153 https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/jall/index ISSN: 2598-8530 September 2019, Vol. 3 No. 2 English Education Program Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Galuh University Received: Accepted: Published: Juli 2019 August 2019 September 2019 IMPLICIT PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESS: A FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS Gartika Rahmasari1, gartika.rahmasari@gmail.com1, Universitas BSI Bandung Iis Kurnia Nurhayati2 iiskurnian@gmail.com2 Telkom University Bandung2 Abstract Mental processes are process of sensing and are realized by verbs of cognition, affection, perception, and volition. Those types of verbs are transitive verbs, which mean they need object. This means that there is someone who senses (Senser) and there is something that is sensed (Phenomenon). There are three types of phenomenon, Phenomenon of Thing, Phenomenon of Act and Phenomenon of Fact. These two participants—Senser and Phenomenon—always exist in the processes, whether explicitly or implicitly. However, some clauses that are mental processes do not include one of the participants, either Senser or Phenomenon. There is even some data that do not include both participants. Thus, the aim of this paper is to probe implicit participants that might exist in mental processes, using content analysis as a method. The result, Implicit Participants, namely Implicit Senser and Implicit Phenomenon, can be retrieved from sentence that comes before the mental processes. The mental processes were then paraphrased and deconstructed to form a complete mental processes that include both participants, Senser and Phenomenon. Keywords: Mental process, Senser, Phenomenon, implicit https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/jall/index mailto:gartika.rahmasari@gmail.com1 mailto:iiskurnian@gmail.com2 154 INTRODUCTION In Systemic Functional Linguistics or Functional Grammar, there are three metafunctions discussed, one of them is Clause as Representations or System of Transitivity. The units analyzed in System of Transistivity are processes that are realized by verbs, the transitive verbs. As stated by Richards et al. (1985: 298), transitive verb is a verb which takes an object. Moreover, Klammer ( 1995: 451) states that transitive verb is a verb that has a direct object as its complement. Besides verbs, there are two other elements in mental processes, Senser and Phenomenon. These two participants always exist in the processes. Egginns (2000: 242) stated that ―even if one participant is apparently absent, it will need to be retrieved from the context for the clause to make sense, (for example) She believed always implies She believed something or someone‖. Furthermore, there is no distinction between intransitive and transitive mental processes because all mental processes potentially involve both Senser and Phenomenon (Halliday, 1985: 112). This means that all mental process should always have two participants in it, whether if it is a single clause or clause complex, explicitly or implicitly. The purpose of this paper is to analyze data which includes mental processes with implicit participant. The data is taken from a novel entitled Blood Canticle (2003) by Anne Rice. METHOD This research is a qualitative research with content analysis as a research method. Content analysis goal is purely descriptive, allowing the identification of patterns and frequencies of occurrences (Carlson, 2008). In this paper, content analysis is conducted in three steps: discussing the concept of power relations by Foucault, discussing strategies in power relations, and making connection between the concept of power relations as well as the strategies of power relations with the power relations experienced by the characters in the novel. Content analysis is done in three steps. First step, a researcher starts analysis by looking for certain symbols. Second step, the researcher makes classification based on certain criteria. Third step, the researcher makes some prediction using a certain analysis technique. 155 Participants in Mental Processes Mental processes are processes of sensing. This means that mental processes involve the clauses of feeling, thinking, and perceiving (Halliday, 1985). Furthermore, mental processes are concerned with our experience of the world of our own consciesness (Halliday and Matthiesen, 2004: 197). In other words, mental processes involve ―not material action but phenomena best described as states of mind or psychological events…, tend to be realized through the use of verbs like think, like, know, … puzzle‖ (Bloor and Bloor, 1995: 116). In mental processes, the processes are realized by three types of verbs (Eggins, 2000: 241). The first verb, cognition, includes processes such as thinking, knowing and understanding, for example I don’t know him. The second verb, affection, includes processes such as liking, loving and fearing, for example He hates clowns. The third verb, perception, includes processes such as seeing and hearing, for example Raymond heard the woman screaming. Graham Lock added another type of verbs in mental processes, which is volition, including processes of wanting, needing, and wishing. For example, The baby wanted to drink milk (Lock, 1996: 105). Besides processes or verbs, there are other participants can be found in mental processes, namely Senser and Phenomenon. These two elements are called participants. In mental process, there are always two participants involved. Senser is ―the one that ‗senses‘ –feels, thinks, wants or perceives, for example Mary in Mary liked the gift‖ (Halliday and Matthiesen, 2004: 201). Senser must be a conscious being that can be replaced by she, he, they but not it. On the other hand, Phenomenon is something that is ―felt, thought, wanted, or perceived ... it maybe not only a thing, but also an act or fact‖ (Halliday and Matthiesen, 2004: 203). Phenomenon of thing is ―realized by a noun group, or an event, realized by a nonfinite Ving or V clause‖ (Lock, 1996: 106). I recognized him Senser Process: mental Phenomenon: Thing 156 Phenomenon of act is ― a configuration of a process, participants involved in that process and possibly attendant circumstances‖ (Halliday and Matthiesen, 2004: 204). Furthermore, phenomenon of acts occur with mental processes of perception: seeing, hearing, noticing (Eggins, 2000: 243). I saw the operation taking place Senser Process: mental Phenomenon: Act The last, phenomenon of Fact is ―an embedded clause, usually finite and usually ntroduced by a ‗that‘, functionin as if it was a simple noun‖ (Eggins, 2000: 244). She didn’t realize the fact that it was a bomb Senser Process: mental Phenomenon: Fact Furthermore, Eggins stated that ―Fact Phenomenon can usually be reversed, using an active synonymous mental process verb while having the Fact-embedding as Subject‖. The fact that it was a bomb escaped her Phenomenon: Fact Process: mental Senser FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Implicit Senser and Implicit Phenomenon The first classification of Implicit Senser (IS) followed by Process and then Implicit Phenomenon. Process is realized by verbal group. (Implicit Senser) Process (Implicit Phenomenon) From research data, there is one data of mental process that contains an implicit Senser, with the order of participant constituent mentioned above. Below is the analysis result. (1) She knew she was next. Didn't care anymore. (Blood Canticle:103) In this data, mental process is signified by the presence of Verbal Group didn’t care, with the word care as the main verb and as cognition verb. There is no Senser and phenomenon found. However, it can be inferred from previous sentence who the Senser 157 is, which is she. On the other hand, the implicit Senser must sense something, that is the Phenomenon. According to the order of participant constituent in mental process, Senser occurs before Process and Phenomenon. Therefore, if we paraphrase data (1), we have: (She) Didn’t care (that she was next) (2) (Implicit Senser) Pr (Phenomenon: Fact) Implicit Phenomenon The second classification presents mental process which contains Implicit Phenomenon (IPh). Thus the pattern is Senser that is followed by Process and Implicit Phenomenon. Here, Senser is realized by noun group, Process by verbal group, and Implicit Phenomenon by entities such as noun group. Senser Process (Implicit Phenomenon) There are some data of mental processes found that contain an Implicit Phenomenon, with the order of participant constituent mentioned above. The following ones are some of the examples with functional grammar analysis. (3) Did I really not believe in those things which I saw? Or had I simply found that cosmos to be unendurable? I didn’t know (Blood Canticle, 46) In this data, mental process is represented by the occurrence of Verbal Group don’t know, with the word know as the head word that is also a cognition verb. A participant can be found here is represented by the word I, which realizes the position of a Senser. I didn’t know Se Pr The word know itself is a transitive verb. As mentioned before, transitive verb is a verb that takes an object. In other word, in mental process, the object is the Phenomenon. Yet, in data (3), we cannot found any Phenomenon to be sensed by the Senser I. Therefore, we assume that there is something to be sensed. It can be a Noun Group,Verbal Group or Preposition Group, for example. In data (3), we can see that 158 there are two clause complexes before clause I didn’t know. Thus, it can be inferred that the Phenomenon that follows the word know in the mental process refers to one of the clause complex. Therefore, if we paraphrase data (3) to include the Phenomenon of participant, we have two options, as in data (4) and (5). (4) I didn’t know (if I really did not believe in those things which I saw) (5) I didn’t know (if I had simply found that cosmos to be unendurable) From data (4), we have the clause complex I really not believe in those things which I saw as Implicit Phenomenon that is sensed by the Senser I. This clause complex can be projected by the word if to become if clause that follows the Process that is realized by the word know. I didn’t know (if I really did not believe in those things which I saw) Se Pr (IPh) On the other hand, we also have data (5) with different representation of Implicit Phenomenon. Here, we have clause I had simply found that cosmos to be unendurable as Implicit Phenomenon that is being sensed by the Senser I. Similar with data (4), clause complex in data (5) also can be followed by the word if to form an if clause, that realized the thought of Senser I. I didn’t know (if I had simply found that cosmos to be unendurable) Se Pr (IPh) (6) She turned, and reached down to give me a warm hug and a kiss. I was happily surprised (Blood Canticle, 244) In data (6), mental process can be found in the clause I was happily surprised. Mental process then is signified by the occurrence of the verb group surprised. We can found a participant in the clause, which is the noun group I that functions as Senser. Yet, there is nothing to be sensed, or in this case Phenomenon. 159 I was happily surprised Se Pr Though there is no explicit Phenomenon to be sensed, but we can find it from the previous sentence of this mental process. From data (6), we have She turned, and reached down to give me a warm hug and a kiss as additional information before the mental process of I was happily surprised. Therefore, it can be concluded, that the Phenomenon perceived is something from the previous sentence. Thus, if we paraphrase data (6) to include the Phenomenon, we have data (7). (7) I was happily surprised (by the warm hug and the kiss she gave). In data (7), we have a by- clause by the warm hug and the kiss she gave that was taken from previous sentence before mental clause of I was happily surprised. The by-word is used because the clause cannot be attached as Phenomenon without something to link the clause with the clause I was happily surprised. Therefore, we have by the warm hug and kiss she gave as the Implicit Phenomenon. We can retrieve this information because the verb group surprised needs a supporting data to answer the question ―what suprises?‖ and before the mental process I was happily surprised, there is an additional information, so that we can assume that the previous clause is the one to be sensed. I was happily surprised (by the warm hug and the kiss she gave) Se Pr (Implicit Phenomenon) CONCLUSIONS This paper analyzes the implicit participants in mental processes, namely Implicit Senser and Implicit Phenomenon. This is because in mental processes, there are two participants involved, namely Senser and Phenomenon. However, sometimes there are sentences of mental processes that do not include the participants. In this paper, the implicit participants, namely Senser and Phenomenon, can be retrieved from previous sentences or clauses. 160 REFERENCES Bloor, T., and Bloor, M. (1995). The Functional Analysis of English. London: Arnold. Eggins, S. (2000). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Biddles, Ltd. Foucault, M. (2002). Power: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984 (Volume 3). Penguin Books. Halliday, M. A. . (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. ., and Matthiesen, C. M. I. . (2004). 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