1413-4861-1-LE.qxd 1. Biodiesel potential from waste oil and fat In the first article of this volume, Melo-Espinosa et al. [1] look into the emulsification of waste cooking oils and fat with the view to providing a renewable transportation fuel while at the same time solving a potential environmental problem in terms of dealing with a waste product. They reference a yearly quantity of 20 million tonnes of oils and fats that are used for cooking each year, and while this does not necessarily correspond to the potential waste of these products, it does indicate a potential worth investigating as well as a potential worth harvesting. For comparison, Denmark has an energy demand for road transport of 156.5 PJ [2] corresponding to approximately 3.7 million ton of diesel, if it was all diesel. In their findings, the authors conclude that “emulsification method applied to WCO [waste cooking oils] and FAD [fatty acid distillates] is a suitable alternative to diesel fuel without modifying the diesel engine”. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 1 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 1-2 Editorial - International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol 9 �������� ��� � ��� ��������� ������� � �������� � �� �� ������ � � � ��� � �� ������� � � ������� �������� �� ���� ABSTRACT This editorial introduces the ninth volume of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. The volume addresses alternative ways of providing diesel fuel through emulsification of waste cooking oil and fat, estimation of global solar energy potentials based on publically available data, and a large review of global grid connected electricity storage systems. Finally, an article applies stochastic programming to analyse optimal district heating expansion scenarios with particular focus on the phasing issue of investments in district heating grids. Keywords: Biodiesel; Solar energy potential; Electricity storage; District heating expansion; URL: dx.doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.1 1 Corresponding author e-mail: poul@plan.aau.dk 2. Solar potential Korfi at al. [3] seek to estimate the potential for another renewable energy source; solar energy. In their work, they apply publically available data to try to assess solar potentials on a global scale. Apart from solar influx, they also assess temperature, which lowers the efficiency of photo voltaic panels. In addition to these more geographic factors, they also seek to assess potential surface areas for implementing photo voltaic panels. Based on their work, the authors established a web platform presenting data for each country in the world at http://solarpotential.ethz.ch/ 3. Electricity storage systems Increasing amounts of fluctuating renewable energy sources into the energy system creates potential imbalances, that need to be handled through flexible demand, interconnections to other areas with other 2 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 Editorial - International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol 9 demand variations, through flexibility in the conversion system or through actual energy storages. Flexible demand has shown limited capacity for integrating renewables[4], interconnections are costly and do not necessarily provide the required flexibility or are at odds with smart grids [5]. Smart energy systems utilizing the flexibility across sectors are being considered, and shape some visions of energy systems [6,7], however looking at it historically, there has been a large focus on electricity storage systems in e.g. mountainous countries like Norway and Switzerland to assist in the integration of either fluctuating power or base-load production. Thus, there is a large present stock of electricity storage systems worldwide and also a strong development in the field. In this volume, Buß et al. [8] review all grid- connected electricity storage systems world-wide, finding systems with a total capacity of 154 MW (power – not storage contents). The largest fraction of this is in the form of pumped hydro storage, however over the more recent decades, the strongest growth has been in electro-chemical storages. 4. District heating expansion analyses As Zhang & Lucia [9] states it based on experience from China, “Unlike the electricity and transportation sectors, the heating sector has received little attention from policy makers and researchers”, but that situation is changing at least in Europe. District heating is becoming a core element of many analyses of the transition to renewable energy systems [10,11], however there is always the issue of when to apply district heating and when to apply individual solutions, as well as the extent to which savings should be carried out versus the extent to which the supply systems should be optimised [12]. In this volume, Lambert et al. [13] address the “sequential problem faced by a decision-maker in the phasing of long-term investments into district heating networks and their expansions”. This they do through analyses based on stochastic programming. The article is mainly about development of a modelling approach to address this relevant issue. References [1] Melo-Espinosa EA, Piloto-Rodríguez R, Sierens R, Verhelst S. Emulsification of waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates as diesel engine fuels: An attractive alternative. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manage 2016;9: pages 3–16. http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.2. [2] Danish Energy Agency. Energistatistik 2014. 2015. [3] Korfiati A, Gkonos C, Veronesi F, Gak A, Grassi S, Schenkel R, et al. Estimation of the Global Solar Energy Potential and Photovoltaic Cost with the use of Open Data. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manage 2016;9: pages 17–30. http://doi.dx.org/ 10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.3. [4] Kwon PS, Østergaard P. Assessment and evaluation of flexible demand in a Danish future energy scenario. Appl Energy 2014;134:309–20. http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j. apenergy.2014.08.044. [5] Blarke MB, Jenkins BM. SuperGrid or SmartGrid: Competing strategies for large-scale integration of intermittent renewables? Energy Policy 2013;58:381–90. http://doi.dx. org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.039. [6] Mathiesen BV, Lund H, Connolly D, Wenzel H, Østergaard PA, Möller B, et al. Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Appl Energy 2015;145:139–54. http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015. 01.075. [7] Lund H, Andersen AN, Østergaard PA, Mathiesen BV, Connolly D. From electricity smart grids to smart energy systems - A market operation based approach and understanding. Energy 2012;42:96–102. http://doi.dx.org/ 10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.003. [8] Buß K, Wrobel P, Doetsch C. Global distribution of grid- connected electrical energy storage systems. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manage 2016;9: pages 31–56. http://doi.dx.org/ 10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.4. [9] Zhang J, Lucia L Di. A transition perspective on alternatives to coal in Chinese district heating. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manage 2015;6:49–69. http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm. 2015.6.5. [10] Connolly D, Lund H, Mathiesen B V., Werner S, Möller B, Persson U, et al. Heat roadmap Europe: Combining district heating with heat savings to decarbonise the EU energy system. Energy Policy 2014;65:475–89. http://doi.dx.org/ 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.035. [11] Persson U, Möller B, Werner S. Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying strategic heat synergy regions. Energy Policy 2014;74:663–81. http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.enpol. 2014.07.0 15. [12] Lund H, Thellufsen JZ, Aggerholm S, Wichtten KB, Nielsen S, Mathiesen BV, et al. Heat Saving Strategies in Sustainable Smart Energy Systems. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manage 2014;04:3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2014.4.2 [13] Lambert RSC, Maier S, Polak JW, Shah N. Optimal phasing of district heating network investments using multi-stage stochastic programming. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manage 2016;9: pages 57–74. http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ ijsepm.2016.9.5. http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.2 http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.3 http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.044 http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.039 http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075 http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.003 http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.4 http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2015.6.5 http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.035 http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.07.015 http://dx.doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2014.4.2 http://doi.dx.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.5 << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /All /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJDFFile false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /Description << /CHS /CHT /DAN /DEU /ESP /FRA /ITA /JPN /KOR /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken voor kwaliteitsafdrukken op desktopprinters en proofers. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR /PTB /SUO /SVE /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents for quality printing on desktop printers and proofers. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /NoConversion /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /NA /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure true /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice