Available online at http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq and www.iasj.net

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering

Vol.23 No.4 (December 2022) 25 – 32
EISSN: 2618-0707, PISSN: 1997-4884

Corresponding Author: Name: Hasan Ali Abbood , Email: hasan.abbood1607m@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq

IJCPE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Enhance the Properties of Lignosulfonate Mud by Adding

Nanoparticles of Aluminum Oxide and Iron Oxide

Hasan Ali Abbood and Ibtehal Kareem Shakir

Chemical Engineering Department/College of Engineering/University of Baghdad/Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

Oil well drilling fluid rheology, lubricity, swelling, and fluid loss control are all critical factors to take into account before

beginning the hole's construction. Drilling fluids can be made smoother, more cost-effective, and more efficient by investigating and

evaluating the effects of various nanoparticles including aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) on their performance. A

drilling fluid's performance can be assessed by comparing its baseline characteristics to those of nanoparticle (NPs) enhanced fluids.

It was found that the drilling mud contained NPs in concentrations of 0,0.25, 0. 5, 0.75 and 1 g. According to the results, when

drilling fluid was used without NPs, the coefficient of fraction (CoF) was 44%, when added Al2O3 NP and Fe2O3 NP at 0.75g

reduced CoF by 31% and 33% respectively. When Al2O3 and Fe2O3 NPs were used, particularly at a concentration of 1g, the amount

of mud filtration decreased from 13.5ml to 9.3 ml and 8.5 ml respectively. Additional improvements rheological properties as well as

swelling when Fe2O3NPs and Al2O3 NPs were added at 1g. Overall, it was found that adding NPs to the Lignosulfonate-WBM at a

concentration of 1g can improve rheological, swelling, and filtration properties as well as lubrication at 0.75g.

Keywords: drilling mud; nanoparticles; lubrication; rheological; swelling.

Received on 20/05/2022, Accepted on 19/07/2022, Published on 30/12/2022

https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2022.4.4

1- Introduction

Extracting oil and gas from the ground begins with

drilling. Developing this operation to its full potential will

help boost output. Drilling mud is essential to achieving

this goal. Water, oil, synthetic, and pneumatic (air-based)

drilling fluids are just a few of the many types of drilling

fluids available. The most widely used fluid is water.

About 80% of all wells are drilled with them because they

are less expensive than oil or synthetic-based fluids [1].

To maximize oil recovery and shorten the time it takes to

reach first oil, drilling fluids are an absolute necessity.

Drilling fluids can be likened to blood in the human body

because they are used in the drilling process to remove

rock. Similarly, to how the kidneys and lungs remove

waste from the body via the blood, the mud pump

removes drilling cuttings from the bottom and transports

them through drilling fluid to clean the mud before it is

used again [2]. Drilling muds are used to prevent reservoir

fluids from entering the wellbore by providing hydrostatic

pressure [3], reduce contact forces and torque between the

drill string and wellbore [4], reduce the filtration rate [5],

and transport drilling waste to the surface for cooling

purposes [6].

When it comes to the construction and completion of a

well, drilling mud is an essential consideration. Any

drilling operation's success is directly related to the

quality and efficiency of its fluid mix, as well as its cost

and environmental impact. Pipe sticking and mud loss are

two problems that can arise as a result of poor drilling

fluid design. Poor mud design can lead to other problems,

such as bit balling and borehole collapse [7].

In recent years, nanotechnology has been used to

improve the properties of NPs. This is because

Nanomaterials' ability to improve fluid performance

depends on their size and shape, which is determined by

their ability to interact with mud components. Some of the

functions of drilling fluid, such as preventing drill

cuttings and minimizing formation damage and stabilizing

the wellbore. Nanomaterials can be added to drilling

fluids to perform any of these functions [8]. Drilling fluid

problems can be solved by utilizing NPs with unusual

characteristics, such as high thermal conductivity and a

large surface area. A few of the most important

advantages of using nanoparticles in drilling fluids are

their reduced fluid loss and mud cake, as well as their

ability to remove hazardous materials and enhance heat

transfer, lubrication, and rheological properties such as

viscosity [9].

The use of Nano sized particles as an additive agent in

drilling fluid formulations has been the subject of several

experimental studies. Table 1 reports a summary of NP

behaviors on drilling fluids.

The goal of this experiment is to examine the

performance of water-based Nano muds containing Al2O3

NPs and Fe2O3 NPs and compare them to Lignosulfonate

water-based muds (WBM). A series of lab tests were used

to conduct this evaluation.

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H. A. Abbood and I. K. Shakir / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 25 - 32

Table 1. Summary of Nanoparticle Behaviors on Drilling

Fluids
Nanoparticle

types
Outcomes References

Sio2

proved the rheological and fluid

loss properties.

improved the shale inhibition.
significant reduction in filtration .

[10]
[11]

[12]

laponite Enhancement of thermal stability. [13]

TiO2
improves the thermal stability and
rheological properties.

[14]

α-MnO2 minimizing the filtration loss. [15]

ZnO

improved the rheological
behaviors and provided better

filtration control.

[16]

Al2O3

Improved the effective thermal
conductivity.

improve the rheological

properties.

[17]

[18]

Fe2O3

Developments rheological and

fluid loss properties.

improved filter cake and fluid
loss.

[19]

[20]

2- Experimental Work

2.1. Characterization of the materials

Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are two of the most widely used NPs

because of their heat transfer properties and low cost. For

this study, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 NPs were chosen as a result.

Nanjing Nano Technology and Sky Spring NPs,

respectively, served as the suppliers of Al2O3 and Fe2O3.

Nanoparticle properties are listed in Table 2 and Table 3.

Al2O3 and Fe2O3 NP morphology is shown in Fig. 1 and

Fig. 2 TEM and SEM images, respectively.

Table 2. Physical Properties of Fe2O3 NPs
Properties Typical value

Purity 99.9%

Appearance black powder

Size 20-30 nm

Ash >0.2 wt.%

Table 3. Physical Properties of Al2O3 NPs

Fig. 1. TEM Images of AL2O3NPs

Fig. 2. SEM Images of Fe2O3NPs

2.2. Methodology

The drilling fluid utilized in this study is Ferro Chrome

Lignosulphonate (FCL), which is commonly employed in

southern Iraqi oil fields. This mud is simple and quick to

prepare. According to API standards, bentonite fluid

should be prehydrated by mixing 20 grams of sodium

bentonite with 350 milliliters of fresh water for at least 20

minutes using a Hamilton Beach Mixer and letting it sit

for 16 hours. Then, add 0.5 g of caustic soda to improve

the performance of lignosulphonate and raise the PH

values. Also 1g of soda ash is used to remove the calcium

ion and improve the properties of calcium bentonite.

Lignosulfonate is used to deflocculate and control the

rheology of 1g of bentonite. The mixture is then mixed

for 20 minutes using a Hamilton Beach Mixer under

laboratory conditions, where the concentrations of Al2O3

and Fe2O3 NPs range from 0 to 1g. The fluid is then

placed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes to ensure that

the Nano particles are evenly distributed throughout the

fluid and experimental work flowchart as showing in Fig.

Fig. 3. Experimental Work Flowchart

Properties Typical value

Purity 99.9%

Appearance White powder

Size 20 nm

Ash >0.2 wt.%

H. A. Abbood and I. K. Shakir / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 25 - 32

2.3. Rheological Testing

Plastic viscosity, gel strength, filter cake thickness and

filtrate loss were some of the rheological properties

studied for the prepared muds. Mud viscosity and gel

strength (10 sec and 10 min) were measured using a Van-

G meter. The API standard was used to measure the

parameters of plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP).

The Van-G meter was used to determine the PV and yield

point values at both 300RPM and 600RPM motor speeds.

The filter cake was evaluated, and the filtration loss was

calculated in a filter press with the help of this tool. Filter

press pressurized cells contain a pressurized filter

medium.

To A nitrogen gas cylinder was connected to the filter

press equipment in order to raise the cell pressure to 100

psi. It took about 30 minutes for each of the tests, and

there were two of them. afterwards, the cell was

disassembled and the mud thrown away. To avoid

damaging the mud cake, be sure to take your time and be

cautious when removing the components from the cake.

The cake was gently scrubbed to remove any remaining

mud before serving. As a final step, the filter cake

thickness was measured and recorded in 1/32-inch

increments. To be clear, all tests were performed at 27 °C.

Equations are used to calculate (PV) and (YP) [29]:

PV= 𝜃600 − 𝜃300 (1)

YP=𝜃300 − 𝑃𝑉 (2)

Whereas Φ600 = Dial reading at 600 RPM, and Φ300 =

Dial reading at 300 RPM.

2.4. Lubricity

Extreme pressure/lubricity testers were used to measure

CoF for the lubricity test. Drill string and wellbore are

analogous in that they are made of metal to metal. It was

possible to calculate lubricity with this formula [23]:

COF =
Torque reading

100
(3)

100=
150 inch−Ibs torque wrench reading

1.5 inch torque shaft lever arm
(4)

CF =

Meter reading for water (standerd)

meter reading obtained in water calbration
(5)

CoF =
(Meter reading for water )(CF)

100
(6)

Whereas, CoF = Coefficient of fraction, and CF=
Coefficient factor.

2.5. Shale Swelling Testing

Drilling mud compatibility with the wellbore should be

determined before operations begin. The interaction of the

shale with the drilling muds is the method to test the

shale's compatibility with the swelling process. In this

studies, we used a compactor cell to create shale plugs for

a swelling analysis. Swelling test procedure for shale is

provided [11].

3- Results and Discussion

3.1. Properties of Rheology

A. Plastic viscosity

Due to the difficulty of pumping drilling fluid with a

high PV, drillers avoid using it for drilling operations.

Drilling fluid density, on the other hand, is directly related

to mud viscosity and should be considered when

designing a drilling fluid. For this reason, lower mud

viscosity results in less dense water due to a reduction in

hydrostatic pressure, which isn't always a good thing [22].

The PV of Lignosulfonate-WBM was found to be only 7

cP. As shown in Fig. 4, The addition of NPs to

Lignosulfonate - WBM generally increased the PV.

However, the PV amounts at various concentrations of

each NP type vary (from 0 to 1 g) was different. In

addition, 1 g of Al2O3 NPs was added to increase the

amount of PV to 8 cP. The Al2O3 NPs are dispersed

throughout the fluid uniformly; the mud's viscosity may

rise due to an increase in interlayer friction [19]. We were

able to achieve 8 cP of PV by mixing in 0. 5 g Fe2O3 NPs

with the base mud. When the concentration was increased

to 0.5 g, the PV remained constant at 8 cP before

increasing to 9 cP at the 1 g concentration point.

Fig. 4. NPs Concentration Affects by Plastic Viscosity

(cp)

B. Yield Point

Mud-cutting capacity can be determined by taking into

account the YP value, which is an important factor make

it easier to transport heavier cutting [8]. We found that
based Lignosulfonate -WBM had a yield point of 9

lb/100ft2. It is shown in that NPs affect the yield point of

linosulfonate -WBMs in Fig. 5, At different NP

concentrations, the YP of WBM with linosulfonate -

WBM shows different results. The YP of Al2O3 NP

Lignosulfonate -WBM increases at all concentrations. At

H. A. Abbood and I. K. Shakir / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 25 - 32

a concentration of 1 g of Al2O3 NP Lignosulfonate-WBM,

the maximum YP was 55 lb/100 ft2. Yield point values

risen sharply for Fe2O3 NPs, reaching 38 lb/100 ft
2 at 1g.

Since Al2O3 NPs have a higher surface-to-volume ratio at

1 g, they will interact more strongly with the base fluid

around them, leading to a higher YP [25].

Fig. 5. NPs Concentration Affects the Yield Point

C. Gel Strength

The gel strength of the drilling fluids must be

maintained at a relatively high level in order to suspend

and transport cuttings in horizontal wells. Reduced WBM

circulation circulating pressure loss also contributes to

improved drilling efficiency [26]. It is a standard. Under

static conditions, the electrochemical forces in the fluid

determine the gel strength. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the influence

of NPs at various concentrations on GS is demonstrated at

10 s and 10 min, respectively. Base mud gel strength was

determined to be 7 and 12 lb/100 ft2 for 10 sec and 10

min, respectively, in the initial test. The addition of Al2O3

NPs ranging from 0.25 to 1 g increased the

Lignosulfonate - WBM gel strength values in both tests

(10 sec and 10 min). A concentration of 1 g Al2O3 NPs

produced a Lignosulfonate-WBM 10 sec gel strength of

53 lb/100 ft2 and a 10 min gel strength of 58 lb/100 ft2. In

the presence of Fe2O3 NPs, the 10 sec and 10-min gel

strength values increased by addition NPs from 0.25 to

1g. Fe2O3 NPs, on the other hand, increased the 10 sec

and 10 min gel strength values to 40 and 50 lb/100 ft2

respectively. The high gelling characteristics of the fluid

may necessitate a high starting torque, which must be

justified by investigating the fluid's shear thinning

behavior. The absence of numerous and serious drilling

issues can only be ensured by using a high-strength gel

[27]. Finally, the gelling properties of Al2O3 NPs at 1g

concentration are superior to those of Fe2O3 NPs, due to

the electrostatic force between Al2O3NPs, which links

their cases with base fluids to create a rigid structure, this

happens [18].

Fig. 6. NPs Concentration Effects on Gel Strength over a

10-sec

Fig. 7. NPs Concentration Effects on Gel Strength over a

10-min

3.2. Loss of filtering

Wellbore plugging, formation expansion, and wellbore

instability and collapse can all be caused by fluid outflow

into the formation. Differential pressure adhesion, caused

by cake buildup on the wellbore wall, increases the risk of

drilling tool damage [28]. In order to prevent drilling fluid

from escaping and entering a formation, NPs can be used

to obstruct the pore space [7]. Fig. 8, shows the fluid loss

behavior of Lignosulfonete-WBM with varying NP

concentrations. The Lignosulfonete-WBM lost 13.5 mL

of fluid after 30 minutes. The fluid loss volume was

reduced to 9.3 mL after incorporating Al2O3 NPs into the

WBM at a concentration of 1 g. In general, Al2O3 NPs are

a good additive for lowering the filter loss of

Lignosulfonete-WBM. The addition of 1g of Fe2O3 NPs

reduced the lignosulfonete-WBM filter losses to 8.6 mL.

Base mud fluid loss can be reduced by using 1g of

Fe2O3NPs. However, Fe2O3 NPs are a better choice for

reducing fluid loss, this finding concur well with [9].

H. A. Abbood and I. K. Shakir / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 25 - 32

Fig. 8. NPs Concentration Affects the Filtrate (ml)

3.3. Lubricity and NPs concentration

A lot of heat and friction is generated during drilling

operations at the bit and the drill string/wellbore interface.

In addition, when the drill string is rotating, the friction

that occurs between the wellbore and the drill string can

generate a significant amount of torque and drag [29]. It is

one of the primary functions of drilling fluid to lubricate

the drill string as it progresses through the well. To

determine a surface's coefficient of friction, you must first

determine how much traction there is between the two

objects [23]. Fig. 9, a small amount of nanoparticles in the

drilling fluid reduced CoF slightly, according to the

results of this study. Using base mud, we were able to

increase torque by about 44%. In contrast, the addition of

Fe2O3 and Al2O3 NPs led to a Torque reduction of 33%

and 31%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.75 g.

Similar to Fe2O3 NPs, Al2O3 NPs above 0.75 g caused

35% and 37% increase in COF, respectively. WBM

lignosulfonete crushes under rotation and forms angulated

forms, resulting in higher CoF values than Fe2O3 and

Al2O3 NPs. NPs reduce the CoF by creating a slippery

layer between the drill string and the borehole.

Fig. 9. Friction of Coefficient (COF) Depends on the

Concentration of NPs in the Fluid

3.4. Swelling Behavior and Nanoparticle Effects

By far and away the most common result of freshwater

intrusion is the alteration of clay minerals. When clays in

the rock matrix are hydrated and swelled by water, they

can become dispersed and cause particle plugging. The

clay mineral smectite or montmorillonite is the most

important one for swelling. Interlayer adsorption of water

has the capability of expanding this clay up to a 10-fold

range. This depends on the cation in the interlayer [30].

WBM with the NPs. Because of the synergetic properties

of NPs, to expand, it means that the bentonite in the NPs

system absorbed less water, resulting in less clay swelling

and increased shale strength [24]. Fig. 10, show the

expansion quantity meter results for the sodium bentonite

shale, using four different drilling fluids, including fresh

water, Al2O3 NPs, Fe2O3 NPs, and Lignosulfonete-WBM.

After 15 hours in fresh water, the bentonite had grown by

15% and the Lignosulfonete-WBM had grown by 13%.

Al2O3-NP-treated Lignosulfonete-WBM grew by less

than 7% after 16 hours of exposure to these systems.

Finally, the addition of Fe2O3 NPs reduces swelling to 8%

due to NPs' ability to plug Nano pores in clay, preventing

shale swelling. As a result, Al2O3 NPs are the most

effective additive for reducing Lignosulfonete-WBM

swelling [11].

Fig. 10. Shale Interacted with Liginosulfonate-WBM

/Al2O3, Fe2O3 NPs and Compared with Basic Muds

4- Conclusion

Shale plug immersed in Al2O3 NPs mud shows less

erosion and cracking along the boundary and at the center

of the shale plug compared to basic mud, However, Al2O3
NPs mud system shows good shale inhibition compared

to Fe2O3 NPs mud system. Overall, the results showed

that the addition of Al2O3and Fe2O3 NPs to the basic mud

system improved shale inhibition and rheological

properties. API and LPLT filtrate volumes were

minimized by using Al2O3and Fe2O3 NPs. Minimizing

CoF with Al2O3and Fe2O3 NPs. However, further studies

are required to investigate the effect of Al2O3and Fe2O3

NPs at higher concentrations over shale swelling and

rheological behavior of the muds.

H. A. Abbood and I. K. Shakir / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 25 - 32

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بإضافة نانو أوكسيد االلمنيوم Lignosulfonete Mud)تحسين خواص طين الحفر )

واوكسيد الحديد

حسن علي عبود و ابتهال كريم شاكر

قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية/كلية الهندسة/جامعة بغداد

الخالصة

لها النفطية ك لجدار البئر، والتحكم في الترشيح لسائل حفر االباران الخواص االنسيابية، والتزييت، واالنتفاخ
، خواص مهمة يجب مراعاتها قبل البدء بعملية حفر البئر النفطي. حيث يمكن جعل تلك السوائل أكثر سالسة

ك يمكنفعالية واقل كلفة من خالل إضافات مواد نانوية والتي تعرف بأوكسيد االلمنيوم واوكسيد الحديد. وكذل
ة، تقييم أداء تلك السائل من خالل مقارنة خصائصه األساسية مع تلك الخصائص المحسنة باإلضافات النانوي

دون سائل الحفر بغم(. وفقًا للنتائج، وجد ان 1.و0.25,0.5,0.75حيث تكون تلك اإلضافات بتراكيز مختلفة )
غم 0.75ز كسيد الحديد( وبتركياللمنيوم واو ، بينما مع النانو )اوكسيد ا%44النانو يمتلك معامل احتكاك بنسبة

على التوالي. وكذلك استطاع النانو )اوكسيد االلمنيوم واوكسيد %33و %31معامل االحتكاك بنسبة قل
تفاخ على التوالي. وكذلك تم تحسين الخواص االنسيابية وتقليل االن %37و %30الحديد( تقليل الراشح بنسبة

غم استطاع تحسين1ك النانو. الخالصة، ان استخدام النانو وخاصة عن تركيز غم من تل1وخاصة عند تركيز
غم. 0.75الخواص االنسيابية والترشيح واالنتفاخ باإلضافة الى التزييت عند تركيز

، التزييت، الترشيح، االنتفاخ.حبيبات نانوية، طين الحفر :ةلادالكلمات ال