key: cord-348129-tph0d5fl
authors: De Deyn, Michelle Lee Zhi Qing; Ng, Qin Xiang; Loke, Wayren; Yeo, Wee Song
title: A tale of two cities: a comparison of Hong Kong and Singapore's early strategies for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
date: 2020-06-25
journal: J Infect
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.058
sha: 
doc_id: 348129
cord_uid: tph0d5fl

nan

In HKSAR, it is known that community-wide masking was practiced by the general population at an early stage of the pandemic 1 . Based on news reports and official press releases, it is evident that many Asian countries, which have successfully contained the first wave of infections, are now experiencing a second wave of imported cases from abroad and worsening local transmission 2 . As the authors rightly mentioned, Singapore and HKSAR share several similarities in that they are both sprawling city states with developed economies, a high trade-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio, advanced infrastructure and healthcare systems, and they both had varying successes thus far in the management of the ongoing pandemic, albeit adopting different approaches 3, 4 .

Singapore saw her first imported case of the novel coronavirus infection on 23 January 2020.

Prior to this, the authorities had a working multi-ministry taskforce, issued travel advisories for China to the public, precautionary advisory to preschools (good hygiene, travel declarations and temperature screening for staff) and implemented temperature screening at land and sea checkpoints. Given the evolving situation in China at that time and the high volume of international travel to Singapore, the Singapore government had accurately pre-empted the possibility of more suspect cases and imported cases 5 . After the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak, Singapore authorities had put in place a multi-ministry taskforce and a Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) framework that enables the whole-of-government to respond immediately to any disease outbreak and guide interventions 5 . While Hong Kong saw her first imported case on 22 January 2020 and had taken similar pre-emptive measures prior to this 6 . In terms of the alert level, Singapore raised its risk assessment (in accordance with the DORSCON framework) from DORSCON yellow to DORSCON orange on 6 February 2020 after the country saw an increased number of cases of local transmission. In Hong Kong, the serious response level was activated in public hospitals on 4 January 2020 and the hospital authority activated the emergency response level on 25 January 2020.

Both countries contained the first wave of imported cases well and boasted robust testing and contact-tracing capabilities. However, a key difference was that the Hong Kong government implemented social-distancing measures and partial closures earlier, extending the Lunar New Year holidays and keeping all schools and government offices closed after the holidays, while the Singapore government had all schools (including preschools) running up till the implementation of a sweeping 'circuit breaker' measure on 7 April 2020, only allowing residents to leave their homes to exercise alone or purchase essential items. All private or public gatherings, non-essential services and sports and recreation facilities have ceased.

Although both countries did not advise compulsory mask-wearing hitherto, most members of public in Hong Kong chose to wear a mask when going outside anyway. The initial advice from the Hong Kong government was for people who have respiratory symptoms, visiting hospitals and those travelling to wear a mask (and continue to do so until 14 days after returning). The generally high mask usage amongst the public could be partly due to their previous experience with SARS-CoV or their distrust in the HKSAR central government 7 .

Although there are no official statistics, it was evident from media and news reports that most

Singaporeans still went about their daily activities without the use of a mask, unless they were unwell 8 . The Singapore government has now dramatically reversed their recommendations on the use of masks because it is thought that they may confer additional protection against the COVID-19, due to the variable incubation period for clinical disease and possibility of asymptomatic spreaders 9 . It is now mandatory to wear a mask when going out. Tough laws have been put in place to enforce this; first-time offenders would be fined while egregious cases may be prosecuted in court 10 . The COVID (Temporary Measures) Act was passed by Singapore parliament on 7 April 2020, and under the act, the government has the powers to make regulations to further prevent or control the incidence or transmission of COVID-19.

Either way, it appears that Hong Kong has managed to flatten the coronavirus curve, while Singapore is seeing a rapid upward trend (Figure 1) , mostly due to an outbreak of cases amongst foreign workers living in the dormitories 11 . There are more than 250,000 foreign workers on 'construction work permits' in Singapore, and the growing outbreak amongst workers living in the dormitories could be due to the limited space, their culture of communal cooking and sharing food, and communal toilets.

Given the above context and factors, it is difficult to precisely apportion the contribution of masking versus social distancing, rigorous contact tracing and other control measures to COVID-19 containment. Properly-worn face masks probably help stem the spread of the coronavirus, albeit other environmental and ambient factors such as temperature, wind velocity and humidity would also affect how the respiratory droplets travel.

Although the efficacy of wearing masks in public cannot be stated definitively, we believe the takeaway lessons are clear. Caution and pre-emptive measures yield significant preventive benefits in this crisis. The public needs to act responsibly and pay heed to these advice and physical distancing measures. Given the escalating medical and socioeconomic costs associated with this pandemic, the adage that 'prevention is better than cure' is especially relevant today. 

The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2

Asia Pacific steps up COVID-19 efforts as second wave of infections strikes

Multinationals and the Growth of the Singapore Economy. Routledge

City states in the global economy: Industrial restructuring in Hong Kong and Singapore. Routledge

Confirmed imported case of novel coronavirus infection in Singapore; multi-ministry taskforce ramps up precautionary measures

Macau confirms first case as new disease looms over Hong Kong. South China Morning Post

Flattened the curve for now but Hong Kong braces for a second coronavirus wave

Singapore U-Turns on Wearing Masks as Local Virus Cases Climb

Asymptomatic transmission, the Achilles' heel of current strategies to control COVID-19

Continued stringent implementation and enforcement of circuit breaker measures

Thousands of People in Dorms Pose New Challenge to Singapore Virus Fight. Bloomberg

The authors report no conflicts of interest. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.
