Available online at http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq and www.iasj.net 

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum 
 Engineering  

Vol.22 No.4 (December 2021) 11 – 17 
EISSN: 2618-0707, PISSN: 1997-4884 

 

 Corresponding Authors:  Name: Haider Abbas, Email: haider_abbas3000@yahoo.com, Name: Ammar S. Abbas, Email: 

ammarabbas@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq  
IJCPE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 

 

Adsorption of Flagyl on Prepared Ash from Rice Husk 

 
Haider Abbas and Ammar S. Abbas 

 
Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering - University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 

 

Abstract 

 
   In recent years, it has been evident that searching for alternative methods with low-price and eco-friendly features that produce 

high-quality adsorbents is in high demand. In the present work, rice husk from Iraqi rice named (Amber) had been used as the 

primary source to produce rice husk ash (RHA) for the removal of the antibiotic metronidazole (Flagyl) from water. After good 

drying of rice husk, RHA was obtained at 600 °C using an electric oven. RHA has been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), 

porosity, and surface area. The adsorption data of the experimental work were optimized to assess Langmuir and Freundlich's 

constants. The thermodynamic parameters is likely a change in (Gipp’s energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°)). The 

impacts of increasing temperature on adsorption capacity were investigated using variant temperatures (25, 30, 45,65), and the results 

revealed that the dynamic adsorption data could be represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The observed values for 

the heat of adsorption as well as the free energy were revealed that the adsorption process of Flagyl on RHA favors high 

temperatures. 
        
Keywords: Amber rice, Flagyl, rice husk, adsorption 
 
Received on 08/12/2021, Accepted on 29/12/2021, published on 30/12/2021 
 

https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.4.2  

 
1- Introduction 
 

   Data obtained from recent studies have recognized that 

drug manufacturing discharges and hospital effluents into 

the environment bypass the toxic concentrations [1, 2]. 

Numerous methods have been attempted to specify the 

types of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that 

constitute the highest levels of environmental hazards [3, 

4]. One of the essential medications with daily uses 

during hospitalization is antibiotics [5].  

   Studies have shown that the release of antibiotics into 

the waterier ambiance could contribute to the origination 

of bacteria with antibiotic-resistant genes [6, 7]. 

Metronidazole is a well-known antibiotic related to the 

metronidazole class, used to treat infections caused by 

anaerobic bacteria, and protozoa are among the highest 

use antibiotics [8].   

   Metronidazole is accused of resulting in phytotoxicity 

[9, 10]. Recently, several methods have been applied to 

aid in removing or at least minimizing the hazardous 

effects of such drugs using more economical materials 

[11, 12].  

   RHA has gained noticeable attention due to its 

effectiveness and being economically acceptable. [13, 14] 

As a byproduct, RHA has plentiful uses, such as 

reinforcing materials, fertilizers, fillers, covering and 

protecting materials, building material constituents, and as 

a source of silica owing to its high silica content after 

combustion (approximately 95% silica), as shown in 

Table 1 [15]. 

 

Table 1. uses of RHA [15] 
The form Commercial uses 

As ash 
Fertilizer, filler, oil absorbent, covering 
agent in steel production, adsorbent 

As a source of silica Refractory, cement production 

As silica chemicals 
Soap, 

catalysts, silicon, semi-conductor, etc 

The thermal yield of rice 

husk combustion 

Activated carbon, xylose 

 

 

   The draining and rivers of vast quantities of impurities 

wastes (such as plastics, textile, pharmaceutical 

industries, etc.) into water has been considered the most 

critical worldwide problem [16].  

   Globally, adsorption is one of the different methods 

experimented with to eliminate medical from wastewater 

and found to be very effective in terms of simplicity and 

economically low cost [17, 18].  

   Adsorption is physicochemical processing in which 

variant types of molecules will depose on a surface [19, 

20]. Variant carbons have been obtained from different 

agricultural and wood wastes, which are widely available 

and considered environmentally friendly [21-28]. 

   The current study was designed to inspect the 

preparation and characterization of RHA from Amber rice 

waste in addition to evaluating the ability of RHA to 

adsorbed Flagyl (metronidazole) from wastewater. 

 

 

 

 

http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/
http://www.iasj.net/
mailto:haider_abbas3000@yahoo.com
mailto:ammarabbas@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.4.2


H. A. and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22,4 (2021) 11 - 17 

 

 

12 
 

2- Experimental Work 

 
2.1. Preparation and Investigation of RHA 

Characterization 

 
   The raw materials, the Iraqi rice husk named (Amber) at 

the beginning were washed several times with (deionized 

water) distilled water for removing dust, dirt, and other 

impurities then it all have been removed, but before that, 

it will be weighted and then drying process had been 

applied for 6 hours using the dryer at 100 °C to ensure 

that any humidity has been removed, dried rice husk was 

separated to take the weight and placed in diluted acid for 

24 hours, After that the drying process was returned to 

ensure that any humidity has been removed, the resultant 

had been applied in a furnace at 600 °C for 6 hours to 

convert a solid RHA. The RHA properties have been 

checked by XRD, porosity, and BET surface area. 

The prepared RHA was investigated using XRD in the 

Ministry of Industry, and Minerals, the Chemical and 

Petrochemical Center. Crystallinity was examined while 

the pores volume of the RHA, as well as the surface area, 

were determined using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) 

method. The later method was performed using surface 

area apparatus analyzer-Q surf series.  

2.2. Adsorption of Flagyl 

   A 500 mg/L (ppm) stock solution of Flagyl was made 

by dissolving the calculated quantities of Flagyl in 

deionized water. The study was established using 500 ml 

conical flasks by mixing a previously weighed amount of 

Flagyl with the 1-gram of RHA. An agitation has been 

applied to the solution at 300 rpm with a stirrer at a pre-

specified temperature for every run (25, 30, 40, and 50 

°C). After shaking, the mixtures were centrifuged and 

filtrated. The time interval for reading was (5, 

15,25,35,45,60,75,90, and 420 minutes). The Flagyl 

concentration was measured at 336 nm as the absorbance 

wavelength by UV-VIS apparatus Recording 

Spectrophotometer (UV-160A) presented in the Chemical 

Engineering Department, College of Engineering, 

University of Baghdad.  

The adsorption capacity, which refers to the quantity of 

the adsorbed Flagyl per weight of the adsorbent (rice ash) 

at equilibrium (qe, mg/g) was computed using Equation 

(1). The Flagyl removal trend was determined by 

Equation (2). 

 

 e o e
V

q C C
m

                                                                    (1) 

Flagyl removal, %= 100%o t

o

C C

C


                    (2)       

 

Where 𝑞𝑒 refers to the capacity of equilibrium adsorption 
of the adsorbent (in mg/g) while 𝐶𝑜 , 𝐶𝑡and 𝐶𝑒 in (mg/L) 
represent the initial, at any time, and the final 

concentrations of Flagyl, respectively. V represents the 

volume of adsorption, which has the unit of L, and m that 

has the unit (g) refers to the weight of RHA consumed. 

2.3. Kinetics Models and Adsorption Isotherms  

 

   The concept of adsorption isotherms demonstrates the 

tendency of interaction that occurs between the adsorbates 

and adsorbents. The currently used method of two-

parameter isotherms was chosen to illustrate the precise 

amount of the adsorbed Flagyl on the prepared RHA. The 

adsorption models that were used were Langmuir 

(Equation (3)) [29] and Freundlich (Equation (4)) [30]. 

 

max

1

L e
e

L e

q K C
q

K C



                                                           (3) 

 
1

n
e F e

q K C                                                                    (4) 

 

Where 𝑞𝑒 refers to the adsorption capacity (in mg) of the 
adsorbate per each gram of adsorbent, 𝐶𝑒 is the 
concentration of Flagyl at equilibrium in (mg/L), 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 is 
the maximum capacity of adsorption to produce a 

superficial monolayer on the rice ash surface in (mg/g). 

𝐾𝐿 presents Langmuir coefficient associated with the 
degree of affinity between the adsorbate and adsorbent in 

(L/mg), while 𝐾𝐹 refers to the Freundlich coefficient, and 
n refers to the total numbers of multilayers produced. 

   Two models [31], which are pseudo-first-order 

(Equation 5), and pseudo-second-order (Equation 6) were 

performed to show the variation in the capacity of 

adsorption with time.  

 

  1e t eln q q lnq k t                                                (1) 

2

1

t e e

t t

q k q q
                                                              (2) 

 

Where 𝑞𝑒 , and 𝑞𝑡 (in mg/g) refer to the capacity of 
adsorption at equilibrium and at any time (t), respectively. 

The adsorption rates constant 𝑘1 in (1/min) is used for 
pseudo-first-order, while the adsorption rate constants 𝑘2 
in (g/mg. min), and 𝑘3 in (mg/(g.min

0.5
)) are used for 

pseudo-second order reaction.  

   

By maximizing the correlation coefficient (R
2
), all the 

observational values of the isothermal and kinetics 

models were calculated numerically. (Equation (7)) [32]. 

 

 

   

2

exp
2 1

2 2

exp exp

1 1

n

cal

i

n n

cal cal

i i

q q

R

q q q q



 





  



 

                                     (3) 

 

   In Equation (7), 𝑞𝑒𝑥𝑝 and  𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑙 (in mg/g) refer to the 

experimental value and computed value (from the model) 

of the adsorption capacity, respectively. (i) refers to the 
current number of the experiment, and n refers to the 
overall numbers of the performed experiments. 

 



H. A. and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22,4 (2021) 11 - 17 

 

 

13 
 

2.4. Characterization of Thermodynamic Analysis 

 
   The thermodynamic trend of Flagyl adsorption on the 
prepared rice husk surface was inspected to calculate 

thermodynamic parameters during adsorption. The 

alterations in Gibbs free energy (∆𝐺°enthalpy (∆𝐻°) and 
entropy (∆𝑆°) had been computed by conventional 
thermodynamic equations (Equation (8) and Equation (9)) 

using the distribution coefficient (K𝑑) for determination 
of adsorption of Flagyl on the surface of the RHA 

(Equation 10) [23, 33]. 

 

G H T S                                                             (4) 
 

 ln dG RT K                                                       (5) 
 

d
K = e

e

q m

C V

 
 
 

                                                            (6) 

 

In Equation (9), R implies the gas constant (which is 

equal to 8.314 J/mol K), while T (K) refers to the absolute 

temperature used during the process of adsorption. 

 

3- Results and discussion 
  

3.1. Characterization of RHA 

  
   Analysis of the RHA using X-ray diffractograms was 

presented in Figure 1. The main peak at angles (2θ = 22° 

refers mainly to silica. However, the measured surface 

area and pore volume were equal to 148.53 m
2
/g and 

0.2540 cm
3
/g, respectively. 

 

 
Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram model of the RHA 
 

3.2.   The Pattern of Adsorption of Flagyl on The RHA 

  
a. Equilibrium and adsorption isotherms 

 
   The Flagyl removal versus different initial 

concentrations of Flagyl was represented in Table 2. The 

Flagyl (organics) removal increased with the decreasing 

of initial concentration.  

   The increase in the removal values of Flagyl molecules 

accompanied by the decrease in the initial concentration 

could be explained by the presence of competition of 

Flagyl molecules on the most predominant sites of 

adsorption, which are the pores and the surface of the 

prepared adsorbents, and this competition decreases when 

lower Flagyl concentrations were used [34]. 

 

Table 2. Flagyl removal versus initial concentrations 
Co, ppm 503 389 308 207 72 51 

Removal% 57.85 60.67 66.23 69.57 73.61 76.47 

 

   Fig. 2 showed the equilibrium adsorption capacity of 

RHA increased from 39 to 291 mg/g with an increment in 

the equilibrium concentrations from 12 ppm (obtained at a 

lower initial concentration of Flagyl) to 212 ppm.   

   These data were used to solve and obtain via the 

nonlinear regression analysis, the Langmuir and 

Freundlich isotherms, and solution results were 

summarized in Table 3. 

   The resultant data revealed that the manufactured rice 

husk possesses a maximum capacity of adsorption with 

the amount of Flagyl equal to 588.24 mg for each one 

gram of the produced rice husk.  

   The elevated value of R
2,
 which was (0.9940), indicated 

that the Langmuir model best suits the data of the 

adsorption equilibrium and the Flagyl adsorbed on the RH 

surface as a monolayer. 

 

 
Fig. 2. Flagyl concentration equilibrium effect on the 

equilibrium capacity of the prepared rice husk 

 

Table 3. Adsorption models constants and the correlation 

coefficients (R
2
) for the Flagyl removal pattern on the 

papered rice husk 
Isotherm 

model 

 parameters Value of Parameter  R
2

 

Langmuir 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥, mg/g 588.24 0.9940 

𝐾𝐿, l/mg 0.0060 
Freundlich 𝐾𝐹, mg

1-n
 l

n
/g 1.59 0.9577 

n, - 8.88 

 

 

 

 



H. A. and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22,4 (2021) 11 - 17 

 

 

14 
 

   As shown in Figure 3, the removal of Flagyl was raised 

obviously in the first hour of the experiment because the 

pores of the prepared rice husk were empty at the 

beginning. The significant difference in concentrations 

led to the rapid transfer of Flagyl molecules from liquid 

bulk to the rice husk surface. In the second period (up to 

180 minutes), the removal increased gradually because of 

the decreasing of Flagyl concentration that caused a 

decrease in the transfer driving force, and the pores were 

filled with more Flagyl that adsorbed on the RHA surface, 

and then competition increasing between Flagyl 

molecules to find an empty site. 

 

 
Fig. 3. Relationship between time and  the  pattern of 

Flagyl removal via adsorption process on RHA 
 

   The kinetic analysis obtained from the adsorption of the 

Flagyl on the rice husk was summarized in Table 4. 

   The resulted values of the R
2
 indicated that the pseudo-

second-order model (Equation 6) was well expressed in 

the data of the experiment.  

   The R
2
 data for the pseudo-second-order model ranged 

from 0.9533 to 0.9658, which demonstrated a significant 

and precise description of the resultant data of the 

experiment with the pseudo-second-order model. 

 

Table 4. Adsorption constants and correlation coefficients 

(R
2
) for the reduction of COD on the papered rice husk 

Adsorption 

kinetic 

model 

Model rate 

constant 

Model parameter value at temperature 

25 °C 30 °C 40 °C 50 °C 

Pseudo-first 

order 

𝑘1, (1/min) 0.0205 0.0168 0.0143 0.0122 

𝑞𝑒, (mg/g) 208.0961016 193.0791098 191.464038 185.6754023 

R² 0.9397 0.8999 0.878 0.8344 

Pseudo-

second 

order 

𝑘2, 
(g/mg.min) 

0.025431426 0.02417962 0.022988506 0.023144453 

𝑞𝑒, (mg/g) 357.1428571 357.1428571 357.1428571 344.8275862 

R² 0.9658 0.9614 0.9596 0.9533 

 

   Table 5 showed that the thermodynamic process of 

Flagyl removal had a positive value of ∆H (equal 1827.3 

J/mol) which means that the Flagyl adsorption increases 

as the temperature of the experiment decrease.  

   Additionally, the increasing values of ∆G with the 

temperatures imply that the adsorption favored a 

reduction in temperatures.  

   Furthermore, the resultant observations of negative 

values ∆G with the positive value of ∆S (which is equal to 

8.70 J/ mol K) refer to the spontaneous adsorption of 

Flagyl molecules on the prepared RHA. 

 

Table 5. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters and 

correlation coefficients (R
2
) for the reduction of COD on 

the papered rice husk 
Temperature, 

°C (K) 
Kd Thermodynamic parameters R

2
 

∆𝐺, 
J/mol 

∆𝐻, 
J/mol 

∆𝑆, 
J/mol K 

25 1.358 -759.1 1827.3 8.70 0.9944 

30 1.381 -813.1 

40 1.415 -904.2 

50 1.439 -977.4 

 

4- Conclusion 

 
   In the recent few decades, there has been a big deal of 

attention to produce adsorbents characterized by high 

adsorption capacity while minimizing the cost of the 

production and impurities associated with the production 

process. The present work inspected the efficiency of 

RHA as an adsorbent to remove metronidazole (Flagyl) 

molecules. The current study results revealed that the 

percent of removal of Flagyl was inversely proportional to 

their initial concentrations, i.e., the percent of removal of 

Flagyl increased as the initial concentration was 

decreased. Additionally, RHA equilibrium adsorption 

capacity was directly proportional to the equilibrium 

concentration. Moreover, the removal of Flagyl molecules 

was significantly rapid in the first hour of the adsorption 

process. The adsorption process occurred due to the 

emptiness of the RHA surface, leading to a less 

competition effect than the second period of the process 

when the concentration of Flagyl was gradually increased. 

Furthermore, the thermodynamic analysis results 

indicated the inverse relationship between the temperature 

of the process and the adsorption capacity, with the 

positive value of ∆H (1827.3 J/mol). 

 

References 

 
[1] Escher BI, Baumgartner R, Koller M, Treyer K, 

Lienert J, McArdell CS. Environmental toxicology 

and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital 

wastewater. Water research. 2011 Jan 1;45(1):75-92. 

[2] Larsson DJ. Pollution from drug manufacturing: 
review and perspectives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2014 

Nov 19;369(1656):20130571. 

[3] Boxall A. B. New and emerging water pollutants 
arising from agriculture: 2012. 

[4] Sorell TL. Approaches to the development of human 
health toxicity values for active pharmaceutical 

ingredients in the environment. The AAPS journal. 

2016 Jan 1;18(1):92-101. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541000583X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541000583X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541000583X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541000583X
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0571
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0571
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0571
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/75319/1/oecdreport.pdf
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/75319/1/oecdreport.pdf
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1208/s12248-015-9818-5
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1208/s12248-015-9818-5
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1208/s12248-015-9818-5
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1208/s12248-015-9818-5


H. A. and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22,4 (2021) 11 - 17 

 

 

15 
 

[5] Lien LT, Hoa NQ, Chuc NT, et al. Antibiotics in 
Wastewater of a Rural and an Urban Hospital before 

and after Wastewater Treatment, and the Relationship 

with Antibiotic Use-A One Year Study from Vietnam. 

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(6):588. 

Published 2016 Jun 14. doi:10.3390/ijerph13060588. 

[6] Shakti Rath, bydute kumar Dispersal of Antibiotic 
Resistant Bacteria into Aquatic Environment - An 

Overview. iMedPub Journals. 2018. 

Published:February 07, 2018. Vol.1 No.1:2. 

[7] Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Chamorro S, Marti E, Huerta B, 
Gros M, Sànchez-Melsió A, Borrego CM, Barceló D, 

Balcázar JL. Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic 

resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and 

their impact on the receiving river. Water research. 

2015 Feb 1;69:234-42. 

[8] Metronidazole: MedlinePlus Drug Information. 
Available at https://medlineplus.gov › Drugs, Herbs 

and Supplements  

[9] Pharmaceutical Wastewater Effluent-Source of 
Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Phytotoxicity of 

Metronidazole to Soybean (Glycine max). Toxics. 

2017;5(2):10. Published 2017 Apr 2. 

doi:10.3390/toxics5020010. 

[10] metronidazole:Topics by Science.gov Retrieved 
from 

https://www.science.gov/topicpages/m/metronidazole  

[11] Shraim A, Diab A, Alsuhaimi A, Niazy E, 
Metwally M, Amad M, Sioud S, Dawoud A. Analysis 

of some pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater of 

Almadinah Almunawarah. Arabian Journal of 

Chemistry. 2017 Feb 1;10:S719-29. 

[12] Nasseh I, Khodadadi M, Khosravi R, Beirami A, 
Nasseh N. Metronidazole Removal Methods from 

Aquatic Media: A Systematic Review. Annals of 

Military and Health Sciences Research. 2016;14(4).  

[13] Ahmaruzzaman M, Gupta VK. Rice husk and its 
ash as low-cost adsorbents in water and wastewater 

treatment. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 

Research. 2011 Nov 23;50(24):13589-613. 

[14] Foo KY, Hameed BH. Utilization of rice husk 
ash as novel adsorbent: a judicious recycling of the 

colloidal agricultural waste. Advances in colloid and 

interface science. 2009 Nov 30;152(1-2):39-47. 

[15] Production of high quality rice husk ash- 
Greenwich Academic literature archive (GALA). 

Retrieved from http://gala.gre.ac.uk/12130  

[16] Mulugeta M, Lelisa B. Removal of methylene 
blue (Mb) dye from aqueous solution by bioadsorption 

onto untreated Parthenium hystrophorous weed. 

Modern Chemistry & Applications. 2014 Dec 30. 

[17] S. Mondal, “Methods of dye removal from dye 
house effluent—an overview,” Environmental 

Engineering Science, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 383–396, 

2008. 

[18] Mohammed MA, Shitu A, Ibrahim A. Removal 
of methylene blue using low cost adsorbent: a review. 

Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ISSN. 

2014;2231:606X. 

[19] Ghorai S, Sarkar A, Raoufi M, Panda AB, 
Schönherr H, Pal S. Enhanced removal of methylene 

blue and methyl violet dyes from aqueous solution 

using a nanocomposite of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide 

grafted xanthan gum and incorporated nanosilica. 

ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2014 Mar 

21;6(7):4766-77. 

[20] G. Crini, “Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents 
for dye removal: a review,” Bioresource Technology, 

vol. 97, no. 9, pp. 1061–1085, 2006. 

[21] Khamparia S, Jaspal D, Malviya A. Optimization 
of adsorption process for removal of sulphonated di 

azo textile dye. Green Chemistry & Technology 

Letters. 2015 Nov 19;1(01):61-6. 

[22] Barno, Suondos KA, and Ammar S. Abbas. 
"Reduction of Organics in Dairy Wastewater by 

Adsorption on a Prepared Charcoal from Iraqi 

Sugarcane." In IOP Conference Series: Materials 

Science and Engineering, vol. 736, no. 2, p. 022096. 

IOP Publishing, 2020. 

[23] A. R. Tehrani-Bagha, H. Nikkar, N. M. 
Mahmoodi, M. Markazi, and F. M. Menger, “The 

sorption of cationic dyes onto kaolin: kinetic, isotherm 

and thermodynamic studies,” Desalination, vol. 266, 

no. 1–3, pp. 274–280, 2011.  

[24] Barno, Suondos KA, Haider J. Mohamed, Siham 
M. Saeed, Mohammed J. Al-Ani, and Ammar S. 

Abbas. "Prepared 13X Zeolite as a Promising 

Adsorbent for the Removal of Brilliant Blue Dye from 

Wastewater." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum 

Engineering 22, no. 2 (2021): 1-6. 

[25] A. S. Abbas and S. A. Hussien, “Equilibrium, 
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of Aniline 

Adsorption over Prepared ZSM-5 Zeolite,” Iraqi J. 

Chem. Pet. Eng., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 47–56, 2017. 

[26] R. K. Abid and A. S. Abbas, “Adsorption of 
organic pollutants from real refinery wastewater on 

prepared cross-linked starch by epichlorohydrin,” 

Data Br., vol. 19, pp. 1318–1326, 2018, doi: 

10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.060. 

[27] F. K. Al-Jubory, I. M. Mujtaba, and A. S. Abbas, 
“Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable 

Crosslinked Starch Ester as Adsorbent,” in 2nd 

International Conference on Materials Engineering & 

Science (IConMEAS 2019), 2020, pp. 20165–20169, 

doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000170. 

[28] Al-Jubory, F. K., I. M. Mujtaba, and A. S. 
Abbas. "Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous 

Solution Using Prepared Biodegradable Potato Cross-

linked Starch Ester." In IOP Conference Series: 

Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1076, no. 1, 

p. 012031. IOP Publishing, 2021. 

[29] I. Langmuir, “THE CONSTITUTION AND 
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND 

LIQUIDS. PART I. SOLIDS.,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 

vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2221–2295, Nov. 1916. 

[30] H. M. F. Freundlich, “Uber Die Adsorption in 
Losungen,” Zeitschrift fur Phys. Chemie-Leipzig, vol. 

57A, pp. 385–470, 1906. 

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/588
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/588
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/588
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/588
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/588
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/588
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shakti_Rath4/publication/329240218_Dispersal_of_Antibiotic_Resistant_Bacteria_into_Aquatic_Environment_-_An_Overview/links/5bfe778992851c63caae572c/Dispersal-of-Antibiotic-Resistant-Bacteria-into-Aquatic-Environment-An-Overview.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shakti_Rath4/publication/329240218_Dispersal_of_Antibiotic_Resistant_Bacteria_into_Aquatic_Environment_-_An_Overview/links/5bfe778992851c63caae572c/Dispersal-of-Antibiotic-Resistant-Bacteria-into-Aquatic-Environment-An-Overview.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shakti_Rath4/publication/329240218_Dispersal_of_Antibiotic_Resistant_Bacteria_into_Aquatic_Environment_-_An_Overview/links/5bfe778992851c63caae572c/Dispersal-of-Antibiotic-Resistant-Bacteria-into-Aquatic-Environment-An-Overview.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shakti_Rath4/publication/329240218_Dispersal_of_Antibiotic_Resistant_Bacteria_into_Aquatic_Environment_-_An_Overview/links/5bfe778992851c63caae572c/Dispersal-of-Antibiotic-Resistant-Bacteria-into-Aquatic-Environment-An-Overview.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541400791X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541400791X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541400791X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541400791X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541400791X
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004313541400791X
https://medlineplus.gov/
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/5/2/10
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/5/2/10
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/5/2/10
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/5/2/10
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/5/2/10
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/m/metronidazole
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535212002705
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535212002705
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535212002705
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535212002705
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535212002705
https://health.bums.ac.ir/dorsapax/FileManager/UserFiles/Sub_32/m333262.pdf
https://health.bums.ac.ir/dorsapax/FileManager/UserFiles/Sub_32/m333262.pdf
https://health.bums.ac.ir/dorsapax/FileManager/UserFiles/Sub_32/m333262.pdf
https://health.bums.ac.ir/dorsapax/FileManager/UserFiles/Sub_32/m333262.pdf
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie201477c
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie201477c
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie201477c
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie201477c
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001868609000906
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001868609000906
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001868609000906
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001868609000906
http://gala.gre.ac.uk/12130
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Million-Habtegebrel/publication/325398169_Removal_of_Methylene_Blue_Mb_Dye_from_Aqueous_Solution_by_Bioadsorption_onto_Untreated_Parthenium_hystrophorous_Weed/links/5b0bd4cc4585157f871b490e/Removal-of-Methylene-Blue-Mb-Dye-from-Aqueous-Solution-by-Bioadsorption-onto-Untreated-Parthenium-hystrophorous-Weed.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Million-Habtegebrel/publication/325398169_Removal_of_Methylene_Blue_Mb_Dye_from_Aqueous_Solution_by_Bioadsorption_onto_Untreated_Parthenium_hystrophorous_Weed/links/5b0bd4cc4585157f871b490e/Removal-of-Methylene-Blue-Mb-Dye-from-Aqueous-Solution-by-Bioadsorption-onto-Untreated-Parthenium-hystrophorous-Weed.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Million-Habtegebrel/publication/325398169_Removal_of_Methylene_Blue_Mb_Dye_from_Aqueous_Solution_by_Bioadsorption_onto_Untreated_Parthenium_hystrophorous_Weed/links/5b0bd4cc4585157f871b490e/Removal-of-Methylene-Blue-Mb-Dye-from-Aqueous-Solution-by-Bioadsorption-onto-Untreated-Parthenium-hystrophorous-Weed.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Million-Habtegebrel/publication/325398169_Removal_of_Methylene_Blue_Mb_Dye_from_Aqueous_Solution_by_Bioadsorption_onto_Untreated_Parthenium_hystrophorous_Weed/links/5b0bd4cc4585157f871b490e/Removal-of-Methylene-Blue-Mb-Dye-from-Aqueous-Solution-by-Bioadsorption-onto-Untreated-Parthenium-hystrophorous-Weed.pdf
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2007.0049
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2007.0049
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2007.0049
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2007.0049
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abubakar-Shitu-2/publication/285818165_Removal_of_methylene_blue_using_low_cost_adsorbent_a_review/links/59198cd8aca2722d7cfe151b/Removal-of-methylene-blue-using-low-cost-adsorbent-a-review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abubakar-Shitu-2/publication/285818165_Removal_of_methylene_blue_using_low_cost_adsorbent_a_review/links/59198cd8aca2722d7cfe151b/Removal-of-methylene-blue-using-low-cost-adsorbent-a-review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abubakar-Shitu-2/publication/285818165_Removal_of_methylene_blue_using_low_cost_adsorbent_a_review/links/59198cd8aca2722d7cfe151b/Removal-of-methylene-blue-using-low-cost-adsorbent-a-review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abubakar-Shitu-2/publication/285818165_Removal_of_methylene_blue_using_low_cost_adsorbent_a_review/links/59198cd8aca2722d7cfe151b/Removal-of-methylene-blue-using-low-cost-adsorbent-a-review.pdf
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4055657
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852405002452
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852405002452
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852405002452
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268007184.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268007184.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268007184.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268007184.pdf
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022096/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022096/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022096/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022096/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022096/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022096/meta
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916410006302
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916410006302
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916410006302
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916410006302
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916410006302
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.2.1
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.2.1
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.2.1
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.2.1
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.2.1
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2021.2.1
https://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/ijcpe/article/view/192
https://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/ijcpe/article/view/192
https://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/ijcpe/article/view/192
https://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/ijcpe/article/view/192
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918305663
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918305663
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918305663
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918305663
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918305663
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/5.0000170
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/5.0000170
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/5.0000170
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/5.0000170
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/5.0000170
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000170
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1076/1/012031/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1076/1/012031/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1076/1/012031/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1076/1/012031/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1076/1/012031/meta
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1076/1/012031/meta
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja02268a002
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja02268a002
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja02268a002
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja02268a002
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zpch-1907-5723/html
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zpch-1907-5723/html
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zpch-1907-5723/html


H. A. and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22,4 (2021) 11 - 17 

 

 

16 
 

[31] K. L. Tan and B. H. Hameed, “Insight into the 
adsorption kinetics models for the removal of 

contaminants from aqueous solutions,” J. Taiwan Inst. 

Chem. Eng., vol. 74, pp. 25–48, 2017. 

[32] D. C. Montgomery, E. A. Peck, and G. G. 
Vining, Introduction to linear regression analysis. 

Wiley, 2012. 

[33] B. Samiey and S. Farhadi, “Kinetics and 
thermodynamics of adsorption of Fuchsin acid on 

nickel oxide nanoparticles.,” Acta Chim. Slov., vol. 

60, no. 4, pp. 763–73, 2013. 

[34] L. Khenniche and F. Benissad-Aissani, 
“Adsorptive Removal of phenol by Coffee Residue 

Activated Carbon and Commercial Activated Carbon: 

Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics,” J. 

Chem. Eng. Data, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 4677–4686, 

Nov. 2010. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876107017300378
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876107017300378
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876107017300378
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876107017300378
https://journals.matheo.si/index.php/ACSi/article/view/154
https://journals.matheo.si/index.php/ACSi/article/view/154
https://journals.matheo.si/index.php/ACSi/article/view/154
https://journals.matheo.si/index.php/ACSi/article/view/154
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je100302e
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je100302e
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je100302e
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je100302e
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je100302e
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je100302e


H. A. and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22,4 (2021) 11 - 17 

 

 

17 
 

  
 امتزاز الفالجيل على سطح الرماد المحضر من قشور الرز

 
 عباس صالححيدر عباس و عمار 

 
/كلية الهندسةبغدادامعة ج  

 
 الخالصة

 
للحصول  والسعيللبيئة في عمل البحوث  والصديقةمن الواضح البحث عن الطرق الرخيصة  أصبحمؤخرا    

البحث تم  هذاالنتائج ومن ضمن  المهمة االمتصاص باستخدام مواد متوفرة و رخيصة. في  أحسنعلى 
صناعة رماد قشور الرز بمواصفات عالية المتصاص المادة الفالجيل بعد تجفيف قشور  الرز فياستخدام قشور 

. بعد الحصول على الرماد تم اجراء مئويةدرجة  600الفرن بدرجة حرارة  مباستخداالرز يتم عملية الحرق 
 ومعرفةفكرة عن خواصها مثل فحص حيود االشعة السينية  وتكوينفحوص لمعرفة قابلية المادة لالمتصاص 

 وفراندلجالسطحية للعينات. وتم استخدام طرق المعايرة للنتائج لمنحنيات لونكماير  والمساحةالفراغات البينية 
 عاليةة و عندما تكون درجات الحرارة معادالت الدرجة الثاني مباستخدااالفضل  حيث كانت جالنتائاحسن  ومعرفة

( و تم حساب االنثالبية و االنتروبية و طاقة كبس ورسم 25,30,45,65حيث استخدمت درجات الحرارة )
 العالقات لتوضيح فعالية المادة في االمتصاص.

 
 االمتزازرز العنبر، فالجيل، قشر الرز، : لدالةاالكلمات