Available online at http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq and www.iasj.net Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Vol.23 No.4 (December 2022) 33 – 41 EISSN: 2618-0707, PISSN: 1997-4884 Corresponding Author: Name: Ammar S. Abbas, Email: ammarabbas@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq IJCPE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Textural Properties Characterization for NaX and FeX Zeolites by Nitrogen Adsorption-desorption Technique Sanarya K. Kamal and Ammar S. Abbas Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract The zeolite's textural properties have a significant effect on zeolite's effectiveness in the different industrial processes. This research aimed to study the textual properties of the NaX and FeX zeolites using the nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique at a constant low temperature. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the adsorption-desorption isotherm showed that the studied materials were mixed kinds I/II isotherms and H3 type hysteresis. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm was the best model to describe the nitrogen adsorption-desorption better than the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The obtained adsorption capacity and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area values for NaX were greater than FeX. According to the Kelvin equation, Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda model was used to determine pore size distribution, diameter, and average pore volume for the selected zeolites. The pore size distribution for NaX was wider than FeX zeolites, the pore diameter for NaX was less than FeX, and the average pore volume for FeX was greater than the value of NaX average pore volume. The comparative study was carried out with the previous studies, and the comparison showed that the textual properties of the modified zeolites agreed with other studies. Keywords: ion-exchange; mesoporous; pore size distribution; surface area; pore diameter; isotherms; average pore volume. Received on 15/06/2022, Accepted on 10/09/2022, Published on 30/12/2022 https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2022.4.5 1- Introduction A zeolite mineral is a crystalline substance made of interconnected tetrahedra, each of which has four O atoms around a cation. Zeolite system has open voids in the shape of channels and cages [1]. Zeolite type X are microporous crystalline minerals composed of oxygen- bonded SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra. The negative charge in the zeolite framework is balanced by exchangeable cations [2]. Using zeolites is expanded by modifying them. Ion- exchange reactions can dramatically alter the surface characteristics of zeolites when using cationic surfactants [3], and it is essential to adjust ion-exchange materials' chemical structure and content using proper pretreatment. To enhance ion-exchange capabilities and obtain a porous substance with a high absorption capacity, it must also have a significant specific area, displaying a porous structure with micropores. Water and exchangeable cations may fill zeolite's crystal and porous form, which has a particular pore size [4]. Zeolites are widely employed in a wide range of applications; they can be used as adsorbents [5-7], sorbents for dyes [8,9], heavy metals [10], and other contaminants in wastewater and natural water [11], molecular filter [12], ion-exchange compounds [13,14], catalyst [15-17]. The textural properties of zeolites significantly affect their effectiveness in industrial processes. Thus, studying the porous materials' textual properties by the nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique is essential. The textural properties include the pore size distribution, surface area (SBET), pore diameter (dBJH), and average pore volume (Vp). The gas adsorption process is a typical process for describing porous solids. The nitrogen adsorption- desorption method measures materials' SBET and pore size distribution [18,19]. Adsorption is a surface process that defines the interaction between two distinct phases that results in the formation of an interface layer by transferring a molecule from a fluid bulk (liquid or gas) (adsorbate) to a solid surface (adsorbent) [20,21]. The gas adsorbed in a solid depends upon the surface area where the larger surface area of the adsorbent will be active site, so the rate of adsorption increases, temperature, the pressure of the gas, and the gas nature. The adsorption isotherm is the relationship between the adsorbate in the liquid phase and the adsorbent's surface at equilibrium at a specific temperature [22,23]. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) divides adsorption isotherms into six types depending on the shape of the isotherm of relative pressure and the gas adsorbed onto a solid surface [24]. The first category I isotherms shows monolayer adsorption. Pore size is not significantly more significant than the molecular diameter of the adsorbate molecules. The adsorption increases with pressure until it reaches saturation. Hence, no further adsorption occurs regarding the second category II, often known as macro-porous http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/ http://www.iasj.net/ mailto:ammarabbas@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2022.4.5 S. K. Kamal and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 33- 41 34 adsorbents, which have a wide variety of pore diameters, obtained when the bilayer is created after the monolayer is complete. The tri-layer is generated after the bilayer is full. The third category (III), the adsorption isotherm, is obtained when the monolayer formation is followed by multilayer the adsorption quantity increases virtually exponentially. In the fourth category (IV), the lower pressure region is like the category II isotherm, which clarifies the formation of monolayer followed by multilayer on the pore wall much more comprehensive than the sorbate molecular diameter (mesoporous). The fifth category (V) adsorption isotherm is like category IV when intermolecular attraction effects are strong, and adsorption occurs in pores. Finally, the sixth category (VI) isotherm signifies layer-by-layer adsorption on a nonporous surface with substantial uniformity. The capacity of each adsorbed layer is represented by the step height, while the step sharpness depends on the system and temperature [22,25]. Carbon dioxide, argon, and nitrogen are gases that may be used for adsorption- desorption (N2). N2 (measured at 77.35 K) has remained extensively familiar and regarded as friendly commercial apparatus between these many gases and vapors existing and might be employed as adsorbate [24]. Various adsorption models are used to describe adsorption isotherms experimental data for different porous materials [18, 26-30]. This research investigated the textural properties of NaX zeolite, and its modified version by Fe (II) exchanged (FeX) using N2 adsorption-desorption technique. The obtained data would be fitted with different adsorption isotherms. The Brunauer-Emmett- Teller (BET) would obtain the SBET. Finally, the Barrett– Joyner–Halenda (BJH) will get pore size distribution, dBJH, and Vp. The obtained results will be compared with the previous studies. 2- Experimental 2.1. Preparation of Fe (II) ion-exchanged zeolite (FeX) NaX zeolite (commercial grain) was crushed and then sieved with 200 mesh strainers to homogenize the size. NaX zeolite containing a high sodium weight percentage (14.719%) was exposed to an ion-exchange procedure with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4∙7H2O, India) to replace the sodium from NaX zeolite. 5 g of dried NaX zeolite was added to 100 ml of a 0.319 M solution and maintained at controlled temperatures of 80°C with constant stirring (300 rpm) for 8 hours. Then exchanged NaX zeolite samples were taken from the ion-exchanged solution and filtered, washed several times with distilled water to remove the Fe (II), which had not been exchanged, and taken to an oven for drying overnight at 60 °C overnight. The sample was calcined in a furnace at 550 °C for 3 hours; then, it was left to cool inside in a desiccator until it reached room temperature. The concentration of Fe (II) in the exchange solution was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (VarianAA240FS, Australia), and the amount of exchange Fe (II) was determined. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry was tested at North Gas Company (Ministry of Oil, Iraq). 2.2. Adsorption-desorption tests N2 adsorption-desorption occurred over samples of NaX zeolite (0.0779 g), and FeX zeolite (0.2047 g) were measured using the Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument. All tests were accomplished at the Petroleum Research and Development Center, Ministry of Oil (Iraq). After performing each measurement three times, the average values of the obtained data were calculated, recorded, and afterward utilized in the investigation of the isotherm models. After that, measurements were taken to determine the SBET, particle size distribution, pore diameter, and Vp values. 2.3. Langmuir isotherm model Langmuir explained the isotherm model, primarily designed to describe gases adsorbed to solid and obtained in 1916 [31]. Langmuir model assumes that the adsorption consists of a monolayer at the surface, and no further adsorption occurs. The adsorbent's surface is homogenous [20,32]. The Langmuir isotherm is expressed as in Eq. (1). 1 m m L P P Q Q Q K   (1) KL can be associated with the difference in the adsorbent's porosity and suitable area, indicating that a higher pore volume and surface area will result in a higher adsorption capacity [33]. A plot of P/Q against P should give a straight line with slope 1 m Q and intercept 1 m L Q K and find the Langmuir constant and the monolayer maximum sorption capacity [31]. 2.4. Freundlich isotherm model Freundlich isotherm is an empirical equation published in 1906 and extensively applied to model the multilayer adsorbed on heterogeneous surfaces at a specific temperature [34]. Freundlich model equation represents in Eq. (2) [35]. 1 f LogQ LogK LogP n   (2) 2.5. BET isotherm model A significant application of the BET isotherm is the surface area measurement for solid materials. The surface area can be approximated by utilizing the BET equation derived from a specific region of a gas adsorption isotherm. After the BET theory's publication, this area on S. K. Kamal and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 33- 41 35 the isotherm is where gas monolayers are thought to develop [36]. The BET theory relies significantly on the concept that the surface of a substance can play presenter to the adsorption of gases. The BET study is predicated on the adsorption isotherms of nonreactive gas molecules, such as nitrogen or argon, at a pressure range that encompasses the monolayer coverage of molecules [37]. An example of a theoretical equation that can compute the surface area of gas-solid equilibrium systems is the BET isotherm, which can be found [38]. 1 1 1 o o m m o P C PP Q C P Q CP Q P                       (3) Where C relates to the difference between the heat of adsorption in the first layer(E1) and the heat of vaporization (EL)= 1exp( )L E E RT  [25], the nitrogen adsorption data obtained in the current investigation could be used only using a limited range of relative pressures (0.05-0.3) or, in many cases, up to 0.4 [39]. In that state, the linear plot between the term 1 o o P P P P Q                    and relative pressure o P P       allows determining Qm and C from intercept and slop. After calculating these values, the total surface area (St), may be computed using the value of Qm [39]. 2.6. Determination of the total surface area The total surface area of samples was verified using Eq. (4) [40]. m m t Q NA S V  (4) In the adsorption, the N2 molecule cross-sectional area equals 0.1620 nm2, nitrogen absorbed molar volume (22.414 L/mole). 2.7. BJH pore diameter and volume (BJH) is a method used for measuring pore size distribution and pore volume from experimental data. Using the data from the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm at 77.35 K, it is possible to determine both the dBJH and the VP of the adsorbent. BJH improved in 1951 [41] by imagining that all pore shapes are cylindrical with nonintersecting and open ends. BJH model presumed that the pore radius was equal to the combination of the Kelvin radius and the thickness of the adsorbed layer, as found in the Eq. (5) [42]. cos ln ( ) o P C P RT r t         (5) The Halsey equation may calculate the thickness of the adsorbed layer remain on the pore walls as shown in Eq. (6) [43]. 0.333 5 3.54 ln o t P P                (6) 3- Results and Discussion The findings on N2 adsorption-desorption were utilized to determine the kind of the isotherm and the nature of the adsorption process for chosen zeolites. Fig. 1 showed the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms on the NaX and FeX zeolites surfaces. The curves displayed that the micropore filling was noticed at a proportionally low pressure owing to the narrow pore width and the excellent adsorption potential, the phenomenon refers to the category I isotherm for the microporous materials. The adsorption increases with pressure until it reaches saturation. Whereas at P/Po ≥ 0.8 suggests pore expansion; mesopore adsorption played a role in the adsorption process, the phenomenon refers to category II isotherm characteristics. The NaX had micropores and mesopores, but following the ion-exchange, the volume of N2 adsorbed at low P/P° values dropped, implying a reduction in available microporosity. The findings indicated that the adsorption isotherms combined the kinds I/II. In Fig. 1 (a), the quantity of N2 absorbed by NaX zeolite was 230.11 cm3/g, while the FeX only absorbed 184.84 cm3/g, as displayed in Fig. 1 (b). According to the IUPAC category, the NaX and FeX zeolites, mesoporous materials, could be categorized as mixed kinds I/II isotherms and H3 type hysteresis based on the adsorption-desorption data forms at 77.35 K [25,44]. The microporous adsorption contribution in FeX zeolite was lower than in NaX zeolite due to Fe exchange on zeolite, so the surface of the zeolite became more porous and rougher. Demonstrating this the fact that the slope of the region in the middle of the desorption isotherm curves of the NaX zeolites increased after Fe (II) exchanges were placed. Fig. 1 (b) showed nitrogen adsorption/desorption on FeX at 77.35 K; the hysteresis loop for nitrogen adsorption on the sample closed at a relative pressure of 4.0–4.5 [25], indicating small mesopores, as shown in the figure. The hysteresis stayed open longer, but the nitrogen meniscus failed due to tensile strength failure; hysteresis (type H3) demonstrates capillary condensation in mesopores by the IUPAC [25]. The initial steep slope indicates where monolayer formation was most likely to occur. The first few multilayers can be seen in the middle of the isotherm's low slope zone. S. K. Kamal and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 33- 41 36 The Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET isotherm models were employed to explain the experimental results of N2 adsorption on the surface of NaX and FeX zeolites. Fig. 2 to Fig. 4 illustrate the NaX zeolite and FeX isotherm models. Langmuir isotherm model shown as Eq. 1 in Fig. 2 was displayed for NaX and FeX zeolites. The isotherm model was a better fit for the N2 adsorption data for the NaX zeolite (Fig. 2, a) with a correlation value (R2) of 0.9999, while the correlation coefficient (R2) for the FeX zeolite was 0.9978 (Fig. 2, b). Both the NaX and FeX adsorption data were well represented by the Freundlich isotherm model (Eq. 2), as shown in Fig. 3, with correlation coefficients R2 equal to 0.9961 for NaX zeolite and 0.9929 for FeX. The BET isotherm model (Eq. 3) correctly fitted the N2 adsorption data for both mesoporous, with correlation coefficient (R2) equal to 0.9914 and 0.9996, for NaX zeolite and FeX, respectively. Table 1 shows the regression coefficients and fitted constants for NaX zeolite and FeX isotherm models. According to the BET isotherm model, NaX zeolite had an adsorption capacity of 188.39 cm3/g, while FeX had an adsorption capacity of 68.05cm3/g. The surface area of NaX zeolite and FeX was calculated using the BET model (Eq. 4), and found after the ion-exchange process, the surface area decreased from 569.14 m2/g and 213.31 m2/g, respectively. Fig. 5 the pore size distribution for the examined mesoporous adsorbents was calculated using the BJH model and N2 adsorption data at 77.35 K NaX and FeX zeolites. NaX had a wider pore size distribution (Fig. 5, a) than FeX (Fig. 5, b). The peaks of the two materials' pore size distribution (mode pore size diameter) were 2.45 nm for NaX and 5.19 nm for FeX. NaX had a total pore volume of 0.349 cm3/g, while FeX had a total pore volume of 5.190 cm3/g. The ion-exchange process appears to impact characteristics such as surface area and pore volume significantly. (a) (b) Fig. 1. N2 Adsorption-desorption Isotherm (a) NaX Zeolite (b) FeX. (a) (b) Fig. 2. N2 Adsorption Isotherm by Langmuir Model (a) NaX Zeolite (b) FeX. S. K. Kamal and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 33- 41 37 (a) (b) Fig. 3. N2 Adsorption Isotherm via Freundlich Model (a) NaX Zeolite (b) FeX Table 1. The Parameters and R2 for the Isotherm Models Isotherm model NaX zeolite FeX Langmuir Qm (cm 3/g) 188.39 68.05 KL (1/mm Hg) 47.4369 2.9932 R2 0.9999 0.9978 Freundlich Kf 167.5328 25.9059 n 70.9219 5.5862 R2 0.9961 0.9929 BET Qm(cm 3/g) 130.6585 48.9753 C -45.97 762.33 R2 0.9914 0.9996 (a) (b) Fig. 4. N2 Adsorption Isotherm via BET (a) NaX Zeolite (b) FeX. Textural parameters were compared and summarized in Table 2 for zeolite and FeX, as well as various properties for mesoporous with the same porous structure described in earlier studies [30,44-46]. The surface area of the current NaX was 569.14 m2/g, which was comparable to NaX [30,44-46]. However, the surface area of the present FeX was 213.31 m2/g, which was similar to the surface area of the Fe-zeolite obtained [44] and lower than the stated surface area of Fe2O3-13X [46]. The present NaX has a Vp value of 0.34901 cm 3/g, greater than the previous work for the NaX [30] and zeolite Y [44]. The current FeX Vp (0.2768 cm3/g) was in the same range as the obtained Fe exchange [44-46]. S. K. Kamal and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 33- 41 38 (a) (b) Fig. 5. BJH Particle Size Distribution for (a) NaX Zeolite (b) FeX Table 2. The Textural Characterization for Various Zeolite Found from N2 Adsorption at 77.35 K zeolite S BET, m 2/g VP, cm 3/g dBJH, nm Reference NaX 569.141 0.3490 2.4529 Current study NaX 556 0.3270 --- [30] NaX 573 0.36 2.3 [46] Zeolite Y 432 0.24 --- [44] FeX 213.31 0.2768 5.1902 Current study Fe2O3-13X 541 0.21 2.6 [46] Fe-zeolite 259 0.10 --- [44] 4- Conclusions Mixed kinds of I/II isotherms and H3 type hysteresis were noticed in the nitrogen adsorption isotherms on NaX and FeX zeolites according to IUPAC. A more precise pore size may be obtained from the evaluation of an adsorption branch since both micropore and mesopore adsorptions contribute to the adsorption process. The BET isotherm model best represented the experimental results for NaX and FeX zeolites, which had high regression coefficients of R2 = 0.9914 and 0.9996, respectively. The BET isotherm model estimated the adsorption capacities of NaX and FeX to be 188.39 cm3/g and 68.05 cm3/g, respectively; the SBET values for NaX and FeX were 569.14 m2/g and 213.31 m2/g. According to the BJH model, NaX pore size distribution was wider than FeX pore size distribution. The dBJH for NaX was 2.4529 nm and 5.1902 nm for FeX, and VP was 0.3490 cm 3/g for NaX and for FeX 0.2768 cm3/g. The comparative research findings between the characteristics and those published suggested that the surface area of NaX and Vp had converged. The comparison findings between the SBET and VP of FeX equaled and were less than those of FeX. Nomenclature Nomenclature Meaning Unit Am Adsorption cross- sectional area of the adsorbing species nm2 CBET BET constant - C constant which depends on a curvature equal to 2, in cylindrical shapes - dBJH Pore diameter by BJH nm FeX Fe exchange on NaX zeolite - Kf Freundlich isotherm constant - KL Langmuir isotherm constant 1/mm Hg N Avogadro's number (6.02*1023) mol-1 n Adsorption intensity - P Pressure mm Hg P/Po Relative pressure - Q Nitrogen adsorbed volume at standard pressure and temperature (STP) cm3/g Qm The maximum amount of nitrogen that can be adsorbate to form a monolayer on a solid surface completely cm3/g r The liquid's radius of curvature cm R The gas constant L.mm Hg/mol K S. K. Kamal and A. S. 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K. Kamal and A. S. Abbas / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23,4 (2022) 33- 41 41 متزاز ا-اصبواسطة تقنية امتص Fe-X و NaX توصيف الخصائص التركيبية لزيوليت النيتروجين سناريا كامل كمال و عمار صالح عباس جامعة بغداد /كلية الهندسة /قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية الخالصة ا هدف هذللخصائص التركيبية للزيوليت تأثير كبير على فعالية الزيوليت في العمليات الصناعية المختلفة. ي االمتصاص -باستخدام تقنية امتصاص النيتروجين FeXو NaXالبحث إلى دراسة الخصائص النصية لزيوليت متصاصالتطبيقية ، أظهر متساوي االعند درجة حرارة منخفضة ثابتة. وفًقا لالتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة و ي . كانت متساو H3متساوي الحرارة ونوع I / IIواالمتصاص أن المواد المدروسة كانت مختلطة من النوعين أفضل نموذج لوصف امتزاز وامتصاص النيتروجين بشكل أفضل من Brunauer-Emmett-Tellerالحرارة سعة االمتزاز التي تم الحصول عليها وقيم مساحة سطح . كانتFreundlichو Langmuirمتساوي الحرارة Brunauer-Emmett-Teller لـNaX أكبر من تلك الخاصة بـFeX وفًقا لمعادلة كلفن، تم استخدام نموذج . Barrett وJoyner وHalenda رة. حجم المسام للزيوليت المختالتحديد توزيع حجم المسام والقطر ومتوسط ، وكان FeXأقل من NaX، وكان قطر المسام لـ FeXأوسع من زيوليت NaXلمسام لـ كان توزيع حجم ا سات . أجريت الدراسة المقارنة مع الدراNaXحجم مسام أكبر من قيمة متوسط FeXحجم المسام لـ متوسط السابقة، وأظهرت المقارنة أن الخصائص النصية للزيوليت المعدلة تتفق مع الدراسات األخرى. ط حجم متوس متساوي الحرارة، مساحة السطح، توزيع حجم المسام، قطر المسام،ميزوبوروس، ، التبادل األيوني الكلمات الدالة: المسام.