International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF) Vol. 5(2), July 2022, pages 259-286 Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria Alhassan Yahaya1, Sagir Muhammad Sulaiman2*, Habu Abdu Aminu3 *) Corresponding email: sageeerala@gmail.com Article History Received: June 6th, 2022 Revised: July 19th, 2022 July 22nd, 2022 July 30th, 2022 Accepted: July 31st, 2022 Abstract The Nigerian insurance industry has been associated with low patronage, thus contributing less than 1% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The marketing and distribution segment of the Nigerian oil and gas industry also faces multiple challenges, including difficulties in transporting products by pipelines, which necessitates the use of alternative means of transportation by road (trucks). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to empirically examine the determinants of motor vehicle Takaful patronage by members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners-Petroleum Tanker Drivers (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. The study population was 320 registered members of NARTO-PTD. Using the Taro Yamane sample size formula, the study arrived at a sample of 178 respondents who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Then, Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was employed to test the study's hypotheses. The results revealed that while awareness was insignificant, perception and religiosity significantly affected motor vehicle Takaful patronage by NARTO-PTD members in Kano State. The study recommends that Takaful companies develop policies that will further encourage highly religious and attract those not highly religious by organizing educative programs in mosques and other religious avenues. Lastly, the study recommends developing policies that strengthen Takaful (NARTO-PTD) members’ perceptions. Keywords: Patronage, Motor Vehicle, Takaful, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) JEL Classification: M31; R49; Z12; M39 @ IJIEF 2022 published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/ijief.v52.14970 Web: https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/ijief/article/view/14970 Citation: Yahaya, A., Sulaiman, S. M., & Aminu, H. A. (2022). Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/ijief.v5i2.14970. 1, 2 International Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance (IIIBF), Bayero University Kano, Nigeria 3 Department of Banking and Finance, School of Management Studies, Kano State Polytechnic, Nigeria mailto:sageeerala@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.18196/ijief.v52.14970 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.18196/ijief.v5i2.14970&domain=pdf Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│260 I. Introduction 1.1. Background Insurance is regarded as a supportive service to trading and commercial activities in every economy and provides mitigation roles against possible losses or risks that may befall business activities. The link between the economic and insurance sectors is deemed as a symbiotic and mutual relationship, where each requires the other. Outreville (1997) believes that the insurance segment of the economy is the only sector that comes into existence to ensure the survival of the other sectors through reviving individual and corporate bodies to their status positions whenever they suffer losses through claims settlements. In other words, insurance plays an integral role in the economy's sustainability and growth by providing an extensive cover against loss and damages and enhancing all economic players' confidence in eventualities and unforeseen contingencies. According to theNational Bureau of Statisticsthe contribution of the insurance industry in Nigeria to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was below 1%. It was, however, a result of the low performance of conventional insurance in Nigeria (National Bureau of Statistics [NBS], 2017). The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS,2017) has also shown positive growth in the insurance industry even though its contribution to the Nigerian economy's growth was lesser than the other sectors. Meanwhile, records from National Insurance Commission indicated a rise in GDP from 0.11% in 2007 to 0.225% in 2016. Despite the growth, the industry recorded a minimal contribution below that of other developing countries (National Insurance Commissio [NAICOM], 2016) . Moreover, the idea for the implementation of Islamic insurance (Takaful) in Nigeria by the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) is to enhance financial inclusion and ensure the participation of individuals who need ethical financing (Yaqub & Dandago, 2015). Takaful is an innovative and modern form of Islamic insurance permitted to operate in Nigeria as an alternative to conventional insurance. Despite the experience in many countries where Takaful was established after the introduction of Islamic banking, the case is different in Nigeria, where Takaful preceded Islamic banking almost a decade ahead (Ado, 2014). In Nigeria, a mandatory third-party insurance cover is required for all vehicle owners to compensate for the loss of other parties only but not the interest of the insured vehicle, which requires an additional insurance policy to cover loss or damages in the interest of the insured party. The initiation of the Takaful scheme as an alternative to conventional insurance is regarded as an additional base for enhancing patronage on insurance, mainly as a policy plan toward attaining the financial inclusiveness of all parties involved in the Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│261 insurance business. Despite the mandatory policy requirement and the voluntary insurance policy, the scheme of insurance has yet to be accomplished the desired anticipated results (Darazo, 2011) Due to the inability of conventional insurance to meet the religious and economic demands of the populace, Takaful insurance holds great potential in Nigeria. A large number of the business community is excluded based on rules of engagement that contradict the principles of Islam, and potential holders with the other participating holders may undoubtedly seem dissatisfied based on the erroneous relationship between them and the insurance company in settlement of claims and liabilities (Ardo & Saiti, 2017). Furthermore, Nigeria missed out on a massive contribution to its economy because there were only about 800,000 policyholders in a population of over 198 million (Saleh, 2016), although the Takaful scheme has existed for more than a decade in Nigeria (Yaqub, 2016). For this reason, this study intends to unravel the factors behind the dismal patronage of motor vehicle insurance and enhance the acceptance of the alternative Takaful insurance to mitigate risks in petroleum transportation. In this regard, the Nigerian insurance industry has been associated with low patronage, thus contributing less than 1% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The total gross premium contribution was $1.64 billion, ranked 62nd in the world with a 0.3% contribution to the country's GDP as of 2018 (Nigerian Stock Exchange [NSE], 2019). Darazo (2011) pointed out other reasons for low patronage in the insurance industry, including lack of awareness, negative perception, and delay in claim settlements. Similarly, research has been conducted on the alternative means of insurance (Takaful) in Nigeria, including by Yakubu & Dandago (2015), Bello & Ayuba (2015), Maiyaki & Ayuba (2015), Ardo & Saiti (2015), Dandago (2012), Yusuf (2012), and Darazo (2011). However, no research was carried out on petroleum trucks and their haulage. It is vital to consider the associated risk level and the volume of capital deployed to the business. Therefore, this study examined the determinants of motor vehicle Takaful patronage by members of the National Association of Road Transports Owners (Petroleum Tanker Division) in Kano State. 1.2. Objectives The main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of motor vehicle Takaful patronage by members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) in Kano State. Meanwhile, the specific objectives of the study are to (i) determine the effect of awareness of members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) on the patronage of Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│262 motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State, (ii) to assess the impact of perception of members of National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) on the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State, and (iii) to examine the effect of religiosity of members of National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) on the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. II. Literature Review 2.1. Background Theory The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the most influential and popular conceptual frameworks for studying human action (Ajzen, 2001). Basically, TPB is an extension of the TRA (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Husin & AbRahman, 2016). TPB was developed with the inclusion of perceived behavioral control as a function of control beliefs and represented the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior. It is a belief regarding possessing requisite resources and opportunities for performing a given behavior. For example, when people are not equipped with sufficient resources or information to initiate the behavior, their intention to perform the behavior may be lowered even if they have favorable attitudes or subjective norms to perform it (Madden, Ellen & Ajzen, 1992). In other words, individuals are likely to engage in certain behavior if they believe they have the required resources and confidence to perform the behavior. Behavioral control is also believed to directly influence intention and reflect the actual behavior (Madden, Ellen & Ajzen, 1992). A significant relationship between perceived behavioral control and intention has been found in many studies, such as Bhattacherjee (2000), Armitage & Conner (2001), Fukukawa (2002), Armitage (2005), and Syed & Nazura (2011). TPB also signifies that attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control lead to the formation of a behavioral intention and, in turn, reflect the actual behavior. However, it should be noted that to predict individual intention to patronize motor vehicle Takaful, TPB was adopted with some modifications, in which attitude was substituted with awareness, the subjective norm was replaced with perception, and perceived behavioral control was replaced with religiosity. Therefore, TPB in predicting consumer intention to participate in motor vehicle Takaful is deemed appropriate. In addition, TPB was adapted in this study following a similar study (Yaqub, 2016). 2.2. Previous Studies Ardo and Saiti (2017) analyzed Takaful practice in Nigeria: history, present, and future. They provided the basic explanation of the nature and concept of Takaful with an overview of the current status of Takaful in Nigeria and hindrances and legal flaws in the Takaful regulation in Nigeria. They adopted Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│263 a qualitative library research method to achieve the non-needed revitalization of the Nigerian financial systems. They identified six cardinal problems hindering rapid development of Takaful in Nigeria, including legal/regulatory flaws, inadequate manpower, acceptability by non-Muslims, low customer awareness, limited shariah compliance investment avenues, and inadequate re-Takaful capacity, despite the slow growth experience in the Takaful sector that holds the great prospect for Takaful sector in Nigeria in the future. Aziz, Husin, and Husin (2017) studied the conceptual framework of factors determining intentions towards adopting family Takaful. The study developed a theoretical framework based on Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB). DTPB was used in many disciplines to explain the intention-behavior relationship. The original construct of the theory is based on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The research then provided the antecedents of these constructs, which were adopted according to the attributes of family Takaful. Their study adopted the existing model of DTPB from the family Takaful perspective. Saleh, Balan, and Ruslan (2016) examined the attributes of learning from the Malaysian experience: Overcoming the regulatory challenges in the nascent Takaful practice in Nigeria. The authors revealed that Islamic insurance (Takaful), introduced in March 2013, was specifically meant to bridge the endemic insurance gap in Nigeria by engendering deepening insurance penetration and financial inclusion of the hitherto underserved and uninsured huge Muslim client. However, the legal effect is a huge regulatory vacuum bound to negatively impact the capital investment climate, breed mistrust and uncertainty, and discourage participation in the nascent Takaful industry. The study used both doctrinal and qualitative while employing a non-random sampling technique. The study also employed primary and secondary sources of information and interviews where appropriate. The study uncovered the need for a review and harmonization of all the enabling insurance instruments in Nigeria, transforming the current business models and improving practices in the insurance sector to enhance the application of Takaful. The authors recommend that Nigeria draw from Malaysia's vast experiences to overcome these challenges. In this case, Nigeria and Malaysia are former British colonies with diverse ethnic and socio-cultural backgrounds. They both practice divergent legal systems in a secular setting. Both also have sizeable numbers of the Muslim population. While Malaysia is considered the hub of Takaful practice globally, Nigeria is only an emerging market in the trending Islamic financial revolution. Saleh (2016) investigated the challenges in Takaful application within the conventional insurance framework in Nigeria and the imperative for legislative harmonization of regulatory instruments. The study examined the provisions Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│264 of the Insurance Act, especially the section delineating and conferring supremacy of the Act, among others, as those inimical to the efficient and effective application of Takaful within the conventional insurance practice in Nigeria using doctrinal, qualitative, and based purely on library study covering books, statutes, law reports, and internet sources from renowned databases and websites. In addition, interviews were intercepted, structured, semi- structured, and purposive to collect empirical data from targeted participants. Analyses of responses from interviews conducted suggested that ignorance, mistrust, and apathy were largely responsible for the lack of participation and stunted growth of conventional insurance. Some respondents also believed Takaful would boost insurance penetration if an adequate regulatory framework and enforcement processes were implemented. While acknowledging the need for further empirical analysis in a future study, the study found, among numerous other findings, the need for wholesome Takaful legislation that will harmonize all the regulatory discrepancies, establish regulatory certainty, and build trust in the struggling insurance industry. Then, the study concludes that enacting a wholesome Takaful Act like Malaysia's current Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA) 2013 will engender regulatory certainty that will positively influence the revival of trust in the insurance industry. It will further encourage patronage, product design, and innovation, which will deepen insurance penetration and financial inclusion of the greater majority of the Nigerian underserved insurance populace. Yaqub and Dandago (2015) studied the determinants of motor Takaful patronage among commercial vehicle operators in Nigeria. The empirical research found that product, features, promotion, benefit, and service quality were the major factors/determinants influencing the patronage of motor Takaful by commercial vehicle operators across the globe. However, their study was limited in its application as it focused more on the empirical than the experimental aspect. It may have been more illustrative to broaden the scope by subjecting the variables to data testing and analysis. Maiyaki and Ayuba (2015) investigated consumers’ attitudes toward the patronage of Islamic insurance services (Takaful) in Kano State, Nigeria. The study examined the extent to which consumers’ awareness, perception of Takaful services, and the trust and confidence they reposed in Takaful operators had a significant relationship with their attitude toward Takaful services patronage. The data were analyzed using multiple- regression with SSPS version 17. They employed an explanatory survey design as a structured questionnaire was administered to 384 regarded as the sample selected on judgmental sampling technique. The researchers uncovered that awareness, perception, trust, and confidence were significantly related to the consumers’ attitude toward Takaful services patronage. The study recommends that an attitudinal change campaign is required, and a rigorous marketing campaign Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│265 should be embarked upon to create awareness of Takaful service and its operators. With the empirical findings of this study, people's trust and confidence should be won and built-in favor of Takaful services if the study model has been well specified. Further, they attest to the need to replicate the study in other areas that share similarities with Kano to establish and generalize the findings. III. Methodology The main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of motor vehicle Takaful patronage by members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) in Kano State. 3.1. Data This research intended to use the primary data collection method using a questionnaire to collect data from the respondents. This data collection method was deemed appropriate because the study dealt with the behavioral attitude of the respondents. Then, the study population was the registered members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) in Kano State. According to the statistics available at the head office of (NARTO-PTD, 2021) there were 320 members of the association in Kano State. Thus, the research adopted the Taro (1967) method of determining sample size and arrived at 178 sample sizes, which is sufficient for PLS-SEM with 24 indicators, according to Hair et al. (2014). Figure 1. Stratification of the population and selection of sample size Source: Awang (2012) with modification This research also adopted a stratified random sampling technique. Since the population was heterogeneous regarding truck ownership, such owners would Total number of registered members (320) Total number of trucks (1253) Population in each stratum Trucks 21 above (25) 16 to 20 (51) 11-15 (54) 6-10 (69) 1-5 (121) Sample from each stratum (176 ) Stratum A (14) Stratum B (21) Stratum C (28) Stratum D (34) Stratum E (81) Total=178 Whole Population Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│266 be segmented into categories to obtain a sample from each category, it can be seen on Figure 1. The number of samples from each stratum would be proportionate to the number of truck’s percentage in the population, i.e., association members who owned 20 trucks and above were 8% of the total population, which invariably represented 14 members in the sample having 100 trucks. 3.2. Model Development This study empirically examined the proposed research model containing three latent variables (i.e., patronage determinants), whereas awareness, perception, and religiosity were the independent variables, and patronage was the only dependent variable. All scales and measures used in this research were adapted from the studies (Aziz, Husin and Husin, 2017; Saleh, Balan and Ruslan, 2016; Maiyaki & Ayuba, 2015; Yaqub and Dandago, 2015). 3.2.1. Patronage Consumers have diverse motivational tastes and preferences. They constantly seek a solution to the various need or their state of deprivation (need) through product offerings, promotional activities, and other means of communication readily available to them. 3.2.2. Determinants of Patronage Researchers identified several factors influencing the patronage of a commodity or service, such as awareness, perception, religiosity, self-efficacy, and customer behavior, just to mention a few. However, this research would only duel on the selected independent variables on patronage. 3.2.3. Awareness Surprisingly, despite its notable vision, it was found that many people were not aware of the Takaful concept. In this respect, consumer awareness refers to the combination of the knowledge of the product purchased by the consumers in terms of its quality (Ishak and Zabil, 2012). For example, the consumer should know whether the product is good for health, whether the product is free of creating any environmental hazards, and others. It is also the education about the various types of hazards and problems associated with the marketing of a product. For instance, one way to market a product is through advertisements in newspapers, television, and others. Thus, consumers should have proper education about the bad effects of advertisements. They must also verify the advertisement contents. Lateh, Ismail, and Arrifin (2009) and Khan, Hassan, and Syahid (2008) had similar study results. Lateh, Ismail & Arrifin (2009) asserted that awareness is referred to the knowledge about ‘consumer rights.’ It means the consumer Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│267 must know they have the right to get the right product or service. Also, if the product or service is found to be faulty in some manner, the consumer should know to claim compensation as per the law of the land. The last is the knowledge about consumers’ responsibilities. It implies that consumers should not indulge in wasteful and unnecessary consumption. It could be said that Takaful products and services are unpopular among consumers in Nigeria; therefore, industries offering Takaful should develop strategies that will enlighten consumers on Takaful products and services to enhance their patronage of Takaful (Yaqub, 2016). H01: The awareness level of members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) does not significantly determine their patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. 3.2.4. Perception The perceptions of non-Muslims towards Islamic insurance varied among themselves. According to Haque, Osman & Ismail (2009), religious perspectives in Malaysia also significantly influenced the perception of Islamic insurance. It means religious factors would influence Malaysians' awareness, understanding, and perceptions of Islamic insurance products and services. According to Amin (2007), in Borneo, income will also affect the awareness and usage of Islamic financing. Perception or reasons behind dealing with Islamic insurance also vary among the different income groups as there is a significant difference in almost all reasons for accepted services charges and confidentiality. In addition, most of the Islamic insurance customers are of the middle-income level. H02: Perception of the members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) does not have a significant impact on their patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. 3.2.5. Religiosity Religiosity is defined as the degree to which a person adheres to the religious values, beliefs, and practices used in their daily life (Worthington Jr. et al., 2003). Islam is a religion that urges its followers to do good and noble deeds; it guides the acts of every follower or believer in all cases, including good relations not only with God but also with other human beings. McDaniel and Burnett (1990) defined religion as a belief in God accompanied by a commitment to follow principles believed to be set forth by God. Osman et al. (2014) found that religiosity significantly influenced young intellectuals' behavioral intention in contributing to waqf. Meanwhile, this study looks into individual religiosity regardless of age classification in determining attitudes towards patronage of motor vehicle Takaful. Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│268 H03: The religiosity of the members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) does not have a significant effect on their patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. Exogenous Variables Endogenous Variable Figure 2. Research model Source: Adapted from Ajzen (1985) From figure 2 patronage of motor vehicle Takaful is the exogenous variable while awreness, perception as well religiosity are the exogenous variables. The functional relationship of the model is given: Υ𝑖 = (𝑋𝑖1, 𝑋𝑖2, 𝑋𝑖3, ) (1) 𝑌𝑖 = 𝜛𝑜 + 𝜛𝑖 𝑋𝑖1 + 𝜛𝑖 𝑋𝑖2 + 𝜛𝑖 𝑋𝑖3+𝜀𝑖 (2) 𝑃𝑇𝑅𝑖 =𝜛𝑜 + 𝜛1𝐴𝑊𝑅𝑖 + 𝜛2𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑖 + 𝜛3𝑅𝐿𝐺𝑖 + 𝜀𝑖 (3) 𝑃𝑇𝑅𝑖 = patronage 𝐴𝑊𝑅𝑖 = awareness 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑖 = perception 𝑅𝐿𝐺𝑖 = religiosity 𝜛𝑜= intercept 𝜛1, 𝜛2 and 𝜛3= parameter estimates 𝜀𝑖 = the error term 3.3. Method The present study used structural equation modeling (SEM), divided into two main categories: covariance-based (CB-SEM) using AMOS software and variance based, i.e., Partial Least Square using Smart-PLS (Chin, 1998; Chin & Newsted, 1999; Hair et al., 2010 & Hair et al., 2014,). Thus, PLS path modeling Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│269 using Smart-PLS version 3.0 was used to test the study's proposed theoretical model. In addition, researchers refer to variance as a second-generation statistical tool because it allows for concurrent analysis of multiple variables. Smart-PLS has become a major analytical tool in major research disciplines, such as management finance (Hair, Sarstedt, Ringle & Mena, 2012) and marketing operations (Hair et al., 2012). As such, it was considered in this study because of the following reasons: PLS is part of regression techniques that enables the estimation of the relationship between measurement model (indicators) and structural model (construct) possible at the same time (Duarte & Roposo, 2010). IV. Results and Analysis 4.1. Descriptive Analysis The demographic characteristics examined in this study included gender, age, years of experience in business, qualification, number of trucks, and income level. In terms of gender, Table 1 reveals that 171 subjects (99.9%) were males, while only two (0.1%) were females. The larger men sample was because transport business is a large-scale business, while the major problem hindering women from engaging in large-scale business is access to capital (Odoemene, 2013). From Table 1, six (3.5%) respondents fell in the 19-29 age group, while the 30- 59 age group comprised 34 (19.7%) respondents. Then, 22 (12.7%) were within the age group of 40-49, and 62 (35.8%) respondents were within the 50-59 age group. Lastly, 49 (28.3%) respondents fell within the 60-above age group. It signifies that most respondents were older within the age group of 50-59 with 35.8%, followed by the 60-above age group with 28.3%. The analysis of the years of experience in business in Table 1 uncovers that two (1.2%) respondents had 1-5 years in the business, while 17 (9.8%) respondents had 6-10 years in business. Then, 19 (11%) subjects acquired 11- 15 years in business, and 77 (44.5%) respondents spent 16-20 years in the business. Lastly, 58 (33.5%) respondents spent 21-above in the business. In other words, most respondents spent many years in the business, i.e., 50-59 followed by 60-above. It denotes that the respondents had enough knowledge of the business and fit enough to provide the information needed to achieve the research objectives. In addition, Table 1 presents that 101 (58.4%) respondents obtained the O- level certificate, while 62 (35.8%) respondents held a diploma certificate. Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│270 Meanwhile, six (3.5%) respondents were graduates, and four (2.3%) respondents obtained their postgraduate certificates. It clearly shows that most subjects obtained the minimum primary certificate, followed by a diploma. Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents Frequency Percentage (%) Gender Male 171 99.9 Female 2 0.1 Total 173 100.0 Age 19-29 6 3.5 30-39 34 19.7 40-49 22 12.7 50-59 62 35.8 60-Above 49 28.3 Total 173 100.0 Years of experience in business 1-5 2 1.2 6-10 17 9.8 11-15 19 11.0 16-20 77 44.5 21-Above 58 33.5 Total 173 100.0 Qualification O-Level 101 58.4 Diploma 62 35.8 Graduate 6 3.5 Postgraduate 4 2.3 Total 173 100.0 Number of trucks 1-5 13 7.5 6-10 4 2.3 11-15 30 17.3 16-20 51 29.5 21-Above 75 43.4 Total 173 100.0 Income level (per month) Below One Million 4 2.3 1-10 Million 8 4.6 11-20 Million 27 15.6 21-30 Million 97 56.1 31 Million Above 37 21.4 Total 173 100.0 Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│271 Table 1 also indicates that 13 (7.5%) respondents had 1-5 trucks, four (2.3%) respondents had 6-10 trucks, 30 (17.3%) respondents owned 11-15 trucks, 51 (29.5%) had 16-20 trucks, and 75 (43.4%) respondents owned 21-above number of trucks. It demonstrates that the majority of the respondents owned 21-above trucks, followed by those having 16-20 trucks. Moreover, Table 1 shows that four (2.3%) respondents had income level below one million (per month), eight (4.6) respondents earned 1-10 million (per month), 27 (15.6%) respondents earned 11-20 million (per million), 97 (56.1%) respondents had 21-30 million (per month), 37 (21.4%) respondents had 31 million above (per month). It suggests that most respondents had 21-30 million (per month), followed by those having 31 million and above for the monthly income level. 4.2. Descriptive Analysis of the Latent Constructs After the overall data cleaning and screening, descriptive statistics of the study latent variables were also evaluated, presented, and discussed. Specifically, four latent variables were analyzed to determine their mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values. Table 2 provides a summary of the descriptive statistics of the study. Table 2. Descriptive Statistics for Latent Variables Descriptive Statistics Lantern construct No items Statistic Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Awareness 6 1.00 5.00 3.4412 .88260 Perception 5 1.00 5.00 4.3561 .49969 Religiosity 6 1.00 5.00 3.3382 1.05109 Patronage 8 1.00 5.00 4.2038 .53258 Table 2 shows that the mean and standard deviation for the awareness were 3.4412 and 0.88260, respectively. It suggests that respondents tended to have a moderate level of awareness. Table 2 also indicates that the mean for the perception was 4.3561, with a standard deviation of 0.49969, suggesting that the respondents’ perception level of outcomes was high. Further, the results showed a moderate score for religiosity (mean = 3.3382, standard deviation = 1.051) but a high score for patronage with a mean and standard deviation of 4.2038 and 0.53258, respectively. 4.3. Assessment of PLS-SEM Path Model Results This study presents a two-step process to evaluate and report the PLS-SEM path results, as suggested by Henseler, Ringle, and Sinkovics (2009). This two- step process adopted in the present study comprised (1) the assessment of a Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│272 measurement model and (2) the assessment of a structural model, as depicted in Figures 3 and 4 (Hair et al., 2014; Hair et al., 2012; Henseler et al., 2009). 4.3.1. Assessment of Measurement Model An assessment of a measurement model involves determining individual item reliability, internal consistency reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity (Hair et al., 2014; Hair et al., 2011; Henseler et al., 2009). Figure 3. Measurement model 4.3.1.1. Individual Item Reliability From Figure 3, individual item reliability was assessed by examining the outer loadings of each construct’s measure (Duarte & Raposo, 2010; Hair et al., 2014). Following the rule of thumb for retaining items with loadings of 0.50 and above (Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2011; Hair et al., 2014), it was discovered that out of 24 indicators, none were deleted because they presented loadings above the threshold of 0.50, except PTNG1 and PTNG3. Since the AVE of patronage was 0.5311, greater than 0.50, PTNG1 and PTNG3 were still included in the model. 4.3.1.2. Internal Consistency Reliability Internal consistency reliability refers to the extent to which all items on a particular (sub) scale measure the same concept. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and composite reliability coefficient are the most commonly used estimators of the internal consistency reliability of an instrument. Hence, this study used Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│273 composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to ascertain the internal consistency reliability. It is clearly depicted in Table 3 as both values exceeded the yardstick of 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. 4.3.1.3. Convergent Validity According to Hulland (1999), individual reliability assesses the loading of the multiple items concerning their respective study construct. The items of a particular construct are expected to be consistent in measuring the proposed construct (Hair et al., 2013). In this study, achieving reliability and validity explained that the items were free from random and systematic errors. The individual item reliability was assessed using their individual loadings obtained from the PLS algorithm result. Table 3. Loadings, Composite Reliability, and Average Variance Extracted Factor loadings Composite reliability (pc) Average variance extracted Cronbach Alpha Awareness 0.8198 0.6121 0.7892 AWN1 0.8088 AWN2 0.8862 AWN3 0.6201 AWN4 0.5577 AWN5 0.5358 AWN6 0.5087 Perception 0.7825 0.5431 0.6961 PER1 0.5898 PER2 0.6263 PER3 0.4079 PER4 0.7695 PER5 0.8078 Patronage 0.7977 0.5311 0.7136 PTNG1 0.4032 PTNG2 0.5395 PTNG3 0.4925 PTNG4 0.6181 PTNG5 0.6843 PTNG6 0.6704 PTNG7 0.5926 PTNG8 0.5782 Religiosity 0.8177 0.6431 0.7408 RLG1 0.6335 RLG2 0.7584 RLG3 0.7488 RLG4 0.5726 RLG5 0.7160 Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│274 The researchers argued that latent variables should explain at least 50% of the variance in the observed variable shared with the construct (Henseler et al., 2009). Related to that, several kinds of literature exist (Churchill & Iacobucci, 2004; Hulland, 1999) on the threshold or rule of thumb regarding individual item reliability. However, most scholars agreed on loadings between 0.4 and 0.7 (Hair et al., 2013). Following this suggestion, all items in this study were above 0.4, as shown in Table 4. Table 4 Cross Loadings Awareness Patronage Perception Religiosity AWN1 0.8088 0.2125 -0.0076 0.2915 AWN2 0.8862 0.3394 0.0440 0.3107 AWN3 0.6201 0.0922 0.0464 0.2043 AWN4 0.5577 0.1673 -0.0060 0.1577 AWN5 0.5358 0.0603 -0.0930 0.1785 AWN6 0.4887 0.0116 -0.0194 0.2648 PER1 0.0188 0.0611 0.5898 0.0717 PER2 -0.0424 0.1680 0.6263 -0.0079 PER3 0.0089 0.0678 0.4079 0.0859 PER4 0.0746 0.3125 0.7695 0.0543 PER5 -0.0227 0.3144 0.8078 -0.0307 PTNG1 -0.1868 0.4032 0.3565 0.1080 PTNG2 0.1095 0.5395 0.1782 0.0967 PTNG3 0.1056 0.4925 0.1009 0.2233 PTNG4 0.0935 0.6181 0.3048 0.1674 PTNG5 0.2382 0.6843 0.2399 0.1537 PTNG6 0.0742 0.6704 0.2395 0.1218 PTNG7 0.3767 0.5926 0.1036 0.1950 PTNG8 0.3756 0.5782 0.1441 0.1933 RLG1 0.2693 0.0578 -0.0360 0.6335 RLG2 0.2934 0.1971 0.0145 0.7584 RLG3 0.2184 0.2643 0.0219 0.7488 RLG4 0.2282 0.1354 0.0592 0.5726 RLG5 0.2234 0.1798 -0.0009 0.7160 4.3.1.4. Discriminant Validity From Table 4, discriminant validity refers to the extent to which a particular latent construct differs from another latent variable (Duarte & Raposo, 2010). The present study determined discriminant validity following Chin’s (1998) criterion by comparing the indicator loadings with other reflective indicators in the cross-loadings. In Table 4, the correlations among the latent variable were compared with the square root of the average variances extracted (values in boldface). Table 4 also shows that the square root of the average variances extracted were all greater than the correlations among latent constructs, suggesting adequate discriminant validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│275 4.4. Structural Model Assessment The validity of the outer model (measurement model) gives room for evaluating the inner (structural) model (Henseler et al., 2009). The structural model concerns R2, coefficient, P-value, and bootstrapping (Hair et al., 2013). Additionally, the structural model explained the predictive relevance (Q2) and the effect size (F2) of each variable. Meanwhile, the inner model evaluates the significance of loadings and path coefficient between variables (Barclay et al., 1995). Specifically, the structural model is aimed at model evaluation and the regression and correlation assumption examination between the study variables. Figure 4. Structural model 4.4.1. Direct Relationship Figure 4 provides the graphical display of the standardized path coefficient (β) and P-values of the hypothesis in this study. Table 5 provides standardized path coefficient (β), P-values, and confidence intervals as suggested by Cho and Abe (2013). It can be deduced that all direct relationship between variables (perception and patronage) was accepted. Also, the relationship between the two variables (religiosity and patronage) was accepted. However, the relationship between awareness and patronage was rejected. In essence, two alternative hypotheses were accepted, and one alternative was rejected. Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│276 4.4.2. Test of Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 postulates that the awareness level of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) members does not significantly affect the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. The results revealed an insignificant relationship between awareness and patronage (β = 0.234, P> 0.079). Hence, the null hypothesis was accepted, and this finding is inconsistent with the findings of Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). Hypothesis 2 proposes that the perception of the National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) members does not significantly impact the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. However, since β = 0.343, P< 0.00, the alternative hypothesis was accepted, and this result is synonymous with the findings of Ardo & Saiti (2017), Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). Hypothesis 3 suggests that National Association of Road Transport Owners (PTD) religiosity members do not significantly affect the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful in Kano State. Because β = 0.187, p< 0.013, the alternative hypothesis was accepted. This finding is similar to the work of Ardo & Saiti (2017), Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). Table 5 Results of Direct Hypotheses Note: ***Significant at 0.01 (two-tailed) Table 5 reveals that the null hypothesis between awareness and patronage was accepted. Also, the null hypothesis showed a result of β = .234, P = .079. Meanwhile, perception predicted to have a positive effect on patronage was confirmed and supported with an estimated β= .343, P-value=.000. This result had the strongest result of any other alternative hypothesis in the study, thus providing a substantial beta value. Lastly, the prediction of a positive relationship between religiosity and patronage was also significant and supported (β= .187, P-value= .013). 4.4.3. Assessment of Variance Explained in the Dependent Latent Variables Another important criterion for assessing the structural model in PLS-SEM is the R-squared value, also known as the coefficient of determination (Hair et al., 2012). The R-squared value represents the proportion of variation in the dependent variable(s) that can be explained by one or more independent Relationship Beta T-Statistics P-Value Findings AWN->PTNG 0.234 1.759 0.079 Not Supported PER->PTNG 0.343 4.202 0.000 Supported RLG->PTNG 0.187 2.488 0.013 Supported Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│277 variables (Hair et al., 2010). Although the acceptable level of R2 value depends on the research context (Hair et al., 2010), an R-squared value of 0.10 is a minimum acceptable level. Meanwhile, Chin (1998) suggests that the R- squared values of 0.67, 0.33, and 0.19 in PLS-SEM can be considered substantial, moderate, and weak, respectively. Table 6 presents the R-squared values. Table 6. Variance Explained in the dependent Variables Variable Variance Explained (R2) Patronage 24% The results in Table 6 of the R squared indicate that it is estimated that the predictors of the patronage of motor vehicle takaful explained 0.24 = 24% of its variance. In other words, the error variance of patronage of motor vehicle takaful was approximately 0.76= 76%. It signifies that awareness, perception, and religiosity influenced the patronage of motor vehicle takaful by 24%, while the other 76% changes in the patronage of motor vehicle takaful were by other variables not stated in the model, represented by error term. 4.4.4. Assessment of Effect Size (F2) Effect size indicates the relative effect of a particular independent variable on a dependent variable using changes in the R-squared (Chin, 1998). It is calculated as the changes in the R-squared of the variable to which the path is connected (Chin, 1998). Cohen (1988) describes F2 values of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 as having weak, moderate, and strong effects. Table 7 shows the respective effect sizes of the independent latent variables of the structural model. Table 7. Effect Sizes of the Independent Latent Variables on Cohen’s (1988) Recommendation Independent variable Dependent variable F2 Effect size Awareness Patronage 0.0637 Weak Perception Patronage 0.1553 Moderate Religiosity Patronage 0.0409 Weak From the result in Table 7, it could be deduced that all the variables had some exploratory power towards the dependents variable. Specifically, awareness and religiosity had a weak effect on patronage, while perception had a moderate effect on patronage. 4.4.5. Assessment of Predictive Relevance The present study also applied the Stone-Geisser test of predictive relevance of the research model using blindfolding procedures (Geisser, 1974; Stone, 1974). Hence, because the present study's dependent variable was reflective, a blindfolding procedure was applied mainly to these dependent variables. In Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│278 particular, a cross-validated redundancy measure (Q²) was applied to assess the predictive relevance of the research model (Chin, 2010; Geisser, 1974; Hair et al., 2013). According to Henseler et al. (2009), a research model with Q2 statistic (s) greater than zero is considered to have predictive relevance. Additionally, a research model with higher positive Q2 values suggests more predictive relevance. Table 8 presents the results of the cross-validated redundancy Q2 test. As shown in Table 8, the cross-validation redundancy measure Q² for the dependent variable was above zero, suggesting the predictive relevance of the model. Table 8. Construct Cross-Validated Redundancy Total SSO SSE Q2(=1-SSE/SSO) Patronage 1384 1303.1490 0.0584 4.5. Analysis The major findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, awareness did not influence patronage because the p-value was greater than 0.05, i.e., insignificant effect (β= .234, P =.079), signifying that awareness was not strong enough to predict patronage. This finding is inconsistence with the findings of Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). Secondly, perception predicted to have a positive effect on patronage was confirmed and supported with an estimated β= .343, P-value=.000. This result showed the strongest result in the model, thus providing a substantial beta value, and the p-value was 0.000. This result is synonymous with the findings of Ardo & Saiti (2017), Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). Lastly, the prediction of a positive relationship between religiosity and patronage was also significant, with a p-value of less than 0.005 (β= .187, P-value= .013). This result was the second strongest relationship in the mode; this outcome of the findings is similar to the work of Ardo & Saiti (2017), Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). The effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable revealed that awareness and religiosity had a weak effect on patronage, while perception had a moderate effect on patronage. Furthermore, the overall model of the study had a predictive relevance. V. Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1. Conclusion This study's primary aim is to assess motor vehicle Takaful's patronage by members of the National Association of Road Transports Owners-Petroleum Tankers Division (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. Meanwhile, the study's specific Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│279 objectives are to assess whether awareness, perception, and religion influence the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members of the National Association of Road Transports Owners-Petroleum Tankers Division (NARTO- PTD) in Kano State. To address this, relevant data were collected and analyzed, and the following conclusions were drawn: The result of this study revealed that awareness did not influence patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. Therefore, this study concludes that awareness did not improve the level of patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. This finding is inconsistence with the findings of Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). On the other hand, the result of this study showed a significant positive effect between the perception and patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members of the National Association of Road Transports Owners-Petroleum Tankers Division (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. The result of this study indicates that perception positively influenced patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. Therefore, this study concludes that perception improved the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. This result is synonymous with the findings of Ardo & Saiti (2017), Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). The result of this study also revealed that religiosity positively influenced patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. Hence, this study concludes that religiosity improved the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful among members (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. This outcome is similar to the work of Ardo & Saiti (2017), Aziz, Husin & Husin (2017), Yaqub & Dandago (2015), and Saleh (2016). 5.2. Recommendation Based on the findings from both conceptual literature and empirical, i.e., the results from the data analysis, the following recommendations are made to provide an adequate measure to complement the assessment of the patronage of motor vehicle Takaful by members of the National Association of Road Transports Owners-Petroleum Tankers Division (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. The study recommends that Takaful companies develop policies that will further enhance marketing channels with different strategic forms of advertisement, i.e., face-to-face or using print and electronic media to improve the patronage among (NARTO-PTD) members in Kano State. The study also recommends that Takaful companies develop policies that will further encourage highly religious and attract those not highly religious through organizing educative programs in mosques and other religious Yahaya, Sulaiman, & Aminu │ Patronage Factors of Motor Vehicle Takaful in Kano State, Nigeria International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 5(2), 259-286│280 avenues. It will consequently improve patronage of Takaful among (NARTO- PTD) members in Kano State and hence mitigate the risk associated with the business. Lastly, the study recommends developing policies to strengthen the perception of members of the National Association of Road Transport Owners- Petroleum Tankers Division (NARTO-PTD) in Kano State. This study could assess the patronage of Takaful among (NARTO-PTD) members in Kano State; however, the study needs to be widened to different sectors within Kano State. 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