Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.27(1) 2018                                                        Phytochemicals  in A. precatorius L. plant 
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol27iss1pp30-38 

30 
 

Phytochemical Investigations of Iraqi Abrus precatorius Linn. Plant 

Zahra’a S. Nassir*,1 and  Enas J. Khadem* 
*Department of Pharmacognosy and  Medicinal Plants , College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 

 

Abstract 
The plant Abrus precatorius, which belong to Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family and known as 

Crab’s eyes, Rosary pea with characteristic red and black seeds. It was used in folk medicine in India, 

China and East Asian countries for treatment of various diseases. 

The plant was extracted by '' general method of extraction'' (Harborne, 1973) using 80% aqueous 

ethanol as a solvent of extraction by soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening 

were performed on the crude ethanolic extract and revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids 

,terpenoids and phytosterols in Iraqi Abrus precatorius plant. Three different fractions were obtained 

from crude extract which are fraction one (chloroform fraction), fraction two (ethyl acetate fraction), and 

fraction three (petroleum ether fraction) which are represent alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids 

respectively. The alkaloid abrine was isolated from the chloroform fraction  in pure form by using 

preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) and then subjected to different physico-chemical and 

specteral analytical techniques to identify its chemical structure: melting point (M.P.), thin layer 

chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , fourier transforms infrared 

spectra (FT-IR) and elemental microanalysis (CHNO). 
Keywords: Abrus precatorius ,Alkaloid abrine, HPLC, FT-IR, CHNO. 

 

 كيميائية لنبات عين العفريت العراقيدراسة 
 زهراء سهيل ناصر *، 1 و   ايناس جواد كاظم *

 

 . ، بغداد، العراق فرع العقاقير والنباتات الطبية ، كلية الصيدلة ، جامعة بغداد*

 الخالصة
هو نوع من النباتات ينتمي الى العائلة البقولية وهو نبات مستزرع في شمال العراق وتحديدا في مدينة عين العفريت نبات 

 كان يستخدم في الطب الشعبي في الهندالبازالء الوردية مع بذور ذات اللون االسود واالحمر التي يتميز بها. بالموصل ويعرف ايضاً  

 حثالب اهذعتبريلم يخضع النبات الي نوع من الدراسة التحليلة او التشخيصية لذلك  ة.والصين وبلدان شرق آسيا لعالج أمراض مختلف

مضاد ك أول بحث أجري في العراق لدراسة المكونات الكيميائية النباتية التي لها اهمية طبية  ونشاط الدراسة الدوائية األولية )في المختبر(

 لالكسدة. وفي هذه الدراسة تم استخالص وفصل وعزل وتنقية بعض المركبات الكيميائية )القلويدات والستيرويد النباتي بيتا سايتوستيرول(.

من اإليثانول المائي كمذيب  ٪08( باستخدام 3791تم استخالص النبات من خالل "الطريقة العامة لالستخراج"للعالم )هاربورن،        

فحوصات الكيميائية األولية لنواتج األيض الثانوية المختلفة من الوقد تم إجراء       . (Soxlet)ستخالص بواسطة جهاز سوكسليتلال

خالل اختبارات كيميائية محددة على مستخلص االيثانول الخام وقد كشف عن وجود قلويدات، فالفونويدات، تربينويدات و الستيرويدات 

تم الحصول على ثالثة اجزاء مختلفة من المستخلص الخام والتي هي الجزء االول  )جزء  كذلكو.  ائي العراقيفي نبات القلقل الرج

الكلوروفورم(، والجزء الثاني )جزء االيثيل اسيتيت(، والجزء الثالث )جزء األثير البترولي( والتي تمثل قلويدات، الفالفونويدات 

من جزء الكلوروفورم )الجزء االول( في شكل نقي باستخدام كروماتوغرافيا  (abrine)تم عزل قلويد ابرين  والستيرويدات على التوالي.

 ( وقد استخدمت التقنيات الفيزيائية والكيميائية والتحليلية الطيفية لتحديد تركيبها الكيميائيpreparative TLCالطبقة الرقيقة التحضيري )

،   (HPLC)( ، الكروماتوغرافيا السائل عالي االداء (TLCنصهار، كروماتوغرافيا الطبقة الرقيقة، وتشمل: نقطة االووزنه الجزيئي 

 .(CHNO)والتحليل الجزئي عنصري  IR-(FTمطياف االشعة تحت الحمراء )
 صري حت الحمراء ، التحليل الجزئي العننبات عين العفريت ، القلويد أبرين ،  كرومرتوغرافيا  السائل عالي االداء، مطياف االشعة تالكلمات المفتاحية :

 

Introduction 
The Abrus precatorius Linn. of the 

Leguminosae family is woody twinning plant 

widely distributed in India (1). And it is 

distributed in the north of Iraq certainly in Al- 

Mousul city and it's authenticated at first time 

in Iraq. It's known as Jequirity bean, rosary pea, 

and Crab’s Eye. Abrus  precatorius  (figure 1) 

is  a  slender, twining vine with a woody base. 

It  is  supported  generally  on  other plants or a  

 

fence. The leaves are pinnate and glabrous. The 

fruit of Abrus plant , a pea-shaped pod about 1.5 

inches long, splits open as it dries to reveal (3-

5) hard-coated, brilliant scarlet, pea-sized seeds 

with a small enamel-black spot at the point of 

attachment (hilum). (2, 3). It is used traditionally 

to treat eye diseases, gastrointestinal aliments 

and as abortifacient. (4-8). 

 

1Corresponding author E-mail:zahraasuhailn@gmail.com 

Received: 23/9/2017  

Accepted: 21/1/2018   
  Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 

 

http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol27iss1pp30-38
http://bijps.com/index.php/bijps/index


 

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.27(1) 2018                                                        Phytochemicals  in A. precatorius L. plant 

31 
 

Several studies have shown that the extracts of 

Abrus precatorius at different concentrations 

have antimicribial activity against G + ve and G 

–ve bacteria and that attributed to widespread 

use of the plant as local remedy for a variety of 

ailments ranging from ulcers to bronchitis. (9)  

 While other studies have been revealed that the 

petroleum ether extract of Abrus precatorius 

Linn (PEEAP) possessed significant antitumor 

activity. (10) Furthermore, it have antidiabetic 
(11), antioxidant (12), antifertility (13) and anti-

inflammatory (14) effects. 

Abrus precatorius are known as ones of the 

most toxic plant worldwide especially the 

seeds. The toxic principle contained in Abrus 

precatorius has been found to be the 

toxalbumin abrin (15). The estimated human fatal 

dose is 0.1 to 1 microgram/kg and ingestion of 

one to two crushed seeds is sufficient to cause 

death. (16) Various alkaloids of indole type have 

been reported in Abrus precatorius (17) .which 

are abrine, hypaphorine and trigonelline, figure 

(2). Abrus plant contains other phytochemicals 

like flavonoids and phytosterols (beta-

sitosterol) which have various pharmacological 

activities. (18, 19)  

 

  

  

 

Figure 1.  Iraqi Abrus precatorius plant (20) 

 

 

 

 



 

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.27(1) 2018                                                        Phytochemicals  in A. precatorius L. plant 

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A 

 

        

 

 

 

                                                         

B 
Figure 2. A-Chemical structure of abrine, 

(2S)-3-(1H-indole-3-yl)-2-(methylamino) 

propionic acid, (C12H14O2N2) (21), B-Figure 

(1.4): Chemical structure of hypaphorine, 

(3S)-3-(1H-indole-3-yl)-2-(trim ethyl 

azaniumyl) propionate, (C14 H18 O2N2) (22). 
 

Material and methods 
Plant collection  

The plant was authenticated by Dr. 

Ibrahim Saleh/ Head of Pharmacognosy 

department/ College of Pharmacy/ Al-

Mustanserya University.   

The seeds and aerial parts were collected 

during October  (2016) from Al- Mosul city 

which is located at the north of Iraq then it dried 

at room temperature in the shade then 

pulverized by mechanical mills and weighed. 

Extraction and fractionation of different 

active constituents: (23)   
Shade-dried coarsely powdered plant 

(seeds and aerial parts) (500gm) were defatted 

by maceration with hexane for 24 hr then 

allowed to dry at room temperature. The 

defatted plant materials was extracted with 80% 

ethanol (2 L) in soxhlet apparatus until 

complete exhaustion. 

The alcoholic extract was evaporated 

under reduced pressure at a temperature not 

exceeding 40 هC to give a dark brown residue 

designated as a crude fraction. 

Crude fraction was acidified with 

hydrochloric acid (5%) to pH 2 and partitioned 

(three times) with ethyl acetate to get two layers 

(aqueous acidic and ethyl acetate layer).              

The aqueous acidic (A-1) layer was then 

separated and basified with equal volume of 

ammonium hydroxide 15% to pH 10 and 

extracted with chloroform in the separatory 

funnel (three times) to get two layers, the 

chloroform layer which was separated and dried 

by addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate 

powder then evaporated under reduced pressure 

at a temperature not exceeding 40C to give 

brownish residue designated as fraction 1 (F-1) 

and aqueous basic layer designated as (A2). 

The ethyl acetate layer of the original 

alcoholic extract (crude fraction) was 

evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure 

and basified with 300ml of sodium hydroxide 

5% to pH 10 and extracted with chloroform in 

the separatory funnel to get two layers, the 

aqueous basic layer and chloroform layer. 

 The aqueous basic layer was separated, 

evaporated to dryness and acidified with 5% 
hydrochloric acid to pH 2 then extracted with 

ethyl acetate to get fraction designated as 

fraction 2 (F-2) .Chloroform layer was also 

separated and evaporated to dryness under 

reduced pressure then partitioned with 

methanol 80% and petroleum ether to get two 

layers methanol 80% and petroleum ether 

fraction which is designated as fraction 3 (F-3), 

(Figure 3). Each fraction was tested using 

specific chemical test. 

Identification of alkaloids in Abrus 

pretacorius plant extract 

1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of 
alkaloids in the  Abrus precatorius plant using 

the ethanolic extracts from plants using 

Mayer's, Wagner's and the  Dragendorff's 

reagents to identify the alkaloids. (23-25). 

2. Thin layer chromatography (TLC): 
 In this qualitative identification using a ready-

made aluminum plates of silica gel GF254  and 

using 3 different developing solvent systems for 

detection the plant alkaloids in fraction one (F-

1) comparing with alkaloid standard(s) and 

detection by spraying with Dragendorff's spray 

reagent, and they are listed in the table (1): 
 

Table 1. Developing solvent systems were 

used in identification of expected alkaloids in 

(F-1) of Abrus precatorius plant extract 

No. Composition References 

S2k Chloroform: acetone: 

diethyl amine (50 : 40 

:10) 

26 

S4 k Dichloromethane: 

methanol: water: 

formic acid: diethyl 

amine (72.3 : 25 : 2.5 : 

0.1 : 0.1) 

27 

S5 k Toluene: ethyl acetate: 

diethyl amine(70 : 20 : 

10) 

28 

 

3. Qualitative estimation of fraction one (F-1) 
by high performance liquid chromatography 

(HPLC) : 



 

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The expected alkaloids in (F-1) were separated 

by HPLC method and identified by  comparison  

with standard compounds using ODS C 18 

column (250 x 4.6 mm , 5µm particle size) and 

acetonitrile -0.1 % H3PO4 +0.1g sodium 

sulphonate (35:65) as a mobile phase with flow 

rate 1.2 ml / min, and UV detector at 254 nm at 

room temperature(29).  

Isolation and purification of alkaloid from (F-

1) 
Isolation of alkaloid was carried out by using 

preparative TLC. fraction one (F-1) was applied on a 

number of preparative TLC plates as a concentrated 

solution in streak using capillary tube on each plate , 

then the plates placed inside glass tank which 

contained the S5K  (Toluene: ethyl acetate: diethyl 

amine (70 : 20 : 10)) solvent system. 

    The detection was done using Dragendroff's 

reagent. The band had been scrapped off, eluted with 

chloroform, and then filtered. The filtrate evaporated 

to dryness, in vacuo to give off-white powder, for 

more purification the iolated compound was 

dissolved in a hot ethylacetate. The hot solution was 

filtered and the filtrate was concentrated and cooled 

to give solid precipitate of (expected abrine alkaloid). 

 

 

 

 
Figure 3. General scheme for separation of different plant constituents (23) 



 

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Results and discussion  
Extraction method  

The method of extraction mostly depend 

on the critical input parameters; understanding 

the nature of plant matrix; chemistry of 

bioactive compounds and scientific expertise. 

Since different plant parts contain different 

chemical classes of active constituents, 

alkaloids (basic compounds), flavonoids (acidic  

 

 

 

compounds) and steroids (neutral compounds) 

so the fractionation based on the conversion of 

basic compound to its salt by aqueous mineral 

acids, and when the salt of an alkaloid is treated 

with hydroxide ion, nitrogen gives up a 

hydrogen ion and the free amine is liberated 

which is taken or extracted by specific organic 

solvent like (chloroform) to get free alkaloids 

(F-1) leaving quaternary alkaloids and water 

soluble compounds in the aqueous layer (A-2). 
 

Table 2. Percentage of different fractions obtained from plant extraction of Abrus precatorius L. 

Dried 

plant 

weight 

Crude 

extract 

weight 

    Weight of fractions  Percentage % 

 

500 gm 

 

50 gm 

F1 

alkaloids 

F2 

flavonoids 

F3 

sterols 

F1 

 alkaloids 

F2 

flavonoids 

F3 

sterols 

3 gm 2.4 gm 4.8 gm 0.6% 0.48% 0.96% 
  

Preliminary qualitative phytochemical 

analysis 

The results of phytochemical analysis of 

crude ethanolic extract are given in (table 3). 

Preliminary identification of alkaloid in Abrus 

plant by chromatographyA- TLC: 

Thin layer chromatography of different 

fractions F- 1 confirms the presence of indolic 

alkaloid abrine in fraction-1, and that alkaloid 

appeared as single spot by using the mobile 

phase systems (S2k, S4k and S5k). The spot of 

alkaloid have the same retention factor ( Rf) 

value comparing with its corresponding 

standard after detection by the dragendorff's 

sparying reagent as shown in the figures from 

(4 to 6). 

Table 3: Phytochemical screening of 

alkaloids in the crude ethanolic extract of 

Abrus precatorius plant. 
 

 

 

Alkaloids 

 

Dragendorff's 

reagent 

 

Orange 

ppt 

 

+ 

 

Mayer's 

reagent 

 

White 

ppt 

 

+ 

Wagner’s 

reagent 

Reddish 

brown 

ppt 

+ 

(+) represent the presence of alkaloids 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4. The Rf values of abrine alkaloid in 

(F-1) in Abrus precatorius extract, and 

standard in different developing solvent 

systems using TLC. 
 

Mobile 

phases 

Rf  value of  

abrine 

standard 

Rf  value of 

abrine 

alkaloid in 

(F-1) 

S2k 0.4 0.38 

S4k 0.58 0.6 

S5k 0.24 0.23 

 

 
Figure 4. TLC chromatogram of F-1 for 

Abrus pretacorius plant using silica gel 

GF254nm as adsorbent and S2K [Chloroform: 

acetone: diethylamine (50: 40:10)] as a 

mobile phase. Detecting by spraying with 

dragendorrf's reagent. 
 Std: Abrine standard.  

Sample: fraction 1 (F-1). 

 

 



 

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.27(1) 2018                                                        Phytochemicals  in A. precatorius L. plant 

35 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5. TLC chromatogram of F-1 for 

Abrus pretacorius plant using silica gel 

GF254nm as adsorbent and S4K 

[Dichloromethane: methanol: water: formic 
acid: diethylamine (72.3: 25: 2.5: 0.1: 0.1)] as 

a mobile phase. Detecting by spraying with 

dragendorrf's reagent. 

Std: Abrine standard.                         

 Sample: fraction 1 (F-1). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 6. TLC chromatogram of (F-1) for 

Abrus pretacorius plant using silica gel 

GF254nm as adsorbent and S5K [Toluene: ethyl 

acetate: diethyl amine (70: 20: 10)] as a 

mobile phase. Detecting by spraying with 

dragendorrf's reagent. 

Std: Abrine standard.                      

Sample: fraction one (F-1). 
 

B- HPLC analysis 
The results gained from HPLC analysis 

method: 

1-The retention time of alkaloids (A, B and C) 

in (F-1) (figure 7) match with the retention time 

of standard alkaloids (1 trigonelline, 2 Abrine 

and 3 hypaphorine) (figure 8) respectively. 

2-An abrine alkaloid have the high percent 

among the other alkaloids. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. HPLC chromatogram of fraction 

one (F-1). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 8. HPLC chromatogram of alkaloid 

standards. 

 
Characterization and identification of the 

isolated abrine alkaloid: 

1-Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): 

The isolated alkaloid appeared as single spot 

having the same color and Rf value as the 

corresponding abrine standard as shown in the 

figure (9). Rf value 0.19 and 0.18 for abrine 

standard and isolated abrine respectively. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

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Figure 9. TLC of the band (sample) isolated 

by preparative TLC from fraction-1 (F-1) 

using silica gel GF254nm as adsorbent and S5K 
as a mobile phase. Detection by 

dragendorffʼs spraying reagent. 

Std : Abrine standard.          

 Mix: abrine standard and sample mixture. 
 

2-Melting point (M.P.)  

The isolated alkaloid was characterized  from 

its sharp melting point of   273 – 277℃ 
compared with standard alkaloid melting point 

275 – 280 ℃. 
3- HPLC analysis 

The isolated alkaloid was identified by 

comparison its retention time (4.101 min) with 

the retention time of abrine standard (4.087 

min) as shown in the figures (10 and 11). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10 . HPLC chromatogram of isolated  

alkaloid . 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 11. HPLC chromatogram of abrine 

standard alkaloid. 

 

FTIR  
The IR spectrum of isolated alkaloid 

showed the characteristic bands which are 

reported for abrine standard as shown in (table 

5) and figure (12). 

Table 5. The characteristic bands  frequencies from FT-IR spectrum of isolated (30) 
 

Functional group 
Group frequency wave number 

( in cm-1) 
Assignment 

O-H 3527 O-H stretching of carboxylic acid  

N-H 3452 N-H stretching (2ه amine) 

C=C-H 3039 C-H stretching of  aromatic alkene 

C-H 2947, 2891,2810 Asymmetric and symmetric stretching of   

CH2  and CH3 

C=O 1735 C=O stretching of carboxylic acid (dimer) 

C=C 1585,1614 C=C stretching of aromatic alkene and N-H 

bending is included 

C-H and C=C 821,810,738 C-H and C=C bending of aromatic (out and in-

plane) 



 

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Figure 12.IR spectrum of isolated alkaloid. 

 

1. Elemental microanalysis CHNO  
 The isolated alkaloid was subjected to 

elemental microanalysis to confirm its chemical 

structure. The result was listed in the table (6) 

which is demonstrated the different percentage 

of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 

found in the compound. 
 

Table 6. Elemental Microanalysis of the 

isolated alkaloid. 
 

Element Calculated 

% 

Found % 

C 66.09 65.49 

H 6.04 5.99 

N 13.22 12.91 

O 14.99 14.59 

 

All the above data coincide with that reported 

for abrine which might indicate that the isolated 

compound is the alkaloid abrine. 
 

Conclusions 
The following points were drawn based 

on previous findings: 

1. Phytochemical screening of new Iraqi plant 
Abrus precatorius was done for seeds and aerial 

part of plant and the results include the presence 

of alkaloids. 

2. The abrine is the only alkaloid was detected 
and isolated by preparative TLC. The other 

alkaloidal constituents may be present in low 

percent so they was demonstrated their presence 

by HPLC analytical method comparing with 

their corresponding standards. 

3.  Most of the results of this study are 
consistent with the results of international 

researches which carried out on this plant. 
 

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