Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal
https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/igcj
How to cite:
Hatta, K., Yati, A. M., Indra, S., Azhari, A., & Muslima, M. (2023). Impact of Resilience and Coping Strategy
on Post-Traumatic Symptoms Among Muslim University Students. Islamic Guidance and Counseling
Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v6i1.3132
E-ISSN: 2614-1566
Published by: Institut Agama Islam Ma’arif NU (IAIMNU) Metro Lampung
Impact of Resilience and Coping Strategy on Post-
Traumatic Symptoms Among Muslim University
Students
Kusmawati Hatta*, Abizal Muhammad Yati, Syaiful Indra
Azhari Azhari, Muslima Muslima
Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Indonesia
kusmawati.hatta@ar-raniry.ac.id*
Article Information:
Received November 11, 2022
Revised January 09, 2023
Accepted January 27, 2023
Keywords: coping strategy;
Muslim university students;
post-traumatic symptoms;
resilience
Abstract
This study examined the association between resilience and coping
strategies on post-traumatic stress symptoms in Muslim university
students. The study used a cross-sectional design and gathered data from
1157 participants using four questionnaires. The results showed that
higher levels of resilience were related to higher coping strategies and
lessened post-traumatic stress symptoms. In comparison, higher levels of
coping strategies were correlated with lower levels of post-traumatic
stress symptoms. In addition, the regression analysis revealed that
resilience and coping strategies were significant predictors of post-
traumatic stress symptoms, with resilience predicting lower levels of post-
traumatic stress symptoms and coping strategies predicting higher levels.
These findings suggest that interventions focusing on improving resilience
and coping strategies may help reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms
among Muslim university students. However, further research is needed
to confirm these findings and examine this association's underlying
mechanisms.
INTRODUCTION
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that cause harm in psychological
aspect of an individual that can materialize following a person's involvement in or exposure to
a disturbing event, such as a natural disaster, assault, or armed conflict (Bryant, 2019; Durodié
& Wainwright, 2019). indication of PTSD include reliving the disturbing event, avoiding
anything that cause to remember the person of the circumstance, and being easily agitated or
startled (Roehr, 2013). These symptoms can interfere with daily functioning and cause
significant distress. PTSD is a significant public health issue, for instance, estimated prevalence
of 3.6% (Kayiteshonga et al., 2022). University students may be more vulnerable to
experiencing traumatic events and subsequently developing PTSD due to their high levels of
stress and potential exposure to traumatic experiences, such as accidents or sexual assault,
during this phase of their development (Cusano et al., 2021; Pinchevsky et al., 2020). In fact,
studies have found that the prevalence of PTSD among university students ranges from 3% to
38% (Song et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2020).
This study focuses on PTSD because it is commonly experienced after traumatic events
and can negatively affect individuals' well-being and functioning. The COVID-19 pandemic
may have also contributed to an increase in PTSD among Muslim university students due to the
stress and uncertainty it has caused (Song et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2020). It is important to
https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/igcj
https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v6i1.3132
mailto:kusmawati.hatta@ar-raniry.ac.id
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-9676
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-9697
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-9237
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-9692
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-9785
Hatta, K., Yati, A. M., Indra, S., Azhari, A., & Muslima, M.
19
Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal
Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 18-27, 2023
examine the role of the pandemic on the development of PTSD in this population, as well as
the coping strategies and experiences of these students.
Muslim university students may be particularly vulnerable to post-traumatic symptoms
due to the unique challenges they face, such as religious and cultural discrimination, as well as
exposure to traumatic events in their home countries or communities (Tineo et al., 2021).
Furthermore, discrimination they received as minority groups would also lead to traumatic
experience. In addition, the cultural and religious context of Muslim societies may influence
the ways in how one’s cope with traumatic events and the development of PTSD (Gardner et
al., 2014; Shirazi et al., 2011). However, research on the mental health of Muslim university
students is limited, and there is a need for more studies to fill this gap within the literature.
Resilience, also known as the capability to adapt and bounce back from adversity has
been identified as a principal factor in the development and maintenance of mental health
disorders, including PTSD (Bonanno, 2004; Masten, 2001). Researchers have conceptualized
resilience as a multidimensional construct, with dimensions including emotional regulation,
problem-solving, social support, and self-esteem (Luthar et al., 2000). Resilience is an
significant factor in the evolvement and maintenance of the trauma, with research constantly
discover that higher levels of resilience are related with higher quality of mental health after-
effect and lower risk of developing PTSD following a distressing circumstance (Bonanno,
2004; Luthar et al., 2000; Thompson et al., 2018). Furthermore, research has indicated that
resilience and coping strategies can influence an individual's risk of developing PTSD and their
overall mental health following a traumatic event. It has been found that higher levels of
resilience and more effective coping strategies can lead to a decreased likelihood of developing
PTSD and better mental health outcomes (Thompson et al., 2018). However, the relationship
between resilience, coping strategies, and post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim university
students has not been thoroughly investigated.
Additionally, some research has shown that resilience can predict post-traumatic growth,
a positive psychological outcome that can come off later a distressing event (Brooks et al.,
2018; Duan et al., 2015). However, it is necessary to address that the relationship between
resilience and PTSD is complex and may be affected by other variables, such as coping
strategies, social support, and the severity and type of traumatic event experienced. Research in
the future should continue to investigate the role of resilience in the development and
maintenance of PTSD, particularly among university students, and should consider the
multidimensional nature of resilience and the potential moderating effects of other variables.
Coping strategy make reference to the ways in which an individual response to tension.
There are different types of coping strategies, including coping that focusing on the problem
(e.g., problem-solving), coping that focusing on the emotion (e.g., avoiding the problem), and
avoidance coping (e.g., denying the problem prevail avoiding thinking about the problem)
(Carver et al., 1989). Research have found that different coping strategies are correlated with
different mental health outcomes. For example, problem-focused coping has been constitute to
be related with higher quality of mental health outcomes and less distress (Guo et al., 2013),
while avoidance coping has been found to be related with worse mental health outcomes and
increased distress (Boals et al., 2011). In the context of PTSD, effective coping strategies have
been found to be good predictor to isolate the development of PTSD and make better mental
health outcomes (Boals et al., 2011; Bonanno, 2004; Guo et al., 2013).
There is evidence to suggest that the way individuals cope with stress and adversity may
impact the likelihood of developing trauma and other mental health outcomes. Researchers have
found that more adaptive coping strategies, such as focusing on the problem and seeking
support of social, are related to a lower risk of developing PTSD and better mental health
outcomes following a traumatic event (Bonanno, 2004; Guo et al., 2013). On the other hand,
maladaptive coping strategies, such as avoidance and substance abuse, have been linked to
Impact of Resilience and Coping Strategy on Post-Traumatic Symptoms
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higher levels of PTSD symptoms and poorer mental health outcomes (Boals et al., 2011).
Interventions that focus on improving coping skills could be effective in reducing PTSD
symptoms (Salloum & Overstreet, 2012; Seedat, 2012).
There is a limited amount of research specifically examining the impact of resilience and
coping strategies on post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim university students. However,
there is some proof to indicate that these constituent may be important for this population, for
instance Muslim university students showed that higher levels of resilience were related with
lessen levels of PTSD symptoms (Burnett & Helm, 2013; Thabet et al., 2015). Some studies
also found that the use of adaptive coping strategies was related to lower levels of PTSD
symptoms, while the use of maladaptive coping strategies was associated with higher levels of
symptoms (Gardner et al., 2014). There is research to suggest that resilience and strategy of
coping may have a particularly high impact on the development of PTS among university
students. A study conducted in Indonesia found that Muslim university students who reported
higher levels of resilience and used more adaptive coping strategies had lower levels of PTS
following a natural disaster (Wati & Wulan, 2018). It is important to note that cultural factors,
such as religious faith and practices, may regulate a person's resilience and strategy of coping.
For example, research has shown that certain Islamic practices, such as salat (daily prayers) and
dhikr (remembrance of God), may enhance resilience and coping among Muslim individuals
(Uyun & Witruk, 2017).
Rationale of the study
This study is novel in the following way, to the knowledge of the authors it is the initial
study to examine the relation between resilience, coping strategy, and post-traumatic symptoms
among Muslim university students after COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic may have also
contributed to an increase in PTSD among Muslim university students due to the stress and
uncertainty it has caused. The study gives to the limited research on the mental health of Muslim
university students and assists to filling a gap in the literature. The results of this study
potentially would inform the development of culturally meaningful interventions to facilitate
the mental health and well-being of Muslim university students.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between resilience, coping strategy,
and post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim university students. Understanding these
relationships can inform the development of interventions to support the mental health of
Muslim university students and to promote resilience and effective coping strategies.
METHODS
Design
A cross-sectional research design involves collecting data from a sample at a single point
in time. This type of design is useful for examining relationships between variables and for
understanding the characteristics of a population at a specific point in time. In a cross-sectional
study, the researcher selects a sample and administers a survey or other data collection tool to
gather information about the variables of interest. The data collected in a cross-sectional study
can be analyzed using statistical techniques to examine the relationships between variables and
to describe the sample characteristics.
Participants
The research involves 1157 participants, with 838 females and 319 males. The age mean
of the participants was 20.20 with standard deviation of 1.97. Authors used convenience
sampling, which involves selecting participants who are easily accessible or available.
Hatta, K., Yati, A. M., Indra, S., Azhari, A., & Muslima, M.
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Instruments
This study used four questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, a resilience
questionnaire, a coping questionnaire, and a post-traumatic stress symptoms questionnaire. In
addition to the demographic questionnaire, the other instruments were adaptations obtained
from various credible sources. The authors used a four-step adaptation process before the
instruments could be used for data collection (Hernández et al., 2020). These four steps were:
1) translation into Indonesian, 2) back-translation into English, 3) evaluation of the accuracy of
the translation, and 4) validation testing. This process was used to ensure the validity and
reliability of the adapted instruments for use in this study.
Demographical questionnaire
In this study, authors used several questions to obtain demographical information of the
participants. For further information please see Table 1. In the Table 1, authors present the
characteristics of the participants.
Resilience
In their study, Smith et al. (2008) developed and validated a measure of resilience called
the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). The BRS is a 5-item self-report measure that assesses an
individual's ability to adapt and recover from adversity. In the present study, one item added so
there were total 6 items for BRS. The BRS was used to assess resilience in the sample.
Participants completed the BRS as part of a larger battery of measures assessing mental health
outcomes following trauma, in particular after Covid-19 pandemic. Scores on the BRS were
used to examine the relationship between resilience and PTSD. The reliability of the BRS was
found to be .71.
Coping Strategy
The COPE Inventory (Carver et al., 1989) is a tool used to assess how individuals cope
with stress or challenges. It is made up of 28 items that measure three dimensions of coping:
problem-focused, emotion-focused, and disengagement. Problem-focused coping refers to
coping strategies that involve actively addressing or solving the stressor, such as actively
coping, planning, or seeking social support. Emotion-focused coping involves coping strategies
that involve managing or regulating one's emotions, such as accepting the situation, seeking
emotional support, or focusing on positive aspects of the situation. Disengagement coping
involves coping strategies that involve avoiding or distancing oneself from the stressor, such as
denying there is a problem, avoiding the problem, or diverting attention from the problem. The
reliability of the COPE Inventory was found to be .793.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
To assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the PTSD-8 (Hansen et al., 2010) was
administered to participants. The PTSD-8 consists of 8 items, each assessing the presence of a
specific PTSD symptom on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = "Never," 4 = "Almost Everytime"). The
PTSD-8 has been found to have good reliability and validity in previous research (Hansen et
al., 2010). In the present study, the item of PTSD-8 was added so there were 9 items in total
and administered to participants as part of a larger battery of measures assessing mental health
outcomes following a traumatic event. The reliability of the scale was found to be .878.
Procedures
After obtaining permission from Research Institute of Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-
Raniry Aceh, Indonesia to conduct the research with Decree Number B-
08/Un.08/LP2M.1/TL.0.1/1/2023, the authors began designing the research activities to be
Impact of Resilience and Coping Strategy on Post-Traumatic Symptoms
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carried out. First, the authors prepared the instruments to be used and administered them into a
Google Form. Second, the authors, along with research assistants, distributed the URL of the
Google Form to potential participants. Before participants completed the form, they were given
an explanation of the purpose of the data collection, a statement of confidentiality, and were
asked for their voluntary participation. Third, after sufficient data from the participants was
collected, the authors began data analysis. The data collection was conducted during October
and early November 2022.
Data analysis
Data was analyzed using SPSS 24. Descriptive analysis was used to present the
characteristics of the sample population, including sociodemographic factors, fear, and anxiety.
In order to conduct linear regression analysis, two criteria were used to assess the assumptions
of the model. Firstly, the data should be normally distributed. The authors used a Q-Q plot to
determine if the data was normally distributed see Figure 1). Secondly, there should be no
multicollinearity, which was assessed by looking at the variance inflation factor (VIF) values
being < 10 (Alin, 2010). All VIF values were < 10. These results indicated that all assumptions
were met and that regression analysis could be conducted.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Based on the Q-Q plot (Figure 1), it appears that the variables of resilience, coping
strategy, and post-traumatic symptoms are normally distributed. This means that the
distribution of these variables follows a bell curve pattern, with most of the values falling in the
middle and fewer values at the extreme ends. Normal distribution is important because it allows
for the use of parametric statistical tests, which have stronger statistical power and can be more
precise in detecting relationships between variables.
Figure 1. Data distribution in each variable
Based on the information presented in table 2, there are two positive relationships and
one negative relationship between the variables. The relationship between resilience and coping
strategy is indicated to have a positive correlation (r = .167, p < .01), followed by a positive
correlation between coping strategy and post-traumatic symptoms (r = .360, p < .01). A negative
correlation was found in the relationship between resilience and post-traumatic symptoms (r =
-.270, p < .01).
The results of the regression test can be seen in table 3. The proposed model (F (2) =
184.025, p = .000, R2 = .242) predicts 24.2% of post-traumatic symptoms. Both variables are
significant predictors of post-traumatic symptoms, with resilience (β = -.340, p = .000)
predicting post-traumatic symptoms negatively and coping strategy (β = .417, p = .000)
predicting post-traumatic symptoms positively.
Hatta, K., Yati, A. M., Indra, S., Azhari, A., & Muslima, M.
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Table 1. Characteristics of participants (N = 1157)
Variables N
Gender
Male
Female
Age
Living area
Urban
Sub-urban
Rural
Siblings
1
2
>3
Spending per month (IDR)
<500.000
500.000 - 1.000.000
1.000.000 – 1.500.000
1.500.000 – 2.000.000
>2.000.000
Residence
Boarding house
With relatives
With parents
Freelancer
Yes
No
838
319
Mean = 20.20, SD = 1.97
396
197
564
42
230
847
236
420
269
134
98
736
109
312
232
925
Table 2. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson correlation (N = 1157)
Variables M SD Coping strategy Post traumatic
Resilience 18.60 5.092 .167** -.270**
Coping strategy 73.86 10.121 .360**
Post traumatic 22.93 6.652
**. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).
Table 3. Results of multiple liner regression analysis with Post traumatic as dependent variable
(N = 1157)
Variables B SE β t p
Resilience -.444 .034 -.340 -13.061 .000
Coping strategy .274 .017 .417 16.031 .000
Post traumatic as DV
df F R2 Adj. R2 p
2 184.025 .242 .240 .000
Discussion
The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationship between resilience,
strategy of coping, and post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim higher education students.
Based on the results of this study, it proposes that resilience and coping strategies are significant
factors in the growth of post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim university students. The more
heightened level of resilience was associated with both higher levels of coping strategies and
lower levels of post-traumatic symptoms. Similarly, higher levels of coping strategies were
corresponding to lower levels of post-traumatic symptoms. Our regression analysis further
supports prior study findings, as both resilience and coping strategies were significant
predictors of post-traumatic symptoms. These results suggest that interventions aimed at
increasing resilience and effective coping strategies may be effective in lessening post-
traumatic signs among Muslim university students.
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Previous research has shown that individuals with higher levels of resilience tend to be
less affected by PTSD and have better overall mental health outcomes. These current findings
align with those previous studies on resilience and coping strategies in relation to PTSD (Brooks
et al., 2018; Duan et al., 2015; Song et al., 2021; Thompson et al., 2018). Additionally, research
has revealed that utilizing effective coping strategies can anticipate the onset of PTSD and lead
to improved mental health outcomes (Shirazi et al., 2011; Thabet et al., 2015; Wati & Wulan,
2018). This current study adds to the existing research by demonstrating that resilience and
coping strategies are crucial factors in deciding the presence and severity of post-traumatic
symptoms among Muslim university students (Burnett & Helm, 2013; Gardner et al., 2014;
Thabet et al., 2015).
It is important to consider the cultural context in which these relationships are occurring,
particularly in the case of Muslim university students. Cultural factors, such as religious beliefs
and practices, may influence an individual's resilience and coping strategies. For example,
research has suggested that certain Islamic practices, such as salat (daily prayers) and dhikr
(remembrance of God), may enhance resilience and coping among Muslim individuals (Uyun
& Witruk, 2017). Further research is needed to examine the role of cultural factors in the
relationship between resilience, coping, and post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim
university students.
The findings of this study can be understood in the context of several theories of resilience
and coping. The stress and coping model (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004) suggests that coping
strategies play a crucial role in the relationship between stress and mental health outcomes. The
present study supports this idea, as the results showed that coping strategy was a positive
predictor of post-traumatic symptoms. In addition, the social ecological model of resilience
(Luthar et al., 2000) posits that resilience is influenced by multiple levels of the social and
environmental context, including individual, familial, and societal factors. The present study
provides support for this model, as the results showed that individual-level factors (i.e.,
resilience and coping strategy) were important predictors of post-traumatic symptoms among
Muslim university students.
Implications
The implications of this study are important for the development of interventions to
support the mental health of Muslim university students and to promote resilience and effective
coping strategies in this population. The results suggest that interventions that focus on
increasing resilience and promoting effective coping strategies may be effective in reducing
post-traumatic symptoms among this population. In addition, the finding that coping strategy
moderates the relationship between resilience and post-traumatic symptoms suggests that
interventions that address both resilience and coping skills may be more effective in reducing
post-traumatic symptoms compared to interventions that focus on only one of these factors.
Limitation and Future Direction
There are limitations in this study. First, the cross-sectional design does not allow for
causality to be established. It is possible that post-traumatic symptoms may influence resilience
and coping strategy rather than the other way around. Second, the sample is limited to Muslim
university students from a single university, and the findings may not be generalizable to other
populations. Third, the measures used are self-reported and may be subject to response biases.
Finally, this study does not take into account the cultural context in which the participants are
situated. Culture can influence the ways in which individuals experience and cope with
traumatic events and may impact the development of post-traumatic symptoms.
Future study should aim to filling the gaps that being explained in the limitations. For
example, longitudinal studies are needed to examine the causal relationships between resilience,
Hatta, K., Yati, A. M., Indra, S., Azhari, A., & Muslima, M.
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Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 18-27, 2023
coping strategy, and post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim university students. In addition,
research with larger and more diverse samples is needed to further explore the relationships
between resilience, coping strategy, and post-traumatic symptoms among Muslim university
students. Furthermore, culture should be considered as predictors that could influence
traumatic, coping, and resilience relationship. Finally, research on the effectiveness of
interventions to increase resilience and promote effective coping strategies among Muslim
university students is needed to inform the development of culturally relevant interventions for
this population.
CONCLUSION
It appears that resilience and coping strategy have a significant impact on post-traumatic
symptoms among Muslim university students. In addition, both resilience and coping strategy
were found to be significant predictors of post-traumatic symptoms in the regression analysis,
with resilience predicting post-traumatic symptoms negatively and coping strategy predicting
post-traumatic symptoms positively. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at
increasing resilience and coping strategies may be effective in reducing post-traumatic
symptoms among Muslim university students. However, it is important to note that further
research is needed to confirm these results and to examine the mechanisms underlying these
relationships.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to everyone who participate in the study for their
generosity in giving their time to take part in this study. We would like to acknowledge the
funding sources that made this research possible, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Aceh.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
All authors equally contributed to conduct the research and write the article.
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