International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) – eISSN: 1865-7923 – Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for Monitoring and Controlling https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i18.24733 Zirawani Baharum1(*), Azim Saiful Sabudin1, Ernie Mazuin Mohd Yusof1, Nahdatul Akma Ahmad2 1Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2Universiti Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia zirawani@unikl.edu.my Abstract—Therefore, this prototype also using motion sensor to sense movement to increase the light brightness. Light is the basis of all life on our planet, anytime and everywhere. Curving of demands, the alternative sources are important to explore and investigate in order to increase the satisfaction on user necessity. However, researcher also need to looking forward to find an alternative ways to optimise the usage of light as well. Therefore, this research provides the ideas of the prototype on the implementation of the smart lamp with controlled light system based on Arduino and mobile application usage to save the energy. To minimize and preserve light with the remote system in order to monitor and control the brightness of light, the smart lamp is chosen. This research is con- ducted to design the energy saving smart light system via mobile application and devices for monitoring and controlling. A minor prototype is developed with fully automated and controlled by Arduino board. It is begin with recognition of input of LDR sensor, PIR sensor arranging and circuit establishing. Later, the incorporation of hardware and software is implemented via Arduino program, mobile application and the devices. Finally, the testing process is executed and the data is assembled and analysed. Generally, the system has been empirically validated with several situation as setting up devices. The light with this kind of method always accurately matched to the human needs that allocates to save on the energy usage and minimise thecosts, as well as to improve the human comfort and efficiency. Keywords—smart lamp, arduino, mobile apps, LED, sensor 1 Introduction Today’s trend, human kind always bring smartphone everywhere. Electricity consumption is increasing every year because of the demand of users. Commonly 90 http://www.i-jim.org https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i18.24733 mailto:zirawani@unikl.edu.my Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... electricity use is in lighting system, audio system, daily routine and other things. Mostly usage of electricity consumption is lighting system because with light people can do a job or task easily when at day night or dark area. Energy is the foundation that supports and spurs the socio-economic development of a country. Development is not possible without energy and sustainable development is not possible without sustainable sources of energy. Consumption of vitality of light increase every year in Malaysia, hence to entire world. In Malaysia, statistics shown the usage of electricity increased between five to six per cent every year due to rapid growth in industrial fields [1]–[3]. The use of energy also contributes form several sectors consist of agriculture, residential, commer- cial, industrial and transport. Malaysia has developed new healthy generating capacity and adds increase 4780 megawatt. Figure 1 shows the final energy consumption and final usage of electricity consumption that increase every year. In 1971, the electricity consumption was 3,464 GWH and in 2008 the electricity increasing to 94,728 GWH. Besides that, in year 2020 demand in Malaysia electricity consumption will increase around 30%, which mean it is 124,677 GWH [4]–[6]. As the lighting system is important, the purpose of this project is to design smart lighting system that can control light brightness with LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor and occupancy sensor such as PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. By design smart light that controlled by light intensity sensor by surrounding area, it also can be monitor and control by mobile application. Furthermore, the prototype has dual mode is that are automatic and manual mode to ease user. 2 Literature review Nowadays, a usage of energy consumption increased every year due to human demand and needs. Electricity usage is very important for human kind to do their work and daily routine. In recent decades, saving energy has become a vital issue in many countries. The energy awareness and energy conservation has started to open up new avenue in saving energy area [7]. Lighting is one of the major uses of electricity and accounts for major portion of national electricity usage for instance building light- ing system consumes about half of total energy usage of building [8]–[10]. It means that diminishing the consumed energy by lighting system is sufficient to decrease the expenses and CO2 emission. iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 91 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... Fig. 1. Final electricity consumption by sector Basically, the lighting system used manual switch that is on-off switch. Sometimes people forget to switch off the light and the electricity usage is wastage due to life style habits and working environment. On and off switch lighting system will make losing the focus on the work because they need to stand and walk to switch on the light to continue they work [11],[12]. Although, people habits nowadays is lethargic to switch on the light until they feel hard to continue do work. Thus, the aim for this project is to design smart light that the brightness of light is controlled by light intensity in the area. After that, this project also developed personal control from mobile device controlling and monitoring the lamp and light. Moreover, the prototype has dual mode is that are automatic and manual mode to ease user. Table 1 shows the summarisation on several research project that have been done by several researcher from year 2013 to 2016 to obtain general knowledge on method used within that years. Meanwhile, Table 1 shows the method used to construct the smart light system from several researchers. Before proceed with this method several understanding must be considered to ensure the process of development efficient and excellent such as light concepts, the control system (PUC, PIR, LDR), comparison between LED, Incandes- cent bulbs and CFLs [13]. This summary of each method is used in the direction for this research development as well. Every project has different way of process system. As a result, the suitable method is using Arduino based smart light control system [14],[15],[18] and it is suitable to depict for this project. This method is selected due to effortless in the code development and cost effective. Moreover, the project execution is also easy to be deployed and conducted with Arduino software program [19],[20]. 92 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... Table 1. Summarization of method approach for lighting control system Research Title Authors Year Sector Motivation Solution Result Arduino Based: Smart Light Control System Deepak Kumar Rath [14] 2016 Resident Wastage of electricity Use LDR to control light power Reduce the cost of bill Zigbee Based Smart Street Light Control System Using LabVIEW Manish Kumar, Ravinder Kumar and Ritula Thakur [16] 2016 Walkway and street Low frequency usage. Power waste. Use Zigbee + LabVIEW to monitor and manage wirelessly Eliminate traffics, reduce cost and time maintenance Smart Lighting System using Raspberry PI Ankit Maslekar [11] 2015 Resident Reduce carbon emissions Using webcam to control the system Help to reduce consumption bill ZigBee Remote Control Automatic Street Light Srikanth M [15] 2014 Street light Waste energy consumption Use Zigbee module to monitor and control the light at base station Provide safe night time environment Zigbee-based intelligent street lighting system. Sagar Prakash Deo, Asha Sachin Patil [17] 2014 Street light To reduce the human error in the operation A novel scheme for a Zigbee- based street light control Decrease the energy consumption and ease the maintenance Light Control System Based on Wireless Communication and LED Technology Pilar Elejoste, Ignacio A, Asier P, Aitor C, Ignacio J G Z [18] 2013 Street light High energy usage in Spain Wireless communication and devices + LED technology (Sensor) Ease of deployment and accessibility Table 2. Method to construct the smart light system Method Description Source Illustration Light control System via Arduino The main circuit using a LDR for sensing element, which the process of system by Arduino that take the LDR sensor as an input element. For output from Arduino is LED. Other component such as relay, transistors used for high voltage supply Deepak Kumar Rath, [14] (Continued) iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 93 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... Table 2. Method to construct the smart light system (continued) Method Description Source Illustration Smart Lighting System using Raspberry PI Raspberry PI can generated conserved energy in electrical grid. The system hardware and software can modify for the addition of new module. This system suitable to implement in industrial, residential, shop and university to save energy and reduce cost of consumables and carbon emission. The system is use version Linux that cause the low powered device. Python language is use for program the circuit board. This system also use a web camera to capture image of the room and compare the image with human pattern that have save in openCV software. When the image fails match it will turn off the power supply. Furthermore, this system no use occupancy sensor for operation raspberry PI. Ankit Maslekar, [11] ZigBee Remote Control Automatic Street Light Arduino as microcontroller and Zigbee module as based remote control. The sensor is to control and secure the area of system. Furthermore, the sensor is the input and collects the data the transfer to the controller of the software to analyze the data to the system. For the Arduino is to collecting data from all streetlight in parallel processing and convert the data into serial communication. Then, the data will direct transfer to Zigbee transmitter and receiver modules. When data sent through ZigBee module, it will control terminal to check the condition of the street light. If the condition of street light is fail, the receiver will transmit information state of street light to a terminal Srikanth M & Sudakhar K. N., [15] Remote- Control System (High Efficiency) +AI Intelligent by a ZigBee Network Devices and Sensors In our project Street lights are made smart by placing motion sensors on them, which enables them to detect movement. Zigbee technology enables the street lights to communicate with one another. When a passer-by is detected by a motion sensor, it will communicate this to neighbouring street lights, which will brighten so that people are always surrounded by a safe circle of light. Software will be designed in LabVIEW with which the street lights can be monitored and managed wirelessly Leccese, Fabio, [19] 94 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... 3 The methodology This research is executed through several process and activities. Figure 2 shows the flow process for this research development form beginning to the end. All the process also consider he approach used in this methodology as discussed in Zirawani et al. [13] for the details process flow for the smart lighting system with the consideration of use Arduino microcontroller are Arduino Uno R3, PIR sensor, LDR sensor, Personal control: smartphone and HC – 05 Bluetooth. The hardware chosen are integrate into software selected, LabVIEW Interface for Arduino to suit with this research. Fig. 2. Process flow for research development iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 95 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... 4 Results and discussion The result from this project is when running the system, the LDR sensor able to sense the light intensity in surrounding area. Besides that, LDR sensor should able to convert the signal and send it to Arduino to turn on/off the light bulb. Moreover, the PIR sensor must be able to function properly to sense movement of human. Although, HC-05 Bluetooth module should able to be connected to android smartphone for become remote control to control light manually. The application for interface should function properly for avoids from error the system. This project is to Control the LED brightness using intensity surrounding order to save the electric consumption in the building. There are three main processes that need to be focused in this project which are the controlling, monitoring and maintaining. The objective of this project is to control the intensity inside the building in order to maintain the LED brightness. Apart from that, in this project, control LED brightness is important because in can reduce electric- ity consumption by using LDR sensor. The working principle of this project is, when supply voltage to Arduino, the coding will run follow the condition that has been setup. The LDR sensor will read the intensity surrounding. After that, when intensity reach 1000 lux it will switch off the LED because the condition is morning. The PIR sensor is use to sense movement surrounding. When PIR sensor sense movement it will switch on LED will full brightness. After three minutes no movement the PIR sensor sense so LED bulb will dim. Besides that, when toggle button switch to on, the system will go to Bluetooth mode. The smart LED system can be control and monitor the brightness in the mobile apps. If the toggle switch condition is off, the system will back to automatic dimmable led coding. 4.1 Hardware setup The hardware wiring is an important aspect to make sure the prototype run perfectly. Each wire must connect properly to make sure the signal of the input and output suffi- ciently reach to the electronic component. If the signals fail to function with the com- ponent, the circuit will become an open loop and give no feedback to the component. As in Figure 3 shows the prototype schematic circuit diagram of the prototype. Every connection must follow data sheet of components itself in term to avoid any error and circuit trip. In Addition, inside the circuit diagram, this project using an N-Channel MOSFET metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor for controlling high-power devices from your Arduino, but they do have some limitations. This current configura- tion is only useful for switching DC current, so don’t try this with an AC source, also MOSFETS have both a voltage and an amperage/current limitation. The IRF540 can handle switching up to 60V as the amperage is limit to 30A. 96 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... Fig. 3. The wiring of smart light 4.2 Control system Auto-mode. The main process is to control the brightness of LED bulb. This LED bulb can be dimmable which decrease is or increase brightness from 0% to 100%. LDR sensor used to control the brightness by reading the intensity surrounding. The intensity reading value from analog read will be convert to PWN which is from 0 to 255 because the value will generate a steady square wave of the specified duty cycle to control the brightness. Apart from that, Bluetooth system is added to connect with the smartphone in order to control the LED brightness that interfaced by MIT App Invertor. From there, the system can be used to control the intensity value, LED brightness and voltage out from LED bulb in the serial monitor. Figure 4 shows the serial monitor results through this research. The system automatic read the analog read from LDR sensor and will control the voltage to adjust the brightness for LED lamp. The analog read value for LDR sensor is 0 to 1023 which is has been 2 class of range that is from 0-150 will be night and for 151 above will be sunlight. When daylight the intensity will reach to 1000 lux and the system will switch off the LED. Besides that, the voltage in the serial monitor shows how much voltage out that use from LED bulb according to the LED brightness. So when the intensity increase the voltage out from LED will decrease and when intensity decrease the voltage out from LED will be increase. While the sense movement appears in the serial monitor it show the PIR sensor sense movement in surrounding. Then LED will increase brightness to 100% instant to show that have nearby people in the area. The voltage will show max voltage iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 97 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... that LED usage. Though, PIR sensor sense no movement in 3 minutes, the system automatic sent command that motion stop and the automatic smart LED system will run as usual. Manual-mode. Application design interface using Android mobile devices as remote control is shown in Figure 5. The apps is used to control manually by mobile’s user to set the brightness of LED lamp. Plus, Bluetooth module HC-05 also been used to attach the Arduino program and the smartphone apps. When the Bluetooth has been connecting, it will appear label connected in the smartphone interface. After that, press push button on the prototype and the Bluetooth and apps can be used to control the LED brightness. MIT apps for smartphone is examined as well in order to control the smart LED system implementation. This apps will utilize to ensure the ease of control in the way to implement this system using fingers. To run this mode, user need to press push button for switch the system to the Bluetooth mode. Fig. 4. The serial monitor for smart LED while sense movement and stop movement Fig. 5. The smart light system interface design in smartphone with the code condition 98 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... 4.3 Monitoring system LabVIEW interface. Figure 6 shows the graphical user interface (GUI) that design and developed through the LabVIEW monitoring Smart light software. To run this GUI, need to setup com port for Arduino to interface with LabVIEW. After that, will upload the LIFA base coding into Arduino so the LabVIEW can interface with Arduino perfectly. From the GUI, the result for voltage usage from LED bulb showed and measured through their intensity with adjacent indicator using LDR sensor. The LDR sensor is connect at pin A0 in Arduino and varies in magnitude in direct proportion to the input light intensity on it. The greater the intensity of light, the greater the corresponding voltage from the LDR will be calculated and resulted. For label box analog pin will show the A0 follow the connection that has been setup in Arduino besides that, the value of brightness, intensity value and voltage value will be show in numeric indicator. Testing LabVIEW also is took over several condition which are: • intensity increase or decrease will show in graph lux meter from range 0 to 100 • brightness of led will show in indicator from 0 to 100 percent • voltage out use from led bulb will show in voltage graph from range 0v to 12v Fig. 6. The graphical user interface (GUI) iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 99 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... 4.4 Results of intensity and voltage Figure 7 shows the relationship between intensity and voltage with time. This exper- iment conducted in night mode from 5.30 PM until 12.00 AM. Based on that result, the observation of the intensity value will be decreased when no light surrounded in that area and the voltage will be increased with brightness of LED. While, Figure 8 shows the daylight graph that shows intensity and voltage with time. This experiment was began from 3.00 AM to 9.30 AM on that day. Based on the result, the observation of the intensity value will be increased when sensor perceived light in the surrounded area and the voltage will be decreased as followed as by the intensity value and the LED brightness. These two graphs showed how the intensity balanced with the voltage out from the LED lamp. 5.30 PM 6.00 PM 6.30 PM 7.00 PM 7.30 PM 8.00 PM 8.30 PM 9.00 PM 9.30 PM 10.00 PM 10.30 PM 11.00 PM 11.30 PM 12.00 AM Intensity 90 65.94 60.52 40.3 20.15 14.74 13.86 14.94 13.96 10.92 11.51 10.04 9.84 6.9 Voltage 1.2 4.087 4.736 7.164 9.582 10.23 10.34 10.21 10.33 10.69 10.62 10.8 10.82 11.14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 V ol ta ge a nd I nt en si ty Night Fig. 7. The observation between intensity and voltage with time – Night 3.00 AM 3.30 AM 4.00 AM 4.30 AM 5.00 AM 5.30 AM 6.00 AM 6.30 AM 7.00 AM 7.30 AM 8.00 AM 8.30 AM 9.00 AM 9.30 AM Intensity 8.09 9.1 9.12 10.2 9.93 12.8 15 29.09 39.85 45.3 60.37 70.3 84.9 92.03 Voltage 11.03 10.9 10.9 10.78 10.81 10.46 10.2 8.509 7.217 6.563 4.396 3.564 1.812 0.955 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 V ol ta ge a nd I nt en si ty Morning Fig. 8. The observation between intensity and voltage with time – Morning 100 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... The LDR gives out an analog voltage when connected to Vcc (5V), which varies in magnitude in direct proportion to the input light intensity on it. That is, the greater the intensity of light, the greater the corresponding voltage from the LDR will be. Since the LDR gives out an analog voltage, it is connected to the analog input pin on the Arduino. The Arduino converts the analog voltage (from 0-5V) into a digital value in the range of (0-1023). According to the auto mode programing, the timing and the reading it smooth and less noise. The Bluetooth system function perfectly and less error so the user can manually control smooth the Smart Light. By using the user-friendly system via graphical user interface (GUI), user is totally monitoring the electric consumption that out from the smart light. User is easy to adjust the brightness LED using apps thru android follow the user needed. 5 Conclusion A usage of energy consumption increases every year because of demand and usage by human. This research aim to design and develop a smart light system for monitoring and controlling. The development of energy saving smart light system that control light brightness with LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor and occupancy sensor such as PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor is designed and examined. By this research project, lighting system will perform and improve their functioning and ability. The key of this prototype is a light sensor can control light brightness for the system. Therefore, this prototype also using motion sensor to sense movement to increase the light brightness. There are many advantages for this prototype. One of them is the LDR sensor that will control the power of light brightness by intensity. The other advantage is that, the prototype is using LED bulb since it has more life span than other light bulbs and LED uses less power (watts) per unit of light generated (lumens). LED also helps to reduce CO2 (carbon dioxide) emission and reduce electric bills. The LED is ideal for operation under cold and low outdoor temperature settings. Since mobile phone is an important device/gadget to human kind this project is develop a personal control. Plus, user can connect to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth and control the light using mobile application through LabVIEW graphical user interface monitoring system. This project also may diminish the opportunity of the careless usage of light appliance by human. This will be contrib- uted to the better light system in our life. The functionality of this project also has been examined through the prototype development and the results obtained are validated in order to ensure the goal is achieved. For future this system is suggested to use the web control and Wi-Fi module for better performance. The data can be save in the website and user can monitor through the computer and devices. Besides that, the connection of the range will be broader that Bluetooth by using the wireless. In a nutshell, it is really great if this technology is improve for experimenting at wide scope in building such as in city of Kuala Lumpur with many buildings and structures. 6 Acknowledgement This work is supported by the Research and Innovation, Universiti Kuala Lumpur. iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 101 Paper—Mobile-Based Application: The Designation of Energy Saving Smart Light System for... 7 References [1] A. S. Bujang, C. J. Bern and T. J. Brumm (2016) Summary of energy demand and renew- able energy policies in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53(2016), 1459–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.047 [2] W. Syakirah, W. Abdullah, M. Osman, M. Z. Abidin, A. B. Kadir and R. 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E-mail: zirawani@unikl.edu.my. Azim Saiful Sabudin, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Malaysian Insti- tute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru. Ernie Mazuin Mohd Yusof, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru. E-mail: erniemazuin@unikl.edu.my. Nahdatul Akma Ahmad, Computing Department, Faculty of Communication, Visual Art and Computing, Universiti Selangor, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: nahdatul@unisel.edu.my. Article submitted 2021-06-11. Resubmitted 2021-07-25. Final acceptance 2021-07-26. Final version published as submitted by the authors. iJIM ‒ Vol. 15, No. 18, 2021 103 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i01.12263 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i04.20291 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i04.20291 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i08.20415 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i08.20415 mailto:zirawani@unikl.edu.my mailto:erniemazuin@unikl.edu.my mailto:nahdatul@unisel.edu.my