Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 

 Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014) 75- 84  

ISSN: 1997-4884 

 
 
 
 

Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in 

Rotating Discs Contactor  

 
Khalid M. Abed 

Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering-University of Baghdad-Iraq 

 Email: Khalid.chemical82@gmail.com  

 
Abstract 

   A liquid membrane process of Alkaloids extraction from Datura Innoxia solution 

was studied applying pertraction process in rotating discs contactor (RDC). Decane as 

a liquid membrane and dilute sulphuric acid as stripping solution were used. The 

effect of the fundamental parameters influencing the transport process, e.g. type of 

solvent used, effect of disks speed, amount of liquid membrane and effect of pH for 

feed and strip solution. The transport of alkaloids was analysed on the basis of kinetic 

laws of two consecutive irreversible first order reactions. Thus, the kinetic parameters 

(k1, k1,   
   , tmax,   

   and    
   ) for the transport of alkaloids were determined. The 

effect of organic membrane type on percentage of Alkaloids transport was found to be 

in the order (n-decane> n-heptane> n-hexane> ethyl ether). The results showed that 

the highest alkaloids extraction was obtained when using two stages, (10 rpm) discs 

speed, (pH=9.5) of feed solution and (pH=2) of acceptor solution in n-decane. 

Observation showed that the membrane entrance rate constant k1 and percentage of 

alkaloids transported in strip phase increased with increasing numbers of stages but 

the exit rate constant k2 decreased. The alkaloids extraction ratio increased with 

increasing the disks speed from 5 to 10 rpm but decreased at 15 rpm and decreased 

when increasing the volume of membrane. Also pH of feed and strip solution affected 

the extraction ratio and rate constants. 
 

Keywords: extraction, batch pertraction, liquid membrane, alkaloids, kinetic, rotating 

disc contactor. 

 

Introduction 

   Plants have been used as medicine 

for a long time. Many of the natural 

products in plants of medicinal value 

offer new sources of drugs which have 

been used effectively in traditional 

medicine [1].  

   For medicinal interest, atropine 

alkaloid (chemical structure is shown 

in Fig. 1) is found in plants of the 

solanaceae family, such as Atropa, 

Datura, Duboisia and Hyoscyamus. 

Atropine is the chief alkaloid in Atropa 

belladonna.  It can be extracted from 

the plant as free bases using basic 

aqueous solution or as salts using 

acidified solution [2]. 

   The liquid membrane technology has 

been effectively used to treat aqueous 

streams contaminated with metal ions 

[3]. 

The liquid membrane extraction was 

introduced as an alternative separation 

technique to the liquid-liquid 

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and 
Petroleum Engineering 

 

University of Baghdad 
College of Engineering 

mailto:Khalid.chemical82@gmail.com


Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor  

76                                        IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)               -Available online at: www.iasj.net 
 

extraction and to separation by means 

of solid polymeric membrane
 
[4]. 

 

 
Fig. 1: Chemical structure of Atropine 

Alkaloid 

 

   This property of membranes makes 

them useful in the textile and food 

industries, in hydrometallurgy, 

medicine, biotechnology, 

environmental protection, in the 

separation of hydrocarbons and gases, 

and in the concentration and separation 

of amino acids, metal ions and other 

mixtures and suspensions
 
[5] [6]. This 

method provides low cost, simplicity, 

high efficiency and energy saving in 

comparison to other process. In the 

recent years, a remarkable increase of 

the application of liquid membranes 

has included bulk liquid membrane 

(BLM), emulsion liquid membrane and 

supported liquid membrane [7]. 

   A kinetic study of alkaloids transport 

through a liquid membrane was 

studied. The influence of pH in the 

aqueous feed solution and pH of 

stripping solution were also studied 

and the effect of stirring speed of disks, 

type and amount of liquid membrane 

on the transport of atropine through a 

BLM were studied. The consecutive 

irreversible first- order apparent rate 

constants, k1 and k2, have been 

determined. 

In the present work, transport of 

Alkaloids n-decane bulk liquid 

membrane was studied. Different 

experimental conditions, such as the 

effect of pH in feed and stripping 

solution, the rate of stirring speed and 

effect of time were also investigated. 

 

Experimental Work 

1. Chemicals and Reagents 
Studies of Alkaloids permeation 

through the liquid membrane were 

carried out using atropine aqueous 

solutions. The atropine was extracted 

from Datura innoxia seeds (collected 

in 2011, from the region of the College 

of Agriculture- University of Baghdad- 

Iraq) applying solid–liquid extraction. 

Various reagents were used in this 

work as liquid membrane, n-decane 

(99% BDH), n-hexane (95% 

ALDRICH), n-heptane (99.5 HOPKIN 

and WILLIAMS) and ethyl ether (99% 

Fluka AG). Ammonia (25% CHEM-

SUPPLY) and sulfuric acid (98% 

GCC) were used to adjust the acidity 

of the aqueous solutions. 
 

2. Instruments 
The concentration of atropine alkaloids 

in the strip solution was measured by 

UV-spectrophotometer SP-3000 

(OPTIMA INC) at wave length λ=257 

nm. The pH values of the aqueous 

solutions were measured by means of 

the laboratory pH meter (CRISON, 

MM40). 

 

3. Three Phase Experiment  
3.5 grams of Datura innoxia seeds 

were milled to fine powder and leached 

by 250 ml of buffer solution of    

(NH3-(NH4)2SO4) adjusted to 

appropriate pH. This solution was 

shaken for half an hour and filtered to 

obtain the feed solution. 

The stripping solution was adjusted to 

appropriate pH using few drops of 

sulfuric acid. Using this type of acid 

and at the membrane/receiver 

interface, conditions were appropriate 

for atropine stripping and its 

accumulation in the receiver phase as 

atropine sulphate, which is insoluble in 

the organic liquid membrane. 

N-decane, n-hexane, n-heptane and 

ethyl ether were used as organic liquid 

membrane. 



Khalid M. Abed 

 

-Available online at: www.iasj.net                      IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)                                 77 
 

4. Bulk Liquid Membrane 
Among the large variety of liquid 

membrane technique, the pertraction in 

rotating discs contactor (RDC) model 

was selected due to its stability
 
[8, 9]. 

Kinetic of atropine alkaloids in three 

phases system was studied in 

laboratory RDC, presented 

schematically in Fig. 2. The lower part 

of the contactor is divided into four 

compartments: two for the feed and 

two for the stripping solution. The 

liquid membrane covers both aqueous 

solution and occupies the common 

upper part of the contactor. Four 

hydrophilic membrane disks (1mm 

thickness and 18 cm in diameter) were 

fixed on a horizontal shaft and their 

lower parts immersed to 

compartments, with disks, in which 

aqueous phases (feed or strip) were 

immersed and due to rotation, were 

contacted with the LM phase. Two 
peristaltic pumps were used to 

circulate both aqueous solutions to 

homogenize the aqueous solutions and 

to eliminate the dead zone or minimize 

it. For constant shaft rotating in small 
rpms, DC-motor (50 rpm) and variable 

DC power supply were used. The 

hydrophilic disks for each stage were 

made from stainless steel because of its 

resistance against the acids and bases 

with the added advantages of being 

very hygienic and easy to clean. 

 

 
Fig. 2: Scheme of a rotating film contactor: (1) 

Body, (2) Stage wall, (3) Feed/Stripping 

solution separating walls, (4) Rotating discs, 

and (5) Common shaft 

 

 

5. Kinetic Procedure  
Variation of atropine alkaloids 

concentration with time was directly 

determined on both feed (g/cm
3
) and 

strip (g/cm
3
) phases using UV-

spectrophotometer SP-3000 at wave 

length λ=257 nm. The corresponding 

change of atropine concentration in the 

membrane phase was determined from 

the material balance between the 

phases. For practical reason, 

dimensionless reduced atropine 

alkaloids concentration in the feed 

(RF), membrane (Rm) and strip (RS) 

phases were used [10, 11].  
 

   
  

   
 ,    

  

   
,    

  

   
     …(1) 

 

Where     is the initial concentration 
of Atropine Alkaloids in the feed 

(donor) phase while CF, Cm, and CS, are 

the atropine concentration in feed 

(donor), membrane and strip (acceptor) 

phases, respectively. From this 

expression, the material balance can be 

established as RF + Rm + RS= 1. When 

RF, Rm and RS values are inspected, the 

results suggest that atropine alkaloids 

transport obeys the kinetics of two 

consecutive irreversible first order 

reactions according to the kinetic 

scheme
 
[11]. 

 

CF   
k1

 Cm      
k2

 CS      …(2) 
 

Where k1 and k2 are the pseudo-first 

apparent rate constants for the 

membrane entrance and exit, 

respectively. The kinetic scheme for 

consecutive reaction systems can be 

described by considering the reduced 

concentrations as follows [11, 12]: 
 
   

  
                                   …(3) 

 
   

  
                              …(4) 

 
   

  
                                  …(5) 



Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor  

78                                        IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)               -Available online at: www.iasj.net 
 

Where J is the flux when k1 ≠ k2 and 

the integration of the above differential 

equation gives: 

 

                                       …(6) 
 

   
  

     
                      

…(7) 

 

     
 

     
             

                                              …(8) 
 

Where t is the time elapsed.  
Substituting Eqs. 6 – 8 into Eqs. 3 – 5, 

Ji can be expressed as: 

 

                                     …(9) 
 

   
  

     
                                                       

…(10) 

 

   
    

     
                                

…(11) 

 

When    (Eq. 10) is equal to zero, the 
maximum fluxes of metal transport 

across BLM are achieved as follows 

[13]: 

 

  
                            …(12) 

 

  
    

  

     
                 

                                …(13) 
  

  
    

    

     
                

                                     …(14) 
 

Where   
     and   

   are the 

maximum fluxes of atropine transport 

in feed and stripping phases, 

respectively, while      is the time at 
which the maximum fluxes are 

accomplished. From Eq. 13,      is 
derived as [13]: 

 

     
    

  
  

 

     
                      …(15) 

 

Substituting Eq. 15 into Eq. 7, the 

value of    at     , i.e.   
    , is 

obtained as follows [13]. 

 

  
     

  

  
                           …(16) 

 

Since   
    is equal to zero (Eq. 13), 

the system is in steady state and, 

hence,   
    (Eq. 12) and   

    (Eq. 14) 

are equal to each other but of opposite 

signs, i.e. 

 

    
       

                              …(17) 
 

Results and Discussion 

1. Effect of Type of Solvent (Liquid 
Membrane) 

The transport study of atropine 

alkaloid was carried out in different 

solvents; n-decane, n-heptane, n-

hexane and ethyl ether, at pH of feed 

(pHF =9.5), pH of strip (pHS= 2), 

stirring discs speed= 10 rpm and 

volume of membrane =500 ml. 

The transport efficiency of atropine 

alkaloid was found to be good when 

using n-decane. But the transport 

efficiency was found to be less with n-

heptane, n-hexane and ethyl ether as 

shown in Fig. 3 and Table 1. About 

75.41% of atropine was transported to 

the striping solution. 

 

Table 1: The Kinetic parameters for the extraction of Atropine at different solvents 

Type of 

solvent 

k1 

(min
-1

) 

k2   
(min

-1
) 

     
(min) 

  
    

(--) 

  
    

(min
-1

) 
  
    

(min
-1

) 

%Atropine 

in S phase 

n-decane 0.00817 0.087 30 0.073 -0.00639 0.00639 75.41 

n-heptane 0.00422 0.065 45 0.052 -0.00349 0.00349 71.06 

n-hexane 0.00304 0.074 45 0.036 -0.00266 0.00266 24.61 

Eth. Eth. 0.01742 0.005 30 0.043 -0.01033 0.01033 20.47 



Khalid M. Abed 

 

-Available online at: www.iasj.net                      IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)                                 79 
 

   
 

   
Fig. 3: Effect type of solvent on Atropine; a. n-decane b .n-heptane c. n-hexane d. Ethyl Ether 

(experimental conditions: pHF=9.5, pHS=2, 10 rpm and one stage at 27   ) 

 
2. Effect of Agitation Speed 
   It is well known that hydrodynamic 

conditions play an important effect in 

mass transfer from one phase to 

another phase at the interface between 

two liquid phases. In order to examine 

the effect of hydrodynamics on the 

atropine extraction, experiments were 

carried out with different agitation 

speeds, 5, 10 and 15 rpm at pH of feed 

(pHF =9.5), pH of strip (pHS = 2), 

stirring discs speed= 10 rpm and 

volume of membrane =500 ml. The 

percentage of atropine extracted is 

plotted versus time at different 

agitation speeds in Fig. 4. Higher 

rotation speed was not applied because 

of the increased risk of droplet 

formation and process deterioration
 

[14]. 

The rate constant k1 and k2 were 

determined from Equations 15 and 16 

and are shown in Table 2. 

 
Table 2: The kinetic parameters for the extraction of Atropine at different agitation Speed 

Agitation 

Speed(rpm) 

k1 

(min
-1

) 

k2   
(min

-1
) 

     
(min) 

  
    

(--) 

  
    

(min
-1

) 
  
    

(min
-1

) 

%Atropine 

in S phase 

15 rpm 0.00367 0.0688 45 0.045 -0.00311 0.00311 17.62 

10 rpm 0.00817 0.0870 30 0.073 -0.00639 0.00639 75.41 

05 rpm 0.00336 0.0475 60 0.057 -0.00275 0.00275 22.64 

 

 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(a) Ra

Rm

Rf

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(b) 

Ca

Cm

Cf

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(c) 

Ra

Rm

Rf

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(d) 

Ra

Rm

Rf



Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor  

80                                        IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)               -Available online at: www.iasj.net 
 

      
Fig. 4: Effect of agitation speed; a. %Atropine in stripping phase b. %Atropine in Feed phase 

(experimental conditions: pHF=9.5, pHS=2, one stage and 500ml of n-decane as liquid membrane) 

 

3. Effect of pH of Feed Solution 
The pH of feed solution plays an 

important effect on the extraction of 

atropine. In order to study the effect of 

pH in the feed phase (pHF) on the mass 

transfer performance of pertraction 

process, pH in the feed phase is 

adjusted with ammonia buffer solution. 

Experimental studies were carried out 

at various pH values from 7 to 12.  

Preliminary tests were carried out to 

find the optimum pHF solution. The 

results of the atropine extraction 

experiments are shown in Fig.5. It is to 

be concluded that the best pH for the 

feed solution that gave good extraction 

is around 9.5. 

 

 
Fig. 5: Effect of pH of feed solution and the 

best pH for extraction of Atropine 

(experimental conditions: pHS=2, 10 rpm, one 

stage and 500ml of n-decane as liquid 

membrane) 

4. Effect of pH of Striping Solution 
The effect of pH of striping solution 

(pHS) was studied for the range 1.5 – 3 

and the results of atropine transport is 

shown in Fig. 6. The percentage of 

atropine alkaloid extracted in striping 

solution were 43.76, 75.41 and 52.08 

at pH=1.5, pH=2 and pH=3 for striping 

solution, respectively. The results 

showed that higher extraction ratio for 

atropine was at pHS=2.   

It is observed that the pH of the 

aqueous acceptor phase played an 

important role on the extraction of 

atropine values when all the 

experimental conditions were kept 

constant except for the pH value of 

acceptor solution. 

 

5. Effect of Number of Stages 
Increasing the number of stages in 

RDC design plays an important role to 

increases the extraction efficiency. The 

results of atropine extraction using one 

and two stages are presented in Fig. 7. 

Using two stages mean four 

hydrophilic discs and this will increase 

the surface area in contact with the 

feed solution. Therefore, atropine 

alkaloid exhausting from seeds 

increases and the same increase occurs 

in membrane. On the other hand, 

increasing the number of stages leads 

to an increase in surface area in contact 

with the striping solution. Thus H2SO4 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(a) 
5 rpm

10 rpm

15 rpm

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(b) 

5 rpm

10 rpm

15 rpm



Khalid M. Abed 

 

-Available online at: www.iasj.net                      IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)                                 81 
 

molecules in membrane are increased. 

Therefore, using two stages gave 

higher %atropine extract than that from 

one stage. 

Table 3 shows that increasing the 

number of stages decreases the rate 

constant exit k2 while the rate constant 
entrance k1 increases. 

 

  
Fig. 6: Effect of pH of stripping solution; a. %atropine in striping phase b. % atropine in feed phase 

(experimental conditions: pHF=9.5, 10 rpm, one stage and 500 ml of n-decane as liquid membrane) 

 
Table 3: The Kinetic parameters for the extraction of Atropine at different number of stages 

Number of 

Stages 

k1 

(min
-1

) 

k2   
(min

-1
) 

     
(min) 

  
    

(--) 

  
    

(min
-1

) 
  
    

(min
-1

) 

%Atropine 

in S phase 

One stage 0.00817 0.0870 30 0.073 -0.00639 0.00639 75.41 

Two Stage 0.00837 0.0860 30 0.075 -0.00652 0.00652 89.93 

 

  
Fig. 7: Effect of number of stages; a. %atropine in striping phase b. % atropine in feed phase 

(experimental conditions: pHF=9.5, 10 rpm and 500 ml of n-decane as liquid membrane) 

 

6. Effect of the Amount of Liquid 
Membrane 

The pertraction study of atropine was 

carried out in two amounts of liquid 

membrane 500 and 1000 ml. It can be 

seen from Figure 8 and Table 4 that the 

increase of liquid membrane volume 

gave negative effect if the surface area 

is kept constant. If surface area was 

increased, it may lead to increasing 

percentage atropine extract because 

more time is needed for the atropine 

and sulphate ion to meet together in the 

membrane to form atropine sulphate. 

This is shown in Figure 8 and Table 4.  

 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(a) pH=1.5

pH=2

pH=3

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(b) 

pH=1.5

pH=2

pH=3

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(a) 
One Stage

Two Stage

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(b) 

One Stage

Two Stage



Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor  

82                                        IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)               -Available online at: www.iasj.net 
 

Table 4: The Kinetic parameters for the extraction of Atropine at different amount of organic liquid 

membrane 

Amount of 

membrane 

k1 

(min
-1

) 

k2   
(min

-1
) 

     
(min) 

  
    

(--) 

  
    

(min
-1

) 
  
    

(min
-1

) 

%Atropine 

in S phase 

500 ml 0.00817 0.0870 30 0.073 -0.00639 0.00639 75.41 

1000ml 0.00722 0.0504 45 0.103 -0.00522 0.00522 19.63 

 

    
Fig. 8: Effect of amount of liquid membrane a. %atropine in striping phase b. % atropine in feed phase 

(experimental conditions: pHF=9.5, 10 rpm and n-decane as liquid membrane for one stage) 

 
Conclusion  

Atropine alkaloid can be transported 

and extracted by RDC through organic 

liquid membrane. The percentage of 

atropine alkaloid extracted by RDC 

depends on many important parameters 

such as rate of stirring speed of discs, 

type of liquid membrane, volume of 

liquid membrane and pH of feed and 

striping phases. The extraction 

efficiency of atropine alkaloid 

increased with increasing discs rotation 

speed from 5 to 10 rpm.  Increasing it 

to 15 rpm, the percentage of atropine 

alkaloid decreased because of the 

increased risk of droplet formation and 

process deterioration. 89.93 % of 

atropine was transported when two 

stages were used. The apparent rate 

constants, k1 and k2, interfacial 

transport of extraction and re-

extraction are determined on the basis 

of a scheme implying two consecutive 

irreversible first order reactions. This 

method offers important advantages 

such as simplicity and economy. 

 

 

 

Nomenclature 

Notation  Description  

RDC Rotating Disc contactor 

F Feed 

S Stripping 

k1 Entrance rate constant 

k2 Exit rate constant 

pHF pH of feed solution 

pHS pH of striping solution 

rpm Revolution per Minute. 

DC-

motor 

Direct Current Motor.  

UV Ultraviolet Visible. 

CF Concentration of atropine 

in feed solution 

CF0 Initial concentration of 

atropine in feed solution 

Cm Concentration of atropine 

in liquid membrane  

CS Concentration of atropine 

in striping solution 

RF Dimensionless 

concentration in feed 

solution 

Rm Dimensionless 

concentration in membrane 

solution 

 

 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%
 A

tr
o

p
in

e
 

Time(min) 

(a) 500 ml

1000ml

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
%

 A
tr

o
p

in
e
 

Time(min) 

(b) 

500ml

1000ml



Khalid M. Abed 

 

-Available online at: www.iasj.net                      IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)                                 83 
 

RS Dimensionless 

concentration in striping 

solution 

J Flux 

  
    The maximum fluxes of 

atropine transport in feed 

phase 

  
    The maximum fluxes of 

atropine transport in 

stripping phase 

λ wave length  

tmax The time at which the 

maximum flux 

  
    Maximum dimensionless 

concentration in membrane 

solution 

Eth. Eth. Ethyl Ether 

 

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Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor  

84                                        IJCPE Vol.15 No.2 (June 2014)               -Available online at: www.iasj.net 
 

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