E-ISSN : 2541-5794  
P-ISSN : 2503-216X  

Journal of Geoscience,  
Engineering, Environment, and Technology 
Vol 02 No 01 2017 

 

 
46 Jannah, M. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 01/2017   

 

Geological Structure Analysis to Determine the Direction of 
the Main Stress at Western Part of Kolok Mudik, Barangin 

District, Sawahlunto, West Sumatera  
 

Miftahul Jannah
1
, Adi Suryadi

1,
*, Muchtar Zafir

1
, Randi Saputra

1
, Ihsanul Hakim

1
, 

Riki Ariyuswanto
1
, Ulfa Yusti

1
 
 

1 Department of Geological Engineering,  Universitas Islam Riau, Jl, Kaharuddin Nasution No 113, Pekanbaru, Riau 28284 

 

*Corresponding author: adisuryadi@eng.uir.ac.id 
Tel. +6282283896947 

 
 

Abstract 

On the study area there are three types of structure, those are fault, fold and joint. Types of fault were found  in the 
study area, reverse fault with the strike/dip is N215

o
E/75

o
, normal fault has a fault directions N22

o
E and N200

o
E with pitch 

35
o
, and dextral fault with pitch 10

o
 and strike N219

o
E. Fold and joint structures used to determine the direction of the main 

stress on the study area. Further, an analysis used stereonet for data folds and joints. So that from the data got three 
directions of main stress, those are Northeast  Southwest (T1), North  South (T2) and Southeast  Northwest (T3). On the 
Northeast  Southwest (T1) stress there are four geological structures, anticline fold at ST.3 , syncline folds at ST. 13a, ST. 
13b, ST. 13c and ST. 33, chevron fold at ST. 44 and joint at ST. 2. On the North  South (T2) stress there are three geological 
structures, those are syncline fold at ST. 35, anticline fold at ST. 54 and joints at ST. 41, ST. 46 and ST. 47. On the Southeast  
Northwest (T3) stress were also three geological structures, those are chevron fold at ST 42a, overturned fold at ST. 42b, 
syncline fold at ST. 42c and joints at ST. 5 and ST. 34.  
 
Keyword: fault, fold, joint, stress. 

 

 
1. Introduction 

The study area is located at Western part of 
Kolok Mudik, Kecamatan Barangin, Kotamadya 
Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat. Study area is 
bounded by longitude 100

o
 100

o
43

o
  0

o
 

The topography of 
Sawahlunto is hilly areas with elevation about 250 

 650 meters above sea level (Pebri aldi, 2015). The 
topography grown could be interpreted that on the 
study area be affected by tectonic activity such as 
fold or fault (Koesoemadinata and Matasak, 1981). 
Its can be seen from shape of river that nudge, 
indicated that river formed due to crack or fracture 
is relatively weak zone and then eroded along 
fracture (Fig 2). Hilly area would be described that 
this area has occured uplift and then formed a fold 
(Koesomadinata and Matasak, 1981).  

The study area is within ombilin basin. Overall 
the strucuture of the basin ombilin showed 
transtensional duplex or pull apart duplex systems. 
Woodcock and Fischer (1986) said in Situmorang, 
et.,al (1991). subduction of geometry from duplex 
faults would be meet in sub basin became single 
shear zone. 

 
 

Fig 1. Map of the Sawahlunto city  (Basmoera, 2008) 

 

Study 

Area 

Received: Jan 1, 2017. Revised : 15 Feb 2017, Accepted: Feb 20, 2017, Published: 1 March 2017
DOI: 10.24273/jgeet.2017.2.1.20  

mailto:adisuryadi@eng.uir.ac.id


 
Jannah, M. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 01/2017 47 

 

 

Figure. 2. Map of drainage in the study area; (A) Meander; 
(B) Subparallel; (C) Subtrellis 

This condition is so different with the 
geological structure of the northern part of Central 
Sumatra Basin that was developing at the time of 
Neogen and asymmetrical shape that led 
northwest-southeast (NW-SE) which is a pattern of 
young structure (Kausarian, 2017). 

2. General Geology and Stratigraphy 

Based on Peta Geologi Lembar Solok (1995), the 
study area has two formation and one deposition, 
that are Silungkang Formation, Brani Formation 
and Porphyry Deposition. The Silungkang 
Formation there are andesit hornblende, andesit 
argit, meta-andesit with thin interbedded tuff, 
limestone, shale and clay shale (PH. Silitonga and 
Kastowo, 1995). There is also a Fusulinida fossil 
(Koesomadinata and Matasak, 1981). The Brani 
Formation there is conglomerate interbedded with 
sand. The Porphyry Deposition consist of porphyry 
quartz with quartz phenocrysts and feldspar (PH. 
Silitonga and Kastowo, 1995). Furthermore, wolud 
be found fractures on the body of rocks and 
alteration that happened on wall rocks (Berger, 
et.al,2008). 

After observation on the study area, we found 
three formation, that are Silungkang Formation, 
Brani Formation and Sangkarewang Formation. 
Silungkang Formation consists of limestone with 
mudstone type, sandstone and conglomerate. On 
the Brani Formation there are conglomerate, 
sandstone and shale. Meanwhile Sangkarewang 
Formation consists shale, sandstone, slump and 
crossbedding. 

 

3. Methodology 

The methodology used in this research were 
literature review, field survey and stereonet 
analysis. The first literature review to known 
structure types on the study area. The study area in 
the field showed by plotting points to generate the 
geological mapping (Kausarian, 2016). After that 
field survey was done to get the data that needed 
to determine the direction of main stress from 
geological structure. The last analysis used streonet 
from the data. All of data has plotted on stereonet 
to get the direction of  main stress at the study area 
(Adi Suryadi, 2016).  

 

4. Geological Structure on the Study Area 

4.1 Faults 

Geological structures on the study area are 
faults, folds and joints (Fig 3). Indication of fault is 
difficult to found in the field, because the rocks on 
the study area have been a heavily weathering 
(Rizky prata, 2011; (Putra and Choanji, 2016). On 
the study area, there are three types of fault, these 
are reverse fault, normal fault and dextral fault. 
Reverse fault located in southwest the study area 
with value fault plane is N215oE/75oon station 2. 
Normal fault located at central of study area, these 
are in station 10 with direction N200oE and pitch 
35o, station 56 and station 57 has same direction is 
N22oE. Dextral fault located in north of study area 
with pitch 10o. Fault would be known if we found 
indications in the field, like waterfall, displacement 
of bedding and slickenside etc. 

 

4.2 Folds 

On the study area were found four types of 
folds, there are anticline fold, syncline fold, 
chevron fold and overturned fold. The all of data 
would be plotted in stereonet to known the 
direction of main stress (Fig 5). Based on stereonet 
analysis result, there are three direction of main 
stress, those are Northeast  Southwest, North  
South and Southeast  Northwest (Table 1). 
 

4.3 Joints 

On the study area, joints data took at 
southwest  north of the study area. Based on 
joints data that has been obtained and analysis 
used stereonet (Figure 6), there are three direction 
of main stress, Northeast  Southwest, North  
South and Southeast  Northwest (Table2).

 
 
 
 
 
 



 
48  Jannah, M. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 01/2017   
 

 

Fig 3. Geology map on the study area 

 

 
 

Fig. 4. (A) dextral fault; (B) reverse fault; (C) normal fault
 

 

 

 



 
Jannah, M. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 01/2017 49 

 

 

Fig. 5. Stereonet analysis of folds on the study area 

         Table. 1. Stress analysis result of folds 

Station 
   

Hinge 
Line 

Hinge 
Surface 

Axis 
Surface 

Plunge Axis 
Line 

Directions of 
Major Stress 

ST. 3 
25

o
, 

N24
o
E 

18
o
, 

N251
o
E 

72
o
, 

N178
o
E 

18
o
, 

N251
o
E 

72
o
, 

N116
o
E 

Steeply 
inclined fold 

Gently 
plunging 

fold 

Northeast  
Southwest  

ST. 13a 
18

o
, 

N219
o
E 

26
o
, 

N315
o
E 

72
o
, 

N131
o
E 

26
o
, 

N315
o
E 

44
o
, N87

o
E 

Moderately 
inclined fold 

Gently 
plunging 

fold 

Northeast  
Southwest 

ST. 13b 
28

o
, 

N196
o
E 

21
o
, 

N232
o
E 

66
o
, 

N45
o
E 

21
o
, 

N232
o
E 

80
o
, N21

o
E 

Steeply 
inclined fold 

Gently 
plunging 

fold 

Northeast  
Southwest 

ST. 13c 
5

o
, 

N23
o
E 

35
o
, 

N251
o
E 

65
o
, 

N137
o
E 

82
o
, 

N20
o
E 

35
o
, 

N251
o
E 

Moderately 
inclined fold 

Vertical fold 
Northeast  
Southwest 

ST. 33 
3

o
, 

N204
o
E 

21
o
, 

N256
o
E 

80
o
, 

N126
o
E 

21
o
, 

N256
o
E 

80
o
, 

N114
o
E 

Steeply 
inclined fold 

Gently 
plunging 

fold 

Northeast  
Southwest 

ST. 35 
9

o
, 

N23
o
E 

70
o
, 

N279
o
E 

30
o
, 

N118
o
E 

70
o
, 

N279
o
E 

84
o
, 

N188
o
E 

Upright fold 
Steeply 

inclined fold 
North  South  

ST. 42a 
51

o
, 

N140
o
E 

5
o
, 

N225
o
E 

44
o
, 

N329
o
E 

5
o
, 

N225
o
E 

46
o
, 

N186
o
E 

Moderately 
inclined fold 

Horizontal 
fold 

Northwest - 
Southeast 

ST. 42b 
25

o
, 

N130
o
E 

52
o
, 

N241
o
E 

44
o
, 

N21
o
E 

52
o
, 

N241
o
E 

70
o
, 

N330
o
E 

Steeply 
inclined fold 

Moderately 
plunging 

fold 

Northwest - 
Southeast 

ST. 42c 
12

o
, 

N349E 
32

o
, 

N249
o
E 

54
o
, 

N91
o
E 

32
o
, 

N249
o
E 

54
o
, N80

o
E 

Moderately 
inclined fold 

Moderately 
plunging 

fold 

Northwest  
Southeast 

ST. 44 
8

o
, 

N307
o
E 

38
o
, 

N38
o
E 

72
o
, 

N212
o
E 

38
o
, 

N38
o
E 

62
o
, 

N130
o
E 

Steeply 
inclined fold 

Moderately 
plunging 

fold 

Northeast  
Southwest 

ST. 54 
20

o
, 

N5
o
E 

24
o
, 

N270
o
E 

64
o
, 

N156
o
E 

24
o
, 

270
o
E 

68
o
, 

N181
o
E 

Steeply 
inclined fold 

Gently 
plunging 

fold 
North  South 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Hinge Surface 

 
Initial Line tho1 and tho3 

Hinge Line 

 
Direction of Main Stress 

Limb 1 

Limb 2 



 
50  Jannah, M. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 01/2017   
 

 
 

Fig. 6. Joints analysis used stereonet 

 

Table.2.Stress analysis result of joints 

Station Direction of Main Stress 

ST. 2 Northeast  Southwest 
ST. 5 Southeast - Northwest 

ST. 34 Northwest - Southeast 
ST. 41 North  South 
ST. 46 North  South 
ST. 47 North  South 

 
 
5. Discussion 

Analysis result for folds and joints used 
stereonet, were met three main stress with 
direction, Northeast  Southwest (T1), North  
South (T2) and Southeast  Northwest (T3). 
Northeast  Southwest (T1) main stress formed 
some structures, there are syncline folds, anticline 

folds, chevron fold and joint. North  South (T2) 
main stress generated some structures, there are 
syncline folds, anticline folds and joints. Southeast 

 Northwest (T3) main stress resulted three 
structures, there are chevron fold, overturned fold, 
syncline fold and joints. 

 
 
Table.3.Stress analysis on the study areas

Stress 
Direction of Main 

Stress 
Station Geological Structure 

T1 Northeast  Southwest  
ST. 3, ST. 13a, ST. 13b, ST. 13c, ST. 

33, ST. 44 and ST. 2 
anticline fold, syncline folds, chevron fold and 

joint. 

T2 North  South  
ST. 35, ST. 54, ST. 41, ST. 46 and ST. 

47 
anticline fold, syncline fold and joints 

T3 Southeast  Northwest 
ST. 42a, ST. 42b, ST. 42c, ST. 5 and 

ST.34 
overturned fold, chevron fold, syncline fold 

and joints 

 

 
 



 
Jannah, M. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 01/2017 51 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure. 7. Direction of main stress at study area 
 

6. Conclusion 

Based on analysis of geological structure were 
found three main stress that deform the geological 
condition of study area. The first stress is Northeast  
Southwest (T1) this stress generated some structures, 
these are syncline folds, anticline folds, chevron fold 
and joint. Another stress is from North  South (T2) 
that resulted syncline folds, anticline folds and joints. 
The last main stress with direction Southeast  
Northwest (T3) was form chevron fold, overturned 
fold, syncline fold and joints. 

7. Acknowledgements 

We would like to say thanks for our parents that 
always prayed us. For our advisor is Mr. Adi Suryadi, 
B.Sc(Hons)., M.Sc that has been faithful guided us until 
this paper 
are Adlan Rahmat, Arsyad and Yogi Aditya that always 
have companied us when we are collected data in the 
field. 

 

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	1. Introduction
	2. General Geology and Stratigraphy
	3. Methodology
	4. Geological Structure on the Study Area
	4.1 Faults
	4.2 Folds
	4.3 Joints

	5. Discussion
	6. Conclusion
	7. Acknowledgements