Ir aq i J.Pharm.Sc i., Vol.15 (1 ) ,2006 43 Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels on Yield, Concentration, Physical and Chemical Properties of Dill Seed Oil Fadhil H Al-Sahaf* , Madeha H Al-Samara’i** (1) , Muna J Al-Ndawi** Receive d 7-12-2003 Accepte d 21-10-2004 ABSTRACT To te st the effe ct of 4 levels of nitrogen (i.e . 0, 45, 90 a nd 135 Kg N ha -1) a s urea (46% N) and 3 leve ls o f phospho rus (i.e. 0, 17.5 and 35 Kg P ha -1) a s triple superphos pha te (21.8% P) on yie ld and co nce ntra tio n of dill (Anethum grave olens L. loc al c ultiva r) see d oil this experiment was carried o ut during winter se ason of 1999 - 20 00 a t the e xpe rime ntal field of Agric ulture Colle ge, Abu-Ghra ib . Both fe rtilize rs we re app lied in two eq ual splits, firs t at seeds sowing a nd the second was adde d one mon th after eme rgence. Dried and ground see d samp les were subjecte d to water d is tilla tion for extrac tion o f vo latile oils Res ult indica ted tha t fe rtiliza tio n of d ill p la nts with 9 0 Kg N + 35 Kg P ha-1 prod uced highes t oil yie ld (3 2.19  ha -1) a nd c onc entration (3.60%) with be tter qua lity. G LC ana lysis indicated tha t dill seed oil co ntain 27 volatile compo und s, 15 we re ide ntified a nd the ma jo r co ns tituents were Carvo ne , Li monene and α-Phe llandrene. Nitro gen a nd phospho rus fe rtilizatio n increased the co nce ntra tio n of a ll identified co nstituents of d ill s eed oil. Nitro gen a nd phos pho rus fe rtiliza tio n inc reased yie ld a nd co ncentratio n of dill seed oil. Moreo ver, physical prop erties of the o il were also improved by N and P fe rtiliza tio n. GLC a na lysis showed that Carvone, Limo ne ne and α-Phelland re ne are the major c ons titue nts of dill se ed oil and could be increased by N and P app licatio n . Ke y wo rds : Volatile c ompounds, Carvone , Limo ne ne , α-Phe llandre ne . ةــــــــالخالص ن جي من النترو ت مستويا ر ( بهدف إختبار تأثير اربعة 4, 0صف 5 ,9 0 ,1 ر/ Nكلغم 35 كتا 4( على هيئة يوريا ) ه 6 %N ( وثالثة ر من الفسفو ت ر ( مستويا غم 17.5و 0صف كتار/ Pكل سفات ثالثي ) ه ر فو وب 21(على هيئة س .8 %P ( زيت بذور ز كي في حاصل وتر ت Anethu(الشبن m gra veo le ns L. ( عام وي ل شت سم ال مو خالل ال ة رب هذه التج محلي نفذت 199الصنف ال 9-20 ول كلية 00 حق في ة ويتين. ابو غريب/ الزراع سا مت ن عتي ن بدف ع, اضيف كال السمادي الولى عند البذار والثانية ب من اإلنباتا ر ر شه مرو ن البذور . د عينات م ر البخاري طي ة التق طريق طيارة منها ب الص الزيوت ال ستخ ة تم إ ـ . الجاف سميد نباتات الشبنت ـب وضحت النتائج أن ت غـم 90( ا N +35كل غم ر ادى الى إعطاء أعلى حاصل زيت )/ Pكل كتا 32.1(ه ر 9 كتار/ لت ركيز ) ه 3وأعلى ت .6 ات . و بنوعية جيدة% 0 كـب حليل المر ت جهاز ة رة بوساط شبنت يحتوي على GLCالطيا حت أن زيت ال 2أوض كن تشخيص , زيت طيار 7 1أم ون و 5 رف كا منها حيث كان ال وااللفا ن موني ت . فيالندرين تمثل اكبر نسبة منها -اللي زـي ات ال وـن مك ع مـي ادة ج ى زـي ر أدت إـل والفسـفو ن جي هر ايظُا ان إضافة النترو وظ خصة حسـن مـن نستنت. المش وي ر ذو ت الـب زيد مـن حاصـل زـي ر ي والفسفو ن جي ميد نباتات الشبنت بالنترو ن تس سة أ را ج من نتائج هذه الد عيته حليل اـل . نو ر الشبنت GLCنتائج ت رئيسية لزيت بذو ونات ال مك هي ال ن ري اللفا فيالند وا ونين ون والليم وت الكارف زي ن حت أ . أوض Dill herb is us ed for lowring bloo d cholesterol (4). Ca rv one a v olatile oil is one o f the major co nstituents o f dill o il wa s found to inhib it sp outing in stored p otatoe s and had a n antifungal activity aga inst potato tub er d is ea se s (6).Dill se ed may c ontain 4% o f oil (7) with es se ntia l oil (c hiefly co ns is ting of c arvo ne, limo nine and terpens), fa tty oils , pro te ins, ta nnins, re sins a nd mine ra l sa lts (4). Dill se ed o il productio n is se ns itive to an e nviro nme ntal a nd agro nomic al prac tic es. Halva et a l (8) no tic ed an increas es in o il co nce ntra tion in dill plants by 6 times under full light c ond itions INTRODUCTION Dill (Anethu m g ra veo le ns L.) b elong to Umbe llife ra e is o ne of nutritional and medicina l ve getab le s (1). Dried le av es and ground see ds a re use d as fla vour ad ditive s to the sca ld me at a nd chee se s (2), and to pickle cuc umb ers to imp rov e taste a nd ma inta in good qua lity (3). Dill s ee d o il is us ed for med ic al purpo ses as ca rmina tiv e, in flatule nce of children, antisp asmodic, stop children’s stoma c pain, and a id lac ta tion (4). It ha s also be en used for lo wering blood hype rtension a nd bloo d sugar le vel in d ia be tics (5). *Co llege of Agr ic ulture ,Un iversity of Baghdad ,Baghdad - Ir aq . **Tec hnical Institu te ,Al-Mansour, Baghdad -Iraq (1 ) Part o f M.Sc. thes is of the sec ond a uthor . Ir aq i J.Pharm.Sc i., Vol.15 (1 ) ,2006 44 (1 00%) as co mpa re d to tho se e xpo se d to o nly 30% of the full light intensity. Growth stage also e ffec t oil c onc entration, whe re it wa s the highest in d ill herb when s eed s were at milk stage and dec re as ed a s se eds matured (9) . Nitrogen fertilizatio n increa sed s ee d o il yield and changed it c hemica l constituents (10). Howe ver, lev els of N fertilizatio n higher tha n 120 Kg N ha-1 de creas ed o il c oncentration in dill se eds (11). S ingh a nd Mahey (12) also found that ma ximum s ee d o il co nc entratio n wa s re ac hed when dill plants we re fertilized with 120 Kg N + 1 7.5 Kg P ha -1. Dill oil de nsity usually is lowe r than the de nsity of wa ter s o it floating a s oily layer o n water surfac e during extrac tion (13), and affe cted b y s owing da tes but no t by N o r P fe rtiliza tio n, whereas , refra ctiv e index of the oil wa s increa sed b y N and P fe rtilize rs (11). The ob je ctive of the prese nt wo rk was to examine the interac tiv e e ffe ct o f nitro gen and phosp horus a pp lica tion o n dill see d oil yield, co nce ntra tion and v olatile o il constituents . MATERIALS and METHODS Experiment layout A field exp eriment was c arried o ut d uring the winter se as on o f 1 999 -2 000 at the experimenta l fie ld of Hortic ulture De pa rtment, Agriculture Colle ge Unive rs ity of Ba ghd ad. Dill see ds (lo ca l cultivar) we re s own o n 1st of Octob er 1 999 in rows 1 5c m a pp art in plots (2.5 m2) at a rate of 2.5 Kg see ds ha-1. Tre atments includ ed 4 leve ls of nitro ge n as ure a (4 6% N) (0 , 45 , 9 0 and 1 35 Kg N ha -1 re fe rred to as N0, N1, N2 and N3 re sp ectively), a nd 3 le ve ls of phosp horus as triple s upe rp hos phate (21.8% P) (0 , 17 .5 a nd 34 Kg P ha-1 referre d to a s P0, P1 and P2 res pe ctiv ely). Fe rtilize rs were ap plied in tw o equal s plits , first o n se ed so wing and the se cond was a pplied one month a fte r eme rgenc e. Fruits were collec te d progres sively whe n the colour turned b row nish ye llow and air dried on 15th o f May 2 000 . Oil Extra ctio n Ground se ed s were wa te r d is tilla te d ac cording to British p ha rma cop oe ia a s de scribed b y ASTA (14). Cleve nger ap pa ra tus was c onnec te d to ro ta ry eva porator flas k where 25g of s eed s po wder were distillated w ith 25 0 ml o f distilled wa ter, and distillation co ntinue d fo r 2 hr (15). Oil e xtract was trans fe rred to a s ep aratory funnel, and 30 ml of diethyl ethe r (C4H10O) was a dde d. The mixture wa s ha nd s ha cke d and le ft to s ettle, a la yer o f oil and diethyl ether floa te d on the top o f the extrac t, co llec te d and this p roc ed ure wa s re pea te d thre e times for eac h sa mple. 3 – 5 g of calc ium s ulfa te we re add ed to the oil – ethe r mixture to a bs orb re maining water d ro plets. Ether was eva porated in rotary ev apo ra to r unde r va cuum at 3 7 c°, the o il transferre d to dark brown color vials and stored in re frigerator (4 ± 1 c °). Phys ical Pro pe rtie s of Dill Se e d Oil Extra cted s eed o il p hysical prope rties of different trea tment samp le s were determine d acc ording to Gue nther (16) thos e inc lude d spe cific grav ity and de nsity. Refra ctiv e index was de termined by Abbe Refra ctome te r (Abbe Type Unive rs al, Haensc h, Schmid t Co.). Determination o f physica l p ro pertie s we re perfo rmed at 20 c °. Chemical Analysis Che mic al analysis of dill seed oil constituent was pe rformed b y Gas-liquid chroma to grap hy (Ge-9A Model, S himazu, Osa ka, Japan) by direct injec tio n onto a 30 m × 0.25mm co lumn pa cked with 5 % polydip henyl silo xane and 95% d ime thyl silo xa ne on SPB-5. Sep aratio n conditio ns we re as fo llows : carrier as (helium) a t flow rate = 25 ml min-1, injectio n p ort te mperature, detec to r (Flame io nization detec tor, F ID) te mpe ra ture , and ove n te mpe ra ture was 22 0 c˚. Oil co nstituents were identified as comp ared to a numbe r of essentia l oils standards. Statistical Design and Analysi A split-plot e xpe rime nt was used whe re nitrogen leve ls were repres ented by ma in p lo ts and p hos phorus leve ls as s ub-plots with three re plic ates . Results were s ubjec ted to the ana lysis of varianc e a nd le ast s ignifica nt differences (LSD P = 0 .0 5) was used to comp are the diffe re nce between tre atmen ts (17). RESULTS and DISCUSSION Oil yield and conte nt of d ill see ds Yie ld a nd c onc entratio n of dill s ee ds oil we re increas ed marke dly b y inc re asing nitro gen le vels up to 90 Kg N ha-1 (N 2) (Ta ble 1). The perce nt inc re ase s in oil yield was 11 4.5% wherea s for oil c oncentration wa s only 4 9.4% when c ompa ring N2 to N0. The se increa ses may ac co unte d for the increa ses in ve ge ta tive growth mainly le af a re a which may reflecte d on d ry matter and se co nda ry metab olites pro ductio n (10,18). How eve r, increas ing nitro gen le vels up to 1 35 Kg ha -1 res ulted in a signific ant reduction in bo th yield and concentra tion o f oil in dill se ed s. The se res ults may sugge st tha t op timum leve l of nitro gen fe rtiliza tion fo r highes t yie ld and Ir aq i J.Pharm.Sc i., Vol.15 (1 ) ,2006 45 c onc entration of dill seed oil is 90 Kg ha-1 . Singh and Ra nd hawa (18) had a ls o fo und tha t fertilizatio n of dill plant with this sa me le vel of nitro ge n prod uce d the highest yield and conce ntra tion of o il in the s ee ds , and increa sing the N lev el up to 120 Kg ha-1 cause d a s ignific ant reduction in both yie ld and co nce ntra tion of the s ee ds o il. Inc re as ing pho sphorus lev el, from P0 to P2 ha d also increa se d yield and c oncentration of dill se eds o il but to le sse r extent as c ompa re d to the effects of nitro gen lev els inc re as es, whe re the p ercent inc rea se s were 13.7 % and 4.8% for the oil yie ld and co nc entratio n re sp ectively. The se diffe re nc es in the e ffe cts be twe en N and P fertilizatio n c ould b e attribute d to the ma gnitud e e ffec t of eithe r nutrient in ve ge ta tive growth. The inte rac tion was signific ant and the highe st oil yie ld (3 2.19  ha -1) and co nce ntra tion (3.6%) was produce d when d ill plants we re fe rtilize d w ith 90 Kg N ha-1 + 35 Kg P ha -1. Similar effe cts of N + K on d ill s ee ds oil yie ld and c ontent was found by Singh and Ma hey (12). Physical Properties of the Dill Seed Oil Nitrogen a pplic ation to d ill plants had no marked e ffec ts o n s ee d o il s pe cific gravity, density and re frac tive inde x (Table 1 ). Increas ing p ho sphorus le vel a ls o wa s not effe ctiv e in oil sp ec ific gra vity a nd de nsity, while refra ctive inde x was slightly increa sed (but s ignifica nt) a s phosp ho rus le ve l increa se d. Table 1 . Effe ct of nitro ge n a nd phos pho rus le ve ls o n dill se e d oil y ie ld, c once ntration and p hys ic al prope rtie s. Fe rtiliz er Le ve l Se e d o il yie ld (  ha -1) Se e d o il co nte nt ( %) Oil specific gravity Oil de ns ity (mg µ  -1) Re frac tive inde x N lev els N0 14.28 2.3 9 0.9 33 0.873 1.4 87 N1 25.42 3.1 9 0.9 42 0.880 1.4 88 N2 30.63 3.5 7 0.9 43 0.881 1.4 88 N3 22.08 2.6 9 0.9 40 0.877 1.4 89 L.S .D0.05 1.715 0 .004 n .s n.s n .s P lev els P 0 21.47 2.8 9 0.9 37 0.876 1.4 86 P 1 23.41 2.9 7 0.9 44 0.882 1.4 87 P 2 24.42 3.0 3 0.9 38 0.877 1.4 89 L.S .D0.05 1.485 0 .004 n .s n.s 0.0 01 In te raction N0P 0 13.72 2.3 6 0.9 21 0.861 1.4 85 N0P 1 14.26 2.4 0 0.9 47 0.885 1.4 87 N0P 2 14.84 2.4 3 0.9 33 0.872 1.4 89 N1P 0 22.26 3.0 6 0.9 48 0.887 1.4 86 N1P 1 25.77 3.1 8 0.9 42 0.881 1.4 88 N1P 2 28.24 3.3 3 0.9 34 0.873 1.4 89 N2P 0 28.79 3.5 3 0.9 34 0.874 1.4 86 N2P 1 30.90 3.5 7 0.9 50 0.887 1.4 88 N2P 2 32.19 3.6 0 0.9 45 0.888 1.4 89 N3P 0 21.12 2.6 1 0.9 41 0.880 1.4 86 N3P 1 22.71 2.7 1 0.9 38 0.877 1.4 87 N3P 2 22.42 2.7 4 0.9 42 0.880 1.4 88 L.S .D0.05 5.50 0 .008 0.0 14 0.013 n .s However, the interaction effect o f N a nd P fertilizatio n was s ignific ant and the highest spec ific gra vity and d ens ity of the o il was no tic ed whe n plants we re fe rtiliza tion with N2P 1 and N2P 2 re sp ective ly, whe reas refra ctive inde x was not affe cted significa ntly b y the inte ra ctio n tre atmen ts . Changes in phys ical properties of the oil b y N a nd P fe rtiliza tion could be d ue to the effec t o f bo th nutrie nts o n oil oxyge nous compounds suc h as Ca rvone, Linalool, Euge nol, α-Tujone and Citrone llol (19). Pos itive correla tion was found between phosp horus conte nt of the vegetative pa rts and oil specific gra vity (r = 0.433 *), d ens ity (r = 0.4 25*) and re frac tive index (r = 0 .784 **). The se relatio ns hips could be explained on the bas is of the effect of phosp horus o n e ssential oil s olid co nstituents (o xygenous comp ounds ) (19). The se findings a re Ir aq i J.Pharm.Sci., Vol.15 (1) ,2006 46 in a cc ordance with Ra nd hawa et al (11) who co nc luded that p hys ical properties o f dill s eed oil is not sensitiv e to N or P fertilizatio n proba bly beca use of the d ifference in cultiv ars us ed a nd/o r predomina nt e nv ironmenta l co nditio ns . Esse ntia l oils with high p hysical p roperties es pecially refrac tive ind ex and density re garded as high q uality. See d Oil Constituents Analysis by GLC Analysis o f dill se ed o il sho wed tha t it c ontaine d 27 v olatile oil co mponents , 15 we re identifie d and the rest we re not b eca us e o f lac k o f sta nda rd s. The se 15 c ompo unds c ould b e clas sifie d to thre e gro ups ac co rd ing to their co nc entratio ns , thos e are high (Carvo ne, Limonene, and α-P hellandre ne ), me dium (Cha mphe ne , Linalool, Citronello l, Myrce ne, Myrisiticin, Te rp enole ne , Terpene and Ca ryophylle ne ), and low (α-Thujo ne, β-Cyme ne , α-Pine ne and Eugenol) (Ta ble 2). Phella ndrene and to s ome extent Limone ne (mo noc yc lic terpenic c omp ounds) are the ma in c ons titue nts for o dor and flavo r of dill se ed oil (16). Inc re asing nitro gen le ve ls increas ed the co nc entratio n o f all id entified vo la tile co mpo und s. Howev er, the se increa se s were not linea r as nitrogen le vel inc re as ed, w here the co nc entratio n of all oil c ons titue nts were no ta bly drop ped when nitro gen ap plic atio n ro se up to 13 5 Kg ha -1 (N3). Concentra tion red uction co uld be attributed to the productio n of othe r me ta bolite s suc h as pigme nts, hormones ……. etc ., in a dditio n to the dilution effe ct. Increas ing phosp horus le vels grad ua lly increa se d the c onc entratio ns of a ll identifie d vo la tile compounds o f dill se ed oil. Comp aring the effect of N and P leve ls c onc entrations o f Carvo ne, Limone ne and α-Phe llandrene, Which are the major constituents , phos pho rus was more effe ctive tha n nitro gen, w here the perce nt increa ses d ue the N2 or P2 were 1 7.30% and 49.35 % , 59.79 % and 230 .2 2% , and 225 .6 3% and 3 78.8 1% for the thre e compounds re spe ctively. Howe ver, Camphene, Terpenolene and Myrc ene (me dium co nce ntra tion gro up ) and β-Cyme ne a nd α-Pinene (lo w conce ntra tion group ) ha d be en a ffec te d dras tica lly by increa sing nitro gen lev el to 90 Kg ha -1 (N2) as compared to the e ffec t of increa se d lev el of pho sp horus to 35 Kg ha-1 (P2), whe re the perce nt increa ses w ere 225 .2 9% and 9 1.12%, 345 .7 7% and 5 7.86 %, 182 .62% and 147 .4 4%, 1 921 .2 8% and 77.08 %, a nd 9 68.25 % and 118 .6 1% re spe ctively. The se varia tio ns c ould be due to the rule of either nutrie nt in metab olis m and synthes is o f thes e comp ounds . . These res ults re vea l that tho se nutrients may have diffe re nt mode o f a ction in the b io synthe sis o f these compounds . Ta ble 2. Effect of nitroge n and pho sphorus leve ls on dill see d oil co ns titue nts conce ntratio n (mg Kg se ed-1) Co mpo unds N itro ge n le ve ls (Kg N ha-1) Pho spho rus le ve ls (Kg P ha -1) N 0 N 1 N 2 N 3 P0 P1 P 2 Carvo ne 3 96 .6 404.7 465.2 446.4 325.2 4 75 .0 485.7 Limonene 6 8.5 5 92 .73 109.5 77 .1 5 35 .3 7 1 08 .8 116.8 α -P hellandrene 5 4.1 1 133.4 176.2 134.5 35 .6 3 1 67 .4 170.6 Camp hene 2 4.7 9 53 .55 80 .6 4 58 .6 4 37 .9 6 5 2.7 0 72 .55 Linalo ol 3 2.1 4 46 .21 57 .9 2 48 .7 5 19 .4 8 5 2.6 0 66 .64 Eugeno l 1 .77 7 3.257 4.36 0 2.22 0 1.29 0 3 .70 0 3.78 α -Thujone 0 .79 0 1.280 1.65 0 0.99 6 0.64 0 1 .43 0 1.520 Citronello l 9 .74 0 9.910 16 .3 6 9.53 0 0.46 0 1 3.5 6 20 .14 Myrcene 8 .23 0 12 .02 23 .2 6 14 .3 2 8.39 0 1 5.3 7 20 .76 β -C ymene 0 .98 7 11 .50 19 .9 5 10 .0 1 7 .33 1 1.5 8 12 .98 Mysris iticin 7 .47 0 11 .81 15 .0 5 11 .0 8 9.19 0 1 2.1 0 12 .77 α -P inene 0 .63 0 3.820 6.73 0 5 .08 2.49 0 3 .97 0 5.740 Terpeno lene 3 .78 0 7.650 16 .8 5 14 .2 6 8.02 0 1 1.2 3 12 .66 Terpinene 1 5.8 6 24 .04 25 .0 4 17 .7 8 15 .6 0 2 3.3 6 24 .00 Caryo phyllene 1 9.5 7 29 .53 42 .0 9 30 .7 2 5 .82 3 0.2 6 55 .43 Ir aq i J.Pharm.Sc i., Vol.15 (1 ) ,2006 47 Conce ntra tion of mos t ide ntified seed o il co nstituents we re the highest when d ill plants fe rtilize d with 9 0 Kg N + 3 5 Kg P ha-1 (Table 3). These res ults could b e due to the o ptimu m balance o f N and P fertiliza tion fo r increasing the conce ntra tion of s ee d oil co ns titue nts. Table 3 . Inte ractive e ffect of nitroge n and phos phorus le ve ls on dill se e d o il constitue nts conce ntration (mg Kg se e ds -1) CONCLUSIONS Ni tro gen a nd phos pho rus fe rtilizatio n increase d yield and c onc entration of d ill s eed oil. Mo reover, physica l properties o f the o il were also improved by N and P fertilization. GLC analys is s howed tha t Ca rv one , Li monene and α-P hellandrene a re the ma jor co ns titue nts of d ill seed o il a nd co uld be increase d by N and P app licatio n . REFERENCES 1. Ihsan S A A study o f so me fa ctors affe cting the qua ntita tive a nd q ua litative prope rties of the volatile o ils in Mentha spicta var. Virids L. and Mentha lo ngifolia var. asiatica, P h. D. the sis, Unive rs ity of Baghda d, Iraq 1 999 . 2. 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