International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies(iJIM) – eISSN: 1865-7923 – Vol 16 No 13 (2022) Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’ Work Skill in Vocational High School: The Development and Validity https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i13.30595 Suryo Hartanto1, Asrul Huda2(), Rizky Ema Wulansari2, Akrimullah Mubai2, Firdaus2, Shalehoddin1 1Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam, Batam, Indonesia 2Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia asrulhuda@gmail.com Abstract—Vocational education graduates should have expertise competen- cies according to their fields so that it is easy to fill the job market, but this condition is not in line with expectations. BPS data as of February 2020 still shows the open unemployment rate, which is dominated by SMK graduates, at 8.49%, meaning that it is the highest-ranking contributor to open unemployment. One indication of this high percentage is the lack of work skills for vocational school graduates in the world of work. This lack of work competence is indi- cated because the learning process is not integrated with the real world of work. Therefore, improvement steps are sought through a learning process that inte- grates school learning with the real world of work by developing media that support learning activities with the real world of work. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design an Android-based interactive lean manufacturing application to improve the work skills of vocational students. This study uses the 4D development method (four-Ds) for the development of android-based inter- active lean manufacturing applications and uses a survey method for validity and this AR application will be validated by 3 experts. The results of this study indicate that the validation test of android-based interactive lean manufacturing applications is included in the valid category. So, it can be concluded that the Android-based interactive lean manufacturing application technology has been valid to be used in the learning process. Keywords—lean manufacturing, interactive, android, validity 1 Introduction The low competency achievement of Vocational High School graduates has an impact on the absorption of graduates in the world of work, as a result, educated unemployment is increasing. Statistics data In February 2020 the open unemployment rate (TPT) was still dominated by Vocational High School graduates, a total of 8.49%, followed by Senior High School 6.77% and Diploma III 6.76% [1]. Referring to these data, a solution is urgently needed to reduce unemployment which is indicated by a lack 130 http://www.i-jim.org https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i13.30595 mailto:asrulhuda@gmail.com Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… of work skills. Effective and efficient work competence is determined by two insepa- rable aspects, namely hard skills and soft skills. Soft skills play an important role in career and social life [2][3]. Soft skills also affect hard skills so that they will be more flexible and positive in meeting the expectations of the world of work [2][4]. Soft skills and hard skills are part of work skills, it has to manage maximally in the school. Vocational education needs to strive for integrated learning with the world of work in order to provide benefits in vocational competence proficiency [5][4]. Vocational learning will be meaningful if students learn directly in the world of work through experts directly [2][6]. There is a working method in the industrial world, namely Lean manufacturing. This method has been adopted in the world of learning under the name of a lean manufacturing-based learning model [2]. This learning model has been declared valid, effective and practical in the testing process, has met the eligibility criteria for a learning model [2][7]. It has Syntax: (1) Stimulus, (2) Identification, (3) Reflective Observation, (4) Monitoring, (5) Evidence, (6) Assessment and Reflec- tion [7]. Lean manufacturing-based learning model is implemented in an integrated manner with industry through the application of work shadowing. There are three targets in achieving work skills competence, namely: vocational students, industrial instructors and teachers. The results of the evaluation of the limited trial of the lean manufacturing learning model still found obstacles, namely: 1). Industry instructor. The material taught to students in shadowing in the industry requires media that is not just a guide/hand out, it is very necessary so as not to interfere with the work process in the industry. 2). Students need structured guides that are easy to access and study to suit industry work. 3). Online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, most students cannot learn directly in the industry, then we need media that is easy to learn without having to come to the industry. This module is structured as an answer to the problems mentioned above, which was carried out in accordance with the Special Objectives in Year One (2021). Produced learning steps using interactive lean manufacturing learning modules that are valid, effective and practical, second year (2022). An android-based interactive lean manufacturing learning module is produced that is valid, effective and practical. Third year (2023): Produced an industrial integrated learning policy script with lean manufacturing-based learning to improve the work skills of vocational students that are valid, effective and practical. Produced learning steps using interactive lean manufac- turing learning modules that are valid, effective and practical, second year (2022). An android-based interactive lean manufacturing learning module is produced that is valid, effective and practical. Third year (2023): Produced an industrial integrated learning policy script with lean manufacturing-based learning to improve the work skills of vocational students that are valid, effective and practical. Produced learning steps using interactive lean manufacturing learning modules that are valid, effective and practical, second year (2022). An android-based interactive lean manufacturing learning mod- ule is produced that is valid, effective and practical. Third year (2023): Produced an industrial integrated learning policy script with lean manufacturing-based learning to improve the work skills of vocational students that are valid, effective and practical. The urgency of research is that the low competence of Vocational High School grad- uates contributes to the highest unemployment rate, supported by the lack of effective integration of learning with the world of work, further deepening the gap between skills competence and work needs. In an effort to fulfill the revitalization of vocational schools, urgent and targeted solutions are needed. The solution to integrate school iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 13, 2022 131 Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… learning with the world of work is the development of an Android-based interactive lean manufacturing learning application to improve the work skills of Vocational High School students in response to Presidential Instruction No. 9 of 2016 in aligning the educational curriculum in accordance with the competency needs of the world of work. 2 Method 2.1 Research method and procedures This type of research is research and development (Research and Development). This research is used to produce a product that is measurable and tested on validity and practicality. According to [5], development research is the process used to develop and validate products. The research procedure carried out is as follows: The initial stage is observation, where the results of the observation show that it is necessary to take steps to integrate the world of work and education through support- ing tools consisting of process steps for applying lean manufacturing-based learning to achieve the required vocational work skills. The preparation is carried out through the analysis stage by considering the characteristics of the industry, and students in the implementation. At this stage carry out steps in the form of problem identification, media analysis in lean learning for students and instructors, then design includes animation content, coloring, examples of actions, supporting facilities and infrastructure. Furthermore, the development of the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application was carried out, then product validation was carried out through FGDs to measure the accuracy of content, graphic design, grammar, coloring, etc. This is done as a process of testing product validation. Validation activities are carried out by expert judgment/content validation of the product. Then a medium-scale test was conducted to measure the product at the practical strata. This practicality is carried out to see the usability of this android-based interactive lean manufacturing application product. 2.2 Research sample This Android-based interactive lean manufacturing application was validated by 3 experts, where the experts assessed the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application that had been developed through the survey questionnaire provided. These 3 experts were chosen based on their scientific fields, those who were chosen were those who had scientific fields or experts in the field of informatics and computers. While the respondents used in filling out the practical analysis questionnaire were stu- dents and lecturers of Informatics Engineering Education, Padang State University. 2.3 Research instrument In this study, there are 2 instruments used, the first is a practical instrument used to see the usability of the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application, in the needs analysis instrument there are 30 questions regarding the android-based interac- tive lean manufacturing application. And the second is a validity instrument, there are 30 statements related to the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application. In this study, the instrument used has been validated using an expert judgment strategy. 132 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… 3 Results and discussions In this study, the design of an android-based interactive lean manufacturing appli- cation uses Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) modeling. UML is a method in visual modeling that is used as a means of designing object-oriented systems. The purpose of UML modeling in this research is to be able to easily understand, analyze and, facilitate the creation of a program. While DFD is a description of the flow of information that is processed from input to a certain output. DFD focuses on the flow of information, the origin and destination of data, to how the data is stored. DFD in this study aims to explain or analyze an information system. In addition, this diagram can also be used in the software development process. Siswa LEAN MANUFACTURINGGuru – Informasi mata pelajaran – Informasi stimulus – Informasi problem & project – Informasi observasi – Informasi hasil studi – Informasi siswa – Informasi monitoring – Data username dan password – Data materi pelajaran – Data stimulus – Data project – Data referensi – Data diskusi – Data nilai – Data profil – Data username dan password – Data laporan – Data pesan – Data profil Fig. 1. Data Flow Diagram of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application The first thing to do when designing an android-based interactive lean manufacturing application is to create a DFD (see Figure 1), where the DFD is to create an overview of a system, then proceed with coding based on the analyst’s directions contained in the DFD. Fig. 2. Use case diagram of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application The use case diagram in Figure 2 serves to show the process of activities sequentially in the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application system, describes the process of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application, displays the sequence of activities in the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application and as a bridge between the manufacturers. with consumers in describing an android- based interactive lean manufacturing application. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 13, 2022 133 Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… (a) (b) Login User Subject Management Subject Data Stimulus Data Project Data Ya – Data KI, KD, Indikator, Tujuan, Waktu Pelaksanaan – Data Materi Pelajaran – Data media dan metode pelajaran – Data Masalah di Indutri terkait pembelajaran – Data Jenis Project-Data Waktu Pelaksanaan CRUD Data Log Out ? Ya Tidak A Reference Data – Data Industri Terkini A Monitoring Discution Evaluation Profile CRUD Student Garde Data Read Student Progress Data CRU Discution Data CRUD Profile Data CRU Recommended Data Login User Start Learning Read Data Stimulus, Problem & Project Tidak Ya Log Out? Ya Tidak A A Observasi Assigment Study Result Data Profile Read Study ResultRead Resource Create Report CRUD Data Profile Persentatiom Tidak Fig. 3. Activity diagram of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application for teacher (a) and students (b) 134 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… The activity diagram in Figure 3a and b serve to explain the sequence of activ- ities from the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application for teachers and students, shows the sequence in the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application for teachers and students, it is easy to understand the whole android-based interactive lean manufacturing application process. and knowing the activities of actors/ users based on the use cases/diagrams made earlier. siswa matpel guru nilai tugas observasi diskusi file forum stimulus kelas jadwal nis varchar(15)PK nama varchar(30) pass text ttl varchar(50) kd_kelas varchar(15)FK login datetime logout datetime email varchar(15) telp varchar(15) kd_matpel varchar(15)PK nama_matpel varchar(50) jumlah_jam varchar(5) nip varchar(15)PK nama varchar(30) pass text ttl varchar(50) login datetime logout datetime email varchar(15) telp varchar(15) nis varchar(15)FK nilai varchar(5) kd_matpel varchar(15)FK kd_tugas varchar(15)PK nis varchar(15) kd_matpel varchar(15)FK wkt_upload datetime kd_filemateri varchar(15) kd_matpel varchar(15)FK kd_filereferensi varchar(15) nip varchar(15)FK nis varchar(15)FK kd_forum varchar(15)FK pesan text wkt_pesan datetime kd_tugas varchar(15)FK nama_file text tipe_file varchar(5) ukuran_file varchar(5) kd_forum varchar(15)PK kd_matpel varchar(15)FK wkt_pembuatan datetime kd_stimulus varchar(15)PK data_problem text data_project text mulai_project datetime akhir_project datetime kd_kelas varchar(15)PK nama_kelas varchar(10) tahun varchar(5) jumlah_siswa varchar(5) nis varchar(15) nip varchar(15) kd_kelas varchar(15) kd_matpel varchar(15)FK nip varchar(15) jadwal_matpel varchar(15) semester varchar(2) kd_stimulus varchar(15)FK attribute name Fig. 4. Database of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application The database in Figure 4 functions to classify data and information, prevent dupli- cate data and data inconsistencies, simplify the process of storing, accessing, updating, and deleting data, maintaining the quality of data and information accessed as inputted, iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 13, 2022 135 Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… assisting the process of storing large data and can also help improve the performance of android-based interactive lean manufacturing applications that require data storage. After designing the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application, the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application was developed. After the design (prototype) was carried out, the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application followed the existing design. Then a validity test is carried out to validate or assess the feasibility of the product, in this activity validation will be carried out by an expert or validator. The validation pro- cess obtained input from the validator which was used to revise the developed android- based interactive lean manufacturing application. Input from the validator is used as a guide in making improvements and revisions to the products made. Revision activities include improvements and adjustments with suggestions from expert validators and practitioners in accordance with their field of study. The results of the assessment (validation) of the Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application can be seen in Table 1. The results of the validity test of the Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application are described in detail as follows: Table 1. Validation results of android-based interactive lean manufacturing applications No Assessment Aspect Rating Result Average TCR Category 1 Material Substance 4.25 85.00 Well 2 Learning Design 4.55 91.00 Very good 3 Visual Communication Display 4.75 95.00 Very good 4 Software Utilization 4.91 98,20 Very good Final Average 4.62 92.30 Very good Based on the Table 1, the results of the validity test of the Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application are categorized as good. The final average value obtained is 4.62 with an achievement level of 92.30%. These results were obtained after being assessed by 3 (three) validators. If viewed based on the assessment aspect, it was found that 1 (one) aspect of the assessment was in a good category, namely the use of material substance. For the learning design aspect, the visual communication display and the use of software are in the very good category. Furthermore, a field test was conducted to see the practicality of the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application. Android-based interactive lean manufac- turing application is said to have high practicality if it is practical and easy to use. The practicality test data was obtained from filling out the practicality questionnaire of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application. The results of filling out practicality test questionnaires filled out by students regarding the practicality of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application Media can be seen in Table 2 below. 136 http://www.i-jim.org Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… Table 2. Results of the practicality assessment of android-based interactive lean manufacturing applications No Assessment Aspect Rating Result Average TCR Category 1 Effective 4.13 82.60 Well 2 Creative 4.25 85.00 Well 3 Efficient 4.58 91.60 Very good 4 Interactive 4.72 94.40 Very good 5 Interesting 4.57 91.40 Very good Average 4.45 89.00 Well Based on Table 2 above, it can be concluded that the average Practicality Assessment of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application Media is 4.45 with an achievement rate of 89.00% and is in good (practical) criteria. This means that the practicality of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application Media can be applied. Android-based interactive lean manufacturing application is one of the latest technology-based media solutions that can be used by teachers in both online and offline learning processes that can improve students’ work skills [8]. Android-based interactive lean manufacturing application provides learning materials where students can be actively involved in learning, so the android-based interactive lean manufactur- ing application is one of the computer-based interactive learning media solutions that can improve students’ work skills [9]. This is in line with research Woo [10] which states that android-based interactive media is a smart platform that can provide more feedback quickly, so this can increase student active participation. Furthermore, the selection of modeling in the development of android-based interactive lean manufacturing application is intended to design or system, and presentation of learning materials in the system. The model chosen by UML consists of data flow diagrams, use case diagrams and activity diagrams. This is done so that no errors occur when building an android-based interactive lean manufacturing application [11]. UML is widely used in building applications because it simplifies the understanding process so that work becomes more productive and one way to better understand the relationship between objects in a program is to use UML [12]. As well as the development of augmented reality media carried out by Huda et al. [13] which is built based on the design of UML. Based on suggestions and assessments from the validator both in terms of material and design, the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application developed is declared valid, this is because the media presentation has included all components which include systematic consistency of presentation, concept coherence, suitability of illus- trations with material, presentation of text, tables, figures, and lists of references, moti- vational learning generators, summaries, assessments, feedback and follow-up [14]. So this android-based interactive lean manufacturing application deserves to be tested. After the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application was declared valid, a trial was carried out on the android-based interactive lean manufacturing iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 13, 2022 137 Paper—The Design of Android-Based Interactive Lean Manufacturing Application to Increase Students’… application to see the practicality of the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application. The practicality data of this android-based interactive lean manufactur- ing application was taken through trials conducted on students. Based on the practical results, it is found that this android-based interactive lean manufacturing application is included in the practical category. This can be explained because this android-based interactive lean manufacturing application is presented in full so that students can get information about the subject matter. Based on this indicator, this android-based interactive lean manufacturing appli- cation belongs to the practical category. This is in accordance with the opinion Hawkins [15][16][17][18] which states that one of the practical benefits of using instructional media in the teaching and learning process is that the media can clarify the presentation of messages and information so as to facilitate and improve the process, competence and learning outcomes of students. 4 Conclusion Less effective integration of learning with the world of work, further deepening the gap between skills competency and work needs, the solution to integrate school learning with the world of work is the development of Android-based interactive lean manufacturing learning applications to improve the work skills of vocational students. The validation test shows that the augmented reality application technology is in the valid and practical category. Research from the development of the android-based interactive lean manufacturing application has several contributions, namely: adding references to the treasures of knowledge about technology applications for learning and increasing variations in the use of media in learning that can involve students actively in learning. 5 References [1] BPS, “Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia Februari 2020,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/05/05/1672/februari-2020--tingkat-penganggu- ran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-4-99-persen.html [2] Hartanto and E. Al, “Developing Lean Manufacturing Based Learning Model to Improve Work Skills of Vocational Students,” Univers. J. Educ. Res., vol. 8, no. 3A, pp. 60–64, 2020, https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.081408 [3] S. Majid and Z. Liming, “Importance of Soft Skills for Education and Career Success,” IJCDSE, vol. 2, no. 2, 2012. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2012.0147 [4] D. A. 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Scientific Mapping of Industry 4.0 Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technolo- gies. 2021 Dec 7;15(18). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i18.25535 6 Authors Suryo Hartanto, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, 29422, Indonesia. Asrul Huda, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Sumatera Barat, 25171, Indonesia. Rizky Ema Wulansari, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Sumatera Barat, 25171, Indonesia. Akrimullah Mubai, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Sumat- era Barat, 25171, Indonesia. Firdaus, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Sumatera Barat, 25171, Indonesia. Shalehoddin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, 29422, Indonesia. Article submitted 2022-03-10. Resubmitted 2022-04-21. Final acceptance 2022-04-21. Final version published as submitted by the authors. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 13, 2022 139 https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.30.tvet017 https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.30.tvet017 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i04.12737 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i04.12737 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00299.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00299.x https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2014.889400 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i05.20905 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i05.20905 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i06.13479 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i06.13573 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i18.25535