Kemandirian Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) Melalui Literasi Keuangan Available online at: http://journals.rsfpress.com/index.php/ijrse International Journal on Research in STEM Education Volume 1, No. 1, November 2019, pp. 30-39; DOI: 10.31098/ijrse.v1i1.59 Article History: Received March 1st, 2019 ; Accepted November 11th, 2019; Published November 30th, 2019. Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka Gombe State University, Faculty of Science Department of Geography P.M.B 127, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria E-mail: ycaiaphas@gmail.com Abstract The paper reviews research tradition of accessibility level and spatial distribution of student in public secondary school in gombe local government area, Gombe state. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data was collected using questionnaire and a hand-held GPS receiver to capture the coordinate points of schools and other relevant data. Secondary data include administrative map, population figures of both students and Teachers, Names and addresses of the secondary schools in the study area. The data were analyzed using geographic information techniques. From the data survey carried out, the result of the analysis showed the accessibility level and spatial distribution of school in Gombe were seventeen (17) public senior secondary and total number of students were nineteen thousand and eleven (19,011). The nearest neighbor analysis (NNA) for the spatial pattern of school were carried out based on each ward in study area which as ten (10) wards in each ward revealed two major spatial distributions. The spatial pattern of the Gombe LGA has Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR): 3.385087, Bolari East ward with NNR: 3.385087 and Shamaki wards NNR: 1.600148, which showed dispersed pattern, while Jekada Fari ward with NNR: 0.214890, Pantami ward with NNR: 0.226863, and Herwo Gana wards with NNR: 0.185239, were showed clustered pattern. The nearest neighbor index shows clustered pattern for all the wards in the local government area except Bolari East and Shamaki wards that has dispersed pattern of distribution. The implication of these two patterns means that accessibility is poor in the study area. Students travel than normal to overcome the function of distance. Keywords: Accessibility; Spatial distribution; Nearest neighbor analysi; Secondary school; GIS. INTRODUCTION Accessibility is defined as the distance to which people must travel to receive services, or from which a service is provided to the whole community of interest in administration, economy, education, health etc. (Lineberry, 2000). It is believed that accessibility is a concept that has taken on a variety of meaning, including the amount of effort required by a person to reach a destination or the number of activities which can be reached from a certain location (Geurs and Ritsema 2001). The concept of accessibility is used in many contexts and in different ways, for example, as a goal in transportation policy, as a means in rural development policy, as an indicator of rural deprivation and as a variable in location analysis (Lu, 2004). “Education plays an important role in our society. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and cultural Organization indicate that the development of education is important to the development of economy all over the world”. World Bank points out that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country will increase 3% every year with increasing level of education (World Bank1996). Education system is a complex organization of interactions between interdependent bodies, groups and individuals, all aimed at the achievement of educational goals. The stakeholders are usually the governments and religious groups, voluntary organizations, Teachers’ Associations, the teachers, the parents and the public (Ijaduola, 1998). Secondary education spreads over the ages of 10 years and 13 years for junior secondary schools, and then 14 years to 16 years for the senior secondary Schools. These Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 │ 31 are the years of adolescence. These are the years of transition; indeed, most crucial years of life. There are steady and fast changes in the body structure transforming to adult form and image of life. At this age, the bodily changes take final shape and stabilize. This is also the stage of emotional transformation and maturity that swings between joy and trauma (Ogunyemi,2014). The use of GIS based will play are vital roles in measuring level whereas accessible pattern of spatial distribution of schools. However, high resolution image, coordinate and questionnaire data of Gombe were using for the analysis. Aim of the research is to examine geospatial distribution of public secondary schools in Gombe Local Government Area, of Gombe state thought the following objectives: a) to determine/ascertain the spatial location of public secondary schools in Gombe local government area; and b) to examine the spatial distribution pattern of secondary schools in Gombe local government. METHOD Primary and secondary data were used for this work; these includes: questionnaire, hand-held GPS receiver, administrative map of Gombe local government area wards, high resolution Google Earth image 2017, and Nigeria shape file. The GPS receiver was used to capture the geographic coordinate points of schools, Secondary data include administrative map, population figures of both students and teachers, names and addresses of the secondary schools in the study area. The administrative map was scanned and geo referenced to WGS 1984 UTM Zone 32N.Personal geo database, feature dataset and feature classes for existing settlements, roads and wards were created in GIS environment. The existing roads, settlements and wards were therefore digitized from the georeferenced administrative map using the above stated feature classes. The data obtained from the administered questionnaire, School data and GPS point coordinates of secondary schools were collected, typed into excel spread sheet and saved as .csv format for easy import into GIS environment. Study area Gombe LGA is located in Gombe State lies between Longitudes 11°14′07″E and 11°4′42″E, and Latitudes 10°16′48″N and 10°17′24″N. The area is bounded on the East by Yamatul Deba local Government and on the West by Akko Local Government and north by Kwami. The study area is inhabited predominantly by the Hausa/Fulani speaking language. With ten (10) wards (Ajiya, Bajoga, Bolari, Bolari east, Dawaki, Herwa Gana, Jekada Fari, Nasarawo, Pantami and Shamaki). And seventeen (17) public secondary school with total number of nineteen thousand and eleven (19,011) student. It has a total land area of 120 square kilometers, with population of 268,000 (NPC, 2006) and 2016 projected population 367,000 inhabitants (NPC, 2016). Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 32 │ Fig :1 Study area RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.0: Mapping of the public secondary schools and their coordinate location in Gombe LGA The field survey and data collected reveal that there are 17 public secondary schools in Gombe local government area. Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 │ 33 Fig:2 the location of public secondary school in study area Table 1: Secondary schools in Gombe local government area with their coordinates. S/N NAME OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS EASTING NORTHING 1. Government arabia college 2 11.16 10.30 2. Government arabia college 1 11.16 10.36 3. Government day comprehensive college senior sch 11.16 10.29 4. Government day senior school, gombe 11.18 10.30 5. Government day senior school, bolari east 11.18 10.27 6. Government day senior school, gangu 11.17 10.29 7. Government day senior school, herwo gana 11.17 10.28 8. Government day senior school, nasarawo 11.21 10.28 9. Government day senior school orji 11.12 10.29 10. Government day senior school, pantami 11.16 10.27 11. Government day senior school pilot, gombe 11.16 10.30 12. Government day senior school shehu, bolari 11.17 10.27 Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 34 │ 13. Government day senior school, gabukka 11.15 10.27 14. Government senior science school, gombe1 11.16 10.29 15. Government day science school 2 11.14 10.30 16. Hassan central, gombe 11.16 10.29 17. Special education central 11.15 10.30 Source: field work Fig:3 Enrolment of student in Gombe Local Government based on Ward Distribution Table 2: ADDRESSES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS WITH TOTAL ENROLMENT IN GOMBE LGA S/N NAME OF SECONDARY SCHLS TOTAL ENROLMENT 1. GAC2 488 2. GAC1 1,121 3. GDCSS, AHMADA GOMBE 782 4. GCDSS, GOMBE 1,752 5. GDSS, BOLARI EAST 1,275 6. GDSS, GANGU 2,289 7. GDSS, HERWO GANA 1,633 8. GDSS, NASARAWO 719 9. GDSS ORJI 647 10. GDSS, PANTAMI 2,095 11. GDSS PILOT, GOMBE 1,032 12. GDSS SHEHU ABUBAKAR, BOLARI 1,251 Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 │ 35 13. GCDSS, GABUKKA 770 14. GSSS, GOMBE1 871 15. GDSS 2 1,588 16. HASSAN CENTRAL, GOMBE 621 17. SPECIAL EDUCATION CENTRAL 117 Total number of the student 19,011 Nearest neighbor analysis of the schools in the study area. Spatial Accessibility Index Nearest Neighbour analysis (NNA) was used to determine the pattern of secondary schools in each ward. Total number of each school in the ward (which represent n), the size of the area (which represent a) and Manhattan distance was used to determine the pattern of secondary schools in each ward and Rn value, Z score, Observed mean distance/ Expected mean Distance and p – value were generated. Figure 4: Analysis for Public Secondary Schools in Gombe Local Government Area The Nearest Neighbour Analysis of Gombe L.G.A here revealed an Rn = 0.01 and critical value of >2.58, with N=17, study area = 52km², Nearest Neighbour Ratio: 3.385087, observed mean distance=0.0106, Expected mean Distance =0.0031, and the test significance: p – value 0.000000 z= 7.903068. The result of the analysis showed that all the schools are dispersed and there is no even distribution of schools in the area. Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 36 │ Figure 5: Analysis for Public Secondary Schools in Bolari East The Nearest Neighbour Analysis of Bolari east ward here revealed that Rn =0.01 and critical value of >2.58, with N=3, ward area =13.7 km², Nearest Neighbour Ratio: 3.385087, observed mean distance= 0.0106, Expected mean Distance = 0.0031, and the test significance: p – value 0.000000 z- score = 7.903068. The result of the analysis showed that all the schools are dispersed and there is no even accessibility to secondary schools in the area. Figure 6: Analysis for Public Secondary Schools in Herwo Gana Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 │ 37 The Nearest Neighbour Analysis of Public Secondary Schools in Herwo Gana ward revealed an Rn =0.01 and critical value of <-2.58, with N=1, ward area =7.4 km², Nearest Neighbour Ratio: 0.185239, observed mean distance= 0.0086, Expected mean Distance = 0.0464, and the test significance: p – value 0.027501 z- score = -2.204327. The result of the analysis showed that all the schools are clustered and the accessibility to secondary schools in the area is relatively even. This can be explained from the fact that the ward is relatively urban. Figure 7: Analysis for Public Secondary Schools in Jekada Fari Ward The Nearest Neighbour Analysis of Public Secondary Schools in Jekada Fari ward revealed an Rn =0.01 and critical value of <-2.58, with N=2, ward area =11.5 km², Nearest Neighbour Ratio: 0.214890, observed mean distance= 0.0073, Expected mean Distance = 0.0340, and the test significance: p – value 0.009282, z- score = -2.601490. The result of the analysis showed that all the schools are clustered and there is no equal access to secondary schools in the area. Figure 8: Analysis for Public Secondary Schools in Pantami Ward Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 38 │ The Nearest Neighbour Analysis of Public Secondary Schools in Pantami ward revealed an Rn 0.01 and critical value of <-2.58, with N=2, ward area =7.6 km², Nearest Neighbour Ratio: 0.226863, observed mean distance= 0.0129, Expected mean Distance = 0.0567, and the test significance: p – value 0.036464, z- score = -2.091714. The result of the analysis showed that all the schools are clustered and there is no equal access to secondary schools in the area. Figure 9: Analysis for Public Secondary Schools in Shamaki ward The Nearest Neighbour Analysis of Public Secondary Schools in Shamaki revealed an Rn = 0.01 and critical value of >2.58, with N=6, ward area =13.7 km², Nearest Neighbour Ratio: 1.600148, observed mean distance= 0.0044, Expected mean Distance = 0.0027, and the test significance: p – value 0.004919 z= 2.812321. The result of the analysis showed that all the schools are dispersed and there is no even distribution of schools in the area. CONCLUSION The Nearest Neighbour analysis (NNA) for the spatial distribution of secondary schools indicated two categories of patterns of distribution which is dispersed and clustered pattern. The nearest neighbor index shows clustered pattern for all the wards in the local government area except Bolari East that has dispersed pattern of distribution. The implication of these two patterns means that accessibility is poor in the study area. Students travel than normal to overcome the function of distance. Recommendation The distribution of public secondary schools are not evenly distributed among the ward. Therefore, the need of Gombe State Government are to consider other ward within the study area in other to have equal distribution schools and also to consider the population of base on the distribution of the secondary school in the study area. Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria Yila Caiaphas Makadi, Rabecca Stephen Sati, Ismail Dankaka International Journal on Research in STEM Education, Volume 1, No. 1, November 2017 │ 39 REFERENCE Lineberry, (2000). Equality and Urban policy. The Distribution of Municipal public service. Lu, Y. (2004), Evaluation of Accessibility to primary schools, pp 26 – 31. Geurs K. T. and Ritsema J.R. (2001). Accessibility measures, review and applications. Bilthoven, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en milieu (RIVM). Lu, Y. 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