Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 

 Vol.17 No.3 (September 2016) 101- 108 

ISSN: 1997-4884 

 
 
 
 
 

Removal of Cadmium Ions from Wastewater by Batch Experiments 

 
Eman Abed M., Lahieb Faisal M.

 
and Younis Swadi T. 

Environmental Engineering Department–College of Engineering ـــUniversity of Al-
Mustansiriyah 

 

Abstract 

Adsorption experiments were carried out using two different low-cost sorbent 

materials, date seeds and olive seeds. These sorbents used as a single phase (not as 

mixture) to remove cadmium ions from simulated wastewater by adsorption process. 

The equilibrium time was found at 2 hr. The experiments include different parameters 

such sorbent type and weight and contact time. It was found that both of olive seed 

and date seed have approximately the same adsorption capacity (qm) with 15.644 

mg/g and 15.2112 mg/g, respectively. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies have 

been carried out. Langmuir isotherm model better fits the experimental data compared 

with the Freundlich isotherm for olive seed, while Freundlich isotherm fits for date 

seed .A pseudo-second order kinetic model was appropriate to the experimental data 

for both seeds. It can be concluded that the olive seed and date seed could be a good 

sorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater.   

 

Keywords: Cadmium ions, Date and Olive seeds, wastewater. 

 

Introduction 

Toxic metal compounds not only 

contaminate surface water sources 

(seas, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs), but 

also contaminate underground water in 

trace amounts by leaching from the 

soil after rain and snow [1]. Cadmium 

takes much attention by 

environmentalists as one of the most 

toxic heavy metals. The increasing 

presence of cadmium in the 

environment is chiefly due to its use in 

electroplating, smelting, plastics, 

pigments, ceramics, battery, and 

cadmium-rich phosphate fertilizers and 

mining [2, 3]. Cadmium has negative 

effects on the environment and is 

easily accumulated in living systems. 

The harmful effects of cadmium ions 

are renal damage, hypertension, 

proteinuria, kidney stone formation 

and testicular atrophy [4]. It combines 

with sulfa hydria group in protein and 

restrains the activity of enzyme [5]. A 

lot of methods are investigated to treat 

the metal contaminated effluent; these 

methods are either inefficient or 

expensive especially when the 

concentration of the containments is 

low. For this reasons the use of 

agricultural wastes in removal of heavy 

metals has been investigated. 

Agricultural wastes are characterized 

by ready availability, affordability, 

eco-friendliness, and high uptake 

capacity for heavy metals due to the 

presence of functional groups which 

can bind metals to increase the 

University of Baghdad 

College of Engineering 

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and 

Petroleum Engineering 

 



 Removal of Cadmium Ions from Wastewater by Batch Experiments 
 

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removal of heavy metal from effluents 

[6]. Several low-cost materials such as 

peanut husk charcoal and fly ash [7], 

scoria [8], Moringa oleifera bark [9], 

orange peel [10], watermelon shell 

[11], sunflower leaves [12], 

Eichhnornia crassipes [13], soybean 

meal waste [14], Punica granatum peel 

waste [15], Acacia leucocephala bark 

[16], wheat straw [17] and maize cob 

[18] have been used to remove metal 

ions from aqueous solutions. Date seed 

is usually discarded as unwanted 

material in many date producing 

countries such as Iraq. Date is 

cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions 

and can thrive in long and hot 

summers, low rainfall and very low 

relative humidity [19]. 

Iraq is one of the largest producers of 

date fruits; while suitable environment 

for the cultivation of olives is in the 

areas near the foothills of the 

mountains and olive trees grow in 

many types of land. This seed 

represents a big size of the total weight 

of fruit (both materials are abundantly 

available through our country and the 

world) [20]. Adsorption is the most 

suitable method used to remove metals 

ions from the aqueous solutions. 

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon, 

in which molecules of adsorbate are 

attracted and held to the surface of an 

adsorbent until equilibrium is reached 

between adsorbed molecules and those 

still freely distributed in the carrying 

gas or liquid. The adsorption 

phenomenon depends on the 

interaction between the surface of the 

adsorbent and the adsorbed species. 

The interaction may be due to: (1) 

chemical bonding; (2) hydrogen 

bonding; (3) hydrophobic and (4) van 

der Waals forces [21]. The adsorption 

isotherms describe the relationship 

between the amount adsorbed by a unit 

weight of solid adsorbent and the 

amount of solute remaining in the 

solution at equilibrium. Langmuir and 

Freundlich isotherms models are used 

frequently to describe adsorption of 

metal ions by different materials. 

The aim of this work is to 

explore the possibility of utilizing 

seeds of date and olive for the 

adsorptive removal of cadmium (II) 

from simulated wastewater. Different 

experimental parameters have been 

investigated such as sorbents 

concentration, contact time, and initial 

cadmium (II) concentration.       

Adsorption isotherms and kinetics 

were investigated and different 

adsorbent models were used to fit the 

experimental data and to elucidate the 

possible adsorption mechanism. 

 

Materials and Methods 

 

1. Adsorbate and Adsorbent 
Cadmium solutions of requirable 

concentration (20, 30, 40, and 50 

mg/L) have been prepared by 

dissolving the appropriate amount of 

cadmium nitrate Cd (NO3)2·4H2O in 

distilled water. The date seeds and 

olive seeds were prepared for the 

present study by grinding and sieving 

to obtain a grain size of range less than 

105µm in diameter and then washed 

with distilled water and dried in an 

oven at 105
o
C for 24 hr and stored in a 

desiccator until use (during the 

research period approximately 60 

days). 

 

2. Batch adsorption experiments 
Batch experiments are performed 

with 100 ml of a sample solution and a 

requirable adsorbent dose of 0.15, 

0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 gm and parameter 

such as contact time, concentration of 

solution. The mixture is transferred 

into a 250 ml conical flask and stirred 

for 3 hour, filtered and analyzed for its 

absorbed concentration. All 

experiments are conducted at room 

temperature conditions. Absorbed 

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Eman Abed M., Lahieb Faisal M. and Younis Swadi T. 

 
 

201                        )6201September ( 3No. 17IJCPE Vol.             www.iasj.netonline at: Available -      
 

concentrations are determined by 

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 
 

3. Fourier-Transform-Infrared 
Analysis (FTIR) 

It is essential to identify the 

functional groups present on the 

biomass involved in this search. The 

main effective binding sites can be 

identified by FTIR spectral comparison 

of the biosorbent, cadmium
 

ions- 

loaded biosorbent. Biosorbent were 

examined using (SHIMADZO FTIR, 

800 series spectra- photometer). Two 

flasks of 250 ml were filled with 100 

ml of each metal solution 50 mg/L and 

1gm of both dried seeds (olive and 

date). The flasks were then placed on a 

shaker and agitated continuously for 

3hr at 200 rpm. Samples of each flask 

were dried in oven at 50 C
0
 for 48 hr. 

 

Results and Discussion 
 

1. FTIR Analysis 
Figure 1 (a and b) show the FTIR 

spectra of date seeds and olive seeds, 

respectively. Numerous chemical 

functional groups have been 

characterized as potential adsorption 

sites to be responsible for binding 

cadmium onto date and olive seeds. 

The spectrum pattern of loaded Cd (II) 

showed changes in the peak absorption 

as compared to unloaded Cd (II) which 

result from adsorption process. 

Contribution of each functional group 

in this process is summarized in Tables 

1 and 2. 
 

Table 1: Functional groups responsible for 

Cadmium adsorption by Date seed 

Wave 

number 

(cm
-1

) 

Assignment 

Groups 

After 

adsorption 

of Cd (II) 

3387.00 
Carboxylic acid, 

Amides 
3402.43 

2908.65 Carboxylic acid 2916.37 

1373.03 Nitro groups 1373.32 

1157.29 Carboxylic acid 1161.15 

1111.00 Carboxylic acid 1111.14 

817.82 Aromatic 825.53 

659.66 Alkyl halides 667.37 

Table 2: Functional groups responsible for 

Cadmium adsorption by Olive seed 

Wave 

number 

(cm
-1

) 

Assignment 

Groups 

After 

adsorption 

of Cd (II) 

3398.57 
Carboxylic acid, 

Amides 
3410.15 

1639.49 

Carboxylic, 

Hydroxyle, 

Alkanes 

1654.92 

1423.47 Carboxylic acid 1427.32 

1327.03 Nitro groups 1334.74 

1161.15 Carboxylic acid 1165.00 

1122.57 Carboxylic acid 1188.71 

1041.56 Carboxylic acid 1045.42 

813.96 Aromatic 833.25 

601.79 Alkyl halides 605.65 

 

 

 
Fig. 1: FTIR spectrums a. Date seed raw, 

loaded Cd (II); b. Olive seed raw, loaded Cd 

(II) 

 

2. Effect of Sorbent Type and 
Amount 

Figure 2 shows the effect of sorbent 

types (date seeds and olive seeds) on 

the removal percentage (R %) of Cd in 

simulated wastewater. The obtained 

data indicated that both of biosorbent 

showed high removal efficiency 

towards Cd (II) ions about 98.12% and 

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96% removal efficiency for date and 

olive, respectively. Difference in 

sorption capability of heavy metals by 

sorbent materials is due to the different 

affinity of metal ions to active groups 

on the substrate [22]. 

 

 
Fig. 2: Type of Adsorbent on Removal 

Efficiency 

 

3. Effect of Contact Time 
The effect of contact time was 

tested at initial metal ions 

concentration of 40 ppm/100 ml and 

pH 5.5 shown in Figure 3. There was a 

rapid adsorption of Cd (II) in the first 

60 min, and, thereafter, the rate of 

adsorption become slower; this is due 

to a decrease or lack of number of 

active sites [23]. It can be concluded 

that 2 h. contact time is sufficient to 

reach equilibrium conditions for 

cadmium ions. The maximum removal 
efficiency of Cd (II) was (98.2% by 

date sorbent and 96.15% by olive 

sorbent, respectively). 
 

 
Fig. 3: Effect of Contact Time on Removal 

Efficiency 

4. Effect of Cadmium Initial 
Concentration 

The adsorption experiments were 

tested at initial concentrations of 20, 

30, 40, and 50 mg/L with a constant 

date and olive amounts of 0.25 g, 

contact time 60 min and pH 5.5. Figure 

4 shows the results. The plot show that  

increase in the Cd (II) concentration 

from 20-50 mg/L results in a decrease 

in percentage Cd (II) removal from 

99% to 97.31% for date sorbent, and 

97.68% to 94.88% for olive sorbent, 

respectively. The decrease in the 

removal efficiency of Cd (II) can be 

attributed to the saturation of available 

active sites on the both seeds (date and 

olive). The increase in adsorption 

capacity may be due to the higher 

adsorption rate and the utilization of all 

available active sites for adsorption at 

higher Cd (II) concentration [24].  

 

 
Fig. 4: Effect of Initial Concentration of 

Cadmium on Removal Efficiency 

 

Adsorption Isotherm Models 

Two isotherm models were used 

to describe how solutes interacted with 

the sorbents. The Langmuir sorption 

model is based on the assumption that 

maximum sorption corresponds to a 

saturated monolayer of solute on the 

sorbent surface. This model also 

supposes that all the sorption sites are 

assumed to be identical, each site 

retains one molecule of the given 

compound and all sites are 

energetically independent of the sorbed 

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Eman Abed M., Lahieb Faisal M. and Younis Swadi T. 

 
 

201                        )6201September ( 3No. 17IJCPE Vol.             www.iasj.netonline at: Available -      
 

quantity [24]. The linear form of the 

Langmuir Eq. can be described by: 
 

  

  
 

 

  
   

 

   
                          …(1) 

 

Where Ce (mg L
−1

) is the equilibrium 

concentration of the sorbate, qe (mg 

g
−1

) is the amount of sorbate per unit 

mass of sorbent, qm (mg g
−1

) and b 

(Lmg
−1

) are Langmuir constants 

related to sorption capacity and rate of 

sorption, respectively. The linear plot 

of specific sorption (Ce/qe) against the 

equilibrium concentration (Ce) shown 

in Figure 5a. 

The Freundlich isotherm is the 

earliest known relationship describing 

the sorption equation. The fairly 

satisfactory empirical isotherm can be 

used for non-ideal sorption that 

involves heterogeneous surface energy 

systems [24]. The linear form of the 

Freundlich model is expressed by the 

following Eq.: 
 

     
 

 
                           …(2) 

 

Where KF (mg
1− (1/n) 

L
1/n 

g
−1

) is roughly 

an indicator of the sorption capacity 

and n is the sorption intensity. The 

equilibrium data were further analyzed 

using the linear form of Freundlich 

isotherm, by plotting ln qe versus ln Ce 

Figure 5b the calculated Langmuir and 

Freundlich isotherms constants and the 

corresponding coefficients of 

determination are shown in Table 3. 
 

 
Fig. 5a: Applying Langmuir adsorption 

isotherm 

 
Fig. 5b: Applying Freundlich adsorption 

isotherm 

 

Table 3: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms constants and the corresponding coefficients 

Adsorbent 

type 

 

Isotherm Models 

Langmuir Freundlich 

R² a b R² N K 

Date seed 0.682 4.2194 0.3692 0.854 0.217 0.21281 

Olive seed 0.806 38.462 0.491 0.712 1.9531 333.423 

 

It can be observed that 

experimental data fit the isotherm 

adequately. The applicability of the 

Freundlich model to the experimental 

data indicates monolayer coverage on 

heterogeneous adsorbent surface by 

each of Cd (II) ion for date seed; while 

for olive seed Langmuir model is the 

best model which describes their 

experimental data. 

 

 

Adsorption Kinetics 
Adsorption kinetics can be 

described by various kinetics models; 

pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second 

order. The linear form of the pseudo-

first order rate model is represented in 

Eq. 3. The pseudo-second-order rate 

model can be represented by Eq. 4 

[25]: 

 

  (    )                        …(3) 
 

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                                …(4) 

 

Where qe is the amount of metal sorbed 

at equilibrium (mg/g); qt is the amount 

of metal sorbed at time t (mg/g); and 

k1, k is the equilibrium rate constant of 

pseudo first order and pseudo second 

order sorption, respectively. Figure 6 

shows the both kinetics models which 

were used in this study; constants   (k1, 

k) and other parameters of both 

models, compiled in Table 4 along 

with correlation coefficients (R
2
) 

values. 

 
Table 4: Various kinetics models parameters 

 

 
Fig. 6a: Applying Pseudo-first-order for 

adsorption of Cd
+2 

using Date seed and Olive 

seed 

 

 
Fig. 6b: Applying Pseudo second- order for 

adsorption of Cd
+2 

using Date seed and Olive 

seed 

 

The results indicate that, the adsorption 

process of Cd (II) at the surface of the 

both adsorbents (date and olive seeds) 

followed the second order reaction 

kinetics. 

Conclusions 
The removal of Cd (II) in 

synthetic water by using adsorption 

technology was studied in the batch 

experimental systems. Based on the 

results, the following conclusions can 

be drawn. The prepared sorbent is an 

efficient biomaterial for removal of 

cadmium ion from industrial 

wastewater. Equilibrium metal 

adsorption decreased with the increase 

in the initial concentration of Cd (II) 

ions suggesting the applicability of the 

biomaterial at lower concentrations. 

The sorption of Cd (II) by date seed is 

a monolayer according to Freundlich 

adsorption isotherm, while by using 

olive seed as adsorbent the fit model is 

Langmuir. The percent removal of Cd 

(II) by adsorption under the conditions 

employed in this study is 95.1%, 

97.8% by date and olive, respectively, 

with an effective dose of 0.25 g of bio-

adsorbent. Adsorption equilibrium for 

the metal was reached in about 2 h. 

The study demonstrated that the 

adsorption process was coincided 

second order kinetics. This 

methodology can be applied to the 

removal of toxic metals from 

wastewater efficiently. The method 

Type of 

adsorbent 

qe 
experimental 

mg/g 

Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order 

k1 
1/min 

qe 

calculated 
mg/g 

R
2
 

k2 

g/mg.min 

qe 

calculated 
mg/g 

R
2
 

Date 

seed 
15.2112 0.027 4.665 0.845 0.0045 16.667 0.973 

Olive 

seed 
15.644 0.022 4.047 0.810 0.0081 16.393 0.995 

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Eman Abed M., Lahieb Faisal M. and Younis Swadi T. 

 
 

201                        )6201September ( 3No. 17IJCPE Vol.             www.iasj.netonline at: Available -      
 

was simple, cost effective and 

environmental friendly. 

 

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