it stopped on the previous server. The operation of agents is supported and managed by distributed agent platforms systems, an agent can migrate from server to server in heterogeneous environments. On each server an agent interacts with stationary services and other resources to accomplish its mission. It can communicate to anticipate, adopt and plan tasks. Its behavior consists of beliefs, desires, and interaction depending on the location of an entity within an agent-based system. Agent technology represents excellent solutions for solving problems in large-scale distributed systems, in our case for the e- government applications. E-government system by nature is distributed, and the integration of data from distributed ministries' servers takes a long time. Mobile agents can migrate to ministries' servers and process data locally, thus significantly reducing the response time. Such a system supports intelligent and distributed storage, allows an optimal personalized m-government environment, sup- ports an intelligent decision-making, and ensures interop- erability between different systems that are to be inte- grated into an operational heterogeneous e-government system. Besides that, it solves the problem of heterogene- ity and low-bandwidth, reduces network traffic, process data locally instead of transmitting the data over a network and supports disconnected operation. Using agent compo- nents could accelerate development; enhance modularity, reusability, flexibility and reliability. When a mobile agent is dispatched there is no need to wait for it to return. The original connection to the network does not need to re- main maintained while the mobile agents are out. The mobile agents can wait until the original connection is reestablished before attempting to return. B. System overview The architecture of proposed m-government agent- based system has a 3-tier structure involving the client mobile devices, the web server holding the mediator, and the ministry application servers as shown in Figure1. 12 http://www.i-jim.org PAPER AGENT BASED FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR SUPPORTING CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR MOBILE GOVERNMENT Figure 1. System Architecture The main components of the architecture and their functionalities can be summarized as follows: 1. Client who accesses the Internet using a wireless Internet device via a micro browser. Mobile brows- ing is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). WAP is a protocol that was designed to al- low the users to browse the Internet from their mo- bile device. This protocol can view the information that is written by Wireless Markup Language (WML). Pages need to be reformatted to narrow and tall view to fit small displays. This reformatting tech- nique may affect the order of presenting the content. Client fills the request form and the browser submits it. The platform receives the requests of the client sends the request to the web server, and save the re- quest in a temporary mobile agent. 2. Intermediate adaptation web server: This tier respon- sible for content adaptation. It is a key part in the process of designing M-government applications with regard to the adaptation of the content to meet the user preferences and the different capabilities and limitations of mobile devices and wireless technolo- gies that are used by different users. This server is an intermediary server which placed between a mobile client and an application server, and it controls the adaptation process. It is in charge of content delivery. The server holds stationary agents (administrating and presentation agents), user profile, and device specification database. These stationary agents exe- cute only on the web server where it begins execu- tion, and their code cannot be changed during execu- tion. The user profile is created when the user re- quests service(s) for the first time. It contains the cli- ent’s device specification that provides the services requested by the user and the list of services based on user's preferences. The agent specifies which presen- tation type is most appropriate to the user according to predefined set of rules. As a result, each user can receive an adaptive content that meet his preferences and is compatible with his mobile device and wire- less technology. 3. Ministry Application server: Ministries' sites provide the services to satisfy the requests from the incoming mobile agents through their ministry agents. By na- ture data sources are distributed and heterogeneous, and their structures are different. In order to manipu- late those sources efficiently, data must be homoge- nized to resolve these differences. All the data will be converted into an XML object before being passed to the mobile agents. C. Dedicated agents: Agents need a running agent platform (agent execution environment) on every server they might move to (on mobile device, mediator, and ministries application serv- ers) to send or receive mobile agents. Several mobile agent platforms have been proposed to include java agents such as IBM’Aglets, ObjectSpace’s Voyager, Mitsubishi’s Concordia, and General Magic’s Odyssey. The combina- tion of agent platform environments and the micro edition of Java (J2ME) technology provide a good solution for building very sophisticated mobile applications on most of mobile devices. 1. Interface Agent: it provides user-friendly interactive interface for mobile user. It is a static agent within the client mobile device. 2. Mobile agents: Mobile agent can move from one sys- tem to another. Mobile agents can be generated dy- namically during the execution. It can reconfigure it- self dynamically based on changes of the services. 3. Administrating agent: The administrating agent will generate and send one or multi mobile agents to the appropriate ministries sites. This agent is responsible for the connectivity to ministries' Databases, thus eliminating a connection per request. When mobile agents are back, the administrating agent will analyze the collected information based on client preference. 4. Presentation agent: With the emergence of heteroge- neous devices, adaptation became unavoidable. It’s main goal to enable the presentation of e-government content of on different mobile devices. The device context is information that is used to characterize the user mobile device. It is crucial to specify the user device's capabilities in M-government application because they can have a big impact on what content is appropriate. Some of the parameters that character- ize mobile devices are the main factors that will be used to characterize this context, such as device type and device screen resolution. Nowadays mobile de- iJIM – Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2013 13 PAPER AGENT BASED FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR SUPPORTING CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR MOBILE GOVERNMENT vices can be connected to Internet through different wireless technologies. Each of them has different data transfer rate. As a result, we have to specify the type of wireless technology that will be used by the user to connect his device to the Internet; this is called the connectivity context. The agent takes re- sponsibility for detecting the mobile device capabili- ties (memory, screen size and resolution), mobile browser, and information about users, such as loca- tion, time, and network performance using user pro- file and device specification databases. Based on these features the agent will create adaptive content for specific characteristics of mobile device. The presentation agent will convert the result to the XSL or other style according to the wireless device. Style adaptation is achieved with device-dependent style sheets (in the form of CSS, XSL or XSLT). CSS- style used to remove background shading and in- crease font sizes [36]. 5. Ministry agent: receives the request from mobile agent and searches the local ministry's database. Ini- tially the result is presented in XML document, and then converted into an XML object. The XML object is passed to the mobile agent who can go back to the web server and pass the result to administrating agent of the mediator. Then presentation agent converts the XML object into XML document again. In case of reliable connection, the mobile client request is sent to the mediator and saved there. The mediator creates an agent or multiple agents to carry the request to the e-government application servers where it is processed and the result is send back by the agent(s). The presenta- tion agent represents the result in the XSL or other style according to the requesting device's specifications and then delivers it back to the mobile device. Agent technology is an effective approach to handle weak connectivity and disconnection problems in wireless networks (whether a mobile client sends to or receives data from the e-government servers). In such cases, the mediator saves the result in a temporary mobile agent. When the connection is re-established that agent migrates to the mobile device with the result. Then the browser of the mobile device displays the result. If the client device is offline at the time, the mediator will send email or SMS to the client. In case of no wireless connection, the interface agent saves the request of the client and as soon as the connection is re-established the interface agent via a mobile agent passes the request to the mediator where it will be processed in the same way as mentioned above. V. CONCLUSIONS The work presents a new framework for m-government system based on agent technology that improves the provision of M-government services by delivering person- alized and adapted service content to the appropriate user efficiently and effectively. The proposed framework provides the ability to access e-government services over mobile devices which allow citizens to expand the capa- bilities of their devices. The agent approach described in this framework offers enough flexibility through a collec- tion of dedicated agents. 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Published as resubmitted by the authors 20 December 2012. iJIM – Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2013 15 http://dx.doi.org/10.1504�/EG.2004.005921� http://dx.doi.org/10.1504�/EG.2004.005921� http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969720500428255� http://dl.ifip.org/index.php/ifip/article/view/10746� http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00431.x� http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00431.x� http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MINES.2010.157� http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-007-0091-y� iJIM – Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2013 Agent Based Framework Architecture for Supporting Content Adaptation for Mobile Government