International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies(iJIM) – eISSN: 1865-7923 – Vol 16 No 12 (2022) Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i12.31423 Hawraa abd Al_kadum Hassan1(), Zahraa Yaseen Hasan2, Rusul H. Al Taie3 1College of Information Technology, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq 2College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq 3College of Arts, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq hawraa.abd@uobabylon.edu.iq Abstract—VANET (“vehicular ad hoc network”) is a type of networks that consist of many vehicles acting as moving nodes. They are connected with other vehicles through an ad hoc wireless network so as to increase traffic security and provide relaxation to road users. Sending the messages to the final destination in VANETs is a challenging mission because of its relatively high mobility and dynamism. The clustering technique addresses such issues, as it gathers vehi- cles based upon several predefined metrics such us density, speed, and physical vehicles locations. Clustering in VANET is one of the controller techniques for dynamic form. In this paper, a new method is presented for clustering that suits the VANET environment with the purpose of improving the network cluster sta- bility. This method takes a number of parameters into consideration, such as the coverage area and speed to make the cluster structure comparatively stable. In addition, and advance is obtained in tems of the cluster-head selections algo- rithm, and the data exchange is improved through clusters. Keywords—VANET, vehicular ad hoc network, clustering, cluster head, cluster member 1 Introduction The technology of Vehicle-to-Vehicle offers a connection between vehicles through an ad hoc wireless network, and removes the necessity for a main station to control the network topology. The vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are categorized by the self-arrangement of vehicles and fast modifications in network structure due to their high speed. As breakdowns in connection relations often happen in VANETs, guarantee- ing the stability of communication is extra difficult in VANETs as compared to normal MANETs. An actual and low-cost solution to decrease the mobility effect and develop the VANET network connectivity involves forming a clustering with hierarchical struc- ture inside the network [1–12]. The clustering procedure is the separation of networks into small groups. Many parameters affect the clustering, such as the distance between nodes, capability of link communication, and the improvement of a comprehensive net- work presentation. Small clusters can work more efficiently [3–9]. The ground network iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 137 https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i12.31423 mailto:hawraa.abd@uobabylon.edu.iq Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication vehicles are divided into simulated groups recognized as clusters through the clustering method. The latter can offer an active solution for the abovementioned problems. A vehicle is select to manage the connection among its Cluster Members (CM), called a Cluster Head (CH) an interacts with other sheets of a mutual network [2–11]. 2 Related work A number of VANET studies among the related works have paid attention to the development of grouping procedures, most of which depend on MANET grouping methods. A number of the most important protocols are defined below. In [5], the important idea of Affinity Spread is applied in the suggested clustering algorithm, and the Cuckoo Search (CS) optimization algorithm is applied to find out the best cluster-head. In the network, each node transfers the accountability and obtainabil- ity messages to its neighbours, after which it creates a self-sufficiently clustering deci- sion. In [1], the Angle based Clustering Algorithm (ACA) is suggested by the authors, which exploits the vehicles track and angular location for choosing the best cluster heads vehicles that remain unchanged for a long time. The simulation outcomes dis- cover that ACA significantly outperforms other clustering protocols in terms of cluster stability. As for the authors in [6], they state that vehicles are movable at the equal way sec- tion whenever they share the same ID and exist within the communication range of its neighbour for appropriating the creation process of clusters. This is due to the concept which states that all expected security messages are common among vehicles close to their own relative speed to avoid a dangerous situation. To determine CH, some metrics are defined depend on vehicle motion information. Vehicles are associated with a pre- set weight value based on their importance. A vehicle that has a top value of weight is selected to be a main head of cluster (MCH). A secondary head of cluster (SeCH) is presented as a holdup for the MCH to develop the cluster’s stability. The control is converted to SeCH whenever the PCH cannot perform the action. The work in [3] suggests the “grasshoppers optimization-based node” algorithm for clustering VANETs (GOA) to select the optimal cluster head. The suggested algorithm concentrated on overhead of network within unexpected density situations of node. Regarding the study in [2], the researchers propose a clustering algorithm that is sta- ble for vehicular ad-hoc networks (SCalE). There are two features originally combined in the algorithm: information about vehicles performance to get effective CHs collec- tion, and the engagement of a CH holdup to keep the cluster structure stability. With simulation procedures, these are exposed to stabile growth and increased execution whenever matched to current algorithms of clustering. 3 System model Clustering in VANET represents a process of collecting the neighbouring moving vehicles on a street within stable groups to facilitate the process of exchanging infor- mation between vehicles. 138 http://www.i-jim.org Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication A highway model is considered with high density wherein vehicles travel in a direc- tion way. Assuming that vehicles are able to connect with each additional to exchange information such as protection messages, the network consists of a number of vehicles located on the street, which are considered as a members of several groups on behalf of each group one of its members to be the head of the group (CH). The CH is character- ized by a set of features such as location, direction, and stability. All groups change over time depending on the speed and density of vehicles, as each time a new head is chosen for the group. The cluster head transmit the message that was received from one of clus- ter members to another cluster head vehicle in the neighbour cluster across the network until the message arrived to the target vehicle. Figure 1 illustrates the clustering model. Fig. 1. Illustration of the clustering model 4 Implementation 4.1 Cluster composition and cluster head selection Initially, the network consists of a number of vehicles on a road, divided into multiple vehicle groups within its transmission range. Each group consists of number of vehicles as members (CM), and the cluster head (CH) represents the leader of the group. The first CH is selected randomly, after which the vehicle farthest within the range of the first head, which is located towards the direction of the target vehicle, is determined as a second cluster head. All vehicles that fall within the range of the head are considered as members of the group. Figure 2 explains the cluster composition steps. Fig. 2. Cluster composition steps iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 139 Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication Fig. 3. Algorithm of cluster composition and CH selection Figure 3 shows the algorithm of cluster composition. 4.2 Message sending Whenever the vehicle needs to send a message to another vehicle, the message is transmitted to the CH within the same group, which in turn sends the message to the CH within its transmission range towards the target vehicle. Each time, the members and cluster head may be changed depending on the speed, position and stability of the vehicles in the group, in addition to a number of other characteristics. Figure 4 shows the algorithm of message sending. Algorithm 2. Message sending 1. Select the first CH 2. Determine the sender vehicle 3. Determine the receiver vehicle 4. Send the message to the CH in the same cluster of the sender 5. Find the next CH 6. Send the message to next CH 7. WHILE (next vehicle! = receiver) 8. Find the next CH (in direction of the receiver) and send the message to it 9. End WHILE 10. End Fig. 4. Algorithm of message sending 140 http://www.i-jim.org Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication Fig. 5. Clustering in vehicles process Figure 5 shows the vehicle process. To calculate the stability of the cluster and entire presentation for the suggested algorithm, the following metrics can be used: 1. Average cluster head duration: Longer head of cluster periods are significant for dependable connection security. 2. Average number of cluster member duration: Adjudicators for the first clustering stability. 3. Cluster life time metric: Determining the stability of the cluster. 4. Reliability: A collaboration of network capability to perform the aimed process such as “communication”. Greater system reliability implies a more secure network [10–8]. The presentation of the suggested algorithm matches the works of [5] and [6]. The stability of the cluster is attained with the suggested algorithm. Node movement through the dynamic environment is taken into consideration to develop the cluster stability, member of cluster, and the head of cluster. It also rises the presentations of the cluster. The cluster stability, reliability, and network life time are reached at the dynamic envi- ronment. The stability of the suggested algorithm presentation suits the cluster stability for its large CH and CM periods, which has been achieved through the suggested algo- rithm. The network reliability and the life time of it are also improved [13]. 5 Results The Table 1 shows the number of cluster heads at different times, as the number of clusters varies depending on the number of cars on the street, coverage area, and their speed and density in a specific location. To exemplify, the number of CH in the first time is 18 while in the last time it is 20. The Table 2 contains a model for a group of clusters and the number of members for each cluster at different moments of time. At one time, it shows the number of members in each cluster of clusters in existence, and the number of members for the same clus- ters at five other different times. iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 141 Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication Table 1. Number of clusters Time Number of CHs 1 18 2 20 3 21 4 19 5 20 Table 2. Members count Time Cluster T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 C1 5 8 7 5 4 C2 6 6 4 9 6 C3 4 5 5 7 7 C4 7 4 6 4 6 C5 3 5 9 5 5 C6 8 9 3 6 7 C7 9 6 8 2 8 C8 5 3 1 5 7 C9 2 4 9 8 5 C10 4 7 6 4 3 6 Conclusion In VANETs, changing the density of nodes and situations of the traffic, as well as active information exchange, are very stimulating. This paper offered a new clustering method that depends on a highway state for proper communication by picking effective CHs in high, medium, and low node density environment to improve data exchange. The algorithm suggested for the execution of cluster formation involves the standard base-station of direction, location and speed. The CH node is selected via these stan- dards. The CH node connects with the CM that share a similar coverage area, direction and speed. Later on, the CH can be exchanged occasionally to uphold the foundation cluster. The proposed algorithm provides a high stability, suitable for aggregation in a dynamic environment to obtain a sufficient stability. 7 References [1] M. Hadded, P. Muhlethaler, A. Laouiti and L. 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[10] Sami Abduljabbar Rashid, et al., “Reliable and Efficient Data Dissemination Scheme in VANET: A Review”, Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 6423–6434, December 2020. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6423-6434 [11] Lisa Kristiana, et al., “The Feasibility of Obstacle Awareness Forwarding Scheme in a Vis- ible Light Communication Vehicular Network”, Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 6453–6460, December 2020. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6453-6460 [12] Jinguang Han, et al., “Securing Information Exchange in VANETs by Using Pairing-Based Cryptography”, International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science, Vol. 28, No. 06, pp. 781–797, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129054117400184 [13] Nguyen Binh Truong, et al., “Trust Evaluation for Data Exchange in Vehicular Networks”, IEEE International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1145/3054977.3057304 8 Authors Hawraa abd Al_kadum Hassan received the Bachelor’s degree in 2010 from Babylon University/College of Science—Department of Computer Science. She received a master’s degree in 2017 from the University of Babylon/College of Informa- tion Technology. She is currently working as an Assistant teacher at the University of Babylon/College of Information Technology/software Department. For the fourth stage of computing security, Operation Research. Email: mphawraa09@gmail.com Zahraa Yaseen Hasan received the Bachelor’s degree in 2006 from Babylon Uni- versity/College of Science—Department of Computer Science. She received a master’s degree in 2017 from the University of Babylon/College of Information Technology. She is currently working as an Assistant teacher at the University of Babylon/College iJIM ‒ Vol. 16, No. 12, 2022 143 https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030394 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/567269 https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1407-1416 https://doi.org/10.1109/CRCSIT.2017.7965541 https://doi.org/10.1109/CRCSIT.2017.7965541 https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6423-6434 https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6453-6460 https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijfcs https://www.worldscientific.com/toc/ijfcs/28/06 https://www.worldscientific.com/toc/ijfcs/28/06 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129054117400184 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085575759 https://doi.org/10.1145/3054977.3057304 mailto:mphawraa09@gmail.com Short Paper—A Simulation Approach to Improve the VANETs Communication of Women’s Sciences/Laser Physics Department. For the first, second and third stages of computer basics, numerical analysis and the basics of Matlab. Email: wsci.zahraa. yaseen@uobabylon.edu.iq Rusul H. Al Taie is an assistant teacher and completed a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from college of science for women University of Babylon in 2010, and I obtained a master’s degree in Software Department from information technology college at the University of Babylon in 2017. I work at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Babylon and I study Computer for the first and second stages. Email: rusul.jasem@uobabylon.edu.iq Article submitted 2022–04–04. Resubmitted 2022–05–13. Final acceptance 2022–05–14. Final version published as submitted by the authors. 144 http://www.i-jim.org mailto:wsci.zahraa.yaseen@uobabylon.edu.iq mailto:wsci.zahraa.yaseen@uobabylon.edu.iq mailto:rusul.jasem@uobabylon.edu.iq