Urban fabric, construction types and the art of
city­building.

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Caterina F. Carocci

ISSN: 2239­267X

Architect, PhD, Assistant Professor
c.carocci@unict.it
Università di Catania

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on describing the contents of Reconstruction Plans
for the historical centres of Villa Sant'Angelo and Fossa as urban
projects. In spite of the specificity of the two cases presented ­
different from each other in terms of starting condition, the level and
extent of damage and the intrinsic qualities of the urban fabric ­ it
emphasizes the methodology defined and used for the formation of
management tools for post earthquake reconstruction.
The plan decisions derive from in­depth analysis and research carried
out on both these centres aimed at defining intervention categories
and guidelines for reconstruction and for preserving the local

Francesco Andreani
Architect, PhD in Architectural and Urban Design
francesco.andreani10@tin.it

Approaches and methods for post­earthquake recontruction
plans.



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characteristics of buildings with measures and solutions integrated
with the history of the damaged cities.
Based on the identification of the main characteristics of the local
built environment, the plans for Villa Sant'Angelo and Fossa define
projects where transformations and even different types of
development are possible; these are derived, in any case, from that
same built identity continuing its themes.

1. PRE­EARTHQUAKE CONDITION AND STATE OF DAMAGE1

Like most historical towns in the Aterno valley, Villa Sant'Angelo and Fossa
were in a state of large scale abandonment, before the earthquake of 2009,
due to the attraction of the region’s capital city as a place of residence
offering living standards different from those characterizing housing in
historical centres.
This situation of population decrease in both cases did not cause emotional
detachment as was evidenced by the continuation of several activities which
saw the participation of a large number of people.
In Fossa, the reduced number of residents in the historic centre has probably
allowed the preservation of the integrity of the built environment that still
characterizes the city centre and its surroundings. In Villa Sant'Angelo ­
where alterations due to recent interventions are widespread ­ a rebirth of the
economy had begun just before the earthquake, related to the attraction of
the historic centre and the quality of the surrounding environment and partly
to seasonal tourism in nearby mountain districts (Figures 1­2).

Adreani, Carocci ­ Urban fabric, construction types and the art of city­building

earthquake carries out by collaboration among the Municipalities and the University of
Catania. The Working Group, coordinated by C. Carocci, is composed by C. Circo, M.
Costa, L.A. Scuderi, C. Mangiameli, A. Scudero. A. dal Bo', A. Caiello, M. Giuffrè, S.
Giuffrida, M.R. Vitale. Urban Design consultant is F. Andreani.

The experience on Reconstruction Plan of Villa Sant'Angelo and Fossa historical centres hit by 20091



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2.1 SEISMIS DAMAGE IN VILLA SANT'ANGELO
The severe damage caused by the earthquake of 6 April 2009 was concentrated
in the central areas where collapses involved large parts of built­up area,
resulting in a situation of heavy loss of large parts of the building fabric.
Systematic documentation of the damage and a virtual reconstruction of the
urban fabric in its pre­earthquake condition have been carried out ­ from the
immediate aftermath of the earthquake with the idea of verifying the
possibility of rebuilding the centre while confirming its urban form and its
construction history.

Figure 1 – Villa Sant'Angelo, aerial view of the historic centre after the earthquake

Adreani, Carocci ­ Urban fabric, construction types and the art of city­building

Figure 2 – Fossa, view of the historic centre from the valley



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Figure 3 – Villa Sant'Angelo, damage condition maps

With this aim, a plan to clear away rubble, based on the possibility of
preserving what had not been destroyed by the natural event, was set up as
the first operational tool at the end of 2009 (Carocci 2011a).
The investigations carried out during the preparation of this plan and more
detailed analyses of some sample blocks have permitted the creation of an
exhaustive and systematic database of information on damage conditions
defined at the level of building blocks (Carocci et Al. 2010). (Figures 3­4).

Figure 4 – Villa Sant'Angelo, volumetric view of a block's damage condition



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Adreani, Carocci ­ Urban fabric, construction types and the art of city­building

Figure 5 – Fossa, damage condition maps

2.2 SEISMIC DAMAGE IN FOSSA
Despite the fact that the historical centre in Fossa was affected less severely
than in other neighbouring towns ­ probably due to compactness of the
bedrock on which it is built and to the quality of the construction technique
characterizing its buildings ­ the damage was spread to most of the urban
fabric and a landslide originating from the side of Mount Circolo ­
overlooking the town – has made the whole historical centre inaccessible.



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Figure 6 – Fossa, urban and architectural analyses

Unlike Villa Sant’Angelo, here collapses were sporadic and limited to few
buildings, but the crack patterns and damage mechanisms activated by the action
of the earthquake are widely scattered in the urban fabric and have lead to a
damage condition that necessarily requires coordinated and integrated action.
That picture must be considered against the backdrop of the importance of
the centre in terms of historical and environmental built heritage and
architectural features with buildings of considerable importance (e.g. the
fortified castle, the church and square of Santa Maria Assunta and the
peripheral church of Santa Maria ad Cryptas) (Figures 5­6).

3. KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PROJECT
The survey phase, preliminary to the preparation of the plan – in spite of the
different character affecting the two historic centres object of the planning
(concerning the level and extent of the seismic damage, configuration of
urban fabric and state of conservation and utilization) – was carried out in
pursuit of a detailed knowledge of the built­up area, obtained through
investigations performed at different scales and, in particular, aimed at
obtaining information about the built­up heritage and public and private
open spaces (Carocci 2011b).
Preliminarily observations were conducted on blocks of the urban fabric
with the aim of identifying those most appropriate for the execution of in­
depth analysis and to define the scale of the units for the intervention plan.



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Adreani, Carocci ­ Urban fabric, construction types and the art of city­building

3.1 THE BUILT­UP PROPERTY
In the phase preliminary to the preparation of the plan a series of thematic
surveys were carried out for all of the two centres; firstly attention was
directed to the definition and identification of Architectural Units, as sub­
units of the blocks that, as indicated by the reconstruction law, constitute the
basis for the design of the reconstruction project. This first analytical
investigation allowed subsequent analysis on the basis of a single system of
reference that connects the survey phase to that of plan preparation.
The collection of data concerning buildings' height and on­site observations
were associated with the analysis of building types and their combinations in
the urban fabric, documenting configurations, features, and highlighting
incongruous alterations.
In the case of Villa Sant'Angelo, with reference to collapsed areas, the size
and shape of the buildings had to be hypothesized where there was a lack of
documentation of their condition prior to the earthquake (photographic
images and maps).
The collected data about the buildings' use and location of the principal
houses was also the subject of specific investigation, supported by
information collected through the acquisition of statements by the owners.
At the scale of the elements composing the building, the structural
arrangement and groupings were observed, emphasizing positive features and
weaknesses of local construction techniques (Figure 7).

Figure 7 – Villa Sant'Angelo, masonry works analysis



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Figure 8 – Fossa, building types and buildings' construction analysis

3.2 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE OPEN SPACES
The analysis of open spaces and their relationship with the buildings, both in
their public form (squares and streets) and in the semi­private and private
expression (alleyways and inner courtyards) was carried out with the same
systematic approach dedicated to buildings, through a survey of their layouts
and their characteristic patterns, determined by the natural constraints and
the urban nodes constituted by squares and particular buildings.
Also the study devoted to un­built areas underlines the quality and character
of the centres and allows us to recognize the particular spatial dimensions
that will be confirmed and preserved in their consolidated configuration, or

The architecture and exterior finish were analysed with a focus on the state
of the façades.
In the case of Fossa, a systematic analysis of the local construction lexicon has
allowed the identification of phases of evolution of the centre and its seismic
history through examination and mapping of anti­seismic devices and pre­
modern repair interventions (spurs, scarp walls, chains and hoops) (Figure 8).



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in some cases changed, in the plan.
Through the redesign of characteristic elements, such as slopes, tiers and
ramps, the general arrangement of the public space was identified with its
materials, structural patterns and its condition of preservation or damage.
Since public spaces accommodate network services of public utility, they are
likely to be affected by large­scale interventions relating to the provision or
re­supply of those network services. This situation on the one hand allows us
to suggest their re­design while, on the other, stressing the need for an
effective documentation of the established character of those spaces.
All these analyses highlighted strengths and weaknesses – some of which
were inherent in the urban form and others that introduced by the earthquake
­ which are the basis for design of the plan.
3.3 PROJECT­AIMED ANALYSIS: AGGREGATES AND ARCHITECTURAL UNITS
The systematic examination of the built environment allowed the
achievement of two operational results of great interest to the plan.
First is the division of the urban fabric into sub­areas (this is a procedure
explicitly required by the law) derived specifically from the actual state of the
built­up area as interpreted following the comparison between information
collected at different scales of analysis (from urban analyses, to those
concerning blocks' layout, construction techniques and damage) (Figure 9).
The second result is the definition of Architectural Units, resulting from
direct and systematic observation of the buildings of Villa Sant'Angelo and
Fossa by highlighting the unity of external façades and the subsequent
identification on the base of Land Register maps and on­site surveys.
The division of the built­up areas into Architectural Units, defined as sub­
parts of the blocks, allowed the elaboration of both analisys maps (which
illustrate the present damaged condition) and design maps of the
Reconstuction Plan using the same basic unit.
In that way the Architectural Units define a common ground that binds
analysis to project and plan and provide greater specificity in the assignment
of categories of intervention on the built­up.



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Figure 9 – Villa Sant'Angelo, aggregates’ identification and definition criteria

4. PLAN CHOICES
Even though from an early stage of plan preparation the community of Villa
Sant'Angelo and Fossa wished to reconstruct their centres as they were,
preserving their own identity and even if analysis work was deep and
extensive, accurate and comprehensive, the design phase of the plan was not
at all obvious and predictable but was full of new observations and
unexpected implications.
Perhaps the first step in design that allowed the formulation of predictions
about the reconstruction was to recognize a match between the identity of a
building and its material form as masonry work.
This first identity was expressed in the plan by establishing the
corrsipondence of Structural Units (as defined by law) with Architectural
Units, the latter instead defined by the Reconstruction Plan on the basis of
typological and material studies2.

It is opinion of the authors of this paper that the definition of Structural Unit as defined in the Italian2



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The decision to make the equivalence between Structural Unit and
Architectural Unit helped to preserve – in a structural reading marked by the
block’s dimension ­ the size of the units and that of the whole formed by these
units.
The unit defined by the Architectural Unit is recognized as a significant
record (masonry, material, structural and typological) which determined the
face of the city before the earthquake. The choice to put the Unit at the core
of the plan aims to reaffirm its role in the new face of the city in continuity
with its history.
4.1 VILLA SANT'ANGELO
The desire to preserve the still recognizable character and values of the urban
landscape and the historical built­up area is the central priority in the planning
choices and it directs the plan’s objectives, aimed at the redevelopment and the
improvement of living quality and safety of the built heritage.
The main criterion behind Villa Sant'Angelo Plan is, therefore, the
preservation of the identity of the historic urban fabric and by doing so to
promote the preservation of routes and urban spaces that characterize the
established urban structure.
This criterion has been observed in relation to damage conditions and the
possibility to identify surviving built­up portions that will be preserved and
will provide a starting point for the reconstruction and consolidation of the
urban fabric (Carocci et Al. 2012) (Figure 10).
4.1.1 Interventions on existing buildings
The Reconstruction Plan promotes the preservation, redevelopment and re­use
of surviving parts and elements, through instructions about modes of
intervention and operations for the preservation of structures and decorative
elements.

Technical Norms for Constructions (Decreto del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei
Trasporti del 14/01/2008) does not suffice to describe the historical, typological and
architectural characters of the urban fabric; it is for that reason that, working on the
plans of Fossa and Villa Sant'Angelo, the definition of Architectural Unit was
formulated as the result of the in­depth analysis of the urban centers.



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Figure 10 – Villa Sant'Angelo, urban plan
One among the many instructions for operational contents defines that
surviving portions and elements will, as a rule, be preserved, restored and
strengthened in order to form the starting point for the reconstruction and
consolidation of the urban fabric.
In accordance with the conditions resulting from earthquake damage, the
categories of intervention in the Reconstruction Plan ­ strengthening,
completion and reconstruction ­ have been assigned to each one of the
Architectural Units.
Categories of intervention, with regard to both urban planning and
construction, were tailored on the present damage condition in order to
establish the value of reconstruction in terms of quality, location and urban
image of each building.
It should be noted that consolidation and completion are categories also
defined at level of built structures, emphasizing the presence of important
primary elements – such as stone vaults for ground floors and basements ­
and establishing the repair and/or the reconstruction with masonry
techniques for the restoration and completion of the pre­existing building.



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One among the many instructions for operational contents defines that
surviving portions and elements will, as a rule, be preserved, restored and
strengthened in order to form the starting point for the reconstruction and
consolidation of the urban fabric.
In accordance with the conditions resulting from earthquake damage, the
categories of intervention in the Reconstruction Plan ­ strengthening,
completion and reconstruction ­ have been assigned to each one of the
Architectural Units.
Categories of intervention, with regard to both urban planning and
construction, were tailored on the present damage condition in order to
establish the value of reconstruction in terms of quality, location and urban
image of each building.
It should be noted that consolidation and completion are categories also
defined at level of built structures, emphasizing the presence of important
primary elements – such as stone vaults for ground floors and basements ­
and establishing the repair and/or the reconstruction with masonry
techniques for the restoration and completion of the pre­existing building.
4.1.2 Interventions on public spaces
Besides the definition of Architectural Units, other general characteristics
have influenced the reconstruction of Villa Sant'Angelo, resulting from the
reading of the route alignments and from a realistic and effective forecast of
inevitable transformations that will be produced by the reconstruction.
Layouts as described in the plan were divided into “obligatory” and
"predominant" introducing a distinction between those determining the
obligatory permanence of the pre­existing urban arrangement and those on
which relative changes are possible, whose partially different reconstruction
will not affect the historical urban form.
Choices expressed in the plan are aimed at reducing removal interventions
and minimize demolition without reconstruction; when present, are closely
related to necessary upgrade and redesign of public routes and spaces and
should be seen within a logic of urban restoration aimed at the
reintroduction of small open spaces (nowadays obstructed by the addition of
recent buildings) carefully calibrated on the existing urban fabric.



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The creation of new small squares – which derive from the collapsed buildings
and are comparable, in position and size, to open areas and courtyards of the
ancient urban fabric – is regarded as a reconfiguration of the original urban
fabric which defined the form of the town of Villa Sant'Angelo.
The urban plan defines ­ under the category of "Reconstruction" assigned in
any case only to few Architectural Units ­ the redefinition of some open spaces
located inside the blocks and that were already present before recent
obstructions.
Furthermore, the Plan specifies a series of actions aimed at the reorganization
of the system of routes, public spaces and strategic buildings for the
prevention of seismic risk. Specifically, connections between different areas
and access to different parts of the settlement are taken into account in the
definition of a system of escape routes and first emergency measures.
4.1.3 The cores of building replacement
If the main focus of the plan was the reconstruction of the traditional and
historical identity, recognizing its uniqueness as a tool allows us to address
several issues of renewal in response to those "urban" topics that every city
shows and which are, everywhere, the matter of the art of the city.
These issues might be: a long­designed road but never realized; the solution
of a peculiar accessibility problem; the definition of a public space
unresolved for long time.
Following the demands of the local community, the plan for Villa
Sant'Angelo has introduced a replacement intervention on a block in the
city's central square; the specific block was affected by severe damage and it
was decided to introduce a new public building in order to renew civic social
life in the newly rebuilt city.
A series of new units for uses such as office and retail, in line with the standards
of businesses in the neighbourhood, is to be developed as part of a new complex
rebuilt within the original layout and sized to the pre­existing ones.
4.2 FOSSA
At the core of the choices in the Reconstruction Plan of Fossa are its urban



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landscape and the preservation of character and value of its historical
buildings, which in this specific case are intact, recognizable, and can be
effectively used as a tool to start a new era for the city centre.
With the establishment of repair and seismic improvement building sites
covering the whole of the damaged urban fabric, the Reconstruction Plan
assumes total responsibility for the preservation of urban history and
architecture in Fossa and, for this reason, the provisions of the plan are
aimed at the possibility of improving living standards in the historical centre
while identifying transformations compatible with the identity of the town as
part of the natural environment.
4.2.1 Interventions on existing buildings
Although the damage characterizing the historical village of Fossa does not
require operations of total reconstruction, buildings in the urban fabric will
be subject to detailed and specific work of reconstruction.
In that context, it is unthinkable that the extensive work of consolidation on
Architectural Units might occur without an improvement in housing
conditions and that the large investment of resources managed by the
Reconstruction Plan will not lead to a renewal of quality of residential units
that have remained (from the volumetric point of view) substantially intact.
For that reason the plan rules and suggests forms of building transformations
compatible with the observed historical types, paying attention to the
identity of the urban fabric.
The two basic intervention categories for Fossa, “Restoration” and
“Recovery”, allow at different degrees, a rational modification of the primary
structural elements with respect to the actual conditions, in accordance with
the level of present damage and therefore of relative consolidation.
Introducing the possibility of rethinking residential units ­ allowing, for
example, both horizontal and vertical mergers of volumes ­ the plan aims to
an urban rebirth through possible housing redevelopment linked with the
newly found appeal of the historical centre (Figure 11).



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4.2.2 The cores of urban renewal as an opportunity to rethink public spaces
The predominantly conservative core of the Reconstruction Plan of Fossa is
accompanied by strategies aimed at the improvement of the town that

Figure 11 – Fossa, urban plan



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translate, in practice, into the identification of a few “Cores of Urban
Renewal”, for which it defines the restoration and redevelopment of public
spaces, the improvement of access routes and safe areas and a new provision
of public services or facilities of public interest.
In these areas, combining built areas and open spaces of significant interest,
the plan defines the possibility of introducing new public uses and
improvement operations of access roads, such as new parking and services.
Among these areas the plan includes the fortified castle and the magnificent
Piazza Belvedere for which some transformations are defined (Figure 12).

5. SOME REMARKS
Following these short descriptions of the work carried out on the
reconstruction plans of Villa Sant'Angelo and Fossa some concluding
remarks may be attempted.
The in­depth work of study and research of the material identity is in the
tradition of the better Italian school of urban analysis, in particular with the
analysis of evolutionary processes of the urban fabric pioneered by
Gianfranco Caniggia (D'Amato Guerrieri­Strappa 2003) and the experiments
conducted by Antonino Giuffrè (Giuffrè 2010)on the behaviour of masonry
fabric and their construction and structural qualities (Caniggia 1979, 2006
and Giuffrè 1989).
The road taken by this research following the work of those masters and
suggests two new themes for the analysis of the urban fabric and urban space.



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The first is to take into account the role assumed, in the definition of the
urban identity, by issues and qualities that often escape the definition of
typological unit, by ideas and rules that we can refer to as the matter of the
“art of the city”3.
In city­forming, together with the concept of “house” historically stated and
the typological process, another well­defined idea was at work; it possessed
rules and clearly established geometric qualities and directed the formation
of the peculiarities of the urban fabric.
The idea of practicing a principle of conformity not only on Architectural
Units but also on the urban whole, which derives from the study of the city
in the Renaissance, has been introduced in these Reconstruction Plans
through norms regarding the respect of obligatory and predominant
alignments and through the suggestion of the relevant nodes constituting the
historical identity of the urban arrangement.
The second topic that can be found in the Reconstruction Plans of Villa
Sant'Angelo and Fossa is that, in the process of analysis of typological aspects,
the prevalence of a theme has to be identified in order to isolate a feature more
capable than others of preserving the identity of form and architecture.
That theme is the structural identity, or construction identity to use a more
general and non­sectorial term. The identity of an urban fabric can be
preserved recognizing, first and foremost, its primary construction qualities;
by employing masonry techniques it is possible to establish and rediscover,
even in a reconstruction process, those elements constituting a town’s
identity (masonry walls, vaulted floors, wooden roofs and architectural
elements) and which ­ also nowadays ­ the use of masonry construction
systems allows us to realize.
The Reconstruction Plans drawn up by this school are far from a frozen
vision of urban history, which identifies architectural images and restates
them in different construction systems, resulting in the poor quality of
buildings common to many post­earthquake reconstruction scenarios and to

that regulate the process of construction of public spaces, an institutional function that,
throughout history, has always been part of any civic set of rules. See: E. Re, Maestri di
strada, Archive of the R. Società Romana di Storia Patria, vol XLIII, Roma 1920; M.
Tafuri, Ricerca del rinascimento, Torino 1992.

The “Art of the City” may be defined as the whole of the rules and formal and geometric strategies3



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many ‘context­aware’ buildings constructed inside many a historical centre
(Andreani 2005).
By deciding to maintain the integrity of the existing masonry construction
system, the plans of Villa Sant'Angelo and Fossa define living Architectural
Units, where transformations and even different types of distribution are
possible, and derived, in any case, from that same construction identity
from which they derive and bear the traces.
In conclusion, even in the case of total reconstruction or with the
introduction of staircases, elevators and new facilities, but preserving the
identity of the primary elements, even ­ in short ­ meeting the ever­changing
requirements of urban life, it is possible to preserve character and identity of
places and the important legacy that history hands down to us.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors gratefully acknowledge the Municipalities of Villa Sant’Angelo and
Fossa and particularly their Mayors, Pierluigi Biondi and Antonio Gentile.
Moreover they thank all Working Group participants and arch. Salvatore
Pappalardo. This work has been partially carried out under the Research
Program PRIN (Italian National Interest Research Program) 2008 and the
program of under the Research Program of Dipartimento di Protezione Civile/
Consorzio ReLUIS (2009­2012), Research Line 1.



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