IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Vol.9 No.3 (September 2007) 17-24 ISSN: 1997-4884 Impact of Tigris River Pollution on the Performance of Water Treatment Plants Efficiencies in Baghdad City Janan N. Hamza Water resources engineering department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad Abstract The determination of river pollution impact on the performance of water treatment plants is achieved by two main objectives. The first is to study raw and treated water qualities and comparing them with standards and the second is to evaluate the treatment plants efficiency. The analyzed data were those water quality parameters in relation to physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics for river water and produced water by seven water treatment plants located on Tigris River passing through Baghdad City. The results of this study indicated that all raw water characteristic are within the surface water standards established by Iraqi and USA criteria except Bacterial Counts. Tigris River water is of good quality to be treated at the intake of KWTP and tends to be of less quality as it flows to south of city, where it is highly polluted at intake of RWTP. The analysis of treated water quality parameters supplied by all water treatment plants indicated that most of these characteristics are within the Iraqi criteria and WHO guide lines except for the produced in RWTP. RWTP exceeded the water quality standards which recommended by WHO particularly Bacterial Counts and Turbidity. The analysis showed that all water treatment plants have little effect on the in removal of the most of inorganic chemicals pollutants, the increasing Level of Sulfate, Hardness, and Total Dissolved Solid in treated water could be related to the absence of any chemical treatment units in the conventional Baghdad water treatment works, and to the increasing of the concentration of these variables in river water. The statistical analysis had indicated that the correlation coefficient between Turbidity and Total Coliform Bacteria in river water for KWTP, EWTP and KRWTP were good, and begin to increase at other water treatment plants reaching RWTP because the water quality of the river is deteriorated as the river flow downstream in Baghdad city. Introduction Water Quality of Tigris River at Baghdad City The present average water demand in Baghdad is about 2900 million liters per day; the city is being supplied with water from Tigris River after conventional treatment (sedimentation, coagulation, filtration and chlorination) by water treatment plants. These plants are located on the banks of the Tigris River along a distance of about (50- 60) km, the quality of the Tigris water within the city area is being changed mainly due to disposal large quantities of wastewater from different sources and made it unsuitable for drinking purposes from view point of public health. Mutlak [1] performed a surveying along Tigris River passing therough Baghdad city during the year 1977 and 1978, he evaluated the suitability of the river for different purposes, he concluded that bacterial counts of Tigris River exceeded the standard recommended for various purposes. Al-Masri [2] evaluated some pollutants concentration in Tigris River through Baghdad city, the results have indicated that concentrations of total hardness, Sulfate University of Baghdad College of Engineering Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Removal of asasbn sdfs fs f sf sdfsdfsdf fsdfsdfsdfs fsdfsdfsd 2 IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) and Calcium exceeded the permissible limits established by the GDHE. Abu-Hammdeh [3] had studied Tigris water quality and treated water at the water treatment plants in Baghdad city. His study aimed to find out the suitability of Tigris water quality for the use as a source for drinking water, the study indicate that Tigris water was classified as a good and suitable source for drinking water in KWTP and EWTP intakes, and it was classified as a polluted and heavy polluted source in the other intakes. Thus, its unsuitable to de used as a source for drinking water by using conventional water treatment plant and advanced treatment are required. Nawar [4] had studied the variation of salty ions in Tigris River as it pass through Baghdad city during period 1990-1999. the results indicated that the maximum concentration of total hardness and Sulfate in Tigris River are above the allowable limits for (WHO, 1984) drinking water standards. The area of study is Baghdad city, in which seven water treatment plants located on Tigris River are to be studied as follow (Al-Karkh, East Dijlah, Karama, Wathba, Qadisiya, Doura and Al-Rasheed) see Fig. 1. The Water Quality Parameters selected in this study are Color, Temperature, Turbidity, Total Solids, Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solid, and Total Hardness as CaCo3, Alkalinity as CaCO3, PH, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Aluminum, Iron, Fluoride, Total Coliform Bacteria and Fecal Coliform Bacteria. The analyzed data were these water quality data for raw water (River water near intake) and those of the produced water by the plants during the year 2004. Raw Water Quality Criteria The Iraqi Directorate General of Human Environment set in 1967 [3] the limits of regulation of rivers and public waters from the pollution No.25, these criteria have been compared with those of U.S.A. set by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration [5] Table 1. Drinking Water Quality Standards Drinking Water Quality Standards are used as measures to ensure high quality of drinking water supplies World Health Organization WHO [5] set down guidelines for drinking water which are intended to supersede both the European and International Standards, this standard are shown in Table 1. Objectives The main objective of this study are the following:- 1. Evaluate raw and produced water quality among comparison with raw and drinking water standard respectively. 2. Obtain some useful regression equations for Total Coliform Bacteria production from turbidity which is easily obtained. Data Collection:- Data of this study were collected from the routine chemical and bacteriological water analysis data carried out by the laboratory of quality control of Baghdad Water Supply Administration for the year 2004. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 20 21 23 26 2728 29 25 24 22 19 18 15 31 30 East of Tigris Baghdad tourst island A rm y canal Ti gr is riv er D iy a la r iv e r K h a ir riv e r Boundary of Baghdad city 0 5 10km St. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-31 EAST OF TIGRIS AL-KARAMA PLANT AL-WATHBA PLANT AL-KADISSIA PLANT AL-DORRA PLANT AL-WIHDA PLANT AL-RASHEED PLANT WASTE SEWAGES St. Fig. (1) Location of water treatment plants and waste sewages along Tigris River passing through Baghdad City upstrream RWTP. (after Al-Masri, 1986) Fig. 1: Location of Water Treatment Plants and Waste Sewages along Tigris River passing through Baghdad City upstream RWTP. (after Al-Masri, 1986) IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Table 1 Raw and Treated Water Quality Standards [3,14and15] Constituent or Characteristic Units Raw Water Treated Water Iraqi- Criteria U.S.A. Criteria Iraqi Stand. WHO GL 1984 Physical Color TCU Normal 10 15 Temperature C Turbidity NTU <10 5 Inorganic chemical Total Solid TS Mg/L Suspended Solid TSS Mg/L Total Dissolved Solid TDS Mg/L 1500 1000 Total Hardness TH Mg/L Narrative 500 500 Alkalinity Mg/L Narrative 170-200 Hydrogen-ion- Cons. PH PH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.8-8.5 6.5-8.5 Calcium Ca Mg/L 200 Magnesium Mg Mg/L 50-150 Chlorid CL Mg/L 200+ 250 200-600 250 Sulfate SO4 Mg/L 200+ 250 200-400 400 Nitrate NO3 Mg/L 15 10 20 10 Nitrite NO2 Mg/L 0.1 Aluminium Al Mg/L 0.1 0.2 0.2 Iron Fe Mg/L 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 Fluoride F Mg/L 0.02+ Narrative 1.0 1.5 Bacteriological Coliform bacteria TC MPN/100ml 10000 0-5 Fecal Coliform FC = 2000 <1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Raw Water Quality The results clearly indicate that most raw water characteristics (physical and chemical variables) are within the permissible limits established by Iraqi Directorate General of Human Environment, Ministry of Health, GDHE, and Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Physical properties of Raw Water: The Color of the raw water is less than 5 CU indicates the non-necessity the color reduction process in the treatment plant operation. Average monthly reading of raw water Temperature is ranging from 12C-32C; temperature is the major environmental factor that affects the survival of bacteria in water. The temperature increase leads to kill most of the Bacteria especially in summer time, while its survival chances increase in low temperature, Evison [6] The raw water turbidity had shown a high variation during winter, and low variation in summer, it is ranging from 20NTU to 314NTU, Turbidity is caused by the presence of suspended matter such as clay, silt, organic matter, and inorganic matter, it can carry nutrient to support microbial growth, clay and suspended matter can form a case to protect bacteria from the effect of sunlight and salinity, Lechevallier [7] Inorganic Chemical The monthly analysis of the inorganic chemical in raw water show that all the analyzed parameter were within permissible limits except Sulfate, the maximum concentration of Sulfate was 309 ppm in QWTP while the minimum Sulfate was 69ppm in KWTP (Table 2 to Table 8). The values recorded near intake of KWTP were the lowest values because KWTP is located upstream of AL-Thrathar Tigris Canal Junction, For this reason the values of all parameter had increased at all water treatment plants which is downstream AL-Thrathar Tigris Canal Junction. Bacterial Analysis: The behaviors of Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) bacteria in river water passing through Baghdad city have been shown in Fig. 2 to Fig. 3. It could be noticed from both figures that there is a big differences between KWTP and RWTP in bacterial densities, the first station is located in the northern part of the city (the inlet of the river) while the second station RWTP is located in the southern part of the city (the outlet of the river). Maximum and minimum monthly average for TC at KWTP 300 MPN/100ml and 100 MPN/100ml respectively while at RWTP they were 130000 MPN/100ml and 2000 MPN/100ml. Maximum and minimum monthly average for FC at KWTP 130and 80 respectively while at RWTP they were 110000 MPN/100ml and 1800 MPN/100ml, Removal of asasbn sdfs fs f sf sdfsdfsdf fsdfsdfsdfs fsdfsdfsd 4 IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Distance (km) F e c a l C o li fo r m B a c te r ia ( M P N /1 0 0 m l) Permissible Limits 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Distance (km) T o ta l C o li fo r m B a c te r ia ( M P N /1 0 0 m l) Permissible Limits bacterial counts recorded at RWTP were 330 times for TC higher that recorded at KWTP. Presence of Total Coliform bacteria in surface waters indicates any one or combination of three sources: wastes of man, farm animals, or soil erosion, Hammer [8] TC and FC counts were more than the permissible levels in most months for all stations, so it is concluded there is a tendency of increasing bacterial counts in the river through Baghdad city, this increase is due to the effect of wastewater disposal to the river or the river water carried extra counts of bacteria with turbidity by the effect of runoff and intermittent rainfall occurring up stream. Fig. 2: Annual average of Total Coliform Bacteria versus distance at Baghdad City for year 2004. Fig. 3: Annual average of Fecal Coliform Bacteria versus distance at Baghdad City for year 2004. Treated Water Quality The analysis of treated water quality characterized supplied by seven water treatment plants are summarized in (Table 2 to Table 8), most of these characteristic were within Iraqi standards and WHO guidelines, the results are briefly described below: Physical Properties of Treated Water The treated water color was 5CU for all stations. The treated water has a Temperature ranged from 12C to 32C with an average 22C.Temperature test dose not carry any significance because there is no treatment which can be imparted to control the temperature in any water supply project. The most desirable temperature for water supply is between 10C to 15C. Temperatures above 25C are undesirable, Gurcharan & Jagdish[8] The average monthly Turbidity for treated water in Baghdad was less than 5NTU, except for RWTP; the average Turbidity level in RWTP was 20NTU. The turbidity of supply water is mostly used as a measure of water quality in water treatment plants, the desirable level less or equal to 1NTU was recommended by WHO and up to 5NTU will indicate inadequate efficiency of treatment plant and possibly correlate with increased total Coliform bacteria, McCay and Olson [9] Inorganic Chemical The monthly analysis of inorganic chemicals in treated water show that all the analyzed parameters were within permissible limits except Sulfate. The average monthly of Sulfate concentration of produced water was greater than the favourable level of 200mg/L (Iraqi Standard) In KRWTP (206.5mg/L), WWTP (209mg/L), QWTP (226.5mg/L), DWTP (228.5mg/L) and RWTP (200.5mg/L),(Table 2 to Table 8). The majority of Sulfates are soluble in water, Aluminium Sulfate, which is extensively used as flocculant's for water treatment may add 20-50 mg used as Sulfate per litre to the final water, since Sulfate is not removed from water by conventional water treatment method. High Sulfate concentration in water may contribute to the corrosion of metals in the distribution system, particularly in water having low alkalinity, Hammer [10] The increasing level of Sulfate, Hardness, and Total Dissolved Solid in treated water could be related to the absence of any chemical treatment units in Baghdad water treatment works and increasing the concentration of these variables in river water. IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Bacterial Analysis Bacterial counts of all station for both TC and FC when compared with the drinking permissible levels were indicated that TC and FC bacteria counts at all station were below the permissible levels except in DWTP and RWTP (Table 2 to Table 8). The selection of adequate raw water intake location has been regarded as a major or almost essential "first line of defence" against the transmission of water-born diseases, Twort [11], RWTP has the highest TC and FC counts are due to direct effect of wastewater discharged from untreated Karada sewage 500m upstream the RWTP intake. Table 2 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for Al-Karkh (KWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 17 27 22 16 27 21.5 Turbidity 47.5 345 196.25 0.9 5.1 3.0 Inorganic chemical TS 266 380 323 264 393 328.5 TSS 45 260 152.5 17 26 21.5 TDS 251.52 378.88 315.2 241.92 360.96 301.44 T.H 216 562 389 216 273 244.5 Alkalinity 118 144 131 116 142 129 PH 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.5 Ca 52 60 58 52 60 56 Mg 20 29 24.5 20 29 24.5 CL 26 47 36.5 25 48 36.5 SO4 69 140 104.5 70 140 105 NO3+NO2 - - - - - - Al 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.15 0.12 Fe 0.49 3.68 2.085 0.02 0.06 0.04 F 0.09 0.14 0.115 0.09 0.14 0.115 Bacterial Analysis TC 100 300 200 - - - FC 80 130 105 - - - Table 3 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for East of Dijlah (EWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 13 28 12 28 20 Turbidity 118 28 73 1.0 3.0 2.0 Inorganic chemical TS 270 487 378.5 290 475 282.5 TSS 42 261 151.5 16 26 21 TDS 332.8 570.3 451.5 326.4 556.2 441.3 T.H 232 710 471 234 296 265 Alkalinity 139 147 143 130 141 135.5 PH 7.8 8.1 7.95 7.4 7.7 7.55 Ca 60 75 67.5 58 72 65 Mg 20 30 25 20 29 24.5 CL 42 75 58.5 39 69 54 SO4 139 210 174.5 129 194 161.5 NO3+NO2 0.223 0.526 0.375 0.12 0.44 0.28 Al 0.01 0.02 0.015 0.08 0.17 0.12 Fe 0.7 1.9 1.3 0.03 0.07 0.05 F 0.1 0.22 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.08 Bacterial Analysis TC 1700 3000 2350 - - - FC 1400 300 850 - - - Removal of asasbn sdfs fs f sf sdfsdfsdf fsdfsdfsdfs fsdfsdfsd 6 IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Table 4 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for Al-Karama (KRWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 11 30 20.5 12 30 21 Turbidity 26.5 109 67.75 2.4 5.9 4.15 Inorganic chemical TS 304 538 421 328 536 432 TSS 61 203 132 18 29 23.5 TDS 416.64 641.92 529.28 413.4 4 632.32 522.88 T.H 268 895 581.5 258 373 315.5 Alkalinity 127 158 142.5 125 156 140.5 PH 7.0 8.1 7.55 7.5 7.9 7.7 Ca 64 103 83.5 62 101 81.5 Mg 20 33 26.5 20 32 26 CL 55 86 70.5 54 86 70 SO4 157 260 208.5 155 258 206.5 NO3+NO2 0.822 1.16 0.991 1.1 1.49 1.295 Al 0.01 0.13 0.07 0.06 0.18 0.12 Fe 0.21 3.7 1.96 0.01 0.45 0.23 F 0.14 0.25 0.195 0.08 0.19 0.135 Bacterial Analysis TC 1000 13000 7000 - - - FC 800 11000 5900 - - - Table 5 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for Al-Wathba (WWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 12 30 21 12 30 21 Turbidity 20 118 69 1.0 2.7 1.85 Inorganic chemical TS 371 537 454 376 539 457.5 TSS 44 392 218 18 33 25.5 TDS 372.48 572.16 472.32 376.5 574.5 475.84 T.H 252 871 561.5 255 396 325.5 Alkalinity 131 170 150.5 123 163 143.0 PH 7.7 8.1 7.9 7.1 7.8 7.45 Ca 67 111 89 67 111 89 Mg 22 35 28.5 22 35 28.5 CL 44 83 63.5 45 84 64.5 SO4 155 275 215 142 276 209 NO3+NO2 0.44 3.7 2.07 0.45 3.4 1. 925 Al 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.17 0.105 Fe 0.02 3.8 1.91 0.01 0.10 0.055 F 0.09 0.24 0.165 0.08 0.11 0.095 Bacterial Analysis TC 1000 13000 7000 - - - FC 800 11000 5900 - - - IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Table 6 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for Al-Qadisiya (QWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 13 30 21.5 13 31 22 Turbidity 39 161 94 1.7 3.55 2.62 Inorganic chemical TS 391 635 513 401 637 519 TSS 49 360 204.5 15 31 23 TDS 386.56 663.04 524.8 401.9 664.96 533.44 T.H 259 873 566 267 387 327 Alkalinity 132 167 149.5 124 161 142.5 PH 7.9 8.1 8 7.5 7.8 7.65 Ca 64 109 86.5 67 109 88 Mg 26 33 29.5 25 33 29 Cl 47 93 70 49 93 71 SO4 141 309 225 146 307 226.5 NO3+NO2 0.562 0.187 0.375 0.541 0.612 0.577 Al 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.20 0.14 Fe 0.34 2.9 1.62 0.04 0.15 0.09 F 0.08 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.16 0.12 Bacterial Analysis TC 2300 22000 12150 - - - FC 1500 16000 8750 - - - Table 7 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for Al-Doura (DWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 11 29 20 12 27 19.5 Turbidity 43 293 168 0.8 2.0 1.4 Inorganic chemical TS 407 587 497 412 585 498.5 TSS 47 384 215.5 15 28 21.5 TDS 368.64 638.08 503.36 360.32 638.72 499.52 T.H 262 869 565.5 263 391 327 Alkalinity 134 168 151 125 160 142.5 PH 7.5 8.2 7.85 7.2 7.7 7.45 Ca 66 113 89.5 67 113 90 Mg 24 32 28 23 36 29.5 CL 51 88 69.5 51 88 69.5 SO4 168 292 230 170 287 228.5 NO3+NO2 0.443 0.447 0.445 0.001 0.691 0.345 Al 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.2 0.14 Fe 0.15 3.4 1.77 0.01 0.54 0.275 F 0.08 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.10 Bacterial Analysis TC 10000 95000 52500 - - - FC 9000 80000 44500 - - - Removal of asasbn sdfs fs f sf sdfsdfsdf fsdfsdfsdfs fsdfsdfsd 8 IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Table 8 Max., Min. and Average Monthly Raw and Treated Water Quality Parameters for Al-Rasheed (RWTP) Water Treatment Plant (2004) Constituent Raw Water Treated Water Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Physical Properties Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Temperature 14 32 23 14 32 23 Turbidity 34 250 142 4 36 206+ Inorganic chemical TS 365 558 461.5 400 560 480 TSS 51 540 295.5 18 31 24.5 TDS 380.16 629.76 504.96 390.4 645.12 517.76 T.H 250 965 607.5 265 384 324.5 Alkalinity 137 162 149.5 129 155 142.0 PH 7.6 8.2 7.9 7.4 7.8 7.6 Ca 62 105 83.5 63 109 86 Mg 24 33 28.5 23 34 28.5 CL 44 88 66 46 89 67.5 SO4 148 258 203 132 269 200.5 NO3+NO2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.001 1.0 0.5 Al 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.24 0.17 Fe 0.1 6.0 3.05 0.01 0.54 0.032 F 0.11 0.26 0.18 0.06 0.21 0.135 Bacterial Analysis TC 2000 130000 66000 - - - FC 2000 110000 56000 - - - Evaluation of Water Treatment Plant Efficiency The quality of treated water is generally associated with the efficiency of water treatment plants when treated water contains salts or turbidity or organisms, more than recommended level this may inadequate treatment. The results of study showed that all water treatment plants has little effect on most of the water constituents. TDS is a measure of all solids impurities other than suspended this including salts of Ca, Mg, SO4, CL, CO3, HCO3, the percent removal of TDS in all water treatment plants were less than 4% except in WWTP and QWTP the percent removal of TDS less than zero(in minus). The percent removal of Hardness was ranged between (37.1-47.2) and Alkalinity was ranged between (1.4_5.6) and the percentage removal of SO4 was ranged between (0.95-7.45) and less than zero in KWTP and QWTP and DWTP, while the percentage removal of CL was ranged between (0.7-7.69) and zero in KWTP and DWTP while less than zero in WWTP and QWTP and RWTP (Table 9). Total Dissolved Solids is homogeneously dispersed in the liquid, dissolved solids can be simple atoms (as small as 0.2 μm) or complex molecular compounds up to about 1mm in size, dissolved solids are present in the a liquid in one phase and cannot be removed from the water without accomplishing a phase change such as distillation, precipitation, adsorption, or extraction, Mackenzie & David [9] Although the percentage monthly of NO3, AL, F, Fe concentration were low in raw water and treated water but the percent removal of these parameters were not high except Iron (Table 9). It is obvious that all water treatment plants were not efficient in removing pollutant especially inorganic chemical from raw water for many reasons: 1. The deficit in performance of water treatment plants depend on other factors in additional to source quality like design criteria, management of treated works, quantities of treated water, plant operations, and schedule maintains work. 2. The load on the water treatment plants was reduced their efficiency, the population of Baghdad increase so must water production increased but capacity of water treatment plants remains the same. 3. Conventional method for treated raw water was not enough to remove all inorganic chemicals; water treatment plants has needed to additional unit (chemical treatment unit) in order to remove those parameters. 4. Tigris River water tends to be less quality as it flows to south of city, where it is highly polluted. IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Table 9 Evaluation of Water Treatment Plants Efficiency Constituent Percent Removal Al- Karkh East Dijlah Al-Karama Al- Wathba Al- Qadisi ya Al- Doura Al- Rasheed Turbidity 98.47 97.26 97.32 93.87 97.21 99.17 85.92 TS -1.702 25.363 -2.612 -0.770 -1.169 -0.30 -4.008 TSS 85.573 86.138 82.196 88.3 88.753 90.023 91.70 TDS 4.365 2.267 1.209 -0.745 -1.646 0.763 -2.535 T.H 37.146 47.211 45.74 42.06 42.226 42.175 46.584 Alkalinity 1.526 3.244 1.4 4.983 4.68 5.6 5.0 Ca 3.448 3.704 2.395 zero 1.734 -0.558 -2.99 Mg zero zero 1.886 zero 1.69 -5.357 zero CL zero 7.692 0.7 -1.574 1.428 zero -2.27 SO4 -0.40 7.449 0.95 2.790 -0.66 0.652 1.2 NO3 - 0.253 0.402 7.0 -0.53 22.47 28.97 Al -51.16 -7.0 -0.71*100 -9.5 -6*100 -6*100 -16*100 Fe 98 96.15 88.23 95.02 94.44 98.8 98.9 F zero 50 30.76 42.42 zero 10.0 25.0 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS In this study the Statistical Analysis which carried out was the correlation and regression analysis, they are commonly used to interpret the relationships between two or more variables and to develop statistical models. The relationship that exits between Turbidity (dependent variable) associated with a given value of the (independent variable) Total Coliform Bacteria for raw water at intake of all water treatment plants. Regression and correlation analysis for these data were conducted several models were analyzed using computer software (Excel, SPSS) to obtain best coefficient of correlations. The exponential model used for single regression analysis was:- Exponential model c x ebay * Where:- y: - dependent variable. x: - independent variable. a, b, c: - regression coefficients The correlation coefficients between Turbidity and Total Coliform Bacteria in river water for KWTP, EWTP and KRWTP were good 0.73, 0.76 and 0.76 respectively but the results reflected high correlation coefficient for other water treatment plants (Table 10 and Fig. 5 to Fig. 11), because the source of bacteria at north of Baghdad was probably the intermittent rainfall and storm water runoff, surface water generally contain suspended and colloidal solids from land erosion, decaying vegetation, and micro- organisms, Hammer [8]. However the additional bacteria at other water treatment plants were affected by the bacteriological pollutants, which increased by waste water discharged directly to the river or by storm networks systems, which are combined illegally to the sewerage systems or by the overflow from some sewerage pump stations. Table 10 the coefficients of the regression function and the correlation coefficients for all Water Treatment Plants. tation r 2 Adj. r 2 a b c Equation KWTP 0.73 0.54 81.47 1.55x10 -4 20.95 Exponential EWTP 0.76 0.40 43.38 3.42x10 -10 53.69 Exponential KRWTP 0.76 0.40 47.15 7.93x10 -5 829.64 Exponential WWTP 0.92 0.81 30.17 0.48 2507.78 Exponential QWTP 0.95 0.87 47.06 86x10 -5 1996.78 Exponential DWTP 0.98 0.97 50.14 2.19x10 -5 5855.37 Exponential RWTP 0.95 0.93 8.92 31.75 62647.13 Exponential Fig. 5: Coefficients of the Regression function and Correlation Coefficients for KWTP . Exponential Equation (a,b,c) r^2=0.73744591 DF Adj r^2=0.54053034 FitStdErr=62.177713 Fstat=7.0218474 a=81.47382 b=0.00015547951 c=-20.952004 100 150 200 250 300 Total Caliform Bacteria NPN/100ml 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 T u rb id it y N T U 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 T u rb id it y N T U Removal of asasbn sdfs fs f sf sdfsdfsdf fsdfsdfsdfs fsdfsdfsd 10 IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Fig. 7: Coefficients of the Regression function and Correlation Coefficients for KRWTP Fig. 8: Coefficients of the Regression function and Correlation Coefficients for WWTP Fig. 9 Coefficients of the Regression function and Correlation Coefficients for QWTP Fig. 10: Coefficients of the Regression function and Correlation Coefficients for DWTP. . Exponential Equation (a,b,c) r^2=0.76072419 DF Adj r^2=0.40181048 FitStdErr=13.395059 Fstat=4.7689163 a=47.156038 b=7.9311707e-05 c=-829.64822 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 Total Coliform Bacteria NPN/100ml 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T u rb id it y N T U 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T u rb id it y N T U . Exponential Equation (a,b,c) r^2=0.92528026 DF Adj r^2=0.81320064 FitStdErr=12.582378 Fstat=18.575016 a=30.17789 b=0.4868841 c=-2507.7808 0 5000 10000 15000 Total Coliform Bacteria NPN/100ml 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 T u rb id it y N T U 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 T u rb id it y N T U Exponential Equation (a,b,c) r^2=0.95091966 DF Adj r^2=0.87729914 FitStdErr=13.575717 Fstat=29.062134 a=47.065819 b=0.0018676847 c=-1996.7875 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Total Caliform Bacteria NPN/100ml 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 T u rb id it y N T U 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 T u rb id it y N T U Exponential Equation (a,b,c) r^2=0.98673107 DF Adj r^2=0.97876972 FitStdErr=10.82648 Fstat=223.09213 a=50.140818 b=2.1933694e-05 c=-5855.3767 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 Total Caliform Bacteria NPN/100ml 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 T u r b id it y N T U 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 T u r b id it y N T U IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) Fig. 11: Coefficients of the Regression function and Correlation Coefficients for RWTP. CONCLUSIONS 1. Results indicated that Sulfate is the major problem of Baghdad water treatment works south of Tharthar Canal, the average level of Sulfate concentration of produced water for all water treatment plants than the favourable level of 200 mg/L. 2. Inorganic chemicals under study are not affected by the treatment process and the concentration are the same in both river water and drinking water for Alkalinity, Calcium, Magnesium, and Chloride, but few increases in the concentration of Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, and Sulfate, in treated water due to the addition of Alum to the water during the coagulation process, and to the absence of any chemical treatment units in Baghdad water treatment works. 3. Water characteristics at RWTP exceeded the water quality standards which recommended by WHO particularly Bacterial counts and Turbidity, because RWTP with draws raw water of higher bacteria counts as compared with other water treatment plants. 4. The source of Bacterial counts at station (north of Baghdad) was probably to intermittent rainfall and storm water runoff as well as other sources, however the additional bacteria at RWTP can be considered due to wastewater disposed from pollution sources upstream this station. 5. The correlation coefficient between Turbidity and Total Coliform Bacteria in river water were good at KWTP, EWTP and KRWTP while the correlation coefficient began to increase at other water treatment plants due to waste water disposed from pollution sources upstream this stations. REFERENCE 1. Abu Hamdeh, M. R. M., 2000, "Study of Tigris water quality and treated water at the water treatment plant for Baghdad city", M.Sc. thesis, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad. 2. Al-Masri,N.A.,1986,"Quality of Tigris River Water at Baghdad and Suitability for Drinking Purposes" Proceeding of Fourth Scientific Conference, Biological Sciences, Scientific Conference, Baghdad, Vol.5,Part 2,pp.375-391. 3. Directorate General of Human Environment, 1988. "The new limits of the regulation of River and Public Waters from the Pollution No.25 for Year 1967", Ministry of Health Environ. Laws”, PP.29- 37. 4. Evison,L.M.,1988,"Comparative Studies on the Survival of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens in fresh Sea Water"Water Science Technology, Vol.20,No.12,pp305-315 5. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1972, "Water Quality Criteria", Report of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior. 6. Gurcharan S. & Jadish S.1994, "Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering" Standard Publishers Distributors. 7. Lechevallier, M.W.&T.M. Evans & R.J. Seidler, 1981, "Effect of Turbidity on Chlorination Efficiency" ,Environmental Microbiology,Vol.42,No.1. 8. Hammer, M.J., 1977, "Water and wastewater Technology" by John Wily & sons, Inc Exponential Equation (a,b,c) r^2=0.94911095 DF Adj r^2=0.93002755 FitStdErr=19.659903 Fstat=83.927661 a=8.9291132 b=31.756262 c=-62647.134 0 50000 1e+05 1.5e+05 Total Caliform Bacteria NPN/100ml 0 50 100 150 200 250 T u rb id it y N T U 0 50 100 150 200 250 T u rb id it y N T U Removal of asasbn sdfs fs f sf sdfsdfsdf fsdfsdfsdfs fsdfsdfsd 12 IJCPE Vol.9 No.3 (September 2008) 9. Mackenzie L. Davis & David A.Cornwell,1991, "Introduction to Environmental Engineering", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. 10. McCay W.F & B.H.Olson, 1986. "Relationship among Turbidity, Particle Counts and Bacteriological Quality within Water Distribution lines." Water Research, Vol. 20, No.8, PP.1023- 1029 11. Mutlak, S. M., 1980, "Microbiological, Physical and Chemical Characteristic of Tigris River", Technical Bulletin, No. 10, Scientific Research Foundation – Baghdad. 12. Nawar, O. A. N., 2001, "Variation of Salinity Indication Parameters of Tigris River in Baghdad City (1990-1999)", M.Sc. thesis, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad. 13. Table Curve 2D v5.0, 2000, AISN Software, USA. 14. Twort, A.C., F.M. Law & F.W. Crowley, 1985, "Water supply", Edward Arnold Ltd., London. 15. World Health Organization,1984,"Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality-Health Criteria and other supporting information" Vol.2.