IN T E R S T IC E S 2 1 173 F I X I N G Interstices: Journal of Architecture and Related Arts is an open forum for the dissemination of architecture and thought. It is a non-profit journal published once a year. To remain independent, Interstices relies upon institutional and private support to fund its editorial production. Annual individual sponsorship is available from $500; corporate sponsorship from $1,000; and institutional sponsorship from $3,000. Sponsors will receive acknowledgement of their contribution in each issue of Interstices for which they are a sponsor and on the Journal’s website (https://interstices.ac.nz/ index.php/Interstices). This issue is supported by School of Art + Design, Auckland University of Technology, School of Architecture & Planning, University of Auckland (Institutional Sponsors) Executive Editors Andrew Douglas, Julia Gatley, Susan Hedges Co-ordinating Editor Julia Gatley / Susan Hedges Issue Editors Jeanette Budgett, Carl Douglas, Simon Twose Contributors this issue Luciano Brina, Jeanette Budgett, Sibyl Bloomfield, Yue Yu, Verarisa Ujung, Julieanna Preston, Carl Douglas, Timothy Burke, Michael Chapman, Louisa King, Tamsin Salehian, Chris French, Maria Mitsoula, Anastasia Globa, Lawrence Harvey, Jules Moloney, Simon Twose, Julia Gatley, Tim Nees Design and typography Catherine Griffiths Typefaces Founders Grotesk, Tiempos Text Klim Type Foundry Production Catherine Griffiths, Susan Hedges, Joanne Mathers Published by enigma : he aupiki, Auckland, New Zealand March 2022 ISSN 1170-585X (Print) ISSN 2537-9194 (Online) This work is entitled to the full protection given by the Copyright Act 1962 to the holders of the copyright and reproduction of any substantial passage from the work except for the educational purposes therein specified is a breach of the copyright of the author and/or publisher. This copyright extends to all forms of photocopying and any storing of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Interstices: Journal of Architecture and Related Arts takes a non- exclusive copyright in the papers submitted and accepted, i.e., we reserve the right to publish and republish the paper (for instance, electronically). Authors are welcome to upload their papers in published form into their institution’s research repository. They retain the right to republish their papers elsewhere, provided that they acknowledge original publication in Interstices. All applications by third parties, for reproduction in any form, should be made to the Executive Editors. Submissions The Editors invite submissions of articles, reports, book and project reviews, and translations. All correspondence should be addressed to The Editors, Interstices, School of Art + Design, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Books for review and advertising should be forwarded to the Executive Editors, above. Notes and guidelines for contributors can be found at https://interstices.ac.nz/index. php/Interstices/information_for_ contributors Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the support of the very many people who have contributed to the realisation and quality of Interstices Issue 21 : Fixing in various ways—including, Marnie Badham, Tanja Beer, Sibyl Bloomfield, Luciano Brina, Jeanette Budgett, Timothy Burke, Wonsoek Chae, Michael Chapman, Carl Douglas, Daniel Elkin, Chris French, Beth George, Louisa King, Michael Louw, Rebecca McLaughlan, Maria Mitsoula, Tania Gutierres Monroy, Julieanna Preston, Tamsin Salehian, Sarah Stevens, Simon Twose, Verarisa Ujung, Yue Yu Thanks to Catherine Griffiths and Joanne Mathers for designing and copy editing this issue. If we have inadvertently overlooked anyone, we apologise. Thanks also to the School of Art + Design at Auckland University of Technology, and the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of Auckland. And, finally, a big thank-you to all the contributors to Interstices 21: Fixing. www.interstices.ac.nz Editorial Advisory Board Aotearoa/New Zealand Mike Austin (Unitec Institute of Technology), Gavin Hipkins (University of Auckland), Ross Jenner (University of Auckland), Dan Fleming (University of Waikato), Robert Jahnke (Massey University), Moana Nepia (James Henare Centre at University of Auckland), Anthony Hoete (University of Auckland), Sally Jane Norman (University of Victoria, Wellington) Australia Suzie Attiwill (RMIT University), Jillian Hamilton (Queensland University of Technology), Stephen Loo (University of New South Wales), Mirjana Lozanovska (Deakin University), John Macarthur (University of Queensland), Jeff Malpas (University of Tasmania), Jules Moloney (Deakin University), Vivian Mitsogianni (RMIT Design Research Institute), Deborah van der Plaat (University of Queensland), Sam Spurr (University of New South Wales), Paul Walker (University of Melbourne), Hélène Frichot (University of Melbourne) Germany Uta Brandes (Köln International School of Design), Ursula Baus (frei04-publizistik, Stuttgart), A. Chr. (Tina) Engels-Schwarzpaul (Auckland University of Technology) Italy Renato Rizzi (Università Iuav di Venezia, Architect Trento), Nigel Ryan (Architect, Rome) Tunisia Bechir Kenzari (United Arab Emirates University) UK Mark Dorrian (Edinburgh College of Art), Jonathan Hale (University of Nottingham), Peg Rawes (The Bartlett School of Architecture), Joseph Rykwert (University of Pennsylvania) USA Peggy Deamer (Yale University), Mark Goulthorpe (MIT, deCoi Architects Paris), Jonathan Lamb (Vanderbilt University), David Leatherbarrow (University of Pennsylvania) colophon