http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/JGEET 
 

 
 

E-ISSN : 2541-5794  
   P-ISSN :2503-216X 

Journal of Geoscience,  

Engineering, Environment, and Technology 
Vol 6 No 2 2021 

 

 
Kurnianto et al./ JGEET Vol 6 No 2/2021 107 

 

RESEARCH ARTICLE 
 

The Geomorphological Factors and Its Implications for The Tidal 

Energy Installations in Java, Indonesia. 

Fahmi Arif Kurnianto1*, Fahrudi Ahwan Ikhsan1, Bejo Apriyanto1, Elan Artono Nurdin1, Tyas 

Nisa Fadilah2 
1Geography Education Study Program, Universitas Jember, East Java, Indonesia. 

2Faculty of Engineering, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 

 

* Corresponding author : fahmiarif.fkip@unej.ac.id 

Tel.:+62-85-745-115-207 

Received: Oct 10, 2020; Accepted: Jun 2, 2021. 

DOI 10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.2.5680 

 

Abstract 

This study aims to place the tidal energy installation effectively in Indonesia based on geomorphological factors. The survey method was 

used to analyze the characteristics of beaches in Indonesia. Mathematical physics model was implemented to find the new formu las based on 
geomorphological factors. Tides are the result of gravitational attraction and the centrifugal effect, which is the drive In the earth-moon system, 

tidal generating forces are the resultant forces that cause tides, namely: the earth-moon system (FS) centrifugal force and the moon's gravitational 

force (FB). FS works in the center of the mass of the earth-moon system whose mass point is located on the 3/4 radius of the earth.  The style of 
tidal generator caused by the moon can be calculated by combining Newton's universal gravitational law .The results of this study consist of  F = 

m ac, where the style of the tidal generator caused by the moon can be calculated by combining newton's universal gravitational law in equation 

and newton's second law of motion in Equation. The another results is tan = 
ℎ

𝑙
 , where the formula takes into account constants (K) based on 

slopes. The last result is the constants (K) for each land form starting on 0,00 untill 1,00.  The north coast of Java is more suitable for tidal energy 

installations because the land form is dominated by alluvium plains of the quaternary age with a lower risk than the southern region of Java. The 

effectiveness of tidal energy installation depends on the characteristics of the land form. In alluvial plains, the quaternary age of the alluvial 

plains is more suitable than the hill form volcanic quaternary, tertiary volcanic, and tertiary holokarst. 

 
Keywords: Geomorphological factor, tidal energy, Indonesia 
 

 

 

1. Introduction 

Most people in Indonesia meet their energy needs by using 

conventional energy. Conventional energy is energy that 

cannot be renewed (Unrenewable) and when used 

continuously it will run out, such as petroleum, natural gas, 

and coal. Conventional energy use not only has an impact on 

the crisis of energy shortages but also has an impact on the 

environmental crisis because its nature cannot be renewed 

(Wardhani et al., 2016). During the next 40 years (2010-2050), 

national energy demand is predicted to increase by 3.21% per 

year from 1,082.33 million SBM in 2010 to 3,289.44 million 

SBM in 2050 (Heyko, 2013). With the increasing need for 

energy, while fossil-based energy is certainly decreasing, there 

is a need for a substitution strategy for new and renewable 

energy sources. 

NRE used is hydropower, solar power, waste, wind power, 

geothermal energy, and biomass. This EBT potential can in 

principle be renewed, because it is always available in nature. 

But in reality the potential that can be utilized is limited. The 

construction of a Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA / MH) is 

constrained by the availability of land, water, environmental 

and social availability. The construction of solar power plants 

(PLTS) is constrained by low technological efficiency and 

requires extensive land. The use of wind power is constrained 

by wind speed and low wind continuity. The potential for 

waste utilization is limited to large cities like Jakarta and 

Surabaya with small capacity. Meanwhile, other EBTs are on 

average constrained by costs and are still being developed on a 

small scale. 

The limitations of the utilization of NRE make the value 

of NRE resources to date unable to replace the position of 

fossil energy resources as raw material for the production of 

electricity. This renewable energy is more appropriately 

referred to as additive energy, namely additional energy 

resources to meet the increase in electrical energy needs, and 

inhibit or reduce the role of fossil energy resources (Pramudji, 

2002). Therefore there is still a need for more renewable 

energy, especially more predictable energy. 

Indonesia is an archipelago with an area of about 60% of 

the territory of Indonesia. There is a lot of potential from the 

sea that is unknown so that it cannot be utilized. Indonesian 

people basically only know the potential of the sea in the form 

of various fisheries resources.  The sea has a lot of potential 

for developing EBT. The sea can provide energy from the 

conversion of mechanical forces (wave energy and ocean 

current energy) or from potential forces (tidal / tidal energy 

and ocean heat). 

According to Dronkers, (1969) sea tides is a phenomenon 

of the movement of the ups and downs of sea levels on a 

regular basis caused by a combination of gravitational forces 

and attractive forces of astronomical objects, especially by the 

sun, earth, and the moon. The influence of other celestial 

bodies can be ignored because the distance is further, and the 

size is smaller. 

The movement of water from tidal events can produce 

energy which can later be converted into electrical energy or 

http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/JGEET


 
108 Kurnianto et al./ JGEET Vol 6 No 2/2021  
 

other useful forms of energy. The first country to carry out this 

experiment was France, namely in the city of La Roche in 

1966 (Shaikh Md. and Shaiyek Md., 2011). Tides move large 

amounts of water every day and their utilization can produce 

relatively large amounts of energy. The basic principle of tidal 

power plants is the dynamics of the movement of turbines that 

are installed technically at the confluence of river and sea 

estuaries, the utilization of potential energy from tides to low 

tide and vice versa used to drive the turbine (Sangari, 2012). 

Even though the use of tidal energy is currently not done 

commercially and only a few countries use it, the future 

projection is not impossible anymore in all countries, 

especially Indonesia. This can happen if all countries are able 

to see the potential in each region that can be used as an 

energy source for electricity generation  (Sleiti, 2015). 

Geomorphological factors greatly influence the 

conservation of tidal zones (Finotello et al., 2020). Delta is a 

landform that is not found on all beaches, so it needs to be 

considered in tidal energy studies. Geomorphological factors 

greatly affect vegetation around the coast (Crotty and 

Angelini, 2020). Exploitation of tidal energy is very high, but 

consideration of geomorphological and ecological factors 

must be prioritized (Catto, 2020). The conversion of coastal 

landforms is the main cause of environmental damage  (Xu et 

al., 2019). Key factors related to coastal conservation are 

geomorphology and population density  (Van Coppenolle and 

Temmerman, 2019). The erosion and sedimentation patterns 

on the coast are strongly influenced by geomorphological 

factors (Emery et al., 2019). There is a non-linear relationship 

between sea level rise, tides, and geomorphic changes  

(Palmer et al., 2019). A few researchers focused on 

relationship among the geomorphological factors such as land 

form of beach, type of erosion, and type of depositon with a 

analysis of tidal energy installations. There have been limited 

studies concerned on impact of tidal energy to environment 

based on geomorphological factors especially in tropical 

region such as Indonesia. Therefore, this research intends to 

analyses a the geomorphological factors and its implication to 

tidal energy installations in Indonesia. 

The development of tidal energy is strongly influenced by 

geomorphological factors. The geomorphological process 

between one place and another will be different. The 

difference consists of differences in intensity and differences 

in landforms (even with the same forming forces). The 

intensity of geomorphological processes and differences in 

landforms depend on (1) climate, (2) topography, (3) 

proximity to subduction, (4) lithology and (5) environmental 

changes. 

The influence of climate on land formation can be seen 

from weathering of rocks, soil color, depth of soil, and type of 

vegetation. Weathering of rocks will often occur in landscapes 

that have high rainfall. This can be proven by the presence of 

rock outcrops that undergo structural changes in a short time 

(miocene to holocene period). Climate greatly influences tidal 

dynamics on a beach. Climate change will also deform the 

marine landform. 

The effect of topography on land formation is that there is 

a difference in geomorphological process patterns caused by 

high differences, slope and relief of a region. High differences 

between one place and another place will result in the two 

places having a causal relationship. A higher place is one of 

the causes of deformation of landforms for places located 

below it, for example the increase of floodplains in the 

downstream area is due to the increasing intensity of erosion 

in the upstream. The tidal region is associated with the 

deposition of material carried from the land. Deposition 

dynamics will affect the presence of tidal energy.This study 

aims to place the tidal energy installation effectively in 

Indonesia based on geomorphological factors. 

2. Methods 

The survey method was used to analyze the characteristics 

of beaches in Indonesia. The beach sampling was conducted 

purposively by considering the distribution and similarity of 

lithological characteristics and watersheds. Observation sheets 

are used as instruments to observe land around the coast. 

Table 1 was used to identify topographic types, vegetation, 

and organic content.These 3 factors are associated with coastal 

vulnerability if used as a tidal energy installation. 

Table 1. topographic  types, vegetation, and organic content 

Factor Lower Higher 

Organic Content Highly organic Low organic 

vegetation Treed with 

groundcover 

No Cover 

Topography Flat Steep 

 

Field observations are used to observe the 

geomorphological and stratigraphic processes of the region. 

Furthermore, the mapping of areas related to the 

characteristics of watersheds is done using global mapper 

softwareTides are the result of gravitational attraction and the 

centrifugal effect, which is the drive towards the center of 

rotation. Newton's gravitational law states that in a system of 

two masses m1 and m2 there will be an attractive force of F 

between the two which is proportional to the mass 

multiplication and inversely proportional to the square of the 

distance expressed by Equation (2.1). 

𝐹 = 𝐺
𝑚1𝑚2

𝑟 2
   (2.1) 

where G is the general gravitational constant of magnitude 

6,67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 (Abdjul, 2010). 

 The gravitational force varies directly with mass, but is 

inversely proportional to the square of distance. In line with 

the law above, it can be understood that even though the mass 

of the moon is smaller than the mass of the sun but the 

distance of the moon to the earth is much smaller, so that the 

attraction of the moon to the earth has a greater effect than the 

sun on the earth. The gravitational pull draws seawater toward 

the moon and the sun and produces two gravitational tidal 

bulges at sea. The latitude of tidal protrusion is determined by 

declination, which is the angle between the earth's rotation 

axis and the moon and sun's orbital plane.  

The moon-pulling force causes the formation of a shared 

mass center system (barycenter), where the earth and moon 

surround the center of the mass. The revolution of the earth 

towards the center of mass causes the formation of a 

centrifugal force towards the outside of the rotary axis. In the 

earth-moon system, tidal generating forces are the resultant 

forces that cause tides, namely: the earth-moon system (FS) 

centrifugal force and the moon's gravitational force (FB). FS 

works in the center of the mass of the earth-moon system 

whose mass point is located on the 3/4 radius of the earth. The 

following are earth-moon-sun astronomical data: 

Earth mass (ME) = 5.98 x 1024 kg 

Month mass (MM) = 7.35 x 1022 kg 

Sun Mass (MS) = 1.99 x 1030 kg 

The radius of the Earth (RE) averages = 6.37 x 106 m 

Moon radius (RM) = 1,738 x 106 m 

Sun radius (RS) = 6.96 x 108 m 

The distance of the earth - the moon from the center to the 

center (dEM) = 3.844 x 108 m 

Earth distance - sun from center to center (dES) = 1,496 x 
1011 m (Tipler, 1998). 



 
Kurnianto et al./ JGEET Vol 6 No 2/2021 109 

 

The center of mass of the earth-moon system (CM) can be 

calculated using Equation (2.3) below : 

𝐶𝑀 =
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑒𝑚

𝑚𝑚+𝑚𝑒
 (2.3) 

𝐶𝑀 =
(7,35 × 1022)(3,844 × 108)

(7,35 × 1022) + (5,98 × 1024)
 

𝐶𝑀 =
28,2534 × 1030

605,35 × 1022
 

𝐶𝑀 = 0,04667 × 108 

𝐶𝑀 = 4667 × 103𝑚 

𝐶𝑀 = 4667 𝑘𝑚 

So, the center of mass of the earth-moon system lies at a 

distance of 4667 km from the center of the earth. The style of 

tidal generator caused by the moon can be calculated by 

combining Newton's universal gravitational law in Equation 

(2.1) and Newton's second law of motion in Equation (2.4), so 

that the centripetal acceleration of ac can be obtained from 

Equation (2.5) from the center of the earth in the earth system 
-month. 

F = m ac  (2.4) 

𝑀𝐸 𝑎𝑐 = 𝐺 
𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝑀

𝑑𝐸𝑀
2

 

𝑎𝑐 𝐺 
𝑀𝑀

𝑑𝐸𝑀
2  (2.5) 

The tidal generation force from the moon also considers 

the acceleration at a point close to the moon or called the 

sublunar point (P1) and the opposite point or called the 

antipode point (P2) as in Figure 2.5. When the moon is at the 

apogee point and the earth is in its perihelion, the ratio of the 

force of this tidal generator becomes: 

Moon apogee distance = 4.055 x 108 m 

Moon perigee distance = 3,633 x 108 m 

The distance of the earth's perihelion = 1.470568 x 1011 m 

Earth's aphelion distance = 1.515448 x 1011 m 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
𝑀𝑆
𝑀𝑀

𝑑𝐸𝑀
3

𝑑𝐸𝑆
3

 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
1,99 × 1030

7,35 × 1022
(4,055 × 108)3

(1,470568 × 1011)3
 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
1,99 × 1030

7,35 × 1022
(66,67646638 × 1024)

(3,180206597 × 1033)
 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
13,26861681 × 1055

23,37451849 × 1055
=

0,56

1
 

When the moon is at the perigee point and the earth is at 
aphelion, the ratio of the force of this tidal generator becomes: 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
𝑀𝑆
𝑀𝑀

𝑑𝐸𝑀
3

𝑑𝐸𝑆
3

 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
1,99 × 1030

7,35 × 1022
(3,633 × 108)3

(1,515448 × 1011)3
 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
1,99 × 1030

7,35 × 1022
(47,95083714 × 1024)

(3,48035157 × 1033)
 

𝐹𝐷,𝑆
𝐹𝐷,𝑀

=
9,542216591 × 1055

25,58058404 × 1055
=

0,37

1
 

So, from the calculation above, it can be seen that the 

influence of the sun on tidal forces ranges from 37% to 56% 
of the force caused by the moon. 

3. Results and Discussion 

The amount of energy available from tides is by using 

dams, depending on the volume of water collected.Tidal DAM 

Scheme could be seen at the figure 1. 

 

Fig. 1 Tidal DAM 

The collected water provides potential energy (Ep) in 

Equation (2.14) to drive a turbine or generator system. 

Ep = m g h    (2.14)  

where m is mass, g is the acceleration of the earth's gravity, 

and h is the change in altitude. 

If the water contained in the dam has a volume (V), density 

( ) and mass (m), then 

m =  V    (2.15) 

and if the pool area is A and the maximum height (tidal range) 

is h, then the volume of dammed water is 

V = A h    (2.16) 

The V value in equation (2.16) is substituted to Equation 

(2.15), will produce 

m =  A h    (2.17) 

Then equation (2.17) is substituted to Equation (2.14), so that 

Ep =  A h g h    (2.18) 

The stored sea water will decrease in height from h 'to 0. 

The average change in height is 0.5h. Then the potential 

energy in Equation (2.18) becomes: 

Ep =  A h g 0,5h  

Ep = 0,5  g h2    (2.19) 

If it is assumed that the maximum tide occurs every 12.4 

hours, and the turbine operates only when the water is 

released, the potential energy for 2 times per day is: 

Ep total in 1 day = (24/12,4)  0,5 ρ A g h^2 
=0,968ρ A g h^2    (2.20) 
If ρ seawater is 1025 kg m-3 and g = 9.81 N / kg, then: 
The total ep in equation (2.20) becomes 

Ep total in 1 day = (0,968)(1025)(9,81) A h^2 

=9731 A h^2    (2.21) 

Because in 1 day there are 24 x 3600 seconds, and Power = 

Energy / Time, then: 

Power= (9731 A h^2)/((24) (3600))   

Power=0,113 Ah^2    (2.22)  

From Equation (2.22), it can be seen that power depends on 

the square tidal range (h^2). So the greater the range of tides, 

the greater the electric power that can be produced. 

Table 2 show that the erosion that occurs on a beach 

will affect to the quantity of material carried by the river 

currents. These materials can threatening with the existence of 

tidal energy installations. A Beaches with high erosion 

sensitivity will be affected by tidal energy damage. The 

formation of a landscape is largely determined by the 

geomorphological process. The geomorphological process is a 

process that is strongly influenced by the formation of the 



 
110 Kurnianto et al./ JGEET Vol 6 No 2/2021  
 

earth's surface. The power can be exogenous energy (wind, 

water, glaciers, or human intervention) and endogenous 

(tectonic and volcanic) power. Every power, will cause a 

different influence on the land it forms. The formation of the 

land will affect the physical and natural economic conditions 

of the surrounding community. 

 

Table 2. Distribution of geomorphologcal process in Java 

Region Topography 
Geomorphological 

process 

Organic Content 

of Soil 

Vegetative 

Cover (%) 
Stratigraphy 

Jakarta Flat Splash erosion Low Low Mostly aluvium  
Cirebon Sloping Sheet erosion  High Moderate Mostly aluvium  

Semarang steep slope Sheet and Riil 

Erosion 

Low Low Mostly aluvium   

Surabaya Steep Riil Erosion Low Moderate Mostly sandstone- 

carbonate 
Yogyakarta very steep Gully erosion Low Moderate Carbonate- aluvium 

Situbondo Flat Splash erosion High Moderate Mostly sandstone- 

carbonate 
Jember Flat and steep Sheet erosion High Moderate Mostly aluvium-

volcanic 

Malang Flat and steep Sheet erosion High Moderate Mostly aluvium-
volcanic 

Cilacap Flat and steep Splash erosion High High Mostly aluvium-

volcanic 
Sukabumi Flat and steep Splash erosion High High Mostly aluvium-

volcanic 

Table 2 show that the distribution of beaches in Indonesia 

with a various forms of beaches based on slopes is in 

desperate need of tidal energy installations. The lithology is 

the configuration of the host rock that is the foundation of a 

region. Litology is very influential on various types of 

landform deformation because each type of rock has different 

characteristics. In addition, host rock is also an ingredient for 

soil formation. The lithology of each region varies, giving rise 

to different land forms, for example in areas with sedimentary 

rocks, the area will have a relatively sloping landform, flat and 

many floodplains. Figure 2 shows that the northern part of 

Java is an area that has the same geomorphological watershed 

characteristics. It also causes the same coastal 

geomorphological conditions. Jakarta, Cirebon, Semarang, 

Surabaya, Situbondo are areas that are easy to exploit with flat 

landforms. Surabaya and Situbondo have similarities in 

stratigraphic aspects which are dominated by sandstone and 

carbonate. Tidal energy installations in the north coast of Java 

must consider aspects of conservation of landforms that 

characterize the region, including deltas and abrasion 

vulnerability.The geomorphological characteristics of the 

north coast are different from the south coast. Jember, Malang, 

Yogyakarta, Malang, Sukabumi have land forms that are 

difficult to exploit, so the potential for damage to the region is 

lower. The dominant stratigraphy is old alluvium and volcanic 

with many active faults so that the land is more steep. Delta 

landforms are generally not found, while the potential for 

abrasion is also low, so the tidal energy installation 

consideration in the south coast region is not the same as the 

north area. Figure 2 shows that the entire northern coast of 

Java has a flat topography. This is due to the dominance of the 

quaternary alluvium plains and anticlinal hills which are 

tertiary in age. 

 

Fig. 2 North Java Topography 

 The southern part of Java is dominated by tertiary-aged 

landforms with a radius close to the subduction zone. This can 

be seen from the topography which is steeper than in northern 

Java. Therefore, the tidal energy installation is more in line 

with the characteristics of the north coast of Java because the 

geomorphological characteristics are not at risk of deformation 

of the landform. In addition, the karst areas of the southern 

part of Java and the tertiary volcanic mountains are areas that 

must be optimally conserved compared to the alluvium plains 

in the north. The topography of southern Java can be seen in 

Figure 3. 

During the high tide, the sea level is higher than the water 

level in the reservoir, its height is almost to the top of the dam, 

as shown in Figure 1. The reservoir is filled with water from 

the ocean by passing through a tunnel in which there is a water 

turbine that is connected directly to the electricity generator. 

Because of the flow of water that passes through the tunnel, 

the turbine in the tunnel will rotate turning the generator so 

that electricity is generated. This continues until the reservoir 

water level is almost the same as the water level outside the 

reservoir. Figure 4 shows the very different distribution of 

coastal topography between northern Java and southern Java.



 
Kurnianto et al./ JGEET Vol 6 No 2/2021 111 

 

 

Fig. 3 South Java Topgraphy 

 

Fig. 4 Map of Coastal Geomorphology 

Tidal conditions in the waters of the archipelago are 

determined by tidal propagation from the Pacific and Indian 

Oceans as well as coastal morphology, and complex aquatic 

bathymeries in which there are many shallow straits, troughs 

and seas, and deep seas. The condition of these waters forms a 

diverse tidal pattern. An area is said to be suitable for 

implementing tidal power plants if they meet a minimum tidal 

range of 2 m, a minimum current velocity of 2 m / s, and a sea 

structure that affects the magnitude of tides (Sangari, 2012). 

Changes in land use in coastal areas will affect the intensity of 

sedimentary transport, inducing stabilization of the landform, 

vegetation characteristics (Marrero-Rodríguez et al., 2020). 

The distribution of human activity in coastal areas is 

influenced by geomorphological factors (Yi et al., 2020). 

Preliminary observations of the coast must be carried out with 

the aim of maintaining environmental quality (Scherelis et al., 

2020). Tidal energy site selection must consider the 

characteristics of coastal resources  (Mejia-Olivares et al., 

2020). The development of transportation in coastal areas is 

greatly influenced by geomorphological factors (Oliveira et 

al., 2020). Tidal energy could potentially slow down the 

sediment transport rate (Deng et al., 2020). 

According to Wyrtki (1961), tides in Indonesia are divided 

into 4, namely: (1) Single daily tides (Diurnal Tide), are tides 

which only occur once and one time recedes in one day. This 

type of tides is found in the Karimata Strait, (2) Double daily 

tides (Semi Diurnal Tide), are tides that occur twice and twice 

as lows, which are almost the same height in one day. This 

type of tides is found in the Malacca Strait to the Andaman 

Sea. (3) Tidal mix of single daily inclines (Mixed Tide, 

Prevailing Diurnal), is a tidal which every day occurs one pair 

and one time recedes but sometimes with two pairs and two 

times low tide which is very different in height and time. This 

type of tides is on the South Coast of Borneo and the North 

Coast of West Java. (4) Tidal mixture of double daily inclines 

(Mixed Tide, Prevailing Semi Diurnal), is a tidal that occurs 

two pairs and twice recedes in a day but sometimes there is 

one tide and one time receding by having a different height 

and time. These types of tides are on the South Coast of Java 

and Eastern Indonesia. 

Indonesia, with an area of almost 60% of the total area, 

has the potential to implement alternative tidal technologies. 

Especially with the stretch of East-West along 5,150 km and 

the stretch of North to South 1,930 km has positioned 

Indonesia as the country with the longest coastline in the 

world. In the rainy season, wind generally moves from the 

North West with the content of moisture from the South China 

Sea and the Bay of Bengal. In the West season, sea waves rise 

from the usual around Java. The territory of Indonesia which 

is an archipelagic country has narrow straits that limit its 

islands. In addition, there are also quite a lot of bays and 

peninsulas which experience daily ups and downs that have 

the potential to be explored by energy. This makes it possible 

to utilize tidal power, as a renewable energy resource needed 

by humans. 

According to tidal recording data issued by the Hydro-

Oceanographic Service of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL), 

Indonesia has 90 tidal stations spread from Sabang to 

Merauke. Of the many tidal stations there are many tidal 

stations which have differences in tide and low tide exceeding 

2.5 m. Based on these conditions, it is possible for Indonesia 

to utilize tidal power as a source of electricity generation. 

4. Conclusion 

The north coast of Java is more suitable for tidal energy 

installations because the land form is dominated by alluvium 

plains of the quaternary age with a lower risk than the 

southern region of Java. North Java is an area that is still 



 
112 Kurnianto et al./ JGEET Vol 6 No 2/2021  
 

developing by the presence of exogenous forces on its alluvial 

plains, so that land rehabilitation can be carried out. The 

effectiveness of tidal energy installation depends on the 

characteristics of the land form. In alluvial plains, the 

quaternary age of the alluvial plains is more suitable than the 

hill form volcanic quaternary, tertiary volcanic, and tertiary 

holokarst. Land forms in southern Java are more suitable for 

conservation because of the high vulnerability of holokarst 

(underground river damage) and tertiary volcanic mountains 

where there is no pyroclastic (high weathering) deposition 

process. 

Acknowlegdement 

Thanks are conveyed to colleagues at the Geography 

Education Study Program, Universitas Jember for all the 

support given to the preparation of this article. 

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