http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/JGEET E-ISSN : 2541-5794 P-ISSN : 2503-216X Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology Vol 7 No 2 2022 Novrianti et al./ JGEET Vol 7 No 2/2022 59 RESEARCH ARTICLE Laboratory Study On The Utilization of Jackruit Skin Waste Into Car- boxymethyl Cellulose and Their Effect On The Rheological Proper- ties Of Drilling Mud Novrianti1*, Adi Novrianyah1, Idham Khalid1, Zata Dini Amani1 1Petroleum Engineering Study Program , Faculty of Engineering , Riau Islamic University Jln Kaharuddin Nst No. 113 Marpoyan , Pekanbaru , Riau, Indonesia * Corresponding author : novrianti@eng.uir.ac.id Tel.:+6281-2220-0048-9 Received: Jun 10, 2021; Accepted: Jun 30, 2022. DOI: 10.25299/jgeet.2022.7.2.7066 Abstract The value rheology of drilling mud must be in accordance with the conditions of wellbore that do not lead to the occurrence of the problems at the time of drilling. One of the efforts to improve the rheology of drilling mud is by adding Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) which is useful for increasing viscosity and binding water. This study aims to identify the effect on the use of CMC originating from jack- fruit skin to the rheological properties of drilling mud. Jackfruit skin is an underutilized organic waste and the structure of jackfruit skin contains 50-55% cellulose. Manufacturing phase of synthesizing CMC skin jackfruit includes the process of delignification, alkalization, carboximetilation, and sieve sample to be powdered CMC and subsequently carried out the test of plastic viscosity, yield point , gel strength by using a Fann VG Meter and mud cake using a marsh funnel and volume filtration using a filter press . The added mass of CMC jackfruit skin were varied from 1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g to 5 g. The results suggest that the addition of jackfruit skin CMC has an effect on the rhe- ology of drilling mud. Increasingly many additions additive CMC skin jackfruit who use the increasingly high- value rheology mud drilling were obtained. Furthermore, the addition of CMC jackfruit skin starting from 1gr – 5 gr meets the API 13, a standard for the value of yield point/viscosity plastic, plastic viscosity and maximum volume of filtrate. While the value of gel strength which meets the API 13 A is with the addition of CMC jackfruit skin as much as 5 grams. Keywords: Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Jackfruit Skin, Drilling Mud 1. Introduction Drilling mud rheology is considered as one of the criti- cal aspects to determine the success of drilling operations (Li et al., 2015). The success of a drilling opera- tion depends on the use of the drilling fluid used, where a good composition of a drilling mud makes it possible to reduce drilling operating costs (Benyounes et al., n.d., 2015). To improve the efficiency of drilling opera- tions, drilling fluid must have the properties of rheological (viscosity, the value of yield point , shear stress and the gel strength), prevention of fluid loss, stability under certain temperature and pressure under operational con- ditions, as well as having the ability to minimize contami- nation with other types of fluids such as salt water, calcium sulfate, cement, and potassium (Fink, 2012) . The rheological properties of drilling fluids must be monitored frequently during drilling operations to avoid problems related to changes in physical properties, such as yield point and viscosity values which are often associ- ated with problems with inefficient / removal of cuttings and loss of mud fluid into the formation which is a serious problem to be evaluated in improving the effi- ciency of wellbore cleaning (Elkatatny et al., 2016). The addition of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) to the drilling mud resulted in a significant increase in viscosity changes, as well as a substantial increase in yield point value (Ghannam, n.d., 2014). Research on the use of bagasse as CMC and its applica- tion to the thickening time test showed that the addition of CMC additives to cement suspension was shown to in- crease the thickening time by 66%. The research (Ghannam, n.d., 2014) proved the addition of 0- 50% CMC, the suspension bentonite can increase the shear stress and apparent viscosity. Based on the information at the top of the research is going to utilize the materials of organic as additive CMC for mud drilling which according to (Ghannam, n.d., 2014), drilling mud with the addition of CMC were extracted from the bark of jackfruit is recom- mended to optimize the rheological properties of the sus- pension fluid. The content of cellulose which is contained in the skin jackfruit (KN) has potential to be used as an ingredient raw manufacture of CMC. According to the central statistic of Plant Fruits and Vegetables Indo- nesia 2017 Annual crop production in Q1 jackfruit in Riau region is as much as 4,596 tons and 4,313 tons in Q2 . Besides being used as a mixture of animal feed (Agustono et al., 2017) jackfruit skin waste has not been utilized optimally by the community so that it has the potential to be used as a drilling mud CMC additive. La- boratory scale research was conducted to determine the effect of adding jackfruit peel CMC additives to the rheological value of drilling mud so that later it can be applied in the oil and gas industry. http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/JGEET 60 Novrianti et al./ JGEET Vol 7 No 2/2022 2. Methods Preparation of tools and materials are early step that made prior to the implementation of laboratorium test. There are 2 stages in this research where the first is the manufacture of CMC based basic skin of jackfruit and the lab nature test of rheology with the addition of additives CMC- based basic skin of jackfruit. The jackfruit skin used for own content of cellu- lose which contains cellulose is characterized by elements of C (Carbon). Table 1. Results of Jackfruit Composition Element Percentage (%) C 53.1% O 41.89% Making the CMC additives from jackfruit skin consists of delignification process which serves to separate the lignine to cellulose that can be done by addition of acid or base so that it can dissolve the lignine compounds (Nur et al., 2016) . The delignification process in this study is to soak the sample powder that has been sifted with a sieve size of 100 mesh into NaOH in a ratio of 1: 6 for 12 hours at room temperature and then wash it using distilled water until it reaches a neutral pH. Fig. 1. The Process of Immersing Jackfruit Skin Samples in NaOH Fig. 2. Process of Drying Sample Using a Vacuum Bleaching serves to whiten the sample so it can change the color of the sample to be brighter. H2O2 is used in this process is the oxidation reagent which is used to oxidize the lignin structure so it can break the chain of lignine molecules (Nur et al., 2016). The bleaching process in this study was by mixing the sample with a 2% H 2 O 2 solution with a ratio of 1: 6. Then heating it at a temperature of 60o C while stirring for 2 hours and then washing the sample with distilled water until it reached a neutral pH. Fig. 3. Samples That Have Been Vacuum-Dried Fig. 4 Sample Immersion Process with H2O2 Fig. 5 Drying of Bleached Samples Alkalization is a process of developing the structure of cellulose so it can easily substitute CMC reagents into the cellulose structure (Nur et al., 2016). The alkalization process in this study was carried out by placing the sample in the reac- tor and then adding it with distilled water and 2 propanol then heating and stirring for about 10 minutes at 250 C. Then drip- ing 20 ml of 15% NaOH solution and stirring the sample for 1 hour at 80O C. Fig. 6. Carboxymethylation process Carboxymethylation is a process of substitution of anhy- droxyl groups in each ahydroglucose unit using carboxymeth- ylation reagents (Nur et al., 2016). Carboymethylation process in this research is to mix the sample and reagents monoclo- roasetate with different concreations of warming and stirring for 1 hour at 80OC which aims to change the content of cellu- lose is still solids into fine fibers. The monocloacetic reagent used here is a mixture of acetic acid and HCL compounds with the same concreations (in this process, 15% is used) as much as 100 ml. Fig. 7. Heating the sample at 80o C Novrianti et al./ JGEET Vol 7 No 2/2022 61 After the CMC of the jackfruit skin is obtained, the next step is to tet the rheology of the drilling mud. There are 6 samples tested in this study: Table 2. Drilling Mud Sample Sample Name Mud Composition S0 Standard Sludge (LS) S1 LS + 1 gram CMC KN S2 LS + 2 grams CMC KN S3 LS + 3 grams CMC KN S4 LS + 4 grams CMC KN S5 LS + 5 grams CMC KN To test the viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength using Fann VG Meter where the mud is stirred with 600 RPM for 10 seconds. Then let mud sat for 10 seconds the move the rotor to 3 RPM and read the maximum deviation on the ponter scale. Then, stirred back the mud with 600 RPM for 10 seconds then stirred back for 10 minutes and let the mud for 10 minutes and read the maximum deviation after it moved to 600 RPM. The plastic viscosity is calculated using the equa- tion below, 300600 CC p  (1) While the yield point value used the following equation be- low, (2) The value of gel strength is calculated by comparing the deviation of time between 10 seconds and 10 minutes. Fig. 8. Calculating Sample Flow Time for Viscosity Fig. 9. Sample Experiment Using Fann VG Meter 3. Result and Discussion Based on the research, the results are followed, a. Viscosity Table 3. Result of Standard Mud Viscosity and Standard Sludge + CMC Jackfruit Skin Fig. 10. Viscosity Time vs. CMC Weight Based on the graph above, it can concluded that CMC that made from jackfruit skin was able to increase the vis- cosity of drilling mud up to 3 times with the addition of 5 grams of jackfruit skin compared to the initial flow before the standart mud was added to CMC which caused by the alkalinization in plant fiber. The jackfruit peel which causes cracks in the plant structure thereby increasing the absorp- tion of cellulose along with the increase of viscosity which is in accordance of research (Pratama et al., 2017). b. Yield Point Table 4. Result of Yield point Standard Mud and Standard Mud + CMC Jackfruit Skin Fig. 10. Yield Point vs. CMC Weight The yield point resulted from the test above show that the addition of CMC that made from jackfruit skin to standart mud can increase the value up to 2 times with the addition of 5 grams of CMC compared to the initial yield point where this is pb CY  300 0 10 20 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y ie ld P o in t (l b /1 0 0 f t2 ) CMC Weight (gram) Yield Point Mud Composition Viscosity (second) Increased Viscosity time By Addition of CMC (%) Standard Sludge (LS) 18,1 0 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 20,88 15,35 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 24,1 33,14 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 43,57 140 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 66 264,64 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 80 341,98 Mud Composition Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) Increased Yield Point By Addition of CMC (%) Standard Sludge (LS) 7 0 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 9 28.7 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 13 85 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 14 100 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 18 157 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 23 228.57 62 Novrianti et al./ JGEET Vol 7 No 2/2022 influenced by increasing number of conditions of total solids contained in the mud system (Wijayanto & Bayuseno, 2016) (Rubiandini, 2009). c. Gel Strength Table 5. Result of Gel Strength Standard Mud and Standard Mud + CMC Jackfruit Skin Fig. 11. Gel Strength vs. CMC Weight Based on the calculations test above, the value of gel strength moves up with the addition of CMC weight of jackfruit skin with an average increase in gel strength per addition of 1 gram of CMC is about 5% . Similar to the yield point , the increase in gel strength is also caused by an increase in viscosity which is directly proportional to the increase in gel strength (Wardani, 2017). d. Plastic Viscosity Table 6. Result of Plastic Viscosity Standard Mud and Standard Mud + CMC Jackfruit Skin Fig. 12. Plastic Viscosity vs. CMC Weight It can be seen from the results of plastic viscosity tests above, the increase in plastic viscosity tends to be stable with the addition of 1 gram of CMC jackfruit skin with an average percentage increase of 99.98%. This caused by mechanical friction due to the amount of contact area that occurs between solid particles and the existing liquid phase (Putra, 2015). e. Filtration Loss Table 7. Result of Filtration Loss Volume Standard Mud and Standard Mud + CMC Jackfruit Skin Fig 13. Filtration Volume vs. CMC Weight Based on the results above, it can be concluded that the use of jackfruit skin managed to minimize the volume of filtrate that separated from the drilling mud up to 37.5% with the addition of 5 grams of CMC. This caused by the addition of CMC which binds water and forms a gel in liquid phase (Endang Bekti1, Yuli Prasetyowati2, 2011) and increases the viscosity of the drilling mud. f. Mud Cake Table 8. Result of Mud Cake Volume Standard Mud and Standard Mud + CMC Jackfruit Skin Fig. 14. Mud Cake vs. CMC Weight Mud Composition Gel Strength (lb/100 ft2) Increased Gel Strength By Addition of CMC (%) Standard Sludge (LS) 0.4 0 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 0.44 4 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 0.5 10 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 0.56 16 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 0.636 19.6 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 0.69 29 Mud Composition Plastic Viscocity (cp) Increased Plastic Viscosity By Addition of CMC (%) Standard Sludge (LS) 7 0 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 10 42.8 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 12 71.4 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 14 100 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 16 128.57 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 18 157.14 Mud Composition Filtration Loss (ml) Decreased Filtration Loss By Addition of CMC (%) Standard Sludge (LS) 16 0 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 15 6.25 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 14 12.5 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 12.55 21.9 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 11 31.25 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 10 37.5 Mud Composition Mud Cake (mm) Decreased Mud Cake Vol- ume By Addition of CMC (%) Standard Sludge (LS) 0.9 0 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 1,225 32,5 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 1,3 40 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 1,35 45 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 1,425 52,5 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 1,5 60 Novrianti et al./ JGEET Vol 7 No 2/2022 63 Based on the results below, it can be concluded that the use of jackfruit skin in standard mud can increase the thickness of mud cake with an average thickness increase of about 20%. Based on (Apriyanti, 2013) (Hadziqoh et al., 2019), the maximum ideal thickness of mud cake is 3/8 inch or 9.525 mm. When compared with the addition of CMC in standard mud, the test results are still far below the maximum value in previous studies. This caused by the nature of CMC which can change the liquid phase into a gel so that it binds water and solids in the liquid phase (Endang Bekti, Yuli Prasetyowati, 2011) (Endang Bekti, Yuli Prasetyowati, 2011) The comparison between each values with the addition of CMC using jackfruit skin to the specification 13 A as follows; Table 9. The Comparison of Yield Point/ Plastic Viscosity with Standard API 13 A Mud Composition Yield point / Viscosity Plastic (lb/100 ft2) API 13 A Spesification Yield Point/Plastic Vis- cosity Standard Sludge (LS) 1 Max. 3 lb/100 ft2 LS + 1 gram CMC KN 0,9 Max. 3 lb/100 ft2 LS + 2 gram CMC KN 1,083 Max. 3 lb/100 ft2 LS + 3 gram CMC KN 1 Max. 3 lb/100 ft2 LS + 4 gram CMC KN 1,125 Max. 3 lb/100 ft2 LS + 5 gram CMC KN 1,278 Max. 3 lb/100 ft2 Table 10. The Comparison of Gel Strength with Standard API 13 A Mud Composition Gel strength (lb/100 ft2) API 13A Spesifitcation Gel Strength Standard Sludge (LS) 0,4 2/4 – 4/5 lb/100ft 2 (0,67 – 0,8 lb/100ft 2 ) LS + 1 gram CMC KN 0,44 2/4 – 4/5 lb/100ft 2 (0,67 – 0,8 lb/100ft 2 ) LS + 2 gram CMC KN 0,5 2/4 – 4/5 lb/100ft 2 (0,67 – 0,8 lb/100ft 2 ) LS + 3 gram CMC KN 0,56 2/4 – 4/5 lb/100ft 2 (0,67 – 0,8 lb/100ft 2 ) LS + 4 gram CMC KN 0,636 2/4 – 4/5 lb/100ft 2 (0,67 – 0,8 lb/100ft 2 ) LS + 5 gram CMC KN 0,69 2/4 – 4/5 lb/100ft 2 (0,67 – 0,8 lb/100ft 2 ) Table 11. The Comparison of Plastic Viscosity with Standard API 13 A Mud Composition Plastic Viscosity (cp) API 13 A Spesification Plastic Viscosity Standard Sludge (LS) 7 Minimum 10 cp LS + 1 gram CMC KN 10 Minimum 10 cp LS + 2 gram CMC KN 12 Minimum 10 cp LS + 3 gram CMC KN 14 Minimum 10 cp LS + 4 gram CMC KN 16 Minimum 10 cp LS + 5 gram CMC KN 18 Minimum 10 cp Table 11. The Comparison of Fluid Loss with Standard API 13 A Mud Composition Filtrartion Loss (ml) API 13 A Spesification Filtration Loss Standard Sludge (LS) 16 Maximum 15 ml LS + 1 gram CMC KN 15 Maximum 15 ml LS + 2 gram CMC KN 14 Maximum 15 ml LS + 3 gram CMC KN 12.55 Maximum 15 ml LS + 4 gram CMC KN 11 Maximum 15 ml LS + 5 gram CMC KN 10 Maximum 15 ml 4. Conclusion Based on research that has been done, the addition of jack- fruit skin affects the rheological of drilling mud where the addition of CMC up to 5 grams can increase the viscosity value up to 3 times and the yield point value up to 2 times and reduce the amount of filtrate volume up 37.5% and per 1 gram the addition of CMC can increase the percentage of gel strength value by 5% and the value of plastic viscosity to 99.98% and increase the thickness of the mud cake with an average thickness of up to 20%. 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