International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies(iJIM) – eISSN: 1865-7923 – Vol 16 No 12 (2022) Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i12.29825 Michael Cabanillas-Carbonell1(), Harold Paucarcaja-Ochoa2, Jhanery Martos-Olazabal3, Fernando Sierra-Liñan4 1Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Perú 2,3Universidad Autónoma del Perú, Lima, Perú 4Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú mcabanillas@ieee.org Abstract—The pandemic is currently forcing several countries to take certain restrictions on public transportation to prevent the spread of the virus, Peru is in the aforementioned phase, so many users who continue to use public transporta- tion on a daily basis to get to work, home, supermarkets, among other activities, must stay informed to comply with these requirements. In this context, the mobile application was developed to help the proper management of information of the sanitary measures of the Covid-19 in the area of public transport for the city of Lima, and this is compatible with Android and iOS; likewise, the Mobile-D methodology, helped to make such mobile application and to know the phases to proceed with the implementation, which has an impact on time, information management and user satisfaction. The results of the present document show that the level of user satisfaction increased to 67.5% of a sample of 200 people as the experimental group. It was concluded that the application made it possible to automate the management of information on Covid-19 sanitary measures in the field of public transportation. Keywords—public transport, mobile application, methodology Mobile-D, information management process 1 Introduction The crisis unleashed by the epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has several edges [1], since the bewilderment and consternation due to its health aspect generates a fertile ground for an avalanche of information that makes it difficult to discern what is authen- tic from what is false. Currently in times of crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the contribution of science and technology has been essential to address the various prob- lems and give way to the adoption of new digital solutions [2]–[4], which allow the population to keep informed of the various aspects through the use of tools such as mobile applications [5], with functions that help to progressively reduce the contagion, measuring results and mitigating the pandemic. 4 http://www.i-jim.org https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i12.29825 mailto:mcabanillas@ieee.org Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines In the last decade, mobile applications have positioned themselves as one of the most effective tools for companies, especially in the field of information management. And no wonder, because apps make users’ lives easier, promote interconnectivity and improve the experience in the acquisition of products and services. The use of apps has changed the dynamics of the market forever [6], so the implementation of these systems in business models is a fundamental pillar for the growth of any startup. In recent years, work has been done with Mobile-D [7]–[9], demonstrating the effectiveness of this methodology for the development of mobile applications and the importance of applications for data management according to context [10] and logistic processes, which have been used in different fields such as construction, tourism, logis- tics, etc., with many satisfactory results. These are of high priority especially to cover needs in our day to day life, having updated information on covid-19 health measures which is of vital importance [11]. In the area of public transport, there are still many gaps to be addressed, such as infor- mation management with respect to covid-19 health measures and their restrictions. According to reference [12], the information management process requires a level of flexibility for the parties involved and a willingness to adapt the terms of the informa- tion to reflect any changes in circumstances. The use of mobile applications would have great effectiveness and efficiency in carrying out all the required processes [13], [14], as it allows streamlining the information, consultation and news processes; making it possible for users to have it available at any time [15]. The immediacy factor is what is needed in today’s world [16]. To this end, we proposed the development of a mobile application for the manage- ment of information on Covid-19 sanitary measures in public transport lines in the city of Lima, with the aim of managing the information to be provided, complying with the sanitary measures constantly dictated by the state, with the intention of keeping the citi- zen informed, also allowing to report any incident or complaint of non-compliance with the Covid-19 safety measures and finally allowing to consult the availability of the bus through the plate, if it is going to transit on a day of total immobilization; given the cur- rent situation, a preventive measure is necessary to avoid contagion in public transport. This research is organized as follows. Section 1 Introduction, section 2 contains a literature review of previous research, its limitations and the impact it has had on end users. Section 3 formulates the methodology to be used and describes its different phases, detailing the development of the application that will finally be implemented. Section 4 is the results phase with respect to the indicators studied. In section 5, the discussions are carried out, where the results obtained are analyzed. Finally, in section 6, there are the conclusions that enhance the proposed objective of the mobile applica- tion for the management of the information of the Covid-19 health measures in public transport. 2 Bibliographic study In this section we conducted a review of the most relevant previous research devel- oped which have used digital technologies for multiple aspects, in this case we chose research related to digital readiness linked to Covid-19 and public transportation. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 5 Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines Research [17], [18] conducted a bibliometric analysis of the preparedness of health care educators in relation to Covid-19, highlighting that the advice on health care, teaching and learning helped teachers to move quickly to the virtuality, helping them to give an effective management to the systems. Also in the research [19], an application to detect Covid-19 using Back Propagation (BP) classification algorithms and the Fuzzy C-Mean (FCM) clustering algorithm was proposed using classification techniques. This application was intended to help users predict and identify Covid-19 infection through the evaluation of symptoms and tests, estimating an accuracy of 89%. In article [20], we presented the development of a mobile application as a route finder in Cairo with the objective of making it easier for users to choose the most convenient routes in less time. This application considered the database of the minibus network by implementing the Dijkstra algorithm. The scientific-analytical research [21] proposed the development of a central trans- portation platform in Metropolitan Lima, with the objective of evaluating a mass transportation network that could be used as the basis of a metropolitan public system, contributing to reduce urban flows, the poor distribution of public transportation and environmental pollution. After the study, it was identified that due to the different actors in the different entities, the proposed integrated transportation system was not able to cover the demand in its entirety. It was concluded that the construction of Line 2 of the Lima Metro is necessary to achieve the complete integration of the proposed network, managing inter-institutional public transport and generating selection and implementa- tion strategies. In the article [22], user mobility requirements were identified for the development of an application and web page that provides the visualization of routes, planning and booking of a trip in any means of public transport, through a friendly interface, paying great attention to the level of user acceptance of technological tools connected to the Internet, related to transportation. The importance of collecting the users’ opinion on the choice of public transport was also highlighted, being evaluated in a pre-experi- mental scenario. The results showed that the interface design contributed to improve the users’ experience, although many of them showed some apathy towards the use of the tools connected to the network. Currently in use is a free application called “TuRuta” created by a group of young Peruvian entrepreneurs in a startup [23], which is helping citizens by providing informa- tion about public transportation in Lima through a selection of travel routes, in addition to providing directions to stops and how to reach the indicated destination in less time, having a great acceptance by citizens with more than 500 thousand downloads [24]. 3 Methodology In this section we proceeded to investigate the development methodologies, opting for the Mobile-D methodology that provides us with an agile methodology for software devel- opment, posing as an immediate solution, ensuring the execution of projects in a short time [25], with the aim that software development teams work efficiently and quickly, very directed to the documentation that is generated after each of the activities developed. 6 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines Mobile-D is a method that consists of known solutions and ensures the right software at the right time, constant communication between team members; it consists of dif- ferent phases: exploration, initialization, production, stabilization and testing phase; in each phase there is a set and determined day for the delivery of the assigned tasks, once the phases are completed they are ready to be public and delivered to the customer [26], [27]. The design of this study was pre-experimental with the objective of controlling the inventory process in the pre-test and post-test modes of operation. 3.1 Phase 1 – exploration In this activity, the parties involved and interested in the project (Public Transpor- tation Management Representative, developers and end users) were defined, and their tasks, roles and responsibilities were identified, in order to achieve the implementation of the application called “APPI-TRANS”. Population: The study population of a phenomenon as a whole includes the units of analysis that are found within the phenomenon and that must be quantified for a given comprehensive study. According to the above, it can be concluded that the population is all the people residing in the different districts of the city of Lima, of which 200 inhab- itants will be taken for the population as a whole. 3.2 Phase 2 – initialization Project configuration, for this initially the development team had to adapt to the programming software, for this the working environment of the team was prepared taking into account the physical resources, internal and external responsibility envi- ronments, to establish communication with the client and allow the success of the next stage of the program. The following tools were used: Visual CODE IDE, Android Stu- dio Emulator, Figma and Windows 10. Application architecture is service oriented, which consists of 2 fields: Mobile Application and Host. Fig. 1. General architecture of the mobile application iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 7 Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines Figure 1 shows the architecture for the APPI-TRANS application, which will be obtained from Google play store, for subsequent installation on a smartphone with Android operating system version 8.0 or higher, in addition the smartphone must be connected to an internet network or mobile data, for subsequent consultation through the app, this will be available for use 24×7. 3.3 Phase 3 – production The architecture to be used is defined by means of prototypes of the base architec- ture, and the interaction with the modules presented by the mobile application is also visualized. Data Model diagram, see Figure 2, which was developed for the query activity fol- lowing the designed architecture shown in Figure 1. Fig. 2. Database diagram 8 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines 3.4 Phase 4 – stabilization This phase details the predecessor tasks of the production phase, integrating the functionalities described above. The system integration is detailed in Figure 3, which was developed in Visual Code to achieve a higher quality for the proposed project. Fig. 3. Source code – main menu Prototype Exploration, Figure 4 shows the prototype of the main page, with four modules, designed from scratch with Figma. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 9 Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines Fig. 4. Application prototype – main interface Figure 5a shows the service qualification interfaces, including the route information and a review of the stops. In Figures 5b and c, where the information of the Covid-19 sanitary measures is shown, besides consulting if the vehicle is in conditions to tran- sit in a day of total immobilization; which will arrive as a notification each time it is updated, if it is new, accurate and reliable information for the user’s evaluation. In Figure 5d, the option to report an incident or event is shown, it allows to enter the license plate number of the vehicle, finally in Figure 5e, the information of what hap- pened by the user is detailed. 10 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines Fig. 5. Application interfaces 3.5 Phase 5 – system testing In this phase, the validation of the functional requirements of the mobile application was carried out, with the purpose of complying with the functionality for the mobile application in an adequate manner, also it is related to the functional requirements that were raised in the first instance. Once this process was completed, we moved on to the phase of obtaining the results. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 11 Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines 4 Results The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the influence of the mobile applica- tion to manage information regarding Covid-19 sanitary measures for public transporta- tion. Two criteria were considered: (1) Efficiency in receiving information, (2) Monthly complaint time, (3) Level of user satisfaction. Surveys collected and results, using the SPSS Version 26 tool. Table 1. General result of indicator Indicator Pre-Test (mean) Post-Test (mean) Efficiency in receiving information (KPI 1) 2.26 4.20 Monthly complaint time (KPI 2) 86 5 User satisfaction level (KPI 3) 1.41 3.54 The first criterion measures the level of satisfaction with respect to the receipt of information, the second measures the time in minutes to make a complaint, and finally the third criterion measures the level of general user satisfaction with respect to the use of the Covid-19 mobile application to manage information on health measures. 4.1 Efficiency in receiving information The first criterion, both in the Pre-test and the Post-test, carried out 4 weeks later, showed a positive difference greater than 50%, validating the importance of managing information. Figure 6 shows the post-test bar graph of the information reception efficiency indicator. Fig. 6. Bar chart KPI 1 post-test 12 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines 4.2 Monthly complaint time The second criterion, with the averages obtained in the data collection for both the Pre-test and the Post-test, can be observed to decrease positively from 86 min to 5 min when making a complaint report. Figure 7 shows the graphical summary report of Tor- sion KPI 2 Pre-Test. Fig. 7. KPI 2 post-test summary report iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 13 Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines 4.3 User satisfaction level The third criterion, both Pre and Post, which were obtained in the data collection, showed a significant difference with a percentage of 67.50% in favor, indicating “Good” influence of the mobile application. Figure 8 shows the Post-Test bar graph of the user satisfaction indicator. Fig. 8. Bar chart KPI 3 post-test 5 Discussions The development of this research is based mainly on the requirements and/or needs as a guideline for observation and evaluation in order to obtain the results of each characteristic presented in this project and thus allow its discussion. In turn, there are several works regarding information management, which are carried out in different state and private entities, which are mentioned in the previous works in section 2. In relation to the indicator: Efficiency in the reception of information, an average of 4.20 was achieved with respect to the influence of using the mobile application, see Figure 6, which represents a percentage higher than 50% that describes as “good” having a mobile application that helps in the reception of information. Evidencing an acceptable reception of information. Regarding the indicator: Average complaint time in public transportation, it was pos- sible to demonstrate the decrease in time using the mobile application to make a com- plaint about sanitary measures Covid-19, see Figure 7, which represents 5.39 minutes with respect to the average time to make a complaint report. This shows a significant decrease in the time it takes to register and respond to complaints. Finally, user satisfaction level, see Figure 8, an average user satisfaction level of 3.54 was obtained, which represents 67.50% of the influence of the mobile applica- tion to manage the information of the Covid-19 sanitary measures in public transport. 14 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—Mobile Application for the Management of Covid-19 Health Measures on Public Transport Lines This shows a higher satisfaction index compared to previous studies (such as Ref. [20]), which goes hand in hand with factors such as time, agility of the system and informa- tion provided, allowing to meet the expectations of users. 6 Conclusions The mobile application for information management on sanitary measures Covid-19 in public transport, allowed to control the flow of information hand in hand with the Manager of ATU (Autoridad de Transporte Urbano), because it allows to know the level of satisfaction regarding the receipt of information, number of monthly com- plaints regarding the transport lines, in addition, to know the processing time when reporting a complaint, in turn to know the level of user satisfaction. This allowed the automation of the information management of Covid-19’s sanitary measures in the pub- lic transportation area. Through the analysis of the indicators, it was found that there was a significant improvement in the reception of information, the time to report an incident or com- plaint and the level of satisfaction for a user, which was carried out to the inhabitants of the city of Lima belonging to the pre-experimental group, identifying as “good” the influence of the use of the mobile application for the management of information of sanitary measures Covid-19 in the public transport lines of the city of Lima. It is recommended for future research to increase the process of geolocation of pub- lic transport to help to know the arrival time of each public transport line. 7 References [1] Unidad de Evaluación y Estudios Tecnológicos, “El uso de las tecnologías en la lucha con la COVID19. Un análisis de costes y beneficios.,” Madrid, 2020. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2021. http://www.aepd.es28001-madridhttps//sedeagpd.gob.es [2] M. Drolia, S. Papadakis, E. Sifaki, and M. 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León, “La app peruana que te dice qué bus tomar y en cuánto tiempo llegará a tu paradero,” El comercio Perú, 2019. [25] M. Omer, L. Margetts, M. Hadi Mosleh, S. Hewitt, and M. Parwaiz, “Use of gaming tech- nology to bring bridge inspection to the office,” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1292–1307, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1615962 [26] J. Molina, J. Honores, N. Pedreira, and H. Pardo, “Comparison of mobile application development technologies,” 3C Tecnol. Glosas innovación Apl. a la pyme, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 73–93, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno/2021.v10n2e38.73-93 [27] G. Vial, “Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda,” J. Strateg. Inf. Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 118–144, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003 8 Authors Michael Cabanillas-Carbonell is a qualified researcher by the National Council of Science, Technology and Innovation – Peru. Research Professor at Norbert Wiener University. President of the IEEE-Peru Education Society Chapter. President of the EIRCON Conference (Engineering International Research Conference). PhD candi- date in Systems and Telecommunications Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. (email: mcabanillas@ieee.org) Harold Paucarcaja-Ochoa is a graduate of the professional school of Systems Engineering at the Universidad Autónoma del Perú, with extensive experience in soft- ware development. (email: hpaucarcaja@autonoma.edu.pe) Jhanery Martos-Olazabal is a graduate of the professional school of Systems Engineering at the Universidad Autónoma del Perú, with extensive experience in mobile application development. (email: jmartos@autonoma.edu.pe) Fernando Sierra-Liñan Fernando Sierra-Liñan Professor of Research Methodol- ogy at the Universidad Privada del Norte. Master in Education with mention in Edu- matics and University Teaching from the Technological University of Peru. Degree in Education with a mention in Science and Technology from the Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola. Systems and Computer Engineer from the Technological University of Peru. (email: fernando.sierra@upn.edu.pe) Article submitted 2022-01-30. Resubmitted 2022-04-24. Final acceptance 2022-04-25. Final version published as submitted by the authors. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 17 https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1615962 https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno/2021.v10n2e38.73-93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003 mailto:mcabanillas@ieee.org mailto:hpaucarcaja@autonoma.edu.pe mailto:jmartos@autonoma.edu.pe mailto:fernando.sierra@upn.edu.pe