Microsoft Word - 5462-19078-1-RV luthfi https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/jall/index JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 Received Accepted Published July 2021 August 2021 September 2021 IDENTIFYING AFFIXES USED IN THE 18 th TO 19 th CENTURY CLASSIC SHORT STORIES Rindi Fediany rindifediany@gmail.com Tidar University Lilia Indriani indriani@untidar.ac.id Tidar University ABSTRACT Affix is a term that cannot be separated from linguistic. It is a grammatical element attached to a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived or inflected forms. Affixes can be distinguished into three types, namely prefix, infix, and suffix. Infix is a letter or a stem of words inserted into the root itself, and a prefix is a letter or group of letters that is added or placed before the stem of a word, while a suffix is placed at the end of the stem of a word. Affixes consist of three types. There are prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. This study aims to determine what types of affixes were used in the 18th to 19th century classic short stories and which type was used the most. This study is a descriptive qualitative method, and this study uses documentation and observation methods to get the data. Then the data is analyzed by identifying words containing affixes found in those short stories. The data analysis is used to conclude. The result of the analysis shows which affixes were used the most Keywords: affix, prefix, suffix, short story, corpus linguistic INTRODUCTION Linguistic can be defined as a scientific study of a language. It studies every aspect of a language, such as the structure, the pattern, the interaction between each element, and so on. Richard and Schmidt (2002: 283) define linguistics as the study of language as a human communication system. Linguistic analyses how a language is used and how it functions. Linguistic has several branches, namely: (1) phonetic, which studies speech sound, (2) phonology which studies sound patterns, (3) morphology which studies the structure of a word, (4) JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 57 Syntax, which studies the structure of a sentence, (5) Semantic which studies the meaning of words, and (6) Pragmatics which studies the use of language. The terms morphology and morpheme both come from the Greek root word morph, which means shape. Therefore, morphology is the study of the "shape" words take, whereas morphemes are those that "shape" the word. L. Bloomfield (1973) says, "By the morphology of a language we mean the constructions in which bound forms appear among the constituents." Unhappy and happily are simple examples of derivational morphology. The base word “happy” is added with morphemes un- and –ly. According to Lieber (2009:32), "Morpheme is the meaningful units used to form words." A morpheme is different from a word. A word always stands alone, while a morpheme sometimes does not. Functionally, morpheme can be categorized into two types. They are free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free morpheme can be uttered alone, such as the following words: cake, dog, boy, know, and so on. On the contrary, a bound morpheme cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It always needs to be attached to one or more free morpheme to form a word. Morpheme includes affixes. According t Rene Van Den Berg (1989) affixes are defined as a closed class of grammatical elements within the word. Affixes are categorized as bound morphemes since they cannot stand on their own. According to their positions, affixes can be categorized into prefix, infix, and suffix. An infix is a suffix inserted into the root itself, a prefix is an affix attached at the beginning of a word, and a suffix is an affix attached at the end of a word. Some prefixes commonly used are; re-, means again or back, e.g., redo, recycle; dis-, means not, opposite, reverse, e.g., disagree, disappointed; mis-, means bad wrong, e.g., misbehave, misplaced. Some other prefixes such as de-, ex-, il-, im-, in-, non-, pre-, pro-, re-, un-. On the other hand, the suffix has some types as well. For example; -able, means capable of or having the quality of, e.g., miserable, replaceable; -ful means full of, e.g., beautiful, meaningful; -less JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 58 means without, e.g., useless, meaningless. Some other suffixes such as –al, -er, - est, -ible, -ily, -ing, -ly, -ness, -y. This study concerns seven short stories written in the 18th to 19th century, entitled: The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor’s New Clothes, The Gift of the Magi, The Cat, The Little Mermaid, A Dark Brown Dog, and The Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge as the object of this study. This study chooses them because these short stories are the works of some famous writers, who are very well known in the literary world from then until now. These writers are Hans Christian Andersen, O. Henry, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, and Ambrose Bierce. All these classic short stories are classified as narrative texts which have imaginative story inside. It is known that narrative text is an English learning material provided in high schools and even colleges with different degrees of difficulty. There are several affixes found in these literary works. Therefore, it can be concluded that classic short stories can help students or readers to learn about affixes since affixes are often appeared in any kind of text, whether it is a written or spoken text. The objectives of this study are: 1) To know what affixes were used in the 18th to 19th century short stories 2) To know which affix was the most used in the 18th to 19th century short stories METHOD This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993, p.23), a descriptive method is used to explain, analyze and classify something through various techniques, survey, interview, questionnaires, observation, and text. It is a method in which the data are in the written or oral words that are descriptively analyzed. The method is used to collect the data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions from the data analysis. JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 59 The similar work of the important mechanic and grammatical matters was also represented in Rudiana (2021). In line with that, this present study aims at finding out what types of affixes were used in the 18th to 19th century classic short stories and which affix is used the most. This study uses documentation and observation method to collect the data, and the steps are: 1. Reading famous 18th to 19th century classic short stories. 2. Identifying words containing affixes and write them down 3. Classifying the types of each affix found The data are used to be analyzed, and then some conclusions are drawn afterward. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION There are so many affixes, both prefix and suffix, that can be found in English. The following is a list of the most commonly used affixes in English and their meaning. A. Most common prefixes Table 1. Most Commonly Used Prefixes Prefix Meaning Prefix Meaning 1 a-, an- not, without 14 il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without 2 anti- opposite, against 15 inter- between, among 3 auto- Self 16 intra-, intro, inside, within 4 co- together, with 17 mono- single, alone 5 com-, con- with, together 18 non- absence, negation 6 contra-, contro- against, opposite 19 post- after 7 de- down, away 20 pre-, pro- before 8 dis- negation, removal, expulsion 21 re-, again 9 en- put into or on 22 sub- under, lower JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 60 10 ex- out of, previous 23 sym-, syn- in union 11 extra- outside, beyond 24 un- not, cancellation 12 hetero- different, other 25 uni- one, single 13 hyper- beyond, more than 26 up- to the top B. Most common suffixes Table 2. Most Commonly Used Prefixes Noun Suffixes Verb Suffixes Adjective Suffixes Suffix Meaning Suffix Meaning Suffix Meaning 1 -al act of -ate become -able, - ible capable of being 2 -ance, - ence state of -en become -ful Full of, notable of 3 -dom place or state of being -ify, -fy make, become -ic, -ical relating to 4 -ing action, state, process -ize, -ise become -ious, - ous Having qualities of 5 -er, -or someone who -ish having the quality of 6 -ism belief, doctrine -ive Having the nature of 7 -ist someone who -less without 8 -ity, -ty quality of -ly with, by 9 -ment condition of -y Characteri zed by 10 -ness state of being 11 -ship position held 12 -sion, - tion state of being JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 61 After collecting and analyzing the data, the writer found the results of this study. The first research is about what affixes were used in the 18 th to 19 th century short stories, especially in these seven short stories; The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor’s New Clothes, The Gift of the Magi, The Cat, The Little Mermaid, A Dark Brown Dog, and The Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. The results of this research are attached below. A. Prefixes Table 3. The Data of Prefixes Short Story 1 Short Story 2 Short Story 3 Short Story 4 Short Story 5 Short Story 6 Short Story 7 Sub Total de- 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 4 dis- 4 0 1 1 1 2 9 en- 4 0 1 1 2 2 4 14 ex- 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 3 extra- 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 il-, im-, in-, ir- 5 2 3 5 12 3 12 42 inter- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mono- 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 non- 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 post- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 pre-, pro- 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 5 Re- 0 2 0 0 6 1 6 15 sub- 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 un- 9 10 4 8 7 3 14 55 uni- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 up- 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Total 157 B. Suffixes Table 3. The Data of Prefixes JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 62 Short Story 1 Short Story 2 Short Story 3 Short Story 4 Short Story 5 Short Story 6 Short Story 7 Sub Total -al 5 0 4 3 4 1 11 28 -ance, -ence 4 4 2 6 2 4 15 37 -dom 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 -er, or 6 37 1 5 1 4 9 63 -ing 85 37 36 61 143 52 116 530 -ism 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -ist 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 -ity, -ty 5 4 1 3 3 3 9 28 -ment 4 0 3 0 3 5 6 21 -ness 8 1 2 3 9 2 7 32 -ship 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 6 -sion, tion 21 9 17 9 6 10 28 100 -ate 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 -en 36 0 10 16 43 5 19 129 -ify, -fy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -ize, -ise 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -able, -ible 1 2 2 5 0 4 9 23 -ful 27 11 9 8 27 9 5 96 -ic, -ical 0 0 2 0 0 4 5 11 -ious, -ous 3 7 3 4 9 9 18 53 -ish 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 10 -ive 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 7 -less 1 0 0 2 2 1 6 12 -ly 57 21 30 34 83 45 53 323 -y 7 0 0 11 0 8 2 28 Total 1546 JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), ISSN 2598-8530, September, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2021 63 Based on the findings above, there are various affixes found in 18 th to 19 th century short stories, especially in the short stories that have been selected by the writer. From the data, it can be seen that the total number of suffixes found is more excessive than the total number of prefixes. It is approximately ten times higher. However, not all prefixes and suffixes found in those short stories. Prefix a-, an-, anti-, auto-, co-, com-, con-, contra-, contro-, hetero-, hyper-, inter-, intra-, intro-, post-, sym-, syn- and suffix ify-, fy were not found at all. Moreover, the suffix –ing has the highest number of appearances. It is a suffix that is classified as inflectional morpheme in English verbs which commonly used as present participle verbs, gerunds, or sometimes as independent noun or adjective. CONCLUSIONS The writer comes to the conclusion that short story writer in the 18th to 19th century were already using various kinds of both prefix and suffix in their works. Although suffix provides higher number of appearances, there are still lots of prefix used by short story writers in that period of time. 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